Publications

purification and biochemical characterization of an acid-stable lipase from the pyloric caeca of sardine (sardinella aurita).	a lipolytic activity was located in the sardine digestive glands (pyloric caeca), from which a sardine digestive lipase (sadl) was purified. pure sadl has a molecular mass of 43 kda as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. the enzyme was found to be more active on short-chain triacylglycerols than on long-chain ones. sadl does not present the interfacial activation phenomenon. control experiments were performed under the same experimental conditions, w ...	2010	20383604
distribution and characterization of the escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (sta) receptor throughout the intestinal tract of newborn camels (camelus dromedaries).	heat-stable enterotoxin (sta) secretion from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is crucial for the pathogenesis of diarrhea in both animal and human. the goal of this study was to investigate the distribution of the sta-specific receptors in the newborn camel's enterocytes and brush border membrane vesicles (bbmvs). flow cytometric analysis was used to investigate the density of sta-receptors on enterocytes and bbmvs prepared from anterior jejunum, posterior jejunum, ileum, and colon. stron ...	2010	20383782
parentage testing of racing camels (camelus dromedarius) using microsatellite dna typing.	the camel racing industry would have added value in being able to assign parentage with high certainty. this study was aimed at assessing and applying microsatellite multiplexes to construct a parentage testing system for camels. an efficient system of 17 loci from 700 camel samples was used to construct a database of unrelated adults. based on this, we estimated measures of polymorphism among the markers. in three multiplex reactions, we detected a total of 224 alleles, with 5–23 alleles/locus ...	2010	20394604
circadian rhythm of bone formation biomarkers in serum of dromedary camels.	the circadian rhythm of biomarkers of bone formation including osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase (bap) was studied in the serum of dromedary camels. blood samples were collected every 60 min for 24h from 10 healthy adult female camels. elisa was used to determine the concentrations of serum osteocalcin and bap. the results showed a marked fluctuation in the concentration of osteocalcin during the 24h period with minimum and maximum levels at 13:00 (01:00 pm) and 18:00 (06:00 pm), respect ...	2010	20400166
a novel promiscuous class of camelid single-domain antibody contributes to the antigen-binding repertoire.	it is well established that, in addition to conventional abs, camelids (such as camelus dromedarius and lama glama) possess unique homodimeric h chain abs (hcabs) devoid of l chains. the ag-binding site of these hcabs consists of a single variable domain, referred to as vhh. it is widely accepted that these vhhs, with distinct framework-2 imprints evolved within the v(h) clan iii-family 3, are exclusively present on hcabs. in this study, we report the finding of a distinct leader signal sequence ...	2010	20404276
a bispecific nanobody to provide full protection against lethal scorpion envenoming.	envenoming following scorpion sting is a common emergency in many parts of the world. our aim was to ameliorate the current 100-kda horse plasma antivenom serum (pas)-derived fab'(2) to more quickly reach the highly diffusible scorpion toxins (7 kda). we immunized dromedaries with toxins from androctonus australis hector (aah) scorpions and cloned the single-domain antibody fragments or nanobodies (15 kda) from their b cells. nanobodies against aahi' toxin (with aahii the most toxic compound of ...	2010	20410443
analysis of camelid antibodies for antivenom development: neutralisation of venom-induced pathology.	camelid igg has been reported to be less immunogenic, less able to activate the complement cascade and more thermostable than igg from other mammals, and has the ability to bind antigens that are unreactive with other mammalian iggs. we are investigating whether these attributes of camelid igg translate into antivenom with immunological and venom-neutralising efficacy advantages over conventional equine and ovine antivenoms. the objective of this study was to determine the preclinical venom-neut ...	2010	20412814
reconstruction of the putative cervidae ancestral karyotype by chromosome painting of siberian roe deer (capreolus pygargus) with dromedary probes.	the siberian roe deer (capreolus pygargus) is one of a few deer species presumably preserving the ancestral cervid karyotype. the comparative genomic data of the siberian roe deer are critical for our understanding of the karyotypic relationships within artiodactyls. we have established chromosomal homologies between the siberian roe deer and the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) by cross-species chromosome painting with dromedary chromosome-specific painting probes. dromedary chromosome paints de ...	2010	20413959
effect of low voltage electrical stimulation on biochemical and quality characteristics of longissimus thoracis muscle from one-humped camel (camelus dromedaries).	the effects of electrical stimulation (90v) 20min post mortem on meat quality and muscle fibre types of four age group camels (1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12 years) camels were assessed. quality of the longissimus thoracis at 1 and 7 days post mortem ageing was evaluated using shear force, ph, sarcomere length, myofibrillar fragmentation index, expressed juice, cooking loss and l( ), a( ), b( *) colour values. age of camel and electrical stimulation had a significant effect on meat quality of l. thoraci ...	2008	20416558
effect of gamma irradiation on microbial load and quality characteristics of minced camel meat.	the effect of gamma irradiation on microbial load, chemical and sensory characteristics of camel meat has been evaluated. camel meat was irradiated at doses of 0, 2, 4 and 6kgy of gamma irradiation. irradiated and non-irradiated meat was kept in a refrigerator (1-4 degrees c). general composition and sensory evaluation of camel meat was done two days after irradiation, whereas, microbiological and chemical analysis was done immediately after irradiation and throughout the storage periods. the re ...	2009	20416783
dissection of the ignar v domain: molecular scanning and orthologue database mining define novel ignar hallmarks and affinity maturation mechanisms.	the shark antigen-binding v(nar) domain has the potential to provide an attractive alternative to traditional biotherapeutics based on its small size, advantageous physiochemical properties, and unusual ability to target clefts in enzymes or cell surface molecules. the v(nar) shares many of the properties of the well-characterised single-domain camelid v(h)h but is much less understood at the molecular level. we chose the hen-egg-lysozyme-specific archetypal type i v(nar) 5a7 and used ribosome d ...	2010	20450918
ultrasonographic-guided retrieval of cumulus oocyte complexes after super-stimulation in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	in experiment 1, studies were conducted to apply the transvaginal ultrasound guided ovum pick-up (opu) technique in dromedary camels after their ovarian super-stimulation and in vivo oocyte maturation. in experiment 2, the developmental potential of two commonly used oocyte types, i.e., in vivo matured oocytes collected by opu and abattoir derived in vitro-matured oocytes was compared after their chemical activation. in experiment 3, developmental competence of oocytes collected from super-stimu ...	2010	20451991
a recombinant dromedary antibody fragment (vhh or nanobody) directed against human duffy antigen receptor for chemokines.	fy blood group antigens are carried by the duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (darc), a red cells receptor for plasmodium vivax broadly implicated in human health and diseases. recombinant vhhs, or nanobodies, the smallest intact antigen binding fragment derivative from the heavy chain-only antibodies present in camelids, were prepared from a dromedary immunized against darc n-terminal extracellular domain and selected for darc binding. a described vhh, ca52, does recognize native darc on cel ...	2010	20458517
efficacy of anthelmintics on south american camelid (llama and alpaca) farms in georgia.	the number of south american camelid (sac; llama and alpaca) farms is growing in the southeastern united states, and infection with gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) is a major health concern in this region. there is widespread resistance to anthelmintic remedies in small ruminants (sheep and goats), but a paucity of information on llamas and alpacas. anthelmintic resistance was evaluated on three sac farms (two llama; one alpaca) in georgia in the southern united states using fecal egg count red ...	2010	20462700
cutaneous periocular habronema infection in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	a 6-year-old castrated dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) presented with a non-healing, severely pruritic, ulcerative fibrotic plaque located at the medial canthus. histological examination of surgical biopsies identified degenerating nematode larvae within eosinophilic granulomas. treatment involved repeated debridement of the lesion, injectable ivermectin and anti-inflammatory therapies, and injectable and topical antibiotics. a specially constructed mask with goggles to prevent the camel f ...	2010	20500499
'acceptable rebellion': marketing hipster aesthetics to sell camel cigarettes in the us.	the aim of the present work was to understand why and how rj reynolds and other tobacco companies have marketed tobacco products to young adult social trendsetting consumers (termed 'hipsters') to recruit trendsetters and average consumers to smoke.	2010	20501494
sequencing, analysis, and annotation of expressed sequence tags for camelus dromedarius.	despite its economical, cultural, and biological importance, there has not been a large scale sequencing project to date for camelus dromedarius. with the goal of sequencing complete dna of the organism, we first established and sequenced camel est libraries, generating 70,272 reads. following trimming, chimera check, repeat masking, cluster and assembly, we obtained 23,602 putative gene sequences, out of which over 4,500 potentially novel or fast evolving gene sequences do not carry any homolog ...	2010	20502665
complete genome constellation of a caprine group a rotavirus strain reveals common evolution with ruminant and human rotavirus strains.	this study reports the first complete genome sequence of a caprine group a rotavirus (gar) strain, go34. the vp7-vp4-vp6-vp1-vp2-vp3-nsp1-nsp2-nsp3-nsp4-nsp5 genes of strain go34, detected in bangladesh, were assigned to the g6-p[1]-i2-r2-c2-m2-a11-n2-t6-e2-h3 genotypes, respectively. strain go34 was closely related to the vp4, vp6-7 and nsp4-5 genes of bovine gars and the nsp1 gene of go34 to an ovine gar. strain go34 shared low nucleotide sequence identities (<90 %) with vp2-3 genes of other g ...	2010	20505013
redox homeostasis and respiratory metabolism in camels (camelus dromedaries): comparisons with domestic goats and laboratory rats and mice.	we have previously reported the occurrence of multiple forms of drug-metabolizing enzymes in camel tissues. here, we investigate glutathione (gsh)-dependent redox homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ros) production and mitochondrial respiratory functions in camel tissues and compare them with imported domestic goats and laboratory rats and mice. cytochrome p450 2e1 (cyp 2e1) and gsh-metabolizing enzymes were differentially expressed in the liver and kidney of these animals. camel liver has sig ...	2010	20532892
molecular characterization of the camelus dromedarius putative cytochrome p450s genes.	the expression levels of cytochrome p450s were examined in different camel tissues by western blotting and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. camelus dromedarius liver microsomes were found to express different p450s isoenzymes constitutively. the maximum expression of p450 protein was seen in the camel liver in the order of p450 2e1, 1a1, 3a and 2b1/2. camel extrahepatic tissues, kidney, spleen and the lung showed detectable levels of p450s 1a1 but lower than that noticed in liver. de ...	2010	20532968
analysis of camelid igg for antivenom development: immunoreactivity and preclinical neutralisation of venom-induced pathology by igg subclasses, and the effect of heat treatment.	antivenom is the most effective treatment of snake envenoming and is manufactured from the igg of venom-immunised horses and sheep. camelids have a unique igg structure which may account for the report that camel igg is less immunogenic and less likely to activate complement than equine or ovine igg. camelid igg therefore offers potential safety advantages over conventional iggs used for antivenom manufacture. the reported thermostability of camelid igg also holds promise in the inclusion of a r ...	2010	20547172
in vitro analysis and in vivo tumor targeting of a humanized, grafted nanobody in mice using pinhole spect/micro-ct.	nanobodies are a novel type of immunoglobulinlike, antigen-binding protein with beneficial pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties that are ideally suited to targeting cellular antigens for molecular imaging or therapeutic purposes. however, because of their camelid, nonhuman origin, the possible immunogenicity of nanobodies when used in the clinic is a concern. here we present a new strategy to quickly generate humanized nanobodies for molecular imaging purposes.	2010	20554727
ophthalmic rete mirabile: the first angiographic documentation of embryonic ophthalmic collaterals in a patient with moyamoya disease. a case report.	summary: plexiform vascular networks of the rete mirabile in humans are rare but can be observed in some vertebrates such as cobaye, cat, cow and sheep. each set of embryonic arteries can be a potential source of these vascular networks which reconstitute the distal flows in segmental agenesis of internal carotid or vertebral arteries especially in patients with phace (posterior fossa malformation of the brain, facial hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac anomalies with coarctation of aorta, ...	2008	20557726
chloride salt type/ionic strength and refrigeration effects on antioxidant enzymes and lipid oxidation in cattle, camel and chicken meat.	the effects of nacl and kcl at varying ionic strengths on catalase and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activities and lipid oxidation in ground longissimus dorsi (ld) of cattle and camel and breast muscle of chicken during refrigerated storage were studied. nacl and kcl significantly increased 2-thiobarbituric reactive substances (tbars) and peroxide values. tbars and peroxide values increased and gsh-px activity decreased during 4 day storage in the 4 degrees c, but catalase activity was stable ...	2010	20558008
anaphylaxis to camel milk in an atopic child.		2010	20560906
ethnoveterinary treatments by dromedary camel herders in the suleiman mountainous region in pakistan: an observation and questionnaire study.	the suleiman mountainous region is an important cradle of animal domestication and the habitat of many indigenous livestock breeds. the dromedary camel is a highly appreciated and valued animal and represents an important genetic resource. camel herders, living in remote areas, have developed their own ways to treat diseases in camels, based on a long time of experience.	2010	20565919
in vitro antiviral activity of single domain antibody fragments against poliovirus.	vhhs or nanobodies are single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from heavy chain antibodies found in camelids. it has already been shown that complex protein mixtures and even whole organisms elicit good immune responses in camelids; therefore we hypothesized that vhhs selected from a dromedary immunized with poliovirus type 1 might inhibit the in vitro replication of poliovirus through binding to essential biological sites on the viral capsid. in this study, we aimed to determine whether ...	2010	20566349
septicemic salmonellosis in a two-humped camel calf (camelus bactrianus).	a 1-week old, two-humped female camel (camelus bactrianus) calf with continual whining, epiphora, anorexia, muscle twitching, and lateral recumbency was referred to a veterinary hospital. although she died shortly after preliminary clinical examination, but necropsy was performed and tissue samples were taken for further microbiological and pathological examinations. on bacteriological investigation, salmonella typhimurium and streptococcus agalactiae were isolated. histopathologically, lesions ...	2010	20567902
assessment of the in vivo toxicity of gold nanoparticles.	the environmental impact of nanoparticles is evident; however, their toxicity due to their nanosize is rarely discussed. gold nanoparticles (gnps) may serve as a promising model to address the size-dependent biological response to nanoparticles because they show good biocompatibility and their size can be controlled with great precision during their chemical synthesis. naked gnps ranging from 3 to 100 nm were injected intraperitoneally into balb/c mice at a dose of 8 mg/kg/week. gnps of 3, 5, 50 ...	2009	20596373
is there a two-humped stage in the embryonic development of the dromedary?	summary it has been postulated that the one-humped (arabian) dromedary and the two-humped (bactrian) camel originated from a single ancestor. consequently, the dromedary was considered a breed of the two-humped camel, based on an anatomical study by lombardini l, 1879: ann. del. universita toscane, 259, 147, who described a reduced second hump like structure in foetal and adult dromedaries. to resolve this lingering issue, we analysed dromedary foetuses and calves. in contrast to the situation i ...	2010	20608925
mir-214 regulates lactoferrin expression and pro-apoptotic function in mammary epithelial cells.	lactoferrin (lf) is an abundantly expressed protein in human milk. lactoferrin exhibits several important biological functions, and its expression is regulated by multiple environmental factors. cellular endogenous factors, however, have not been extensively studied with regard to lactoferrin gene expression. in this study, we showed that lactoferrin gene expression and function are directly targeted by mir-214 in hc11 and mcf7 cells. in the lactoferrin mrna 3 prime untranslated region (utr) of ...	2010	20610637
structure and properties of a complex of α-synuclein and a single-domain camelid antibody.	the aggregation of the intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein to form fibrillar amyloid structures is intimately associated with a variety of neurological disorders, most notably parkinson's disease. the molecular mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity is not yet understood in any detail, not least because of the paucity of structural probes through which to study the behavior of such a disordered system. here, we describe an investigation involving a single-domain camelid antib ...	2010	20620148
camelid single domain antibodies (vhhs) as neuronal cell intrabody binding agents and inhibitors of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (bont) proteases.	botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) function by delivering a protease to neuronal cells that cleave snare proteins and inactivate neurotransmitter exocytosis. small (14 kda) binding domains specific for the protease of bont serotypes a or b were selected from libraries of heavy chain only antibody domains (vhhs or nanobodies) cloned from immunized alpacas. several vhhs bind the bont proteases with high affinity (k(d) near 1 nm) and include potent inhibitors of bont/a protease activity (k(i) near 1 nm) ...	2010	20637220
the pleural curtain of the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the visceral pleura of the camel (camelus dromedarius) possesses a fibrous curtain of pleural threads or extensions along its basal margins, which extends into the pleural cavity of the costophrenic recesses. these threads are lined by mesothelium and have a core or stroma, which is largely collagenous. small threads are avascular and nearly acellular. in larger proximal threads, blood vessels in the stroma are often arranged in a branching network, with irregular endothelia surrounded by severa ...	2010	20652936
elimination and phase ii metabolism of ethanol in camels after intravenous administration.	ethanol elimination was studied in camels (n=8) after a single bolus intravenous dose of 0.1g/kg bodyweight (bw). blood samples were then collected at set intervals. ethanol and ethyl glucuronide (etg) in blood were analysed by validated static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms) methods, respectively. blood-ethanol concentration-time profiles were plotted for each camel and these were evaluated. a simple linear regression model was ...	2010	20656536
outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by yersinia pestis in afghanistan.	plague, which is most often caused by the bite of yersinia pestis-infected fleas, is a rapidly progressing, serious disease that can be fatal without prompt antibiotic treatment. in late december 2007, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred in nimroz province of southern afghanistan. of the 83 probable cases of illness, 17 died (case fatality 20·5%). being a case was associated with consumption or handling of camel meat (adjusted odds ratio 4·4, 95% confidence interval 2·2-8·8, p<0·001). ...	2011	20663260
recovery of environmental human dna by insects.	we tested the hypotheses that foraging insects can acquire human dna from the environment and that insect-delivered human dna is of sufficient quantity and quality to permit standard forensic analyses. houseflies, german cockroaches, and camel crickets were exposed to dusty surfaces and then assayed for human mitochondrial and nuclear loci by conventional and qpcr, and multiplex str amplification. over two experiments, 100% of insect groups and 94% of dust controls tested positive for human dna. ...	2010	20666923
detection and genotyping of gb virus-c in dromedary camels in the united arab emirates.	gb virus-c/hepatitis g virus (gbv-c/hgv), collectively known as gbv-c, is widely spread and was discovered while searching for a causative agent for non-a-e hepatitis. the aim of this study was to determine the rate of infection and genotypic characteristics of gbv-c in arabian camels in the united arab emirates (uae). a total of 22 blood and 8 milk samples from healthy camels were screened using rt-pcr/nested pcr of the 5'-untranslated region (utr). phylogenetic analysis was conducted by sequen ...	2011	20674194
phage-derived fully human monoclonal antibody fragments to human vascular endothelial growth factor-c block its interaction with vegf receptor-2 and 3.	vascular endothelial growth factor c (vegf-c) is a key mediator of lymphangiogenesis, acting via its receptors vegf-r2 and vegf-r3. high expression of vegf-c in tumors correlates with increased lymphatic vessel density, lymphatic vessel invasion, sentinel lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. recently, we found that in a chemically induced skin carcinoma model, increased vegf-c drainage from the tumor enhanced lymphangiogenesis in the sentinel lymph node and facilitated metastatic spread of ...	2010	20689828
ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting camels (camelus dromedarius) in northern sudan.	monthly total body tick collections from 13-20 camels were conducted for 2 consecutive years (2000-2001) in northern sudan. tick populations were correlated with locality, season, predeliction site, sex and coat colour. hyalomma dromedarii was found to be the predominant (89%) tick species infesting the camels. other tick species found in very low numbers were hyalomma impeltatum (7.7%), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (3.3%), hyalomma truncatum (0.29%), hyalomma marginatum rufipes (0.25%), rhipi ...	2009	20698438
an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in camels in the sudan.	in mid-august 2004, an outbreak of a previously unknown fatal disease of camels was reported to kassala state veterinary authorities. several areas in the state were visited during august-october 2004 to collect epidemiological data and specimens for diagnosis. clinically the disease was characterized by sudden death of apparently healthy animals and yellowish and later bloody diarrhea and abortion. the disease outbreaks coincided with the seasonal movement of animals towards autumn green pastur ...	2010	20707980
complete nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene of pseudocowpox virus isolates from indian dromedaries (camelus dromedarius).		2010	20711741
[molecular genetics typing of brucella circulating in several provinces of mongolia].	comparative molecular-genetic typing of brucella strains isolated in mongolia from different animal species as well as from humans.	2010	20734715
multicentric fibromyxoid peripheral nerve sheath tumor (multicentric schwannoma) in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius): morphopathological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies.	during postslaughter inspection of a 4-year-old male dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), numerous small nodules to large masses up to 4 cm in diameter were found on the serosal surfaces of forestomachs, large intestines, mesentery, liver, and spleen. grossly, the masses were discrete, round, smooth, and white to gray that bulged from the serosal layer. cut surfaces of the masses were discrete, round, white, and relatively homogeneous without any necrotic foci. histopathologically, the masses ...	2010	20807821
prevalence of mycoplasma haemolamae infection in peruvian and chilean llamas and alpacas.	mycoplasma haemolamae is a hemotropic mycoplasma that affects red blood cells of llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). it is variably associated with anemia, and most infections are subclinical. development of a polymerase chain reaction assay has facilitated detection of this infection in llamas and alpacas in the united states and other countries. whether the infection occurs in camelids in south america has previously been unknown. the current study documents a 15.8% infection rate am ...	2010	20807939
rostellar hook morphology of larval echinococcus granulosus isolates from the indian buffalo and iranian sheep, cattle and camel.	isolates of echinococcus granulosus from the indian buffalo and iranian sheep, cattle and camels were characterized on the basis of rostellar hook morphology of the protoscolices. results obtained indicated phenotypic polymorphism among parasites isolated from different host species. isolates from buffalo are morphologically quite different from those of the more common sheep and cattle isolates and may represent a different strain, adapted to buffalo. in the sari region of northern iran, two mo ...	2010	20815974
the neuroanatomic correlates of semantic memory deficits in patients with gulf war illnesses: a pilot study.	we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) to study semantic memory processing in 38 gulf war veterans in 3 affected groups (syndromes 1, 2, and 3) and normal-deployed controls. subjects were given the semantic object retrieval test (sort), which requires participants to decide whether two features combine and result in the retrieval of a specific object (e.g., "desert" and "humps" → "camel"). differences between groups were calculated using a repeated measures analysis of variance (an ...	2010	20824394
nasal bots...a fascinating world!	larvae causing obligatory myiasis are numerous and they may affect cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, wounds, nasopharyngeal cavities (nasal bots), internal organs and the digestive tract (bots) of domestic and wild animals and humans as well. nasal bots belong to the family oestridae, subfamily oestrinae, which includes several important genera: oestrus, kirkioestrus, and gedoelstia infecting artiodactyla (except cervidae) in africa and eurasia, cephenemyia and pharyngomyia infecting cervidae, ...	2010	20837381
corneal papilloma associated with papillomavirus in a one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	a 15-year-old male dromedary camel with a history of chronic severe keratoconjunctivitis and corneal mass in the left eye of 6 months' duration was referred to the veterinary medical teaching hospital at adnan menderes university. a superficial keratectomy was performed and biopsy material submitted for histopathology. the diagnosis was corneal papilloma. there has been no recurrence of the neoplasm to date (6 months, 1 year). corneal papilloma has not been reported previously in camels and seem ...	2010	20840097
life cycle of the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae) under field conditions in northern sudan.	engorged hyalomma dromedarii females were placed for development in shade and sun (open non-shaded site) in april, august and december for two successive years. engorged nymphs were also placed at the same sites in january, march, may, june, july and august. preoviposition periods ranged between 9.8 and 11.7 days in the shade but longer in the sun in december (14.7 days). egg production index was higher in august (0.72) than in april and december (0.46 and 0.39, respectively) in shade and in aug ...	2010	20850935
trypanosoma evansi: recent outbreaks in europe.	here, two recent outbreaks of trypanosoma evansi infection in mainland france and spain associated with the importation of dromedary camels from the canary islands, are reported. the disease is well-known on the archipelago since 1997 and many efforts have been made towards control and eventual eradication, but some areas still remain affected. both mainland outbreaks were controlled by means of massive treatments and monthly serological, parasitological and molecular (pcr) evaluations carried o ...	2010	20851526
molecular characterization of human and animal echinococcus granulosus isolates in isfahan, iran.	cystic hydatid disease (chd) is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in different parts of iran. while it causes major health problem, there is limited information about its transmission cycles and reservoirs of human infection. therefore we aimed to characterize the existence echinococcus granulosus cysts in humans and animals in the province of isfahan, central region of iran. we collected hydatid cysts from the liver and lungs of patients who underwent surgery procedure and also cysts ...	2011	20858453
ovarian function in south american camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos).	ultrasound technology and hormone assays have provided a better understanding of folliculogenesis and ovulation in south american camelids in the last two decades. females exhibit waves of ovarian follicular growth and are induced ovulators and therefore do not exhibit oestrous cycles in the manner of spontaneously ovulating species such as sheep and cattle. there is much variation in inter-wave interval among camelid species (alpaca/llama 10-22 days, vicuna 4-11 days), within species and within ...	2010	20875933
camel urine inhibits the cytochrome p450 1a1 gene expression through an ahr-dependent mechanism in hepa 1c1c7 cell line.	drinking camel urine has been used traditionally to treat numerous cases of cancer yet, the exact mechanism was not investigated. therefore, we examined the ability of three different camel urines (virgin, lactating, and pregnant source) to modulate a well-known cancer-activating enzyme, the cytochrome p450 1a1 (cyp1a1) in murine hepatoma hepa 1c1c7 cell line.	2010	20883769
molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of trypanosoma evansi from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in egypt, a pilot study.	animal trypanosomiasis is one of the major constraints of livestock industry in developing countries. in the present study, prevalence of trypanosome evansi was assessed in the blood of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) brought to al bassatein abattoir, cairo, egypt, by mouse inoculation test out of 84 tested camels, 4 animals (4.7%) were infected. molecular analysis was achieved by pcr amplification and sequence analysis of part of ribosomal rna gene including 18s, its1, 5.8s and its2 regi ...	2010	20887705
reproductive physiology in female old world camelids.	this review summarizes the basic reproductive physiology of dromedary and bactrian camels. camels are seasonal breeders with a relatively short breeding season during the cooler months. the onset of the breeding season can be influenced by local environmental factors such as temperature and pasture availability although decreased libido of the male as the environmental temperature increases is also a factor. oestrous behaviour is highly variable in duration and intensity and is therefore unrelia ...	2010	20888154
swelling studies of camel and bovine corneal stroma.	in the present study we investigated the swelling characteristics of fresh camel and bovine cornea in sodium salt solutions. swelling studies were carried out at 20 minutes, 14 hours, and 46 hours on five fresh camel and 5 five fresh bovine corneas. during the 20-minute hydration of fresh corneal stroma was investigated using sodium chloride (nacl), sodium bicarbonate (nahco(3)), sodium acetate (ch(3)coona), sodium thiocyanate (nascn), and sodium floride (naf) at 2-minute time intervals. during ...	2010	20922042
sequence analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes in echinococcus granulosus g3 genotype in camels (camelus dromedarius) from central iran.	nineteen hydatid cyst isolates collected from camels in central iran were subjected to sequences analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. a consensus sequence obtained containing 366 nucleotides for cox1 and 471 nucleotides for nad1 genes. overall, the camel isolates indicated five different sequences in cox1 and nine in nad1 genes. the sequences analysis indicated that 26.3%, 42.1%, and 31.6% of isolates belonging to g1, g3, ...	2010	20922418
the indus irrigation system, natural resources, and community occupational quality in the delta region of pakistan.	this study examines the impact of an elaborated irrigation system on the natural resources and society in the deltaic part of the indus river in pakistan. time series information was collected to analyze the ecological and natural resource dynamics, and their impacts on the structure and quality of the occupations of the people in the indus delta during pre- and post-irrigation system development periods. the information was collected through literature review, reconnaissance, structured questio ...	2010	20924580
longitudinal study of an outbreak of trypanosoma evansi infection in equids and dromedary camels in israel.	an outbreak of trypanosomoasis caused by trypanosoma evansi involving horses, camels and donkeys occurred in a farm in israel. a longitudinal study of two outbreak phases was conducted which included clinical monitoring, blood smears, packed cell volume (pcv), serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by reverse dot blot (rdb) for the molecular detection of infection. this was the first reported t. evansi outbreak in domestic animals in israel. most of the camels on the farm (8/10; 8 ...	2010	20926194
contributions of conventional and heavy-chain igg to immunity in fetal, neonatal, and adult alpacas.	in addition to conventional immunoglobulins, camelids produce antibodies that do not incorporate light chains into their structures. these so-called heavy-chain (hc) antibodies have incited great interest in the biomedical community, as they have considerable potential for biotechnological and therapeutic application. recently, we have begun to elucidate the immunological functions of hc antibodies, yet little is known about their significance in maternal immunity or about the b lymphocytes that ...	2010	20926693
[screening of harmine tolerance/degrading bacteria from camel rumen].	peganum harmala, a famous traditional chinese drug, contains a variety of alkaloids and toxic for many animals. camels mainly live in desert or semi-desert areas, with the robust gastrointestine system in digesting various feed including toxic plants without disease symptoms.	2010	20931866
qualitative analysis of camel snus' website message board--users' product perceptions, insights and online interactions.	in 2006, rj reynolds began test-marketing camel snus, a new smokeless tobacco (slt) product. promotion included use of a brand website, a relatively new marketing channel used by tobacco companies, which allowed visitors to learn about the product and discuss it with others on the website's message board. our study aimed to examine early experiences with and perceptions of camel snus as described by board contributors and also to consider the use and benefits of the message board for both consum ...	2010	20943829
camelpox: epidemiology, diagnosis and control measures.	camelpox is an economically important contagious skin disease of camelids caused by camelpox virus (cmlv) and is characterized by mild local skin infection and less common severe systemic infections. the disease is confined to camel-rearing belts particularly in developing countries and causes economic impact due to considerable loss in terms of morbidity, mortality, loss of weight and reduction in milk yield. the virus has gained attention from researchers due to its recent emergence with close ...	2010	20954883
failure to observe cross-fertilization between the echinococcus granulosus g1 and g6 strains after an experimental mixed infection of the definitive host.	the classification within echinococcus granulosus is currently under debate. to assess the reproductive potential between the g1 and g6 strains, an experimental double infection was carried out in a dog. first, two fertile hydatid cysts were collected in algeria from a cow and a dromedary. they were identified as being g1 and g6 with the markers coxi and nadi. subsequently, a dog was inoculated with protoscoleces from these two cysts. sixty days after infection, 85 adult worms were recovered fro ...	2010	20965659
coagulation profile and platelet parameters of the arabian sand gazelle (gazella subgutturosa marica): comparison with humans and camels.	during march 2009, we evaluated the hemostatic profile and platelet indices of 18 arabian sand gazelles (gazella subgutturosa marica) and compared the results with those from humans and camels (camelus dromedarius). gazelles and camels had shorter activated partial thromboplastin times, lower proconvertin and higher antihemophilic factor coagulation activity, and plasma fibrinogen levels than humans. prothrombin time was longer in sand gazelles and shorter in camels than it was in humans. plasma ...	2010	20966267
post-traumatic camel-related benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.	benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (bppv) is a common form of dizziness. the causes of bppv are not yet known but a relationship between the onset of vertigo and head trauma has been found. among the causes of head injury related to bppv, dropping off a camel has not been reported in literature yet.	2010	20970722
[not available].		1945	21028567
disseminated rhodococcus equi infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).	rhodococcus (r). equi, a recognized pathogen in horses, is emerging as a human opportunistic pathogen, especially in immunocompromized people. it affects also new world camelids, but there are no reports of r. equi infection in old world camelids yet. four cases of disseminated r. equi infection in adult breeding dromedaries occurred at one camel farm near dubai within 16 months of each other. at necropsy the lungs were diffusely consolidated with large caseous areas. histology revealed severe s ...	2010	21035967
importance of ethnic foods as predictors of and contributors to nutrient intake levels in a minority population.	to evaluate the role of ethnic foods as predictors of intake levels of selected nutrients that are important during pregnancy among the bedouin arab minority population in southern israel, and to compare the main food predictors for bedouin intakes of the selected nutrients with those for the region's jewish majority population.	2010	21045858
examination techniques and therapeutic regimens for the ruminant and camelid eye.	a step-wise procedure and necessary equipment for examination of the ruminant and camelid eye are detailed. restraint techniques and usage of local anesthetics to facilitate examination are described. common examination findings and their significance are discussed. finally, therapeutic options for keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis are explored. a complete ocular examination of ruminants is often not performed in the field because of lack of time, lack of appropriate facilities, and/or lack of eq ...	2010	21056794
ophthalmology of south american camelids.	in the past 10 years, information about south american camelid anatomy, physiology, medicine, and surgery has increased exponentially, including information about the eye. although trauma-related diseases are the most common eye problems for which camelids are presented to veterinarians, there have recently been many anecdotal reports and published case reports of camelids having ocular malignancies and potentially hereditary ocular abnormalities. the increased number of ocular diseases being re ...	2010	21056800
ultrastructural and molecular characterization of sarcocystis isolated from camel (camelus dromedarius) in iran.	sarcocystis cameli was first described in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius), and it is the only species which have so far reported in camels. although more than 150 species of sarcocystis were described in various animals, only a few data on camel sarcocystis ultrastructure were published, and this report is the first for molecular information (dna sequence and rlfp digestion pattern). the main objective of the present work is to characterize sarcocystis isolated from camels by electron mi ...	2011	21061021
effect of oral snus and medicinal nicotine in smokers on toxicant exposure and withdrawal symptoms: a feasibility study.	smokeless, spitless tobacco products are being introduced and marketed as cigarette substitutes. data are needed regarding how smokers interested in cessation would use these products, the levels of resultant toxicant exposure, and the feasibility of using these products as aids for tobacco cessation.	2010	21068204
circulating oxidative stress status in dromedary camels infested with sarcoptic mange.	oxidative stress is an imbalance between radical-generating and radical-scavenging activity, resulting in oxidation products and tissue damage. this study was aimed to evaluate the status of oxidative stress indices in blood of camels naturally infested with s. scabiei. forty-seven male camels (camelus dromedaries) were divided according to the extent of the infested area with sarcoptes scabiei into four groups, mild (mid, n = 12), moderate (mod, n = 10), severely infested (sev, n = 10) and heal ...	2010	21082344
seroprevalence of brucellosis and its contribution to abortion in cattle, camel, and goat kept under pastoral management in borana, ethiopia.	the involvement of brucella infection in causing abortion was investigated in a breeding female subpopulation of 283 cattle, 756 camels, and 757 goats. serum samples were serially tested using the rose bengal test and complement fixation test. the study showed that anti-brucella antibodies were prevalent in 10.6% (95% confidence interval (ci), 7.4, 14.9), 2.2% (95%ci, 1.4, 3.7), and 1.9% (95%ci, 1.1, 3.2) of cattle, camel, and goats, respectively. abortion was more commonly reported in camels (2 ...	2010	21088890
prevalence of coxiella burnetii in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds in iran as determined by polymerase chain reaction.	q fever is a widespread zoonosis caused by the obligate intracellular micro-organism coxiella burnetii. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of c. burnetii in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds in isfahan province, iran. in the present study, 567 bulk milk samples from 186 dairy bovine, ovine, caprine, and camel herds were tested for c. burnetii using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. the animals whose milk samples collected f ...	2010	21091216
chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) milk and colostrum.	bactrian camel milk and colostrum are commonly used as foods in mongolia, whose people believe that these products promote human health. it has been hypothesized that milk oligosaccharides are biologically significant components of human milk, acting as receptor analogs that inhibit the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to the colonic mucosa, and as prebiotics, which stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria within the infant colon. to evaluate their biological significance, we studied the ol ...	2010	21094729
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a yak (bos grunniens) κ-casein cdna from lactating mammary gland.	κ-casein is one of the major proteins in the milk of mammals. it plays an important role in determining the size and specific function of milk micelles. we have previously identified and characterized a genetic variant of yak κ-casein by evaluating genomic dna. here, we isolate and characterize a yak κ-casein cdna harboring the full-length open reading frame (orf) from lactating mammary gland. total rna was extracted from mammary tissue of lactating female yak, and the κ-casein cdna were synthes ...	2010	21104027
oocyte ultrastructural characteristics in camel (camelus dromedarius) primordial to large antral follicles.	this study was conducted to describe in detail the ultrastructural features and morphological characteristics of camel oocytes from preantral follicles in relation to the sequential stages of follicular development and also for oocytes from antral follicles in relation to their diameter. camel oocytes from primordial, primary, secondary and also early to late antral follicles were processed and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. primordial follicular oocytes were characteriz ...	2010	21105904
nutritive value of some herbage for dromedary camels in the central arid zone of iran.	the purpose of this study is to prepare standard tables of the chemical composition of feedstuff and to determine the digestibility and palatability of different plant species in the dromedary camel, this research was conducted considering the consumed herbages by camels in the central arid zone of iran. the following plant species were included: alhagi camelorum, artemisia sieberi, atriplex lentiformis, haloxylon persicum, hammada salicornica, salsola tomentosa, salsola rigida, seidlitzia rosma ...	2010	21128117
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a specific vhh domain against mouse prion protein.	prion disorders are infectious diseases that are characterized by the conversion of the cellular prion protein prpc into the pathogenic isoform prpsc. specific antibodies that interact with the cellular prion protein have been shown to inhibit this transition. recombinant vhhs (variable domain of dromedary heavy-chain antibodies) or nanobodies are single-domain antibodies, making them the smallest antigen-binding fragments. a specific nanobody (nb_prp_01) was raised against mouse prpc. a crystal ...	2010	21139215
ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (camelus dromedaries): biochemical, bacterial and protozoal evaluation.	the aim of this study was to evaluate female camels affected with ovarian hydrobursitis (n = 31) for hematological and biochemical findings and for bacterial and protozoal infections. blood samples were obtained and surgical ablation of the affected bursa was performed. bursal fluid, follicular fluid, and serum were subjected to hormonal and biochemical analyses. bursal fluids were cultured and colonies were identified using biomérieux vitek two compact system. passive haemagglutination test was ...	2010	21144565
prenatal development of the adrenal gland in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	with 14 figures and 3 tables summary: each adrenal gland consisted of cortex and medulla that developed from different embryological origins and presented different cellular organization. one hundred male or female camel embryos or fetuses with crown vertebral rump lengths (cvrl) that ranged from 0.8 to 117 cm were examined. the adrenal cortex, which is derived from intermediate mesoderm, was first observed in the 0.8-cm cvrl camel embryo. the adrenal cortex initially was combined with the gonad ...	2010	21175739
full genomic analysis of a g8p[1] rotavirus strain isolated from an asymptomatic infant in kenya provides evidence for an artiodactyl-to-human interspecies transmission event.	group a rotavirus (gar) g8p[1] strains, found sometimes in cattle, have been reported rarely from humans. therefore, analysis of the full genomes of human g8p[1] strains are of significance in the context of studies on interspecies transmission of rotaviruses. however, to date, only partial-length nucleotide sequences are available for the 11 genes of a single human g8p[1] strain, while the partial sequences of two other strains have been reported. the present study reports the first complete ge ...	2011	21181935
modulation of cytokine-induced prostaglandin e₂ production in cultures of articular chondrocytes obtained from carpal joints of camels (camelus dromedarius).	to determine whether camel articular chondrocytes can be maintained in tissue culture without phenotype loss and whether the response to cytokine stimulation can be modulated.	2011	21194335
facile labelling of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor nanobody with 68ga via a novel bifunctional desferal chelate for immuno-pet.	the ∼15 kda variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (called nanobodies®) have the flexibility to be formatted as monovalent, monospecific, multivalent or multispecific single chain proteins with either fast or slow pharmacokinetics. we report the evaluation of the fast kinetic anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) nanobody 7d12, labelled with (68)ga via the novel bifunctional chelate (bfc) p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine (df-bz-ncs). df-bz-ncs has recently been intr ...	2011	21210114
monitoring biodegradative enzymes with nanobodies raised in camelus dromedarius with mixtures of catabolic proteins.	functional studies of biodegradative activities in environmental microorganisms require molecular tools for monitoring catabolic enzymes in the members of the native microbiota. to this end, we have generated repertories of single-domain v(hh) fragments of camel immunoglobulins (nanobodies) able to interact with multiple proteins that are descriptors of environmentally relevant processes. for this, we immunized camelus dromedarius with a cocktail of up to 12 purified enzymes that are representat ...	2011	21219561
us smokers' reactions to a brief trial of oral nicotine products.		2011	21219609
the development of activating and inhibiting camelid vhh domains against human protein kinase c epsilon.	the 10 isozymes of the protein kinase c (pkc) family can have different roles on the same biological process, making isozyme specific analysis of function crucial. currently, only few pharmacological compounds with moderate isozyme specific effects exist thus hampering research into individual pkc isozymes. the antigen binding regions of camelid single chain antibodies (vhhs) could provide a solution for obtaining pkc isozyme specific modulators. in the present study, we have successfully select ...	2011	21220006
molecular detection of meat animal species targeting mt 12s rrna gene.	the efficacy of pcr-rflp analysis of mt 12s rrna gene in identification of animal species from meat samples of known and unknown origin and adulterated meat samples was evaluated. in pcr, all the samples generated an amplicon of 456 bp. restriction enzyme digestion of the pcr product with alui, hhai, bspti and apoi revealed characteristic rflp patterns. of the samples of unknown origin few were identified as cattle, few as buffalo and some were admixtures of two, suggesting adulteration. the rfl ...	2010	21227595
structure of a nanobody-stabilized active state of the β(2) adrenoceptor.	g protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) exhibit a spectrum of functional behaviours in response to natural and synthetic ligands. recent crystal structures provide insights into inactive states of several gpcrs. efforts to obtain an agonist-bound active-state gpcr structure have proven difficult due to the inherent instability of this state in the absence of a g protein. we generated a camelid antibody fragment (nanobody) to the human β(2) adrenergic receptor (β(2)ar) that exhibits g protein-like be ...	2011	21228869
anomalously large capacitance of an ionic liquid described by the restricted primitive model.	we use monte carlo simulations to examine the simplest model of a room-temperature ionic liquid (rtil), called the "restricted primitive model," at a metal surface. we find that at moderately low temperatures the capacitance of the metal-rtil interface is so large that the effective thickness of the electrostatic double layer is up to three times smaller than the ion radius. to interpret these results we suggest an approach which is based on the interaction between discrete ions and their image ...	2010	21230540
allometric scaling of orbifloxacin disposition in nine mammal species: a retrospective analysis.	the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and body weight (w) for orbifloxacin using reported pharmacokinetic data. the parameters of interest: clearance (cl), volume of distribution at steady state (vss) and elimination half-life were correlated across nine mammal species, including cattle, dog, rat, rabbit, goat, camel, horse, cat and sheep as a function of w using the conventional allometric equation y = aw(b), where y is the pharmacokineti ...	2011	21233597
soft tissue mass of the chest wall as the sole manifestation of brucellosis in a 7-year-old boy.	we report the case of a child who presented with a subcutaneous mass on the left side of the chest wall of one month's duration. the mass was painful and increasing in size over time. he had a history of weight loss and a decrease in appetite, but no history of fever or trauma. he had ingested raw camel milk, but had no history of contact with animals. he was diagnosed by the standard tube agglutination titer and tissue culture for brucellosis, treated with surgery and three months of antibrucel ...	2011	21242641
an abattoir-based study of hydatidosis in the dromedary ( camelus dromedarius) in mashhad, iran.	a 6-year retrospective study based on abattoir records was carried out to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in dromedaries in khorasan province in north-eastern iran. between 20 march 2004 and 19 march 2010, 25,255 dromedaries were slaughtered in the study area and the livers of 2791 (11.1%) and the lungs of 3289 dromedaries (13.2%) were discarded due to hydatidosis. the annual prevalence of liver condemnations due to hydatidosis decreased from 24.1% in 2004-2005 to 13.3% in 2009, and fina ...	2011	21251343
pathology of camel tuberculosis and molecular characterization of its causative agents in pastoral regions of ethiopia.	a cross sectional study was conducted on 906 apparently healthy camels slaughtered at akaki and metehara abattoirs to investigate the pathology of camel tuberculosis (tb) and characterize its causative agents using postmortem examination, mycobacteriological culturing, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr), region of difference-4 (rd4)-based pcr and spoligotyping. the prevalence of camel tb was 10.04% (91/906) on the basis of pathology and it was significantly higher in females (?(2)?= 4 ...	2011	21283668
comparison of camel tear proteins between summer and winter.	proteins in the tear fluid have positive effects on maintaining the integrity and stabilization of the tear film, which is affected by several environmental factors. the aim of this study is to investigate seasonal variation of protein patterns in camel tears collected during the summer and winter season.	2011	21293736
an altered camelid-like single domain anti-idiotypic antibody fragment of hm-1 killer toxin: acts as an effective antifungal agent.	phage-display and competitive panning elution leads to the identification of minimum-sized antigen binders together with conventional antibodies from a mouse cdna library constructed from hm-1 killer toxin neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmab-kt). antigen-specific altered camelid-like single-domain heavy chain antibody (scfv k2) and a conventional antibody (scfv k1) have been isolated against the idiotypic antigen nmab-kt. the objectives of the study were to examine (1) their properties as com ...	2011	21305279
mysterious mortality in camels (camelus dromedarius) in borana, ethiopia: evidence of its association with reproductive age groups.	in may and june of 2007, sudden death was observed in camels in southern pastoral areas of oromia, ethiopia. it significantly (p < 0.001) affected reproductive age groups of both male and female camels (in females and males, 63.9% and 10.8% of those in reproductive age groups were affected, respectively). pregnant females (37.6%) were affected significantly more often (p < 0.001) than non-pregnant females. absence of rigor mortis and absence of blood clotting, together with the death of pregnant ...	2010	21309459