Publications

synthesis and antiviral activity of novel trans-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropyl nucleosides.	novel trans-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl nucleosides were synthesized as potential antiviral agents. the key intermediate, 3, was synthesized via five steps from ethyl chrysanthemate and condensed with purine bases using the mitsunobu reaction to give six cyclopropyl nucleosides. these synthesized nucleosides did not show any significant antiviral activity against hsv-1, hsv-2, emcv, cox b3, or vsv, at concentrations up to 100 microm.	2003	14661851
attenuation of virus-induced myocardial injury by inhibition of the angiotensin ii type 1 receptor signal and decreased nuclear factor-kappa b activation in knockout mice.	this study examined the role of angiotensin ii (ang-ii) in a murine model of viral myocarditis.	2003	14662266
stable expression of three genes from a tricistronic retroviral vector containing a picornavirus and 9-nt cellular internal ribosome entry site elements.	retroviral vectors are used widely to deliver heterologous genes into cells. in order to express three genes from a single rna molecule, a retroviral vector that contains two divergent internal ribosome entry site (ires) sequences has been constructed successfully. to eliminate the high frequency of recombination within a mulicistronic retrovirus vector, a 9-nt segment of a cellular mrna ires and a picornaviral ires were used, since these two ires sequences have minimal sequence homology. after ...	2004	14667529
monitoring for potentially xenozoonotic viruses in new zealand pigs.	shortage of human donor organs for transplantation has prompted evaluation of animals as an alternative donor source. pigs are the most acceptable candidate animals but issues of xenozoonozes remain. despite careful monitoring of high-health-status (hhs) pigs, there is still a risk that their tissues may carry infectious agents. furthermore, pathogens which are significant in xenotransplantation are not necessarily those of veterinary importance. the detection of these potentially transmissible ...	2004	14695679
transmission of porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) to mice by transplanting emcv-infected pig tissues.	we recently demonstrated that pigs infected with porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) develop a persistent infection (up to 90 days post-infection (pi)) in the heart and brain that is accompanied by virus-induced pathologic changes, and that emcv productively infects human cardiomyocytes in vitro, suggesting that emcv may pose a risk to humans following transplantation of pig tissues to humans (brewer et al. j virol 2001; 75: 11621-11629). in this report, we demonstrate that intra-abdominal ...	2003	14708524
synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel 3'- and 4'-doubly branched carbocyclic nucleosides as potential antiviral agents.	a series of 3'- and 4'-branched carbocyclic nucleosides 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 were synthesized starting from simple acyclic ketone derivatives. the construction of the required quaternary carbon was made using a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. in addition, the installation of a methyl group in the 3'-position was accomplished using a horner-wadsworth-emmons (hwe) reaction with triethyl 2-phosphonopropionate. bis-vinyl was successfully cyclized using a grubbs' catalyst (ii). natural bases (a ...	2003	14723348
effects of tacrolimus (fk506) on encephalomyocarditic virus-induced diabetes in mice.	the effects of tacrolimus on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (iddm) induced by the d-variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (d-emcv) have been investigated. male balb/c mice were treated with tacrolimus before viral inoculation, and then were inoculated with 10 plaque forming units (pfu) of demcv. the mice continued to be treated with tacrolimus until the animals were sacrificed. d-emcv-infected mice, which were treated with saline as controls, showed abnormal glucose tolerance test (gtt) val ...	2004	14734853
porcine circovirus-2 and concurrent infections in the field.	porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is the necessary cause of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine; however, a variety of co-factors, including other infectious agents, are thought to be necessary in the full expression of disease. porcine parvovirus (ppv) was found in the inoculum used in the first experiments to reproduce pmws in gnotobiotic swine. retrospective and prospective studies in the field and laboratory have demonstrated pcv-2 can act synergistically with ppv to enhan ...	2004	14741128
a poly(a) tail-responsive in vitro system for cap- or ires-driven translation from hela cells.	in cells, the poly(a) tail stimulates translation from messenger rnas bearing a cap structure or viral ires elements. this 3' end-mediated stimulation of translation is not reflected in commonly used commercial cell-free translation systems prepared from rabbit reticulocytes or wheat germ. we describe a simple procedure to generate poly(a) tail-responsive translation extracts from hela cells. we suggest that this procedure should be adaptable to many animal cell lines.	2004	14770005
separation of encephalomyocarditis virus from tissue components by means of protamine precipitation and enzymic digestion.		1952	14927552
melatonin and viral infections.	the therapeutic effects of melatonin against viral infections, with emphasis on the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (vee), are reviewed. melatonin has been shown to prevent paralysis and death in mice infected with the encephalomyocarditis virus and to decrease viremia. melatonin also postpones the onset of the disease produced by semliki forest virus inoculation and reduces the mortality of west nile virus-infected mice stressed by either isolation or dexamethasone injection. an increase in ...	2004	14962057
transplanting encephalomyocarditis virus-infected porcine islet cells reverses diabetes in recipient mice but also transmits the virus.	previous studies demonstrated that porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) caused acute and persistent infection in the myocardium, central nervous system, and spleen of non-human primates (cynomolgus macaques); and it productively infected primary human cardiomyocytes, suggesting that the virus may pose a risk in pig-to-human transplantation. recently, transplantation of myocardial and pancreatic tissues from acutely infected pigs transmitted the virus to recipient mice, resulting in acute fa ...	2004	14962278
suppression of cytokines and nitric oxide production, and protection against lethal endotoxemia and viral myocarditis by a new nf-kappab inhibitor.	nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappab) is activated by several factors, which increase the inflammatory response, and this activation, in turn, leads to the expression of several genes such as cytokines, and may play an important role in cardiovascular diseases.	2004	14984720
presence of an encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site sequence in avian infectious bronchitis virus defective rnas abolishes rescue by helper virus.	avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) defective rnas (d-rnas) have been used for the expression of heterologous genes in a helper-virus-dependent expression system. the heterologous genes were expressed under the control of an ibv transcription-associated sequence (tas) derived from gene 5 of ibv beaudette. however, coronavirus d-rna expression vectors display an inherent instability following serial passage with helper virus, resulting in the eventual loss of the heterologous genes. the use o ...	2004	14990691
the role of cd4(+) t cells in biphasic hind limb paralysis induced by the d variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (emc-d) in dba/2 mice.	dba/2 crslc mice infected with the d variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (emc-d) (10 pfu/head) developed biphasic hind limb paralysis due to spinal cord lesion. the early phase lesion was characterized by demyelination with infiltration of macrophages in the funiculus lateraris and the late phase lesion by degeneration of motor neurons with infiltration of cd4(+) t cells in the cornu ventrale. in the present study, treatment with anti-mac1 monoclonal antibody (mab) or anti-cd4 mab prior to vir ...	2004	14993738
exploiting internal ribosome entry sites in gene therapy vector design.	efficient and regulated co-expression of multiple genes is an important consideration in the design of gene therapy vectors. while the augmentation of a single therapeutic gene is often sufficient for gene therapy of simple mendelian disorders, strategies for the treatment of complex disorders and infectious diseases necessitate the introduction of multiple genes into the cell. complex disorders such as cancer often involve mutations in multiple genes and a combination strategy targeting differe ...	2004	15032611
effect of challenge dose and age in experimental infection of pigs with encephalomyocarditis virus.	two experiments were performed to compare the severity of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection in pigs. the pigs were challenged with the greek myocardial strain, at different ages and with different doses. in the first experiment, nineteen susceptible pigs, 40 days old, were divided into three groups and were experimentally infected with 10(6) tcid(50), 10(4) tcid(50) or 10(2) tcid(50) of the greek emcv strain. in the second experiment, 10 susceptible pigs, of either 20 or 105 days, were ...	2004	15066721
herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff protein is stimulated by translation initiation factors eif4b and eif4h.	the virion host shutoff protein (vhs) of herpes simplex virus triggers accelerated degradation of cellular and viral mrnas while sparing other cytoplasmic rna species. previous work has shown that vhs forms a complex with translation initiation factor eif4h, which displays detectable rnase activity in the absence of other viral or host proteins. however, the contributions of eif4h and other host factors to the activity and mrna targeting properties of vhs have not yet been directly examined. an ...	2004	15078951
continuous-flow uvc irradiation: a new, effective, protein activity-preserving system for inactivating bacteria and viruses, including erythrovirus b19.	despite the increasing number of screening tests being introduced, ensuring the inactivation of blood-borne pathogens in blood-derived therapeutic material is a major concern. dynamic continuous-flow uvc irradiation is a new way to inactivate a large range of pathogens without adding any photosentizers. the efficacy of different methods was evaluated against the following viruses: murine parvovirus mvmp, human b19, the encephalomyocarditis virus (emc, a picornavirus used as a model for model for ...	2004	15081608
transmission and pathogenicity of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) among rats.	due to the probable role played by rodents as a reservoir for the transmission of the emc virus to pigs, the experiment reported here was performed in order to assess the transmission rate of emcv within a rat population. twenty-five eight-week-old wistar rats housed in individual plastic cages were experimentally infected either with a greek myocardial emcv strain (5 rats with a 0.2 x 10(6) tcid50 dose per rat and 10 rats with a 0.5 x 10(4.5) tcid50 dose per rat, oronasally) or a belgian myocar ...	2004	15099508
[mutual effect of translation initiation factors in binding with ires-element of encephalmyocarditis virus rna].		2004	15125237
removal of small non-enveloped viruses by nanofiltration.	nanofiltration is one of the most effective virus reduction methods in the manufacturing process of plasma products. however, it is difficult to remove small viruses from high molecular weight protein preparations like immunoglobulin g or factor viii complex by nanofiltration, because the size of the protein is similar to that of viruses. in order to separate the viruses from these proteins by nanofiltration, it is necessary to change the size of either one. in this study, we report that such no ...	2004	15144526
the susceptibility of pregnant mice to encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus infection on different days of gestation.	pregnant mice of the balb/c crslc strain were experimentally infected with the d variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (emc-d, 5 x 10(2) pfu/head) on three different gestational days (gd). mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with emc-d on 11, 13 and 15 gd and sacrificed 3 days post inoculation. there was no significant difference in the fetal mortality among all inoculation groups. placenta showed higher virus titer than fetus and dam's serum in all inoculation groups, and the virus titer of ...	2004	15153681
the rhopalosiphum padi virus 5' internal ribosome entry site is functional in spodoptera frugiperda 21 cells and in their cell-free lysates: implications for the baculovirus expression system.	cap-independent internal initiation of translation occurs on a number of viral and cellular mrnas and is directed by internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements. rhopalosiphum padi virus (rhpv) is a member of the dicistroviridae. these viruses have single-stranded, positive-sense rna genomes that contain two open reading frames, both preceded by ires elements. previously, the activity of the rhpv 5' utr ires has been demonstrated in mammalian, drosophila and wheat germ in vitro translation syst ...	2004	15166440
neutralizing antibodies reduce the efficacy of betaifn during treatment of multiple sclerosis.	to analyze the impact of neutralizing antibodies (nabs) on the clinical efficacy of ifnbeta.	2004	15184610
induction of interferon-stimulated gene expression and antiviral responses require protein deacetylase activity.	histone deacetylase (hdac) activity, commonly correlated with transcriptional repression, was essential for transcriptional induction of ifn-stimulated genes (isg). inhibition of hdac function led to global impairment of isg expression, with little effect on basal expression. hdac function was not required for signal transducer and activator of transcription tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, or assembly on chromatin, but it was needed for full activity of the signal transducer and ...	2004	15210966
characteristics of testicular lesions in mice infected with a low dose of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus.	we investigated the characteristics of testicular lesions induced in mice with a low dose (10 plaque forming units/mouse) of the d variant of encephalomyocarditis (emc-d) virus. the virus titers of blood and testis peaked at 5 days post-inoculation (5 dpi) and were no longer detected at 14 dpi. the ifn-gamma and inos mrnas expression in the testis and spleen detected by rt-pcr was prominently elevated at 7 dpi, although the expression level of tnf-alpha mrna was not affected. signals of viral rn ...	2004	15215053
viruses in type 1 diabetes: brief review.	type 1 diabetes results from the progressive destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. although the etiology of type 1 diabetes is believed to have a major genetic component, studies on the risk of developing type 1 diabetes suggest that environmental factors, such as viruses, may be important etiological determinants. among the viruses, the most clear and unequivocal evidence that a virus induces type 1 diabetes in animals comes from studies on the d variant of encephalomyocarditi ...	2004	15229381
leptin deficiency enhances myocardial necrosis and lethality in a murine model of viral myocarditis.	to investigate the role of leptin in the development of viral myocarditis and cardiac necrosis, we used a murine model of viral myocarditis. we intraperitoneally injected encephalomyocarditis virus (500 plaque-forming units/mouse) for wild type c57 bl/6 mice (wt) and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice (ob) (n = 20 for each). ten-day survival rate was 25% in ob, whereas it was 95% in wt. heart weights on day 10 were significantly elevated in ob compared with those in wt (107.2 +/- 9.4 vs. 96.6 +/- 7.9 m ...	2004	15240179
phospholipid scramblase 1 potentiates the antiviral activity of interferon.	phospholipid scramblase 1 (plscr1) is an interferon (ifn)- and growth factor-inducible, calcium-binding protein that either inserts into the plasma membrane or binds dna in the nucleus depending on its state of palmyitoylation. in certain hematopoietic cells, plscr1 is required for normal maturation and terminal differentiation from progenitor cells as regulated by select growth factors, where it promotes recruitment and activation of src kinases. plscr1 is a substrate of src (and abl) kinases, ...	2004	15308695
regulation of the cell-cycle-dependent internal ribosome entry site of the pitslre protein kinase: roles of unr (upstream of n-ras) protein and phosphorylated translation initiation factor eif-2alpha.	the pitslre kinases belong to the large family of cyclin-dependent protein kinases. their function has been related to cell-cycle regulation, splicing and apoptosis. we have previously shown that the open reading frame of the p110(pitslre) transcript contains an ires (internal ribosome entry site) that allows the expression of a smaller p58(pitslre) isoform during the g2/m stage of the cell cycle. in the present study we investigated further the role of cis- and trans-acting factors in the regul ...	2005	15330758
experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in pregnant mice.	the present study was carried out to clarify the mode of encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus infection in pregnant mice. pregnant balb/c mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with the d variant of emc virus (emc-d) (5 x 10(2) pfu/mouse) on 11 days of gestation and killed at 1, 3, and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi). the virus titer (dam's serum, placenta, and fetus), histopathology (fetus, placenta, and uterus), distribution of viral rna (fetus, placenta and uterus), and ultrastructure (fetal heart ...	2004	15351236
nmr studies of the structure and mg2+ binding properties of a conserved rna motif of emcv picornavirus ires element.	the structure and mg(2+) binding properties of a conserved 75mer rna motif of the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element of encephalomyocarditis virus picornavirus have been investigated by (1)h-nmr and uv melting experiments. the assignment of the imino proton resonances with characteristic chemical shift dispersion for canonical and non-canonical base pairs confirmed the predicted secondary structure of the 75mer and its fragments. addition of mg(2+) resulted in a dramatic increase in app ...	2004	15353559
introduction of ns5a mutations enables subgenomic hcv replicon derived from chimpanzee-infectious hc-j4 isolate to replicate efficiently in huh-7 cells.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) subgenomic replicon has been reported to replicate efficiently and continuously in human hepatoma huh-7 cells. to extend the previous results to other isolated hcv clones, we constructed another hcv replicon from hc-j4, one of chimpanzee-infectious hcv clones. an hcv replicon derived from hc-j4 (rpj4) consists of hcv-5' untranslated region, neomycin phosphotransferase gene, the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosomal entry site, hcv nonstructural region, ns3 to ns5b ...	2004	15357644
prevalent human coxsackie b-5 virus infects porcine islet cells primarily using the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor.	we have previously demonstrated that transplanting porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv)-infected porcine islet cells (pics) results in transmission of the virus to recipient mice, which is manifested by acute fatal infection within 5 to 8 days. here, we determined pic susceptibility to a related and highly prevalent human picornavirus, coxsackie b-5 virus (cvb-5).	2004	15479464
[screening for antibodies against zoonotic agents among employees of the zoological garden of vienna, schönbrunn, austria].	the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against zoonotic agents in employees of the zoological garden of vienna, schönbrunn, austria. sixty out of 120 employees participated in the study. in 97% of them antibodies to at least one zoonotic agent were identified. only two participants were free of antibodies to the zoonotic agents tested. the following seroprevalences (in brackets) were obtained: viral zoonotic (and potentially zoonotic) agents: influenzavirus a/h1n1 ...	2004	15495931
encephalomyocarditis-virus-induced diabetes model resembles "fulminant" type 1 diabetes in humans.		2004	15502917
new class of orthopoxvirus antiviral drugs that block viral maturation.	by using a homology-based bioinformatics approach, a structural model of the vaccinia virus (vv) i7l proteinase was developed. a unique chemical library of approximately 51,000 compounds was computationally queried to identify potential active site inhibitors. the resulting biased subset of compounds was assayed for both toxicity and the ability to inhibit the growth of vv in tissue culture cells. a family of chemotypically related compounds was found which exhibits selective activity against or ...	2004	15507601
[sero-epidemiological studies of zoonotic infections in hunters--comparative analysis with veterinarians, farmers, and abattoir workers].	the aim of this study was to investigate seroprevalences to zoonotic pathogens in hunters, to compare the results with other predisposed occupational groups already investigated and to propose preventive measures. blood samples were taken from 146 male and 3 female hunters from the provinces of styria and burgenland in the south-east of austria and anamnestic data were obtained using a questionnaire. the serological investigations included the following bacterial, viral and parasitic zoonotic ag ...	2003	15508783
sustained phenotypic correction of hemophilia a mice following oncoretroviral-mediated expression of a bioengineered human factor viii gene in long-term hematopoietic repopulating cells.	hematopoietic stem cells (hscs) are an attractive target cell population for hemophilia a gene therapy because of their capacity to regenerate the hematolymphoid system permanently following transplantation. here we transplanted bone marrow (bm) cells transduced with a splicing-optimized mscv oncoretroviral vector expressing a secretion-improved human factor viii gene into immunocompromised hemophilic mice that had received a reduced dose conditioning regimen. an enhanced green fluorescent prote ...	2004	15509507
azaanalogues of ebselen as antimicrobial and antiviral agents: synthesis and properties.	the different analogues of ebselen-unsubstituted benzisoselenazol-3(2h)-one (2a) 2-pyridylbenzisoselenazol-3(2h)-ones (2b-h) and 7-azabenzisoselenazol-3(2h)-ones (3a-j) were designed as new selenium-containing antiviral and antimicrobial agents and synthesized. some of them were found in the antiviral assay in vitro to be strong inhibitors of cythopatic activity of herpes simplex virus type 1--hsv-1 (compounds 2a,b,f,h, 3a-j) and encephalomyocarditis virus--emcv (compounds 2a,h, 3a-f,k,l). the c ...	2004	15544790
encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus-induced sialodacryoadenitis in mice.	the mode of occurrence of the d variant of encephalomyocarditis (emc-d) virus-induced acute sialodacryoadenitis was investigated using three strains of mice differing in their sensitivity to emc-d virus-induced diabetes (c57bl/6: resistant; balb/c: moderately sensitive; dba/2: highly sensitive). mice were intranasally inoculated with high (10(5) pfu/mouse) or low dose (10(2) pfu/mouse) of emc-d virus. although there were individual differences, the blood virus titer generally reached the peak ea ...	2005	15596062
sindbis virus translation is inhibited by a pkr/rnase l-independent effector induced by alpha/beta interferon priming of dendritic cells.	the tropism of sindbis virus (sb) for cells of the dendritic cell (dc) lineage and the virulence of sb in vivo are largely determined by the efficacy of alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta)-mediated antiviral responses. these responses are essentially intact in the absence of pkr and/or rnase l (k. d. ryman, l. j. white, r. e. johnston, and w. b. klimstra, viral immunol. 15:53-76, 2002). in the present studies, we investigated the nature of antiviral effects and identity of antiviral effectors ...	2005	15650175
fatal inflammatory heart disease in a bonobo (pan paniscus).	we report the first probable identification of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) in a bonobo (pan paniscus) that had been part of a forest re-introduction programme. clinical presentation was of episodic acute on chronic heart failure and cerebral infarction with end-stage renal failure rather than sudden death which is more commonly associated with emcv infection. a postmortem diagnosis of probable emcv was made using gross pathological and histopathological examination. findings included acute ...	2005	15667344
establishment of a subgenomic replicon for bovine viral diarrhea virus in huh-7 cells and modulation of interferon-regulated factor 3-mediated antiviral response.	we describe the development of a selectable, bi-cistronic subgenomic replicon for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in huh-7 cells, similar to that established for hepatitis c virus (hcv). the selection marker and reporter (luc-ubi-neo) in the bvdv replicon was fused with the amino-terminal protease n(pro), and expression of the nonstructural proteins (ns3 to ns5b) was driven by an encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site. this bvdv replicon allows us to compare rna replication o ...	2005	15708997
toll-like receptor 3 promotes cross-priming to virus-infected cells.	cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens plays an important role in regulating cd8+ t cell responses to proteins that are not expressed by antigen-presenting cells (apcs). dendritic cells are the principal cross-presenting apcs in vivo and much progress has been made in elucidating the pathways that allow dendritic cells to capture and process cellular material. however, little is known about the signals that determine whether such presentation ultimately results in a cytotoxic t cell (ctl ...	2005	15711573
two mechanisms of caspase 9 processing in double-stranded rna- and virus-triggered apoptosis.	viral double-stranded rna (dsrna) is a ubiquitous intracellular "alert signal" used by cells to detect viral infection and to mount anti-viral responses. dsrna triggers a rapid (complete within 2-4 h) apoptosis in the highly-susceptible hela cell line. here, we demonstrate that the apical event in this apoptotic cascade is the activation of procaspase 8. downstream of caspase 8, the apoptotic signaling cascade bifurcates into a mitochondria-independent caspase 8/caspase 3 arm and a mitochondria- ...	2005	15711931
inhibition of vsv and emcv replication by the interferon-induced gtpase, mgbp-2: differential requirement for wild-type gtp binding domain.	interferons (ifns) exert their anti-viral activities through the induction of anti-viral proteins. one member of the guanylate binding protein (gbp) family of ifn-induced gtpases, hgbp-1, has previously been shown to contribute to the antiviral activities of ifns. murine gbp-2 inhibited the replication of both vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). a wild type gtp binding motif was not required for vsv inhibition but was required for inhibition of emcv. this is t ...	2005	15717119
comparison of biological activity of recombinant woodchuck interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha produced in baculovirus and escherichia coli expression systems.	the full-length cdnas of recombinant woodchuck interferon gamma (rwifn gamma) and woodchuck tumor necrosis factor alpha (rwtnf alpha) were cloned into baculovirus transfer vectors and expressed in insect sf9 cells. the recombinant proteins secreted by the insect cells, bac-rwifn gamma and bac-rwtnf alpha, were found to be functionally competent. their biological activities were compared to those of rwifn gamma and rwtnf alpha produced in the escherichia coli (e. coli) expression system. the bac- ...	2005	15784409
replication of a recombinant hepatitis e virus genome tagged with reporter genes and generation of a short-term cell line producing viral rna and proteins.	hepatitis e virus (hev) replication has been demonstrated in hepg2 cells transfected with full-length in vitro transcripts of an infectious cdna clone. this cdna clone was modified to generate several subgenomic hev replicons with fused reporter genes. in vitro-transcribed capped rnas generated from these were transfected into hepg2 cells. negative-strand rna was detected, indicating the occurrence of replication. the replicon containing an in-frame fusion of hev orf2 with enhanced green fluores ...	2005	15784913
adiponectin replacement therapy attenuates myocardial damage in leptin-deficient mice with viral myocarditis.	the effects of adiponectin replacement therapy on myocardial damage were studied in leptin-deficient (ob) mice with acute viral myocarditis. encephalomyocarditis virus was injected intraperitoneally into ob and wild-type (wt) mice. one subgroup of ob mice received no intervention and another subgroup received daily adiponectin replacement, simultaneously with viral inoculation. differences in heart weight, cardiac histological score, numbers of infiltrating or apoptotic cells in the myocardium a ...	2005	15790132
noninvasive monitoring of target gene expression by imaging reporter gene expression in living animals using improved bicistronic vectors.	indirect, noninvasive imaging of therapeutic gene expression based on levels of reporter gene expression is a powerful tool to devise improved therapeutic strategies in cancer gene therapy. the use of bicistronic vectors carrying internal ribosome entry sites (iress) allows the coexpression of multiple gene products from the same promoter but leads to considerable attenuation of the downstream gene. in this study, we describe the use of 10 linked copies of the gtx (homeodomain protein) ires (abb ...	2005	15809490
high-efficiency protein expression mediated by enterovirus 71 internal ribosome entry site.	an internal ribosome entry site (ires) has been used to facilitate the expression of more than one protein in a single transcript. in this study, we examined the translational activities of several ires elements derived from different rna viruses. the protein expression of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) ires is similar to that of hepatitis c virus (hcv) ires in mammalian cells. notably, the protein expression of enterovirus 71 (ev71) ires was 23-fold higher than the efficiency of emcv ires fo ...	2005	15818561
dengue virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling by reducing stat2 expression.	alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) is a key mediator of innate antiviral responses but has little effect on the established replication of dengue viruses, which are mosquito-borne flaviviruses of immense global health importance. understanding how the ifn system is inhibited in dengue virus-infected cells would provide critical insights into disease pathogenesis. in a recent study analyzing the ability of individual dengue virus-encoded proteins to antagonize the ifn response, nonstructural ...	2005	15827155
peptide mimetics of gamma interferon possess antiviral properties against vaccinia virus and other viruses in the presence of poxvirus b8r protein.	we have developed peptide mimetics of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) that play a direct role in the activation and nuclear translocation of stat1alpha transcription factor. these mimetics do not act through recognition by the extracellular domain of ifn-gamma receptor but rather bind to the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor chain 1, ifngr-1, and thereby initiate the cellular signaling. thus, we hypothesized that these mimetics would bypass the poxvirus virulence factor b8r protein that binds to i ...	2005	15827178
cryptic promoter activity in the dna sequence corresponding to the pim-1 5'-utr.	the serine/threonine kinase pim-1 mrna contains a long and g/c rich 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr). previous work suggested that the pim-1 5'-utr harbors an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) allowing for internal initiation of translation. however, several previously reported eukaryotic ires elements actually contain cryptic promoter activity. to test whether an ires or a cryptic promoter is present in the pim-1 5'-utr, the 5'-utr was re-examined using stringent test procedures. our results ...	2005	15843687
small interfering rna-mediated inhibition of hepatitis g virus gene expression in human hepatoma cell huh-7.	the rna interference (rnai) phenomenon is a recently observed process in which the introduction of a double-stranded, small interfering rna (sirna) into a cell causes the specific degradation of a homologous single-stranded rna. it represents an exciting new technology that could have therapeutic applications for the treatment of viral infections. since hepatitis g virus (hgv) genome is a positive-sense single-stranded rna, the replication of hgv does not lead to an integrated dna genome, sugges ...	2005	15844358
exploiting cis-acting replication elements to direct hepatitis c virus-dependent transgene expression.	we describe here a novel targeting gene therapy strategy to direct gene expression responsive to hepatitis c virus (hcv). the goal was approached by engineering a construct containing the antisense sequence of the transgene and internal ribosome entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus flanked by 5'- and 3'-end sequences of hcv cdna that contain cis-acting replication elements. thus, expression of the transgene is only promoted when the minus-strand rna has been synthesized by the functional rep ...	2005	15857978
the polypyrimidine tract binding protein is required for efficient picornavirus gene expression and propagation.	mammalian host factors required for efficient viral gene expression and propagation have been often recalcitrant to genetic analysis. a case in point is the function of cellular factors that trans-activate internal ribosomal entry site (ires)-driven translation, which is operative in many positive-stranded rna viruses, including all picornaviruses. these ires trans-acting factors have been elegantly studied in vitro, but their in vivo importance for viral gene expression and propagation has not ...	2005	15858002
investigation of factors responsible for cell line cytoplasmic expression differences.	previous work has described a novel cytoplasmic expression system that results in a 20-fold increase in the levels of gene expression over a standard cmv-based nuclear expression system, as compared with a 2-3 fold increase seen with previous similar systems. while this increase was seen with bhk and neuro-2a cells, further studies revealed that some cell lines, such as cos-7, demonstrated relatively poor levels of cytoplasmic expression. the objective of this study was to determine what factors ...	2005	15888202
the 5'-terminal region of the aichi virus genome encodes cis-acting replication elements required for positive- and negative-strand rna synthesis.	aichi virus is a member of the family picornaviridae. it has already been shown that three stem-loop structures (sl-a, sl-b, and sl-c, from the 5' end) formed at the 5' end of the genome are critical elements for viral rna replication. in this study, we further characterized the 5'-terminal cis-acting replication elements. we found that an additional structural element, a pseudoknot structure, is formed through base-pairing interaction between the loop segment of sl-b (nucleotides [nt] 57 to 60) ...	2005	15890931
internal initiation of translation of the trkb mrna is mediated by multiple regions within the 5' leader.	translational regulation of the dendritically localized mrna encoding for the neurotrophin receptor trkb has important ramifications for synaptic function. we examined whether the trkb mrna is translated through an internal initiation entry site (ires). the human trkb 5' leaders are derived from the use of alternative promoters and alternative splicing, but all 5' leaders share a common exon. insertion of a full-length 5' leader, as well as the common exon into the intercistronic region of a dic ...	2005	15908588
interferons alpha, beta, gamma each inhibit hepatitis c virus replication at the level of internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation.	interferon (ifn)-alpha is the standard therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis c, but the mechanisms underlying its antiviral action are not well understood. in this report, we demonstrated that ifn-alpha, -beta and -gamma inhibit replication of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) in a cell culture model at concentrations between 10 and 100 iu/ml. we demonstrated that the antiviral actions each of each these ifns are targeted to the highly conserved 5' untranslated region of the hcv genome, and t ...	2005	15910496
evaluation of virus decontamination techniques for porcine embryos produced in vitro.	the objective of this study was to explore approaches to decontaminate embryos either contaminated naturally or under experimental conditions with different viruses. embryos were obtained from in vitro maturation and fertilisation of porcine oocytes. after 7 days of development, morula and blastocyst stages were exposed for 1 h to the following viruses: encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vir ...	2005	15910918
propranolol ameliorates and epinephrine exacerbates progression of acute and chronic viral myocarditis.	recent studies point to important interactions between proinflammatory cytokines and neurohumoral mediators in heart failure. here we investigate the influence of the beta-adrenergic system on cytokines and neurohumoral factors and the sequelae of viral myocarditis. in an experimental model with virus-infected balb/c mice, we studied the acute and chronic effects of epinephrine and propranolol on myocardial morphology, cytokine gene expression, and survival. balb/c mice were inoculated with the ...	2005	15923319
in vitro expression and analysis of secreted fowlpox virus cc chemokine-like proteins fpv060, fpv061, fpv116 and fpv121.	the four cc chemokine-like proteins (fpv060, fpv061, fpv116 and fpv121) of fowlpox virus (fwpv) were over-expressed as his-tagged versions from a t7 promoter/emcv ires construct in vitro, by coupled transcription/translation, or in cell culture, by co-infection with two recombinant fwpvs (one expressing the chemokine-like protein and one expressing t7 rna polymerase). all, except fpv116, appeared to be glycosylated in the presence of microsomal membranes in vitro. in culture, all were secreted ( ...	2005	15931460
viral infectivity is maintained by an rna protection buffer.	rna stabilization buffers are valuable additives which are used widely. although their effect on rna protection has been well assessed, the impact on viral infectivity was unsettled. the potential stabilizing or inactivating effects of rnalater (qiagen) on the infectivity of different relevant and model viruses including hiv were assessed. our results show that rnalater not only protects rna as published by others but also stabilizes virus infectivity of enveloped and non-enveloped model viruses ...	2005	15936833
effects of lyophilization on the infectivity of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in bone tissue.	recently reported qualitative experiments proved that retroviral infectivity is not destroyed by lyophilization performed on systemically infected bone and tendon. the now accomplished quantitative determination of residual infectivity for enveloped and non-enveloped viruses allows a validation of the production process regarding viral safety in freeze-dried bone transplants. the lyophilization effect on the infectivity of two non-enveloped viruses (maus elberfeld virus, mev; porcine parvovirus, ...	2005	15946737
genetic and pharmacologic evidence that calcium-independent phospholipase a2beta regulates virus-induced inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by macrophages.	recent evidence supports a regulatory role for the calcium-independent phospholipase a2 (ipla2) in the antiviral response of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (inos) expression by macrophages. because two mammalian isoforms of ipla2 (ipla2beta and ipla2gamma) have been cloned and characterized, the aim of this study was to identify the specific isoform(s) in macrophages that regulates the expression of inos in response to virus infection. bromoenol lactone (bel), a suicide substrate inhibitor of i ...	2005	15946940
the occurrence of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) in european pigs from 1990 to 2001.	the occurrence of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) among domestic pigs and wild boar in several european countries is described and discussed. from 1990 to 2001 clinical outbreaks were analysed and serum samples, partly from existing screening programmes, were tested for antibodies against emcv. most clinical emcv outbreaks were reported in belgium (320), followed by italy (110), greece (15) and cyprus (6). the outbreaks appeared to be clustered in 'endemic areas' with an increase in outbreaks ...	2005	15962562
comparison of impact of emcv replication on the nuclear apparatus of nih 3t3 and hep-2 cells.	we have investigated differences between the actions of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) on cytometric indices in cultured nih 3t3 and hep-2 cells, which are characterized by different levels of transformation. hep-2 cells surviving 48 h after emcv infection showed lower nuclear ploidy, reduced nuclear area, fewer nucleoli and a higher percentage of euploid cells. there was a significant increase of nucleolar/nuclear dna 6-24 h after emcv infection. however, emcv had markedly different effects ...	2005	15996489
complete atrioventricular block in experimental murine myocarditis.	there were few reports on the pathological characteristics of the conduction system in myocarditis. this study was aimed to clarify the pathological characteristics of complete atrioventricular (av) block in myocarditis.	2005	16003707
[expression of target gene in eukaryotic cells driven by prokaryotic t7 promoter and its rna polymerase].	to enhance the efficiency of the expression of target gene in eukaryotic cells, one of the strongest prokaryotic expression systems, the t7 rna polymerase and t7 promoter, was introduced into eukaryotic cells. a duel-plasmid gene expression system of t7 bacteriophage components was developed; one containing the t7 phage rna polymerase gene under the control of eukaryotic promoter cmv (pcmv-t7pol) and the other (pt7ires) containing the t7 promoter and t7 terminator as well as emcv ires. to test t ...	2005	16013472
encephalomyocarditis in monkeys.	this paper presents the results of studies of a spontaneous viral infection in monkeys--encephalomyocarditis caused by encephalomyocarditis virus. the infection first detected in the sukhumi breeding center in 1974 was observed in the adler breeding center since 2001. the characteristics of the virus are described and principles of diagnostic by the results of pathologic studies are presented.	2005	16027852
use of animal models for space flight physiology studies, with special focus on the immune system.	animal models have been used to study the effects of space flight on physiological systems. the animal models have been used because of the limited availability of human subjects for studies to be carried out in space as well as because of the need to carry out experiments requiring samples and experimental conditions that cannot be performed using humans. experiments have been carried out in space using a variety of species, and included developmental biology studies. these species included rat ...	2005	16038091
encepalomyocarditis virus-induced apoptosis and ultrastructural changes in the lacrimal and parotid glands of mice.	development of acinar cell apoptosis and ultrastructural changes in the exorbital lacrimal and parotid glands was examined in dba/2 mice infected with 10(2) pfu/mouse of emc-d virus. pyknotic acinar cells, most of which were positive for tunel and cleaved caspase-3 and had ultrastructural characteristics of apoptotic cells, developed earlier and were more frequently observed in the parotid gland than in the exorbital lacrimal gland, while the total damage of acinar cells and interstitial infiltr ...	2006	16038897
encephalomyocarditis virus induces pkr-independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in macrophages.	in this study, we provide evidence that the double-stranded rna-dependent protein kinase (pkr) is not required for virus-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) or the activation of specific signaling pathways in macrophages. the infection of raw264.7 cells with encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) induces inos expression and nitric oxide production, which are unaffected by a dominant-negative mutant of pkr. emcv infection also activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase, cy ...	2005	16051816
co-expression of the complement regulatory proteins human daf and cd59 with an ires-mediated dicistronic mammalian vector enhances their cell protective effects.	the human complement regulatory proteins (hcrps) decay accelerating factor (daf/cd55) and protectin cd59 transfected into non-human cells could confer protection against human complement. the combination of daf and cd59 would be an effective strategy to help overcome host complement-induced hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. we constructed a dicistronic mammalian expression vector pcdna3-cd59iresdaf by using the internal ribosomal entry sites (ires) of the encephalomyocarditis virus (e ...	2005	16077947
effect of n-acetylcystein on butyrate-treated chinese hamster ovary cells to improve the production of recombinant human interferon-beta-1a.	sodium butyrate (nabu) is used as a productivity enhancer for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells. however, nabu is well-known for having a cytotoxic effect, thereby inducing apoptosis. as an endeavor to reduce this defect, we studied 11 antioxidants known for inhibiting apoptosis, according to a plackett-burman statistical design on cho cells producing recombinant interferon-beta-1a (ifn-beta). none of the antioxidants that we tested were as e ...	2005	16080696
the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) is required for efficient replication of hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna.	our earlier work found that the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) specifically interacts with the poly(u/c) tract of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) 3' untranslated region (3'utr) [luo, g., 1999. cellular proteins bind to the poly(u) tract of the 3' untranslated region of hepatitis c virus rna genome. virology 256, 105-118]. we report here that the phosphorylated form of ptb is associated with the membrane-bound hcv replication complex. to determine whether the ptb is required for hcv rna r ...	2006	16102869
down-regulation of p53 by double-stranded rna modulates the antiviral response.	p53 has been well characterized as a tumor suppressor gene, but its role in antiviral defense remains unclear. a recent report has demonstrated that p53 can be induced by interferons and is activated after vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) infection. we observed that different nononcogenic viruses, including encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), induced down-regulation of p53 in infected cells. double-stranded rna (dsrna) and a mutant vaccinia virus lacki ...	2005	16103161
inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 enhances myocardial damage in a mouse model of viral myocarditis.	to determine critical role of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) for development of viral myocarditis, a mouse model of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced myocarditis was used. the virus was intraperitoneally given to cox-2 gene-deficient heterozygote mice (cox-2+/-) and wild-type mice (wt). we examined differences in heart weights, cardiac histological scores, numbers of infiltrating or apoptotic cells in myocardium, cardiac expression levels of cox-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), and adipone ...	2005	16107267
inducible control of transgene expression with ecdysone receptor: gene switches with high sensitivity, robust expression, and reduced size.	the ecdysone receptor (ecr)-based gene regulation system is a tool for controlling gene expression. to improve the sensitivity of this system, we evaluated many two-hybrid format synthetic gene constructs in which the gal4 dna binding domain was fused to the ligand binding domain of the choristoneura fumiferana ecr mutant v390i/y410e (gevy), and various activation domains--vp16, p53, p65, or e2f-i--were fused to the ef domains of chimeric human rxr. these gene switches were assayed in nih3t3 cel ...	2005	16116792
production of anti-cd2 chimeric antibody by recombinant animal cells.	expression vectors for chimeric anti-cd2 antibody were constructed in order to clarify the importance of the expression ratio of heavy (h-) and light (l-) chains of antibody to antibody production in animal cells. the antibody genes were introduced into cells using plasmid dna vectors or replication-defective retroviral vectors. productivity was maximal when the expression ratio of h-and l-chains was 1:1, and decreased when the ratio was not equal. we also examined the expression of antibody usi ...	2004	16233709
polyclonal antibodies against a structure mimicking the covalent linkage unit between picornavirus rna and vpg: an immunochemical study.	we propose that therapy of patients with anticancer drugs that poison dna topoisomerases induces formation of covalent complexes of cellular rnas and dna topoisomerases. the appearance of these complexes can be detected with antibodies against a synthetic hapten mimicking the covalent linkage unit tyr-pu(p) of picornavirus rna and vpg. we synthesized hapten [n(ac),co(nh2)]tyr-(5 p --> o)up-o-(ch2)6nh2, conjugated it with bsa, and immunized rabbits with the antigen obtained. the raised polyclonal ...	2005	16266277
control of myeov protein synthesis by upstream open reading frames.	the myeov gene has been isolated by the tumorigenicity assay and is localized at chromosome 11q13, a frequent site for chromosomal rearrangements in various carcinomas and b-cell neoplasms. in addition, myeov is coamplified with cyclin d1 and overexpressed in carcinomas of various organs. the mechanisms of myeov regulation remain enigmatic. the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of the myeov gene is long, encompasses several upstream augs, and is predicted to fold in a strong secondary structure, s ...	2006	16275643
synthesis and antiviral activity of novel anomeric branched carbocyclic nucleosides.	novel anomeric branched carbocyclic nucleosides were synthesized from 1,3-dihydroxy acetone. 4'-hydroxymethyl was installed by [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reaction and 1'-methyl group was introduced by carbonyl addition of methylmagnesium bromide. the coupling of nucleosidic bases and desilylation afforded a series of novel nucleosides. the synthesized compounds 16-19 were evaluated for their antiviral activity against hiv-1, hsv-1, hsv-2, and emcv. compounds 16 and 19 exhibit toxicity non-r ...	2005	16276962
infections and autoimmune diseases.	the high percentage of disease-discordant pairs of monozygotic twins demonstrates the central role of environmental factors in the etiology of autoimmune diseases. efforts were first focussed on the search for triggering factors. the study of animal models has clearly shown that infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, as in the case of coxsackie b4 virus in type i diabetes and the encephalomyocarditis virus in autoimmune myositis, two models in which viruses are thought to act by increasing ...	2005	16278064
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e availability controls the switch between cap-dependent and internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation.	translation of m7g-capped cellular mrnas is initiated by recruitment of ribosomes to the 5' end of mrnas via eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4f (eif4f), a heterotrimeric complex comprised of a cap-binding subunit (eif4e) and an rna helicase (eif4a) bridged by a scaffolding molecule (eif4g). internal translation initiation bypasses the requirement for the cap and eif4e and occurs on viral and cellular mrnas containing internal ribosomal entry sites (iress). here we demonstrate that eif4e ...	2005	16287867
micrornas control translation initiation by inhibiting eukaryotic initiation factor 4e/cap and poly(a) tail function.	micrornas (mirnas) repress translation of target mrnas by interaction with partially mismatched sequences in their 3' utr. the mechanism by which they act on translation has remained largely obscure. we examined the translation of mrnas containing four partially mismatched mirna-binding sites in the 3' utr in hela cells cotransfected with a cognate mirna. the mrnas were prepared by in vitro transcription and were engineered to employ different modes of translation initiation. we find that the 5' ...	2005	16287976
an efficient mammalian cell-free translation system supplemented with translation factors.	development of an efficient cell-free translation system from mammalian cells is an important goal. we examined whether supplementation of hela cell extracts with any translation initiation factor or translational regulator could enhance protein synthesis. eif2 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2) and eif2b augmented translation of capped, uncapped and encephalomyocarditis virus-internal ribosome entry site-promoted mrnas. eif4e specifically stimulated capped mrna translation, while p97, ...	2006	16289705
pathogenesis of experimental encephalomyocarditis: a histopathological, immunohistochemical and virological study in rats.	rats (n=40) aged 8 weeks were infected, either by oronasal inoculation or by contact, with one of two different myocardial strains of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), namely, the greek strain 424/90 and the belgian strain b279/95. the animals were killed at 11-62 days post-infection (dpi) and samples of brain, heart, pancreas, kidney, peyer's patches, spleen, lung and thymus were processed for virological, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. this experimental infection was in ...	2006	16330040
pathogenesis of encephalomyocarditis experimental infection in young piglets: a potential animal model to study viral myocarditis.	the pathogenesis of encephalomyocarditis (emc) due to the emc virus (emcv) was studied in 24 piglets oro-nasally infected with the field isolate b279/95. two pigs were kept as negative controls and were euthanised at hour 0. the remaining 24 were euthanised every 6 h up to 78-h post infection (hpi). virus isolation, histological examination and emcv immunodetection were performed on the spleen, intestine, pancreas, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, lymph nodes, tonsils and brain. emcv was isolated a ...	2006	16336922
[comparative study of variola virus and monkeypox virus interferon-gamma-binding].	dna fragments containing genes for coding ifn-gamma-binding proteins (ifngammabps) of variola virus (varv) and monkeypox virus (mpxv) were obtained from viral genomes using pcr. isolated genes coding desired proteins were expressed in the insect sf21 cells using baculovirus expression system. secreted recombinant ifngammabps were isolated from culture medium of infected sf21 cells through affinity chromatography procedure. sds-paag and western blot analysis of culture medium of infected insect c ...	2005	16358743
antiviral profile of nyctanthes arbortristis l. against encephalitis causing viruses.	the ethanolic extracts, various fractions and two pure compounds isolated from the plant n. arbortris were tested against encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and semliki forest virus (sfv). pronounced in vitro virus inhibitory activity was observed with the ethanolic and n-butanol fractions as well as with the pure compounds arbortristoside a and arbortristoside c. in addition, ethanolic extracts and n-butanol fraction protected emcv infected mice to the extent of 40 and 60% respectively against s ...	2005	16359127
viral safety of nanogam, a new 15 nm-filtered liquid immunoglobulin product.	producers of plasma derivatives continuously improve the viral safety of their products by, for example, introducing additional virus-reducing steps into the manufacturing process. here we present virus-elimination studies undertaken for a number of steps employed in a new manufacturing process for liquid intravenous immunoglobulin (nanogam) that comprises two specific virus-reducing steps: a 15-nm filtration step combined with pepsin treatment at ph 4.4 (ph 4.4/15nf); and solvent-detergent (sd) ...	2006	16359352
a link between translation of the hepatitis c virus polyprotein and polymerase function; possible consequences for hyperphosphorylation of ns5a.	hyperphosphorylation of ns5a is thought to play a key role in controlling hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna replication. using a tetracycline-regulable baculovirus delivery system to introduce non-culture-adapted hcv replicons into hepg2 cells, we found that a point mutation in the active site of the viral polymerase, ns5b, led to an increase in ns5a hyperphosphorylation. although replicon transcripts lacking elements downstream of ns5a also had altered ns5a hyperphosphorylation, this did not explain ...	2006	16361421
production and characterization of guinea pig recombinant gamma interferon and its effect on macrophage activation.	gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) plays a critical role in the protective immune responses against mycobacteria. we previously cloned a cdna coding for guinea pig ifn-gamma (gpifn-gamma) and reported that bcg vaccination induced a significant increase in the ifn-gamma mrna expression in guinea pig cells in response to living mycobacteria and that the virulent h37rv strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulated less ifn-gamma mrna than did the attenuated h37ra strain. in this study, we successfully ...	2006	16368975
genetic variability of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) isolates.	in order to evaluate the variability of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), field isolates originating from different european regions and inducing different clinical pictures in pigs have been molecularly characterised. the regions targeted were the poly(c) tract, a part of the 5'-utr (360 nucleotides), the leader gene (201 nucleotides), the complete capsid coding region (2502 nucleotides), the 2a gene (403 nucleotides), the end of the 3d polymerase gene (305 nucleotides) and the 3'-utr (123 nuc ...	2006	16406410
n-terminally pegylated human interferon-beta-1a with improved pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy in a melanoma angiogenesis model.	pegylation of ifn-alpha has been used successfully to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of the drug. to prepare a pegylated form of human interferon-beta-1a (ifn-beta-1a) suitable for testing in vivo, we have synthesized 20 kda mpeg-o-2-methylpropionaldehyde and used it to modify the n-terminal alpha-amino group of the cytokine. the pegylated protein retained approximately 50% of the activity of the unmodified protein and had significantly improved pharmacokinetic properties fo ...	2006	16417267