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goldfish brain and heart are well protected from ni²⁺-induced oxidative stress.after 96 h goldfish exposure to 10, 25 or 50 mg/l of ni(2+) no ni accumulation was found in the brain, but lipid peroxide concentration was by 44% elevated in the brain, whereas carbonyl protein content was by 45-45% decreased in the heart. high molecular mass thiol concentration was enhanced by 30% in the heart, while in the brain low molecular mass thiol concentration increased by 28-88%. superoxide dismutase activity was by 27% and 35% increased in the brain and heart, respectively. glutathio ...201424704544
extracts deriving from olive mill waste water and their effects on the liver of the goldfish carassius auratus fed with hypercholesterolemic diet.the present research aims to evaluate the beneficial effects of polyphenols derived from waste water from a olive mill, obtained by non-plastic molecular imprinting device, in a hypercholesterolemic diet on carassius auratus, commonly known as goldfish that was selected as experimental model. the study was conducted with morphological and histochemical analyses and also the data were supported by immunohistochemical analysis. results show the beneficial activity of polyphenols with a reduction o ...201424708587
seasonal changes and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) effects on innate immune genes expression in goldfish (carassius auratus).we profiled the expression of a group of proinflammatory immune genes, comprising tnfα-1, tnfα-2, ifn-γ, il1β-1, il1β-2, ccl-1, and cxcl-8 in liver, head kidney, gills, and spleen of goldfish, during the reproductive cycle and in response to injection of the hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg). most genes showed higher expression during the breeding season in both sexes. however, activation of immune responses was much stronger in female goldfish. injection with hcg, an analog of luteini ...201424709628
the complete mitogenome of natural triploid carassius auratus in qihe river.qihe carassius auratus is the territorial carassius auratus, which is known as for its limited distribute in qihe river (mainly distributed in henan province, china), this species is natural triploid in china. in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of carassius auratus in qihe river has been obtained with pcr. the gene composition and arrangement of mitochondrial genome sequence of this species are similar to most of other vertebrates', which contains 22 trna genes, 13 protein ...201624730610
anti-oxidative defences are modulated differentially in three freshwater teleosts in response to ammonia-induced oxidative stress.oxidative stress and the antioxidant response induced by high environmental ammonia (hea) were investigated in the liver and gills of three freshwater teleosts differing in their sensitivities to ammonia. the highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid carassius auratus (goldfish) were exposed to 1 mm ammonia (as nh4hco3) for 0 h (control), 3 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, ...201424740135
an integrated approach combining chemical analysis and an in vivo bioassay to assess the estrogenic potency of a municipal solid waste landfill leachate in qingdao.various adverse effects related to landfill leachate have made leachates an important issue in past decades, and it has been demonstrated that landfill leachate is an important source of environmental estrogens. in this study, we employed chemical analysis of some already evaluated estrogenic substances, in combination with a bioassay using several specific biomarkers (e.g., plasma vitellogenin and sex steroids, enzyme activity of gonad gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and gonadosomatic index) to ...201424743634
developmental toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in artificially fertilized crucian carp (carassius auratus) embryo.2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) is a persistent bioaccumulative environmental contaminant that is an endocrine disruptor. embryos of various fish species are responsive to tcdd and have been used as an alternative method to the acute toxicity test with juvenile and adult fish. the tcdd test has similar endpoints of developmental toxicity. however, their sensitivity and signs of tcdd-induced toxicity are different depending on fish species and its habit. crucian carp (carassius auratus ...201424751158
control of breathing in in vitro brain stem preparation from goldfish (carassius auratus; linnaeus).in vitro brain stem preparations from goldfish (carassius auratus) were used to first determine whether this species possesses central chemoreceptors able to modulate respiratory activity. preparations were superfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (acsf); fictive breathing was recorded extracellularly by placing a suction electrode on cranial nerve vii. reducing the level of o2 in the gas mixture used to bubble the acsf from a hyperoxic level (80% or 98.7% o2) to a relative hypoxic leve ...201424769710
heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) mediated respiratory responses to hypoxia in the goldfish, carassius auratus.in this study we investigated the role of heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) in modulating the hypoxic and hyperoxic ventilatory responses of goldfish (carassius auratus) acclimated to 7 and 25°c. ho-1 was present in the neuroepithelial cells (necs; putative branchial o2 chemoreceptors) of fish acclimated to 7°c only. hypoxia exposure increased gill ho-1 activity in 7°c fish (14.0±1.4 to 42.5±3.2pmolbilirubinmin(-1)mgprotein(-1)). inhibition of ho-1 activity with zinc protophorphyrin ix (znppix) increased ...201424780551
bioaccumulation of microcystins (mcs) in four fish species from lake taihu, china: assessment of risks to humans.microcystins (mcs) are the toxic products of harmful algal blooms and they accumulate in fish. the accumulation of mcs in fish living in different trophic levels from different parts of lake taihu was determined. this information was then used to evaluate the risks posed by the mcs in fish to human health. the concentrations of three mcs, mc-lr, mc-yr and mc-rr, were quantified in the following four fish species: silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead carp (aristichthys nobilis), cru ...201424784747
protective role of oligomeric proanthocyanidin complex against hazardous nodularin-induced oxidative toxicity in carassius auratus lymphocytes.nodularin (nod) is a hazardous material widely detected in water blooms. fish immune cells are extremely vulnerable to nod-induced oxidative stress. oligomeric proanthocyanidin complex (opc), extracted from grapeseed, was used as an antioxidant to eliminate reactive oxygen species and prevent apoptotic effects. carassius auratus lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg/l) of opc and a constant dose (100 μg/l) of nod for 12h in vitro. opc inhibited mitosis ...201424794815
the antidepressant tranylcypromine alters cellular proliferation and migration in the adult goldfish brain.the goldfish (carassius auratus) is a widely studied vertebrate model organism for studying cell proliferation in the adult brain, and provide the experimental advantage of growing their body and brain throughout their ∼30-year life time. cell proliferation occurs in the teleost brain in widespread proliferation zones. increased cell proliferation in the brain has been linked to the actions of certain antidepressants, including tranylcypromine (tcp), which is used in the treatment of depression. ...201424816924
sequence analysis and subcellular localization of crucian carp carassius auratus viperin.human viperin is known as an interferon (ifn)-inducible antiviral protein and localizes to endoplasmic reticulum (er) via its n-terminal amphipathic α-helix. little is known about subcellular localization of fish viperin. herein, we characterized subcellular localization of a fish viperin from crucian carp carassius auratus. crucian carp viperin is nearly identical to the other viperin proteins in sequence, with the exception of the first n-terminal 70 amino acids that are defined as n-terminal ...201424825429
partial cloning, tissue distribution and effects of epigallocatechin gallate on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase mrna transcripts in goldfish (carassius auratus).epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), the major active component of the green tea, has recently been found to inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase (hmgcoar) activity in vitro and to modulate lipogenesis in vivo. in this study we have evaluated the effects of short-term in vivo exposure to egcg (6 μg g(-1) bw or 9 μg g(-1) bw) on hepatic hmgcoar gene expression of goldfish (carassius auratus). we initially characterized a partial sequence of goldfish hmgcoar suggesting that the obtained fr ...201424835314
inhibitory effects of β-endorphin on cortisol release from goldfish (carassius auratus) head kidney: an in vitro study.β-endorphin (β-end) is an endogenous opioid peptide derived from the common precursor proopiomelanocortin, together with adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh). although the roles of acth and msh in fish are well known, the roles of circulating β-end have not been elucidated. in the present study, we evaluated the biological roles of β-end in the goldfish. first, we cloned the cdnas of the delta opioid receptor (dor), kappa opioid receptor (kor), and mu opioi ...201424837496
role of oleoylethanolamide as a feeding regulator in goldfish.oleoylethanolamide (oea) is a bioactive lipid mediator, produced in the intestine and other tissues, which is involved in energy balance regulation in mammals, modulating feeding and lipid metabolism. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence and possible role of oea in feeding regulation in goldfish (carassius auratus). we assessed whether goldfish peripheral tissues and brain contain oea and their regulation by nutritional status. oea was detected in all studied tissues ...201424855680
metal accumulation and antioxidant defenses in the freshwater fish carassius auratus in response to single and combined exposure to cadmium and hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes.the effects of cadmium, hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and their mixture on metal accumulation and antioxidant defenses were studied using the goldfish carassius auratus as the test organism. the fish were exposed to 0.1 mg/l cd, 0.5 mg/l oh-mwcnts, or 0.1 mg/l cd+0.5 mg/l oh-mwcnts for 3 and 12 days. then, the cd concentration was determined in the gill, liver and muscle. moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase), glut ...201424857893
evolutionary history of two divergent dmrt1 genes reveals two rounds of polyploidy origins in gibel carp.polyploidy lineages, despite very rare in vertebrates, have been proposed to play significant role in speciation and evolutionary success, but the occurrence history and consequences are still largely unknown. in this study, we used the conserved dmrt1 to analyze polyploidy occurrence and evolutionary process in polyploid gibel carp. we identified two divergent dmrt1 genes and respectively localized the two genes on three homologous chromosomes. subsequently, the corresponding full-length cdnas ...201424859683
accumulation and toxicity of cuo and zno nanoparticles through waterborne and dietary exposure of goldfish (carassius auratus).dietary and waterborne exposure to copper oxide (cuo) and zinc oxide (zno) nanoparticles (nps) was conducted using a simplified model of an aquatic food chain consisting of zooplankton (artemia salina) and goldfish (carassius auratus) to determine bioaccumulation, toxic effects, and particle transport through trophic levels. artemia contaminated with nps were used as food in dietary exposure. fish were exposed to suspensions of the nps in waterborne exposure. icp-ms analysis showed that accumula ...201524860999
a novel quinoline molecular probe and the derived functionalized gold nanoparticles: sensing properties and cytotoxicity studies in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells.a highly selective quinoline-based fluorescent sensor l was designed, prepared and used to monitor zinc ions in goldfish (carassius auratus) as model of vertebrate organism. modified gold nanoparticles having functional quinoline molecules (gnps@l) were also synthesized and their sensing properties towards different metal ions were also explored in solution, showing high selectively towards the toxic and heavy metal ion mercury. cell proliferation kit xtt that employs 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro- ...201424861645
molecular characterization and expression of cyp19a gene in carassius auratus.a cyp19a gene that contains nine exons and eight introns was identified from carassius auratus and was mainly expressed in the ovary. the cyp19a mrna level after hatching was initially low, but began to increase from 25 days after hatching. a number of cis-acting elements, such as the oestrogen receptor, steroidogenic factor 1 and sox-5 recognition sites, were found in the promoter of the cyp19 gene, which possesses a promoter function confirmed by a recombination green fluorescent protein check ...201424865234
the transcriptomes of the crucian carp complex (carassius auratus) provide insights into the distinction between unisexual triploids and sexual diploids.both sexual reproduction and unisexual reproduction are adaptive strategies for species survival and evolution. unisexual animals have originated largely by hybridization, which tends to elevate their heterozygosity. however, the extent of genetic diversity resulting from hybridization and the genomic differences that determine the type of reproduction are poorly understood. in carassius auratus, sexual diploids and unisexual triploids coexist. these two forms are similar morphologically but dif ...201424871367
histopathological characterization and fluorescence in situ hybridization of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in cultured prussian carp, carassius auratus gibelio in china.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is an emerging pathogen in the commercially exploited fish, prussian carp (carassius auratus gibelio), which has caused huge economic loss in china and appears to be spreading worldwide. in this article, cyhv-2 infection of prussian carp was confirmed for the first time by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), which gave positive results from the tissue samples dissected from moribund fish including kidney, spleen, liver, and gill. histological examination showed syste ...201424877901
prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes in northeastern china.the prevalence of clonorchis sinensis infection in freshwater fishes was surveyed in heilongjiang province, northeastern china, between august 2011 and september 2013. thirteen species of freshwater fish (n=3221) and one species of shrimp (n=93) were collected from songhua river, nenjiang river and other lakes or ponds in 37 sites of 15 representative cities in heilongjiang province. they were individually examined by digestion technique, and the c. sinensis metacercariae were identified morphol ...201424880648
immune responses to live and inactivated nocardia seriolae and protective effect of recombinant interferon gamma (rifn γ) against nocardiosis in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.looking into the fact that substantial mortality and morbidity is associated with intracellular gram +ve bacterium, nocardia seriolae infection, an effective vaccine against this pathogen is necessary to control the significant losses in aquaculture practices. therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of live (sub-lethal) and inactivated (antigenic form) n. seriolae on cellular and humoral immunity in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii as well as the therapeutic pote ...201424882019
interval schedule performance in the goldfish carassius auratus.in experiment 1, five goldfish (carassius auratus) paddle-pressed on fixed-interval (fi) and variable-interval (vi) schedules for food pellet reinforcement. the order of conditions was fi 60 s, fi 240 s, fi 30 s, fi 60 s, and vi 60 s. fi responding showed a scalloped pattern and response-rate break points were proportional to interval duration. post-food wait times varied with interval duration, but were not proportional. response rate on vi was constant. experiment 2 studied the properties of f ...199924897536
tissue distribution, bioconcentration, metabolism, and effects of erythromycin in crucian carp (carassius auratus).in this study, the tissue distribution, bioconcentration, metabolism and biological effects of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin (ery) were investigated in fish using crucian carp (carassius auratus) as a model. crucian carp were exposed to various concentrations of ery (4, 20, and 100 μg/l) for 28 days. the uplc/ms/ms analysis of both water and tissue provided the bioconcentration of ery and its metabolites in the fish body. the results from tissue samples showed that a maximum tissue conce ...201424911771
leptin expression is rhythmic in brain and liver of goldfish (carassius auratus). role of feeding time.daily rhythms of feeding regulators are currently arousing research interest due to the relevance of the temporal harmony of endocrine regulators for growth and welfare in vertebrates. however, it is unknown the leptin circadian pattern in fish. the aim of this study is to investigate if leptin (glep-ai and glep-aii) expression is rhythmic in goldfish (carassius auratus) liver and brain, and if such rhythms are driven by feeding time through a food entrainable oscillator. fish maintained under 1 ...201424932715
development of a rapid cyprinid herpesvirus 2 detection method by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) is a pathogen that causes severe disease and high mortality in goldfish and prussian carp. we developed a six primer loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay targeting the intercapsomeric triplex protein gene. cyhv-2 dna was 10-fold serially diluted (10(8)-10(0) copies μl(-1)) and was used as the template to determine primer sensitivity. lamp assays were performed with dna templates from other pathogens to determine specificity. the lamp assay had an une ...201424935791
orexin a enhances locomotor activity and induces anxiogenic-like action in the goldfish, carassius auratus.orexin acts as an orexigenic factor for the regulation of appetite and rhythmicity in rodents. in goldfish, intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of orexin a has been shown to affect not only food intake, but also locomotor activity. however, as there is still no information regarding the effect of orexin a on emotional behavior in goldfish, we investigated the effect of orexin a on psychomotor activity in this species. intracerebroventricular administration of synthetic orexin a at 2 and ...201424937437
assessment of arsenic-induced dna damage in goldfish by a polymerase chain reaction-based technique using random amplified polymorphic dna markers.arsenic is a groundwater contaminant of global concern. it is a potent human carcinogen, and its marked genotoxic effects have been reported in several human and animal studies. the present work investigates the applicability of the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay to study the dna-damaging effects of arsenic at low-level exposure in goldfish carassius auratus. four experimental groups of fish, a, b, c and d, were exposed to 0, 10, 50, and 1,000 µg l(-1) of arsenic, respectively, in ...201424965481
changes in physiochemical properties of water-soluble proteins from crucian carp (carassius auratus) during heat treatment.in order to understand physicochemical properties of water-soluble proteins obtained from crucian carp, turbidity, total sulfhydryl content, hydrophobicity and sds-page of crucian carp water-soluble proteins during heat treatment were investigated. turbidity remained unchanged up to 44°c and considerably increased from 46°c to 54°c, one peak of increase rate was found at 50°c; total sh content decreased rapidly when heated from 50°c to 55°c; hydrophobicity increased sharply when heated up to 45° ...201424966436
identification of a novel fish granzyme involved in cell-mediated immunity.granzymes (gzms) are serine proteases released from cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic t lymphocytes and natural killer (nk) cells. gzms induce apoptosis within virus-infected and transformed cells. in fish as well as mammals, gzms appear to play a major role in inducing target cell death. however, information on the function of fish gzms is limited, although gzm-like genes have been reported in several species. we identified and characterized a fish gzm (termed gcgzm) in ginbuna crucian carp ...201424968079
molecular cloning and expression analysis of immunoglobulin m heavy chain gene of blunt snout bream (megalobrama amblycephala).immunoglobulins (igs), which bind antigens with high specificity, are essential molecules in adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates. in this study, cdna encoding the secreted form of the immunoglobulin heavy chain of igm (sigm) was cloned from the mesonephros of blunt snout bream (megalabrama amblycephala) using rt-pcr and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the full-length cdna of sigm heavy chain gene has 1961 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 569 amino acids, constant regio ...201424979225
cloning, molecular characterization and expression analysis of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (igfbp-2) cdna in goldfish, carassius auratus.in the present study, a full-length cdna encoding the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (igfbp-2) was cloned from the liver of goldfish (carassius auratus) by rapid amplification of cdna ends technique. the goldfish igfbp-2 cdna sequence was 1,513 bp long and had an open reading frame of 825 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 274 amino acid residues. semi-quantitative rt-pcr results revealed that goldfish igfbp-2 mrna was expressed in all detected tissues. in liver, central nervou ...201424992902
alternations in neuroendocrine and endocrine regulation of reproduction in male goldfish (carassius auratus) following an acute and chronic exposure to vinclozolin, in vivo.the fungicide vinclozolin (vz) is in use globally and known to disrupt reproductive function in male. the present study tested the hypothesis that vz disrupts testicular function in goldfish (carassius auratus) by affecting brain-pituitary-testis axis. goldfish were exposed to 100, 400 and 800 μg/l vz and 5 μg/l 17β-estradiol (e2) for comparison. in vz treated goldfish, 11-ketotesteosterone (11-kt) secretion was changed depending on dose and duration period of treatment. following 7 days of expo ...201424995616
type-iv antifreeze proteins are essential for epiboly and convergence in gastrulation of zebrafish embryos.many organisms in extremely cold environments such as the antarctic pole have evolved antifreeze molecules to prevent ice formation. there are four types of antifreeze proteins (afps). type-iv antifreeze proteins (afp4s) are present also in certain temperate and even tropical fish, which has raised a question as to whether these afp4s have important functions in addition to antifreeze activity. here we report the identification and functional analyses of afp4s in cyprinid fish. two genes, namely ...201425013380
gill remodeling in three freshwater teleosts in response to high environmental ammonia.the present study aimed to determine whether gill macro- and microstructure show compensatory responses in three freshwater fish differing in their sensitivity to high environmental ammonia (hea). the highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia-sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid carassius auratus (goldfish) were used as test species and were exposed for 0 h (control), 3h, 12h, 24h, 48 h, 84 h and ...201425033244
oxidative stress in the gill tissues of goldfishes (carassius auratus) parasitized by dactylogyrus spp.the aim of this study was to investigate the status of oxidative stress in the gill tissues of goldfishes (carassius auratus) parasitized by dactylogyrus spp. we therefore compared the concentrations of malondialdehyde (mda) and total thiol groups in the gill tissues of parasitized and non- parasitized goldfishes. 15 goldfishes parasitized by dactylogyrus spp. along with 15 non-parasitized goldfishes were selected for the study. a significant increase in mda concentration (p < 0.01) and a signif ...201425035583
histopathological and biochemical changes in goldfish kidney due to exposure to the herbicide sencor may be related to induction of oxidative stress.molecular mechanisms of toxicity by the metribuzin-containing herbicide sencor to living organisms, particularly fish, have not yet been extensively investigated. in the present work, we studied the effects of 96 h exposure to 7.14, 35.7, or 71.4 mg l(-1) of sencor (corresponding to 5, 25, or 50 mg l(-1) of its herbicidal component metribuzin) on goldfish (carassius auratus l.), examining the histology, levels of oxidative stress markers, and activities of antioxidant and related enzymes in kidn ...201425036620
bioaccumulation, distribution and metabolism of bde-153 in the freshwater fish carassius auratus after dietary exposure.polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) are of great environmental concern due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification in different food chains. however, significant biotransformation of some congeners via reductive debromination has been observed during in vivo and in vitro laboratory exposures. little is known about the fate of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (bde-153) in fish. in the present study, crucian carp (carassius auratus) were exposed to bde-153 at a concentration of 10μg/g in ...201425038267
organ-dependent response in antioxidants, myoglobin and neuroglobin in goldfish (carassius auratus) exposed to mc-rr under varying oxygen level.cyanobacterial bloom, a common phenomenon nowadays often results in the depletion of dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and releases microcystin-rr (mc-rr) in the water. information on the combined effects of mc-rr and hypoxia on the goldfish is lacking, therefore, this study is aimed at evaluating the effect of two doses of mc-rr on the antioxidants and globin mrna of goldfish under normoxia, hypoxia and reoxygenation. the result showed that mc-rr at both doses (50 and 200 μg kg(-1) body weight) signif ...201425048936
fish viperin exerts a conserved antiviral function through rlr-triggered ifn signaling pathway.mammalian viperin is a typical interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral protein. fish have viperin homologs; however, little is known about the expression regulation of fish viperins. in this study, we report the expression regulation and antiviral function of a fish viperin from crucian carp carassius auratus during ifn response. crucian carp viperin is induced at mrna and protein levels by fish ifns and ifn stimuli such as poly(i:c). consistently, this gene promoter contains multiple transcription f ...201425058853
p53 dependent apoptotic cell death induces embryonic malformation in carassius auratus under chronic hypoxia.hypoxia is a global phenomenon affecting recruitment as well as the embryonic development of aquatic fauna. the present study depicts hypoxia induced disruption of the intrinsic pathway of programmed cell death (pcd), leading to embryonic malformation in the goldfish, carrasius auratus. constant hypoxia induced the early expression of pro-apoptotic/tumor suppressor p53 and concomitant expression of the cell death molecule, caspase-3, leading to high level of dna damage and cell death in hypoxic ...201425068954
electrophysiological characterization of male goldfish (carassius auratus) ventral preoptic area neurons receiving olfactory inputs.chemical communication via sex pheromones is critical for successful reproduction but the underlying neural mechanisms are not well-understood. the goldfish is a tractable model because sex pheromones have been well-characterized in this species. we used male goldfish forebrain explants in vitro and performed whole-cell current clamp recordings from single neurons in the ventral preoptic area (vpoa) to characterize their membrane properties and synaptic inputs from the olfactory bulbs (ob). prin ...201425071430
observation of the middle intestinal tight junction structure, cloning and studying tissue distribution of the four claudin genes of the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idellus).to confirm the existence of the tight junction (tj) in middle intestine and obtain the genetic information of claudin-3, claudin-15a, claudinb and claudinc of grass carp, we observed the physical structure of tj by transmission electron microscopy and cloned the partial cdnas of the four claudins using reverse transcriptase pcr technique. the four partial cdnas consist of 1,261, 490, 776 and 662 bp encoded 131, 150, 195 and 171 amino acids, respectively. homology analysis showed that the grass c ...201425074470
integrated biomarkers in wild crucian carp for early warning of water quality in hun river, north china.metabolizing enzymes play important roles in the detoxification of various pollutants in aquatic organisms, thereby they can also be used to provide early-warning signals of environmental risks. real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were developed to quantify cytochrome p450 1a (cyp1a), superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), catalase (cat), and glutathione-s-transferase (gst) in crucian carp (carassius auratus). the methods were then use ...201425079422
investigation of effect of 17α-ethinylestradiol on vigilin expression using an isolated recombinant antibody.vigilin, a highly conserved protein from yeast to mammals, is a multifunctional protein in eukaryotic organisms. one biological function of vigilin is to stabilize the expression level of vitellogenin (vtg). this study aimed to develop vigilin as a new estrogen-inducible biomarker that correlates with the widely applied estrogen-inducible biomarker vtg and expand the ability to detect it in various species. here, a recombinant monoclonal antibody with high specificity against the conserved c-ter ...201425112681
effects of experimentally induced infections of goldfish carassius auratus with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) at various water temperatures.in this study, we examined the influence of water temperature on the development of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus after experimentally induced infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2). in expt 1, ryukin goldfish were infected with cyhv-2 by intraperitoneal injection and maintained at 4 different water temperatures. cumulative mortalities of the 15, 20, 25 and 30°c groups were 10, 90, 90 and 60%, respectively. therefore, the temperature range of 20 ...201425114043
complete mitochondrial genome of a natural triploid crucian carp mutant, carassius auratus var. pingxiangnensis, and phylogenetic analysis of different ploidies in crucian carp.carassius auratus var. pingxiangnensis is a natural triploid crucian carp mutant. in order to understand its placement and genetic background at the gene level, the characteristics of mitochondrial dna sequences and phylogenetic relationship were examined. the results showed that the mitochondrial dna is a circular double-stranded dna molecule that is 16,576 bp in length with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes, and a non-coding control region. mitochondrial gen ...201425117343
aquatic environmental safety assessment and inhibition mechanism of chemicals for targeting microcystis aeruginosa.cyanobacteria are a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that produce an array of secondary compounds with selective bioactivity against vertebrates, invertebrates, fungi, bacteria and cell lines. recently the main methods of controlling cyanobacteria are using chemicals, medicinal plants and microorganism but fewer involved the safety research in hydrophytic ecosystems. in search of an environmentally safe compound, 53 chemicals were screened against the developed heavy cyanobacteria bloom m ...201425139029
perchlorate-induced oxidative stress in isolated liver mitochondria.as a new threat to environment all through the world, perchlorate (clo4(-)) was predominantly a thyrotoxin, and its toxic manifestations in non-thyroid were also documented. to date, little is known about the effect of clo4(-) on cell and organelle. to reveal the toxicity of clo4(-) on living organism in-depth, mitochondria isolated from liver of carassius auratus were incubated with different concentrations of clo4(-). the results demonstrated that clo4(-)-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress ...201425139032
effects of individual and binary mixtures of estrogens on male goldfish (carassius auratus).adverse effects of five typical environmental estrogens, namely estrone (e1), 17β-estradiol (e2), 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-op), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-np) and bisphenol a (bpa) on adult male goldfish (carassius auratus) were investigated both individually and in binary mixtures, using serum vitellogenin (vtg) induction and gonadosomatic index (gsi) as the endpoints. doses of individual and binary mixtures of estrogens were chosen at broad ranges. five individual estrogens induced common dose-dependent ...201425154921
the autotetraploid fish derived from hybridization of carassius auratus red var. (female) × megalobrama amblycephala (male).the establishment of the tetraploid organism is difficult but useful in genetics and breeding. in the present study, we have artificially established an autotetraploid fish line (f2-f8) derived from the distant hybridization of carassius auratus red var. (rr, 2n = 100) (female) × megalobrama amblycephala (bb, 2n = 48) (male). the autotetraploid line (f2-f8) possess four sets of chromosomes from red crucian carp (rrrr, 4n = 200) and produce diploid ova and diploid sperm, which maintains the forma ...201425165120
the use of environmental dna in invasive species surveillance of the great lakes commercial bait trade.over 180 non-native species have been introduced in the laurentian great lakes region, many posing threats to native species and ecosystem functioning. one potential pathway for introductions is the commercial bait trade; unknowing or unconcerned anglers commonly release unused bait into aquatic systems. previous surveillance efforts of this pathway relied on visual inspection of bait stocks in retail shops, which can be time and cost prohibitive and requires a trained individual that can rapidl ...201525169113
hierarchical structure and cytocompatibility of fish scales from carassius auratus.to study the structure and the cytocompatibility of fish scales from carassius auratus, scanning electron microscopy (sem) was used to observe the morphology of fish scales treated with different processing methods. based on varying morphologies and components, the fish scales can be divided into three regions on the surface and three layers in vertical. the functions of these three individual layers were analyzed. sem results show that the primary inorganic components are spherical or cubic hyd ...201425175199
nitric oxide improves the hemodynamic performance of the hypoxic goldfish (carassius auratus) heart.goldfish tolerate prolonged and severe hypoxia, thus representing a well-suited model to study the maintenance of cardiac function when o(2) availability represents a limiting factor. using a working heart preparation, we explored the role of the intracardiac nitric oxide synthase (nos)-derived nitric oxide (no) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. cardiac performance was examined both under basal (constant preload and afterload) and loading conditions, i.e. preload-induced increases in stroke ...201425178168
abnormal chromosome behavior during meiosis in the allotetraploid of carassius auratus red var. (♀)×megalobrama amblycephala (♂).allopolyploids generally undergo bivalent pairing at meiosis because only homologous chromosomes pair up. on the other hand, several studies have documented abnormal chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis in allopolyploids plants leading to the production of gametes with complete paternal or maternal chromosomes. polyploidy is relatively rare in animals compared with plants; thus, chromosome behavior at meiosis in the allopolyploid animals is poorly understood.201425178799
effects of bde-209 and its mixtures with bde-47 and bde-99 on multiple biomarkers in carassius auratus.in the present study, the sublethal effects of bde-209 and its mixtures with bde-47 and bde-99 on goldfish (carassius auratus) were investigated, and the biomarkers including acetylcholinesterase (ache) in brain, catalase (cat), ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (erod), glutathione-s-transferase (gst) and superoxide dismutase (sod) in liver were determined after 4 days of exposure. ache and cat activities were significantly inhibited by bde-209 and the mixtures at higher dosages (≥1mg/kg), and exhibi ...201425180441
concentration and bioaccumulation of cyanobacterial bioactive and odorous metabolites occurred in a large, shallow chinese lake.the distributions of cyanobacterial bioactive and odorous metabolites were investigated in the fifth largest lake in china in the fishing season 2012. the highest microcystins (mcs) concentration in water reached 3.4 µg l(-1). a high β-ionone concentration reached 35.6 ng l(-1) in water. mean mcs concentration in muscle was highest in omnivorous carassius auratus (20.9 ng g(-1) dry weight), followed by phytoplanktivorous hypophthalmichthys molitrix (7.4 ng g(-1) dw) and carnivorous coilia ectene ...201425194695
evaluation of thermosensitive poloxamer 407 gel systems for the sustained release of estradiol in a fish model.the purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a delivery system comprising a thermosensitive gel for the sustained release of steroidal hormones in fish, over an extended period of time after a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection and for the improved reproductive performance in fish. controlled delivery systems based on thermosensitive gels are easy to prepare, low cost and high versatility dosage forms, which have been shown to be effective in several animal species for sustained rele ...201425194925
feeding habits and ontogenic changes in digestive enzyme patterns in five freshwater teleosts.feeding habits and the activity of digestive enzymes (total alkaline proteases, α-amylase and lipase) from dace leuciscus leuciscus, roach rutilus rutilus, prussian carp carassius auratus gibelio, perch perca fluviatilis and pikeperch sander lucioperca fry were studied in the malye chany lake-kargat estuary (western siberia, russia). the diet of fry from all studied species was mainly composed of chironomid larvae and zooplanktonic organisms (i.e. cladocera and copepoda), whereas carnivorous spe ...201425199648
complete mitochondrial dna genome of tetraploid carassius auratus gibelio.the complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced from the tetraploid carassius auratus gibelio in this study. the genome sequence was 16,576 bp in length. the mitochondrial genome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal rnas, 22 transfer rnas, and 2 non-coding regions (control region and origin of light-strand replication). all genes were encoded on the heavy strain except for nd6 and eight trna genes. the overall base composition is 31.61% a, 25.81% t, 26.62% g, 15.96% c, with an a+t bias ...201625208178
connections of the commissural nucleus of cajal in the goldfish, with special reference to the topographic organization of ascending visceral sensory pathways.the primary general visceral nucleus of teleosts is called the commissural nucleus of cajal (ncc). the ncc of goldfish has been divided into the medial (nccm) and lateral (nccl) subnuclei that receive inputs from subdiaphragmatic gastrointestinal tract and the posterior pharynx, respectively. fiber connections of the ncc were examined by tract-tracing methods in the goldfish carassius auratus. tracer injections into the ncc suggested that the ncc projects directly not only to the secondary visce ...201525209308
fish mavs is involved in rlr pathway-mediated ifn response.mammalian mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (mavs) is an essential adapter involved in retinoic acid-inducible gene-i (rig-i)-like receptor (rlr)-triggered interferon (ifn) antiviral immunity. fish mavs homologues have been identified in several fish species; however, the signaling pathway involving fish mavs-mediated ifn response remains to be investigated. in the present study, we report identification of a fish mavs orthologue from crucian carp carassius auratus blastulae embryonic (c ...201425219369
in vitro assessment of interactions between appetite-regulating peptides in brain of goldfish (carassius auratus).orexins, apelin, melanin-concentrating hormone (mch), neuropeptide y (npy) and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (cart) are important appetite-regulating factors produced by the brain of both mammals and fish. these peptide systems and their target areas are widely distributed within the central nervous system. although morphological connections between some of these systems have been demonstrated in the brain, little is known about the functional interactions between these systems, i ...201425219945
screening medicinal plants for use against dactylogyrus intermedius (monogenea) infection in goldfish.abstract methanol extracts of 24 traditional medicinal plants with potential anthelmintic activity against dactylogyrus intermedius (monogenea) in goldfish carassius auratus were investigated. abrus cantoniensis, citrus medica, dioscorea collettii, and polygonum multiflorum exhibited 100% activity and were selected for further evaluation by applying five solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) for the extraction of the samples, followed by an in vivo bioassay. ...201425229482
complete mitochondrial dna genome of triploid pengze crucian carp (carassius auratus).the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of triploid pengze crucian carp was 16,580 bp in length. the mitochondrial genome contains 22 transfer rnas, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal rnas and 2 non-coding regions (control region and origin of light-strand replication). all genes were encoded on the heavy strain except for nd6 and eight trna genes. the overall base composition is a 31.53%, t 26.23%, g 16.15%, c 26.09%, with an a + t bias of 57.76%. the complete mtdna sequence of the geograp ...201625231717
functional characterization of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (rip2) of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.).we report on the functional characterization of rip2 of the goldfish. quantitative expression analysis of goldfish rip2 revealed the greatest mrna levels in the spleen, monocytes and splenocytes. we generated a recombinant form of the molecule (rgrip2) and determined that anti-human rip2 polyclonal antibody specifically recognized recombinant goldfish rip2 (rgrip2). goldfish rip2 activity was inhibited by the p38 mapk pathway inhibitor sb203580. treatment of goldfish macrophages with lps, pgn, m ...201525242011
sequence, genomic organization and expression of ghrelin receptor in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idellus.the growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (ghs-r) is an endogenous receptor for the gut hormone ghrelin. here we report the identification and characterization of ghs-r1a in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idellus. the full-length ghs-r1a cdna contained a 1803-bp coding domain sequence which encoded a peptide of 360 amino acid residues. comparison analysis revealed that the amino acid sequences of ghs-r1a were highly conserved in vertebrates and shared 97% amino acid identity with zebrafish (danio r ...201525242546
(1)h nmr-based metabolomics study on a goldfish model of parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp).a goldfish (carassius auratus) model of parkinson's disease (pd) was constructed by a single dose of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp) according to previously reported methods. global metabolite changes in brain of the mptp induced goldfish model of pd were investigated. (1)h nmr-based metabolomics combined with various statistical methods such as orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (opls-da) and two-dimensional statistical total correlation spectroscopy (2d- ...201425242684
thermal optima and tolerance in the eurythermic goldfish (carassius auratus): relationships between whole-animal aerobic capacity and maximum heart rate.the wide thermal tolerance range of a eurythermic fish (goldfish, carassius auratus) was used to evaluate how temperature performance curves derived from maximum heart rate (fh) related to those for aerobic scope. for acclimation temperatures of 12°, 20°, and 28°c, optimum temperatures derived from aerobic scope curves (topt) were 19.9° ± 0.4°, 19.3° ± 0.8°, and 28.7° ± 0.8°c, respectively. the arrhenius breakpoint temperatures (tab) for maximum fh were 21.5° ± 0.6°, 23.8° ± 0.9°, and 24.6° ± 0. ...201425244373
validation of reference genes for rt-qpcr analysis of cyp4t expression in crucian carp.reference genes are commonly used for normalization of target gene expression during rt-qpcr analysis. however, no housekeeping genes or reference genes have been identified to be stable across different tissue types or under different experimental conditions. to identify the most suitable reference genes for rt-qpcr analysis of target gene expression in the hepatopancreas of crucian carp (carassius auratus) under various conditions (sex, age, water temperature, and drug treatments), seven refer ...201425249772
anthelmintic activity of saikosaponins a and d from radix bupleuri against dactylogyrus spp. infecting goldfish.disease caused by the parasitic helminths dactylogyrus spp. results in significant economic damage to the aquaculture industry. treatment using common chemicals (e.g. formalin) is usually dissatisfactory due to environmental problems, risk of residues, toxicity to fish, and the possibility of anthelmintic resistance. the search for an alternative drug is thus becoming more urgent. this study was designed to evaluate in vivo the anthelmintic efficacy of total saponin (ts), saikosaponin a (ssa), a ...201425266906
monocrotophos pesticide decreases the plasma levels of total 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine and alters the expression of genes associated with the thyroidal axis in female goldfish (carassius auratus).our recent study showed that monocrotophos (mcp) pesticide disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (hpt) axis in male goldfish (carassius auratus); however, the effects of mcp on the thyroid system in female goldfish are remain unclear. in the present study, plasma thyroid hormone (th) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) levels were evaluated in female goldfish exposed to 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 mg/l of 40% mcp-based pesticide for 21 days in a semi-static exposure system. expression profiles ...201425268935
thelohanellus wangi n. sp. (myxozoa, myxosporea), a new gill parasite of allogynogenetic gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio bloch) in china, causing severe gill myxosporidiosis.we describe here a new myxozoan, thelohanellus wangi n. sp., infecting the allogynogenetic gibel carp, carassius auratus gibelio (bloch), in a fry nursery farm in jiangsu province, china. polysporous gray white round or ovoid plasmodia, 500-1,500 μm in size, were found exclusively in the gill filaments. the diagnostic characteristics of the myxospores are as follows: spore melon seed shaped in frontal view with smooth surface and asymmetrical valves; convex-shaped in sutural view with straight o ...201525287713
characterization of myeloid-specific peroxidase, keratin 8, and dual specificity phosphatase 1 as innate immune genes involved in the resistance of crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection.myeloid-specific peroxidase (mpo), keratin 8 (krt-8), and dual specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp-1) are believed to play essential roles in innate immunity. through suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) analysis, we previously identified mpo, krt-8, and dusp-1 as the three genes that were the most significantly upregulated in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) that survived cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) infection. here, we have further characterized these three genes and their respon ...201425312688
bioaccumulation, sub-acute toxicity, and tissue distribution of engineered titanium dioxide (tio2) nanoparticles in goldfish (carassius auratus).the increased use of nano-sized materials is likely to result in the release of these particles into the environment. it is, however, unclear if these materials are harmful to aquatic animals. in this study, the sub-lethal effects of exposure of low and high concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tio2 nps) on goldfish (carassius auratus) were investigated. tissues, including intestine, gills, muscle, and brain were analyzed for ti content by icp-ms. accumulation of tio2 nps increased ...201325383077
detection of koi herpesvirus (khv) in healthy cyprinid seed stock.koi herpesvirus (khv) disease is a lethal disease in common carp, an important food fish in asian countries, the seed of which is used in restocking programs for freshwater fishery management. we inspected apparently healthy seed stock of common carp cyprinus carpio l. and siberian crucian carp carassius auratus for the presence of khv using pcr-based diagnostic tests as a part of a stock enhancement program from 2009 to 2010 in korea. consequently, khv was detected from 24 of 232 inspections wi ...201425392040
antioxidant status and na(+), k (+)-atpase activity in freshwater fish carassius auratus exposed to different combustion products of nafion 117 membrane: an integrated biomarker approach.nafion 117 membrane (n117), an important polymer electrolyte membrane (pem), has been widely applied in numerous chemical technologies. its increasing production and utilization will inevitably lead to the problem of waste disposal, with incineration as an important method. however, toxicity data of its combustion products on aquatic organisms have been seldom reported. the present study was therefore conducted to investigate the antioxidant response and na(+), k(+)-atpase activity in liver of c ...201525398218
biological effects and bioaccumulation of pharmaceutically active compounds in crucian carp caged near the outfall of a sewage treatment plant.pharmaceutically active compounds (phacs) have been universally detected in rivers, lakes and coastal waters that are affected by effluents from sewage treatment plants (stps). in this study, the biological effects and bioaccumulation of phacs were assessed in crucian carp (carassius auratus) caged in an effluent-receiving river for 21 days. compared with control fish in the laboratory and at a reference site, a significant reduction in hepatosomatic index (hsi) and increase in the biotransforma ...201525406643
effects of la(iii) and ca(ii) on isolated carassius auratus liver mitochondria: heat production and mitochondrial permeability transition.the effects of lanthanum and calcium on heat production of mitochondria isolated from carassius auratus liver were investigated by microcalorimetry, and their effects on mitochondrial swelling and membrane potential (δψ) were determined by spectroscopic methods. la(3+) showed only inhibitory action on mitochondrial energy turnover with inhibition concentration of 50 % (ic50) being 71.2 μmol l(-1). similarly, ca(2+) restrained the heat production of mitochondria, and the ic50 of ca(2+) was much h ...201525416531
comparative pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin nicotinate in common carp (cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (carassius auratus) after oral administration.comparative pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin nicotinate (nfxnt) was investigated in common carp (cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (carassius auratus) after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). analyses of plasma samples were performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (uplc) with fluorescence detection. after oral dose, plasma concentration-time curves of common carp and crucian carp were best described by a two-compartment open model with first-order absorption. the ph ...201525427758
effect of booster shot and investigation of vaccination efficacy period against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus.in this study, the efficacy period of an intraperitoneal vaccination and effect of a booster shot of vaccine against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus were investigated. cell culture supernatant of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2), causative agent of hvhn, propagated in goldfish fin (gff) cells was inactivated with formalin (0.1%, v/v) for 2 days at 4 °c. three groups of the variety ryukin were individually intraperitoneally injected with the vaccine and eac ...201525434995
direct and indirect effect of predators on anopheles gambiae sensu stricto.the increased insecticides resistance by vectors and the ecological harm imposed by insecticides to beneficial organisms drawback mosquitoes chemical control efforts. biological control would reduce insecticides tolerance and yet biodiversity friend. the predatory and non-predatory effects of gambusia affinis and carassius auratus on gravid anopheles gambiae sensu strict and larvae survivorship were assessed. in determining predation rate, a single starved predator was exposed to third instar la ...201525438260
identification of interferon-γ-inducible-lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt) gene in goldfish (carassius auratus) and its immune response to lps challenge.the interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt) has been demonstrated to play an important role in the processing and presentation of mhc class ii restricted antigen (ag) by catalyzing disulfide bond reduction. in this study, we cloned a gilt gene homolog from goldfish (designated ggilt), a kind of precious freshwater fish with high market value. the open reading frame of ggilt consists of 756 bases encoding a protein of 251 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 27.8 kda an ...201525447639
preparation of a polyclonal antibody against goldfish (carassius auratus) vitellogenin and its application to detect the estrogenic effects of monocrotophos pesticide.goldfish (carassius auratus) represents a good model to detect the estrogenic effects of chemicals, and vitellogenin (vtg) is a vital indicator of estrogenic activity. the heterologous anti-carp vtg antibody has previously been used for goldfish vtg detection. here, we report the preparation of an anti-goldfish vtg antibody to improve the sensitivity and specificity of goldfish vtg immunoassays. vtg was purified from the plasma of 17β-estradiol (e2)-induced goldfish by gel filtration followed by ...201525450922
in vitro immunocompetence of two compounds isolated from polygala tenuifolia and development of resistance against grass carp reovirus (gcrv) and dactylogyrus intermedius in respective host.the present study was undertaken to isolate some compounds from methanol extract of polygala tenuifolia and evaluate their immunostimulatory properties and antiviral activity using grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (cik) cells and gcrv. by applying insecticidal bioassay-guided, chromatography techniques and successive recrystallization, two purified compounds were obtained. the changes of expression of selected immune genes (mx1, il-1β, tnfα, myd88 and igm) in c. idella kidney cell lines ...201425450998
isolation and cytochemical characterization of melanomacrophages and melanomacrophage clusters from goldfish (carassius auratus, l.).pigmented or "melano-" macrophages are prominent in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of poikilotherms. though they have been extensively studied in situ only recently has a means to isolate them from other cell types been established. we provide the first in vitro characterization of isolated melanomacrophage cytochemistry and survival in culture. unlike non-pigmented tissue macrophages melanomacrophages do not adhere to polystyrene surfaces making them easy to separate from tissue macrophages. ...201525453581
effects and bioaccumulation of 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethynylestradiol following long-term exposure in crucian carp.bioaccumulation and effects of 17β-estradiol (e2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (ee2) were assessed by crucian carp (carassius auratus) following single and binary mixture exposures in flow-through exposure system for 16 months. in comparison with water control (dwc) and solvent control (sc), a significant reduction in body weight, body length and gonadosomatic index (gsi), and increase in hepatosomatic index (hsi) and plasma vitellogenin (vtg) levels were observed, in a time- and concentration-depen ...201525463868
inheritance of the complete mitochondrial genomes in three different ploidy fishes.diploid natural gynogenetic goldfish (2ngrcg), triploid hybrids (3nrb) and tetraploid hybrids (4nrb) are generated by distant hybridization of red common goldfish (rcg, carassius auratus red var.) and blunt snout bream (bsb, megalobrama amblycephala). in the present study, we obtained the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences of the hybrid offspring and compared them with the homologous sequences of rcg and bsb. all mtdna sequences of these hybrids were 16,580bp in length, and the genes n ...201425470285
analysis of mitochondrial respiratory-related genes reveals nuclear and mitochondrial genome cooperation in allotetraploid hybrid.an allotetraploid hybrid lineage derived from the distant hybridization of red crucian carp (carassius auratus red var., ♀, 2n =100) × common carp (cyprinus carpio l., ♂, 2n =100) was investigated for its mitochondrial and nuclear genome inheritance patterns. based on liver transcriptomic data for this hybrid, red crucian carp, and common carp, we identified 94, 136, and 86 contigs corresponding to 41, 46, and 37 mitochondrial respiratory chain nuclear genes, respectively. mitochondrial respirat ...201425470286
an infection of gyrodactylus kobayashii hukuda, 1940 (monogenea) associated with the mortality of goldfish (carassius auratus) from central china.goldfish, carassius auratus, widely distributed across eurasia, is one of the earliest fish domesticated for ornamental purposes. a series of diseases break out due to high-density culture of goldfish, causing significant economic losses. here, we report for the first time an infection of gyrodactylus kobayashii associated with the high mortality of goldfish from a fish farm in anziying township of henan province, china, following their transfer to several aquariums. in the first 2 weeks after g ...201525471903
[effect of rate of water temperature increase on sensitivity of fish digestive glycosidases to action of copper and zinc].an increase in sensitivity of glycosidases of intestinal mucosa has been established in fry of goldfish carassius auratus, carp cyprinus carpio, roach rutilus rutilus, and common perch perca fluviatilis to action in vitro of heavy metal ions (copper and zinc at concentrations of 0.1-25 mg/l) at heating of water at the summer period. the inhibitory effect of copper and zinc ions as a rule was higher at the heating rate of 50 degrees c/h than at the rate of 4 degrees c/h. glycosidases of the perch ...201425486802
analysing codon usage bias of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and adaptation of this virus to the hosts.the codon usage patterns of open reading frames (orfs) in cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) have been investigated in this study. the high correlation between gc12 % and gc3 % suggests that mutational pressure rather than natural selection is the main factor that determines the codon usage and base component in the cyhv-3, while mutational pressure effect results from the high correlation between gc3 % and the first principal axis of principle component analysis (axis 1) on the relative synonymous ...201525491502
linking eggs and adults of argulus spp. using mitochondrial dna barcodes.we have created barcode library for common argulus spp. infecting carassius auratus, which could also be used to identify premature forms of argulus spp. even by non-professionals. infected c. auratus was examined and purchased from ornamental fish-trading centers and the adult life stage of argulus spp. was identified and dna barcoded. the eggs of argulus spp. were collected using bottle implants. the collected eggs are barcoded and precisely identified by matching with the adult sequences. fou ...201625492543
production and extraction of astaxanthin from phaffia rhodozyma and its biological effect on alcohol-induced renal hypoxia in carassius auratus.the effect of astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-s-carotene-4,4'-dione) on alcohol-induced morphological changes in carassius auratus, as an experimental model, was determined. the yeast phaffia rhodozyma was used as a source of astaxanthin. the animals were divided into three groups for 30 days: one group was treated with ethanol at a dose of 1.5% mixed in water, the second one with etoh 1.5% and food enriched with astaxanthin from p. rhodozyma, and the third was a control group. after a sufficient ex ...201525492637
[effect of rate of water temperature increase on sensitivity of fish digestive glycosidases to action of copper and zinc].an increase in sensitivity of glycosidases of intestinal mucosa has been established in fry of goldfish carassius auratus, carp cyprinus carpio, roach rutilus rutilus, and common perch perca fluviatilis to action in vitro of heavy metal ions (copper and zinc at concentrations of 0.1-25 mg/l) at heating of water at the summer period. the inhibitory effect of copper and zinc ions as a rule was higher at the heating rate of 50 degrees c/h than at the rate of 4 degrees c/h. glycosidases of the perch ...201425508933
comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of quinocetone in crucian carp (carassius auratus), common carp (cyprinus carpio l.), and grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) following the same experimental conditions.the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of quinocetone (qct) in crucian carp (carassius auratus), common carp (cyprinus carpio l.), and grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) were compared after oral administration of qct (50 mg/kg body weight) at water temperature of 24 ± 1 °c. similar qct plasma concentration-time profiles were found in the three species of cyprinid fish at the same dosage regimen and water temperature, which were all fitted two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. howev ...201525515188
[prevalence of metacercariae of clonorchis sinensis in wild freshwater fishes from nenjiang river around qiqihaer city].from may to november 2013, a total of 1175 wild freshwater fishes were collected from the rivers of chuoer, yalu, wuyuer, alun, and yin in nenjiang river basin qiqihaer city, and examined for metacercariae by direct compression method. the metacercariae were collected by artificial digestion method. forty kunming mice were infected with 30-40 metacercariae of clonorchis sinensis. the mice were sacrificed 36 days after infection, and the adult worms were collected from bile duct, and observed und ...201425518594
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