Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [effectiveness of triennial anti-influenza vaccination in french military during the 2003-2004 influenza season]. | influenza may rapidly disseminate within populations living in confined settings, causing considerable morbidity and disrupting daily activities. the french military health-care system set up since 1994 a prevention strategy based on triennial anti-influenza vaccination. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy during the 2003-2004 influenza season. | 2007 | 17870268 |
| [tetravaccine--new fundamental approach to prevention of influenza pandemic]. | according to opinion of who's experts, development and use of tetravaccine, which contains both interdemic and pandemic (h5n1) serotypes of influenza viruses, is one of the most promising approaches to control possible influenza pandemic. results of recently obtained data from clinical trials allowed experts from who to make a conclusion that protective immunity against avian influenza virus can be achieved after 2-doses immunization, when the immune system will be primed to hemagglutinin after ... | 2007 | 17882832 |
| creating a model program for influenza surveillance in california: results from the 2005-2006 influenza season. | influenza surveillance is valuable for monitoring trends in influenza-related morbidity and mortality. using the 2005-2006 influenza season as an example, this paper describes a comprehensive influenza surveillance program used by the california department of public health (cdph). | 2007 | 17888862 |
| preclinical in vitro activity of qr-435 against influenza a virus as a virucide and in paper masks for prevention of viral transmission. | prophylaxis against influenza is difficult, and current approaches against pandemics may be ineffective because of shortages of the two proven classes of antivirals in the face of a large-scale infection. herbal/natural products may represent an effective alternative to conventional attempts to protect against infection by avian influenza virus. qr-435, an all-natural compound of green tea extract and other agents, has been developed to provide protection against a wide range of viral infections ... | 2007 | 17890935 |
| in vivo prophylactic activity of qr-435 against h3n2 influenza virus infection. | prophylaxis against influenza infection can take several forms, none of which is totally effective at preventing the spread of the disease. qr-435, an all-natural compound of green-tea extract and other agents, has been developed to protect against a range of viral infections, including the influenza subtype h3n2. | 2007 | 17890936 |
| comparative study of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of influenza a virus h3n2, h9n2, and h5n1 subtypes using bioinformatics techniques. | to investigate the genomic patterns of influenza a virus subtypes, such as h3n2, h9n2, and h5n1, we collected 1842 sequences of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from the ncbi database and parsed them into 7 categories: accession number, host species, sampling year, country, subtype, gene name, and sequence. the sequences that were isolated from the human, avian, and swine populations were extracted and stored in a mysql database for intensive analysis. the gc content and relative synony ... | 2007 | 17898838 |
| safety and immunogenicity profile of the concomitant administration of zostavax and inactivated influenza vaccine in adults aged 50 and older. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of zostavax administered concomitantly with inactivated influenza vaccine or sequentially in adults aged 50 and older. | 2007 | 17908055 |
| immediate and broad-spectrum protection against heterologous and heterotypic lethal challenge in mice by live influenza vaccine. | in this study, we evaluated a live attenuated influenza vaccine (x-31 ca, h3n2) as a fast-acting prophylaxis against both heterologous (a/new caledonia/99, h1n1) and heterotypic (b/shangdong/97, influenza b) infection. an immediate and broad-spectrum protection was achieved in the absence of specific antibody responses. vaccination immediately prior to challenge resulted in the generation of a significant pool of reassortant virus between the vaccine and virulent strains suggesting that the acqu ... | 2007 | 17919786 |
| cross-protection against h5n1 influenza virus infection is afforded by intranasal inoculation with seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. | avian h5n1 influenza a virus is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause substantial human morbidity and mortality. we evaluated the ability of currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccine to confer cross-protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus in mice. | 2007 | 17922395 |
| efficacy of intranasal administration of a truncated ns1 modified live influenza virus vaccine in swine. | in the u.s., despite available swine influenza virus (siv) vaccines, multiple influenza subtypes as well as antigenic and genetic variants within subtypes continue to circulate in the swine population. one of the challenges to control and eliminate siv is that the currently used inactivated influenza virus vaccines do not provide adequate cross-protection against multiple antigenic variants of siv in the field. we previously generated a recombinant h3n2 swine influenza virus (siv) based on the i ... | 2007 | 17933442 |
| evolutionary analyses of european h1n2 swine influenza a virus by placing timestamps on the multiple reassortment events. | a novel h1n2 swine influenza a virus emerged in europe since 1994. previous phylogenetic analyses revealed that its genome segments were derived from h1n1 human virus, h3n2 human virus and avian-like h1n1/h3n2 swine virus, indicating the possibility of multiple reassortments events. however, dates of these reassortment events have not been investigated systematically. in this study, we used both global and local molecular clock concepts in a maximum likelihood framework to extrapolate the times ... | 2008 | 17936394 |
| phylogenetic analysis reveals the global migration of seasonal influenza a viruses. | the winter seasonality of influenza a virus in temperate climates is one of the most widely recognized, yet least understood, epidemiological patterns in infectious disease. central to understanding what drives the seasonal emergence of this important human pathogen is determining what becomes of the virus during the non-epidemic summer months. herein, we take a step towards elucidating the seasonal emergence of influenza virus by determining the evolutionary relationship between populations of ... | 2007 | 17941707 |
| genetic analysis of influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses circulating in vietnam from 2001 to 2006. | influenza a virus has the ability to overcome immunity from previous infections through the acquisition of genetic changes. thus, understanding the evolution of the viruses in humans is important for the surveillance and the selection of vaccine strains. a total of 30 influenza a/h3n2 viruses and 35 influenza a/h1n1 viruses that were collected in vietnam from 2001 to 2006 were used to analyze the evolution of the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), and matrix protein (m) genes. phylogenetic ... | 2008 | 17942644 |
| [influenza in poland in 2005]. | a total number of 773,234 cases of influenza and influenza-like illness registered in poland in 2004 (incidence 1921.4 per 100,000 population). regionally the incidence ranged from 3391.8 per 100,000 population in mazowieckie to 364.0 in swietokrzyskie. children and adolescents under 15 years of age accounted for 34.5% of all cases (age specific incidence 4045.3 per 100,000). in this age group the incidence varied regionally from 6381.1 in mazowieckie to 797.6 in swietokrzyskie. 1469 patients (0 ... | 2007 | 17956033 |
| cloning of the canine rna polymerase i promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza a and b in mdck cells. | recent incidents where highly pathogenic influenza a h5n1 viruses have spread from avian species into humans have prompted the development of cell-based production of influenza vaccines as an alternative to or replacement of current egg-based production. madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells are the primary cell-substrate candidate for influenza virus production but an efficient system for the direct rescue of influenza virus from cloned influenza cdnas in mdck cells did not exist. the objectiv ... | 2007 | 17956624 |
| [the 2006/'07 influenza season in the netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2007/'08 season]. | the influenza epidemic of 2006/'07 began late in the season, like the two previous influenza epidemics. in week 8 a peak of modest height was reached. as usual, the causal strains were mainly a/h3n2 viruses and to a lesser extent a/h1n1 and b viruses. a new a/h1n1 virus variant has emerged, an event that on average takes place only every 10 years. however, almost all a/h1n1 virus isolates belonged to the old variant and were similar to the vaccine virus. the a/h3n2 virus isolates appeared to dev ... | 2007 | 17957994 |
| development and preclinical evaluation of an alphavirus replicon vaccine for influenza. | we used a propagation-defective, single-cycle, alphavirus replicon vector system to produce virus-like replicon particles (vrp) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) proteins from influenza a/wyoming/03/2003 (h3n2). efficient production methods were scaled to produce pilot lots of ha vrp and na vrp and clinical lots of ha vrp. ha vrp-induced high-titered antibody responses in mice, rabbits and rhesus macaques, as measured by elisa or hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays, an ... | 2007 | 17961878 |
| [characteristic analysis of na gene of human influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from 1996 to 2005 in china]. | the na genes of 395 strains of human h3n2 influenza virus isolated from 1996 to 2005 in china were sequenced, analyzed with bioinformatics tools. the na nucleotide sequence of phylogenetic tree showed a main evolution branch with multiple short side branches. the strains in the same year may be divided into several branches. there was an obvious lag between vaccine strains recommended by who and the chinese circulating strains in phylogenetic tree of the na nucleotide. the result also showed no ... | 2007 | 17969849 |
| [expression of influenza a3 virus (h3n2) m2 gene in vaccinia virus tiantan strain]. | to construct a recombinant vaccinia virus rvj1175m2 expressing influenza a3 virus (h3n2) m2 gene, full length gene encoding influenza virus (h3n2) m2 protein was amplified with pcr and cloned into plasmid pjsc1175 which was used for homologous recombination with vaccinia virus tiantan strain. along with this, a recombinant vaccinia virus rvj1175m2 containing the m2 gene was subsequently constructed. it was identified by pcr that the gene of m2 protein was inserted into the tk locus of vaccinia v ... | 2007 | 17969855 |
| vaccination against influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of rituximab on the humoral response. | to assess the effect of rituximab on the efficacy and safety of influenza virus vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra). | 2008 | 17981914 |
| epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006. | influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006 started late january - early february 2006 and first occurred in the netherlands, france, greece and england. subsequently, countries were affected in a random pattern across europe and the period of influenza activity lasted till the end of april. in contrast to the winter seasons in the period 2001-2005, no west-east pattern was detected. in 12 out of 23 countries, the consultation rates for influenza-like illness or acute respiratory in ... | 2007 | 17991413 |
| induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza virus by intranasal immunization. | recovery from live influenza virus infection is known to induce heterosubtypic immunity. in contrast, immunity induced by inactivated vaccines is predominantly subtype specific. in this study, we investigated the heterosubtypic protective immunity induced by inactivated influenza virus. intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated influenza virus a/pr8 (h1n1) provided complete protection against the homologous virus and a drift virus within the same subtype, a/wsn (h1n1), but not against the ... | 2008 | 18032492 |
| networks of genomic co-occurrence capture characteristics of human influenza a (h3n2) evolution. | the recent availability of full genomic sequence data for a large number of human influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates over many years provides us an opportunity to analyze human influenza virus evolution by considering all gene segments simultaneously. however, such analysis requires development of new computational models that can capture the complex evolutionary features over the entire genome. by analyzing nucleotide co-occurrence over the entire genome of human h3n2 viruses, we have developed ... | 2008 | 18032723 |
| a biological model for influenza transmission: pandemic planning implications of asymptomatic infection and immunity. | the clinical attack rate of influenza is influenced by prior immunity and mixing patterns in the host population, and also by the proportion of infections that are asymptomatic. this complexity makes it difficult to directly estimate r(0) from the attack rate, contributing to uncertainty in epidemiological models to guide pandemic planning. we have modelled multiple wave outbreaks of influenza from different populations to allow for changing immunity and asymptomatic infection and to make infere ... | 2007 | 18043733 |
| interspecies and intraspecies transmission of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza a viruses. | the triple reassortant h3n2 viruses were isolated for the first time from pigs in 1998 and are known to be endemic in swine and turkey populations in the united states. in 2004, we isolated two h3n2 triple reassortant viruses from two turkey breeder flocks in ohio and illinois. infected hens showed no clinical signs, but experienced a complete cessation of egg production. in this study, we evaluated three triple reassortant h3n2 isolates of turkey origin and one isolate of swine origin for their ... | 2007 | 18045494 |
| novel 3-sulphonamido-quinazolin-4(3h)-one derivatives: microwave-assisted synthesis and evaluation of antiviral activities against respiratory and biodefense viruses. | we designed and synthesized novel 2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3h)-ones by microwave technique and characterized them by spectral analysis. synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxicity and for antiviral activity against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1), severe acute respiratory syndrome corona, dengue, yellow fever, venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee), rift valley fever, and tacaribe viruses in cell culture. a neutral red uptake assay was used to determine 50% virus-inhibitory concen ... | 2007 | 18046963 |
| higher polymerase activity of a human influenza virus enhances activation of the hemagglutinin-induced raf/mek/erk signal cascade. | influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of infected cells. viral genomic rna, three polymerase subunits (pb2, pb1, and pa), and the nucleoprotein (np) form ribonucleoprotein complexes (rnps) that are exported from the nucleus late during the infectious cycle. the virus-induced raf/mek/erk (mapk) signal cascade is crucial for efficient virus replication. blockade of this pathway retards rnp export and reduces virus titers. hemagglutinin (ha) accumulation and its tight association with lipi ... | 2007 | 18053252 |
| [genome sequence analysis of an h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus isolated from guangdong province in china]. | an h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus, a/swine/ guangdong/01/2005 (h3n2), was isolated from pigs with influenza-like signs in guangdong province in 2005. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to amplify the gene segments for sequencing analysis. phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin(ha) gene of a/swine/ guangdong/01/2005 shared high degree of sequence identity with those of h3n2 viruses isolated from swine in guangdong province from 2003 to 2004 and h3n2 ... | 2007 | 18062253 |
| impact of influenza a virus neuraminidase mutations on the stability, activity, and sensibility of the neuraminidase to neuraminidase inhibitors. | the influenza neuraminidase plays a critical role in the spread of the influenza a and b viruses. through the cleavage of terminal sialic acid from glycoconjugates, it facilitates the elution of progeny virions from infected cells and prevents their self-aggregation. | 2008 | 18065262 |
| dual infections by influenza a/h3n2 and b viruses and by influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses during winter 2007, corsica island, france. | the investigation of dual influenza infection human cases is of major interest specifically for the control of new emerging influenza strains. | 2008 | 18069055 |
| global patterns in seasonal activity of influenza a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b from 1997 to 2005: viral coexistence and latitudinal gradients. | despite a mass of research on the epidemiology of seasonal influenza, overall patterns of infection have not been fully described on broad geographic scales and for specific types and subtypes of the influenza virus. here we provide a descriptive analysis of laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance data by type and subtype (a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b) for 19 temperate countries in the northern and southern hemispheres from 1997 to 2005, compiled from a public database maintained by who (flunet). k ... | 2007 | 18074020 |
| [antiviral action of some antioxidants/antihypoxants and their combinations with remantadine against human influenza a(h3n2) virus studied in in vitro models]. | the possible antiviral activity of preparations with antioxidant and/or antihypoxant properties was studied on two in vitro models of influenza infection: (i) in cultures of chorio-allantoic membranes of chicken embryos and (ii) in mdck cells. preparations under study were hypoxene, reduced glutathione, dihydroquercetin, trolox, coenzyme q10, and the enzymatic preparation of superoxide-dismutase (recsod). preparations possessing combined antioxidant/antihypoxic and detoxicating properties (reduc ... | 2007 | 18074805 |
| a multiplex real-time rt-pcr for detection and identification of influenza virus types a and b and subtypes h5 and n1. | a multiplex real-time rt-pcr method for the simultaneous detection of influenza virus types a and b and identification of subtypes h5 and n1 in a single tube is described. the method was developed with four sets of primers and probes which were specific to influenza virus (sub)types a, b, h5, and n1, and evaluated by using a total of 40 influenza virus reference strains, including 17 avian influenza a (12 h5n1, 1 h1n1, 1 h3n2, 1 h4n6, 1 h7n3, and 1 h9n2), 18 human influenza a (11 h3n2, 6 h1n1 an ... | 2008 | 18078675 |
| [surveillance program set for influenza a virus (h1n1) in children in taiyuan, china, 2005-2006]. | to study the epidemic situation and dominant strain of influenza in children with acute respiratory infection (ari) during flu season from oct. 2005 to mar. 2006 in taiyuan. | 2007 | 18080559 |
| [h3n2 subtype of human influenza pneumonia with staphylococcal sepsis and staphylococcal pneumonia: report of one case]. | to investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapy of influenza pneumonia with staphylococcal infection. one patient in our hospital was diagnosed and the literatures on the subject were reviewed. the patient presented with high fever and dyspnea. arterial gas analysis indicated type 1 respiratory failure. chest x ray photographs showed bilateral infiltrations and bilateral encapsulated pleural effusions. viral separation and culture of pharyngeal swab indicated h(3)n(2) subtype ... | 2007 | 18087564 |
| novel reassortant of swine influenza h1n2 virus in germany. | european porcine h1n2 influenza viruses arose after multiple reassortment steps involving a porcine influenza virus with avian-influenza-like internal segments and human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in 1994. in germany, h1n2 swine influenza viruses first appeared in 2000. two german h1n2 swine influenza virus strains isolated from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza are described. they were characterized by the neutralization test, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and complete sequencing of ... | 2008 | 18089751 |
| [generation of cell culture high-yield recombinant h3n2 subtype swine influenza vaccine candidate by reverse genetics]. | high-yield h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus for large-scale vaccine production in cell culture was generated by reverse genetics. the rescued h3n2 (rh3n2) candidate virus contained hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes derived from a field isolate a/swine/henan/s4/01 (h3n2), pb2 gene from a/pr/8/34, and the other five internal genes from a/goose/dalian/3/01 (h9n2). the rh3n2 virus titer in mdck cell culture were measured by hemagglutination assay and the maximum virus titre of 1:512 ... | 2007 | 18092685 |
| comparison of epitope structures of h3has through protein modeling of influenza a virus hemagglutinin: mechanism for selection of antigenic variants in the presence of a monoclonal antibody. | starting with nine plaques of influenza a/kamata/14/91(h3n2) virus, we selected mutants in the presence of monoclonal antibody 203 (mab203). in total, amino acid substitutions were found at nine positions (77, 80, 131, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144 and 146), which localized in the antigenic site a of the hemagglutinin (ha). the escape mutants differed in the extent to which they had lost binding to mab203. ha protein with substitutions of some amino acid residues created by site-directed mutagenesis i ... | 2007 | 18094536 |
| genetic and antigenic analysis of epidemic influenza viruses isolated during 2006-2007 season in taiwan. | influenza viruses are some of the most active pathogens in taiwan. the monitoring influenza activity has been coordinated by the centers for diseases control, taiwan, and the surveillance is based on integrated clinical and virological surveillance components. data from sentinel physician networks and other sources, mainly hospitals were collected. during 2006-07 season, a total of 1724 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported by collaborating laboratories and sentinels, which was f ... | 2008 | 18098164 |
| protective and cross-protective mucosal immunization of mice by influenza virus type a with bacterial adjuvant. | mucosal immunization by inactivated viruses often fails to evoke a sufficient immune response. intensive efforts have been made to enhance the response by suitable adjuvants. we used the g+ nonpathogenic delipidated bacterium bacillus firmus with pronounced immunostimulatory properties as an adjuvant for immunizing mice with inactivated influenza virus type a. balb/c mice were immunized intratracheally with inactivated influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. the production of antibodies in sera and s ... | 2008 | 18160106 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of h1n1 and h3n2 human influenza a viruses among infants and children in thailand. | the annual influenza outbreaks can cause a high mortality rate among infants and children. in the tropics, influenza shows no clear dependence on seasons. in the present study, we performed molecular and phylogenetic analysis of h1n1 and h3n2 influenza virus isolated from infants and children diagnosed with respiratory tract illness between february 2006 and february 2007. a total of 33 samples (10.92%) were found positive for human influenza virus infection. characterization of the hemagglutini ... | 2008 | 18160168 |
| rapid differentiation of influenza a virus subtypes and genetic screening for virus variants by high-resolution melting analysis. | we assessed the use of high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis for the rapid identification of influenza a virus subtypes and the detection of newly emerging virus variants. the viral matrix gene was amplified by lightcycler real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) in the presence of the lcgreen i fluorescent dye. upon optimization of the assay conditions, all the major influenza a virus subtypes, including h1n1, h3n2, h5n1, h7n3, and h9n2, were amplifiable by this method and had a pcr produc ... | 2008 | 18174299 |
| glycan topology determines human adaptation of avian h5n1 virus hemagglutinin. | a switch in specificity of avian influenza a viruses' hemagglutinin (ha) from avian-like (alpha2-3 sialylated glycans) to human-like (alpha2-6 sialylated glycans) receptors is believed to be associated with their adaptation to infect humans. we show that a characteristic structural topology--and not the alpha2-6 linkage itself--enables specific binding of ha to alpha2-6 sialylated glycans and that recognition of this topology may be critical for adaptation of ha to bind glycans in the upper resp ... | 2008 | 18176555 |
| bioinformatics models for predicting antigenic variants of influenza a/h3n2 virus. | motivation: continual and accumulated mutations in hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza a virus generate novel antigenic strains that cause annual epidemics. results: we propose a model by incorporating scoring and regression methods to predict antigenic variants. based on collected sequences of influenza a/h3n2 viruses isolated between 1971 and 2002, our model can be used to accurately predict the antigenic variants in 1999-2004 (agreement rate = 91.67%). twenty amino acid positions identifi ... | 2008 | 18187440 |
| genetic evolution of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses in china from 1970 to 2006. | pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts, or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. in this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of wholly human-like h3n2 viruses, double-reassortant h3n2 viruses, and triple-reassortant h3n2 viruses in pigs in china by analyzing the eight genes of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses fo ... | 2008 | 18199784 |
| genetic and antigenic relatedness of h3 subtype influenza a viruses isolated from avian and mammalian species. | in 2004, we isolated triple reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses from turkey breeder hens in ohio and illinois. the illinois flock was vaccinated twice with an inactivated h3n2 vaccine containing a swine origin virus before the outbreak. additionally, a commercial inactivated vaccine containing an h3n4 virus of duck origin is being used in some turkey breeders. this prompted us to initiate a comparative study on the antigenic and genetic relatedness of various h3 subtype influenza viruses isolated ... | 2008 | 18206275 |
| healthy human subjects have cd4+ t cells directed against h5n1 influenza virus. | it is commonly perceived that the human immune system is naive to the newly emerged h5n1 virus. in contrast, most adults have been exposed to influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses through vaccination or infection. adults born before 1968 have likely been exposed to h2n2 viruses. we hypothesized that cd4(+) t cells generated in response to h1n1, h3n2, and h2n2 influenza a viruses also recognize h5n1 epitopes. tetramer-guided epitope mapping and ag-specific class ii tetramers were used to identify h5n ... | 2008 | 18209073 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for influenza in southern ontario swine herds in 2001 and 2003. | this research included 2 prevalence studies and a risk-factor investigation conducted in 2001 at 93 sites with sows only, finishers only, or both. in 2001, 1300 serum samples from sows in 65 herds and 720 serum samples from finisher pigs in 72 herds were tested for antibodies to swine influenzavirus (siv) of h1n1 subtype with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in 2003, 1140 serum samples from sows in 76 herds were tested for antibodies to siv of h3n2 subtype with a hemagglutination-in ... | 2008 | 18214156 |
| sublingual vaccination with influenza virus protects mice against lethal viral infection. | we assessed whether the sublingual (s.l.) route would be an effective means of delivering vaccines against influenza virus in mice by using either formalin-inactivated or live influenza a/pr/8 virus (h1n1). sublingual administration of inactivated influenza virus given on two occasions induced both systemic and mucosal antibody responses and conferred protection against a lethal intranasal (i.n.) challenge with influenza virus. coadministration of a mucosal adjuvant (mcta-ltb) enhanced these res ... | 2008 | 18227512 |
| flublok, a recombinant influenza vaccine. | protein sciences corp and umn pharma inc are developing flublok, an injectable trivalent influenza vaccine formulation composed of recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (ha) proteins that match the ha from the three influenza isolates that currently circulate in humans (h1n1, h3n2 and b), for the potential prevention of influenza virus infection. phase iii clinical trials to compare flublok and a licensed trivalent influenza vaccine for immunogenicity, safety and efficacy in preventing naturally o ... | 2008 | 18228185 |
| time lines of infection and disease in human influenza: a review of volunteer challenge studies. | the dynamics of viral shedding and symptoms following influenza virus infection are key factors when considering epidemic control measures. the authors reviewed published studies describing the course of influenza virus infection in placebo-treated and untreated volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza virus. a total of 56 different studies with 1,280 healthy participants were considered. viral shedding increased sharply between 0.5 and 1 day after challenge and consistently peaked on day ... | 2008 | 18230677 |
| influenza detection and subtyping by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for laboratory surveillance in brazil. | a duplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for influenza virus subtyping was applied to 412 patient samples. the assay was able to discriminate all 47 influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. this rapid technique assessed if positive samples were current circulating strains or an emergent one and could be used as the 1st test in prepandemic stages. | 2008 | 18234464 |
| swine influenza (h3n2) infection in a child and possible community transmission, canada. | an influenza a virus (h3n2) of probable swine origin, designated a/canada/1158/2006, was isolated from a 7-month-old hospitalized child who lived on a communal farm in canada. the child recovered uneventfully. a serosurvey that used a hemagglutination-inhibition assay for a/canada/1158/2006 was conducted on 54 of the 90 members of the farm. seropositivity was demonstrated in the index patient, 4 of 7 household members, and 4 of 46 nonhousehold members; none had a history of hospital admission fo ... | 2007 | 18258037 |
| cross-subtype immunity against avian influenza in persons recently vaccinated for influenza. | avian influenza virus (h5n1) can be transmitted to humans, resulting in a severe or fatal disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immune cross-reactivity between human and avian influenza (h5n1) strains in healthy donors vaccinated for seasonal influenza a (h1n1)/(h3n2). a small frequency of cd4 t cells specific for subtype h5n1 was detected in several persons at baseline, and seasonal vaccine administration enhanced the frequency of such reactive cd4 t cells. we also observed that se ... | 2008 | 18258091 |
| adamantane-resistant influenza infection during the 2004-05 season. | adamantane-resistant influenza a is an emerging problem, but infections caused by resistant and susceptible viruses have not been compared. we identified adamantane resistance in 47% of 152 influenza a virus (h3n2) isolates collected during 2005. resistant and susceptible viruses caused similar symptoms and illness duration. the prevalence of resistance was highest in children. | 2008 | 18258102 |
| adamantane resistance in circulating human influenza a viruses from alberta, canada (1970-2007). | mutation in one of five key amino acid residues (positions 26, 27, 30, 31 and 34) within the m2 protein of influenza a viruses, leads to resistance against the adamantane class of anti-influenza drugs. to investigate the emergence and prevalence of adamantane resistance in alberta, canada (between 1970 and 2007), 381 influenza a positive samples (original patient specimens) or isolates (virus cultured from patient specimens) were analyzed for changes in these critical amino acid residues. our re ... | 2008 | 18258311 |
| chicken lung lectin is a functional c-type lectin and inhibits haemagglutination by influenza a virus. | many proteins of the calcium-dependent (c-type) lectin family have been shown to play an important role in innate immunity. they can bind to a broad range of carbohydrates, which enables them to interact with ligands present on the surface of micro-organisms. we previously reported the finding of a new putative chicken lectin, which was predominantly localized to the respiratory tract, and thus termed chicken lung lectin (cll). in order to investigate the biochemical and biophysical properties o ... | 2008 | 18261862 |
| cloning, expression and immunoassay detection of ferret ifn-gamma. | ferrets (mustela putorius furo) develop symptoms upon influenza infection that resemble those of humans, including sneezing, body temperature variation and weight loss. highly pathogenic strains of influenza a, such as h5n1, have the capacity to cause severe illness or death in ferrets. the use of ferrets as a model of influenza infection is currently limited by a lack of species-specific immunological reagents. interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) plays a key role in the development of innate and adapt ... | 2008 | 18262264 |
| prediction of mutations in h3n2 hemagglutinins of influenza a virus from north america based on different datasets. | with rapid increase in influenza a virus database, an important issue is whether the predictions are similar based on different datasets. here we stratify 482 h3n2 hemagglutinins from influenza a virus in north america to different datasets. the predictions are made using logistic regression. the results show that the different datasets have significant impact on the predictions. | 2008 | 18289106 |
| design, synthesis, inhibitory activity, and sar studies of hydrophobic p-aminosalicylic acid derivatives as neuraminidase inhibitors. | a series of hydrophobic p-aminosalicylic acid derivatives containing a lipophilic side chain at c-2 and an amino or guanidine at c-5 were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit neuraminidase (na) of influenza a virus (h3n2). all compounds were synthesized in good yields starting from commercially available p-aminosalicylic acid (pas) using a suitable synthetic strategy. these compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against influenza a na. within this series, six compounds, 11 ... | 2008 | 18304821 |
| spatial epidemiology of an h3n2 swine influenza outbreak. | the h3n2 swine influenza virus appeared for the 1st time in the province of manitoba during the fall of 2004. the purpose of this study was to characterize how swine influenza moved through the province in time and space, and to determine if there are any significant patterns associated with this movement. herds with outbreaks of h3n2 swine influenza were located by using a geographic information system and analyzed by using spatial analysis software. descriptive and spatial statistics, includin ... | 2008 | 18309747 |
| in vitro inhibition of human influenza a virus infection by fruit-juice concentrate of japanese plum (prunus mume sieb. et zucc). | using a plaque reduction assay, treatment of human influenza a viruses with the fruit-juice concentrate of japanese plum (prunus mume sieb. et zucc) showed strong in vitro anti-influenza activity against human influenza a viruses before viral adsorption, but not after viral adsorption, with 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) values against a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) virus, a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus and a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) virus of 6.35+/-0.17, 2.84+/-1.98 and 0.53+/-0.10 microg/ml, respectively. the pl ... | 2008 | 18310920 |
| influenza a virus neuraminidase limits viral superinfection. | enveloped viruses use multiple mechanisms to inhibit infection of a target cell by more than one virion. these mechanisms may be of particular importance for the evolution of segmented viruses, because superinfection exclusion may limit the frequency of reassortment of viral genes. here, we show that cellular expression of influenza a virus neuraminidase (na), but not hemagglutinin (ha) or the m2 proton pump, inhibits entry of ha-pseudotyped retroviruses. cells infected with h1n1 or h3n2 influen ... | 2008 | 18321971 |
| [antigenic and genetic study of influenza virus circulated in china in 2006]. | to analyse seasonal influenza epidemic situation in 2006, and to analyse the genetic and antigenic characteristics of viral hemagglutinin (ha) gene. | 2007 | 18322584 |
| [preparation of armored rna containing m gene of influenza h3n2]. | to prepare the armored rna containing m gene of influenza h3n2. | 2007 | 18322598 |
| current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza. | the currently circulating h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes of influenza a virus cause a transient, febrile upper respiratory illness in most adults and children ("seasonal influenza"), but infants, the elderly, immunodeficient and chronically ill persons may develop life-threatening primary viral pneumonia or complications such as bacterial pneumonia. by contrast, avian influenza viruses such as the h5n1 virus that recently emerged in southeast asia can cause severe disease when transferred from domestic ... | 2008 | 18328578 |
| identification of amino acids in the ha of h3 influenza viruses that determine infectivity levels in primary swine respiratory epithelial cells. | in the late 1990s, triple reassortant h3n2 influenza a viruses emerged and spread widely within the swine population of the united states. we have shown previously that an isolate representative of this lineage of viruses, a/swine/minnesota/593/99 (sw/mn), has higher infectivity and accelerated replication kinetics in pigs, compared to a human-lineage h3n2 virus isolated from a pig during the same time period, a/swine/ontario/00130/97 (sw/ont [landolt, g.a., karasin, a.i., phillips, l., olsen, c ... | 2008 | 18329747 |
| in vitro and in vivo investigations on the antiviral activity of a series of mixed-valence rare earth borotungstate heteropoly blues. | a series of mixed-valence rare earth borotungsto-heteropoly blues, k15h2[ln(bw9w2o39)2].28h2o (ln2, ln=la, ce, pr, nd, sm, eu, gd), have been prepared and characterized by ir, uv, xps, esr and electrochemistry. the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of these rare earth borotungstate heteropoly blues were investigated against influenza a(fluva) strain (a/h1n1/jingfang/1/91 and a/h3n2/jingfang/30/95) and influenza virus b(fluvb) (b/hufang/1/87) in mdck cells. the results show that k15h2[pr(bw9w2o ... | 2008 | 18342405 |
| ecology of h3 avian influenza viruses in korea and assessment of their pathogenic potentials. | to determine the genetic origins of novel h3 avian influenza viruses of chickens and ducks in korea, genetic characterization of h3 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets and migratory aquatic birds in south korea during 2004-2006 was conducted. phylogenetic analysis revealed that at least four novel genotypes of h3n2 and two genotypes of h3n6 avian influenza viruses were co-circulating in backyard poultry of korea. the viruses were reassortants between h9n2 viruses of korean ... | 2008 | 18343836 |
| antibodies induced by the ha2 glycopolypeptide of influenza virus haemagglutinin improve recovery from influenza a virus infection. | the haemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a virus consists of two glycopolypeptides designated ha1 and ha2. antibodies recognizing ha1 inhibit virus haemagglutination, neutralize virus infectivity and provide good protection against infection, but do not cross-react with the ha of other subtypes. little is known regarding the biological activities of antibodies against ha2. to study the role of antibodies directed against ha2 during influenza virus infection, two vaccinia virus recombinants (rvvs) we ... | 2008 | 18343837 |
| origin of the 1918 spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis. | to test the avian-origin hypothesis of the 1918 spanish influenza virus we surveyed influenza sequences from a broad taxonomic distribution and collected 65 full-length genomes representing avian, human and "classic" swine h1n1 lineages in addition to numerous other swine (h1n2, h3n1, and h3n2), human (h2n2, h3n2, and h5n1), and avian (h1n1, h4n6, h5n1, h6n1, h6n6, h6n8, h7n3, h8n4, h9n2, and h13n2) subtypes. amino acids from all eight segments were concatenated, aligned, and used for phylogenet ... | 2008 | 18353690 |
| homologous recombination is very rare or absent in human influenza a virus. | to determine the extent of homologous recombination in human influenza a virus, we assembled a data set of 13,852 sequences representing all eight segments and both major circulating subtypes, h3n2 and h1n1. using an exhaustive search and a nonparametric test for mosaic structure, we identified 315 sequences (approximately 2%) in five different rna segments that, after a multiple-comparison correction, had statistically significant mosaic signals compatible with homologous recombination. of thes ... | 2008 | 18353939 |
| cross-recognition of avian h5n1 influenza virus by human cytotoxic t-lymphocyte populations directed to human influenza a virus. | since the number of human cases of infection with avian h5n1 influenza viruses is ever increasing, a pandemic outbreak caused by these viruses is feared. therefore, in addition to virus-specific antibodies, there is considerable interest in immune correlates of protection against these viruses, which could be a target for the development of more universal vaccines. after infection with seasonal influenza a viruses of the h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes, individuals develop virus-specific cytotoxic t-lymp ... | 2008 | 18353950 |
| antibody contributes to heterosubtypic protection against influenza a-induced tachypnea in cotton rats. | influenza virus infection or vaccination evokes an antibody response to viral hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) surface glycoproteins, which results in immunity against influenza a viruses of the same ha and na subtype. a heterosubtypic immune response that offers some protection against different influenza a subtypes has been suggested from epidemiologic studies in human influenza outbreaks, and has been induced in experimental animal models. original studies of such cross-protection sh ... | 2008 | 18355405 |
| molecular evolution of influenza a (h3n2) viruses circulated in fujian province, china during the 1996-2004 period. | we studied the genetic and epidemic characteristics of influenza a (h3n2) viruses circulated in human in fujian province, south of china from 1996 to 2004. phylogenetic analysis was carried out for genes encoding hemagglutinin1 (ha1) of influenza a virus (14 new and 11 previously reported reference sequences). our studies revealed that in the 8 flu seasons, the mutations of ha1 genes occurred from time to time, which were responsible for about four times of antigenic drift of influenza h3n2 viru ... | 2008 | 18368315 |
| [comparative analysis of the susceptibility and productivity of respiratory tract target cells of mice and rats exposed to inflienza virus in vitro]. | the levels of susceptibility to influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 h3n2 and the virus yield were determined using primary cells of the trachea and lungs of cd-1 mice and wistar rats, and for 3 sets of cells obtained from primary lung cells of the both species by centrifugation in the gradient of density and by sedimentation on a surface. the values of id50 virus dose for 10(6) cells and virus yield per 1 infected cell determined for primary mice cells were 4.0+/-0.47 and 3.2+/-0.27 igeid50 (lung cells ... | 2008 | 18368764 |
| protective efficacy of an aerosol preparation, obtained from geranium sanguineum l., in experimental influenza infection. | a polyphenol-rich extract from the aerial roots of the medicinal plant geranium sanguineum l. (pc) protected mice from mortality in the experimental influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus infection. to provide evidence how a maximum therapeutic benefit can be derived of this preparation, it was inoculated by 6 different routes. it was found that the aerosol application of pc was highly effective. in the dose 5.4 mg/ml, applied according to a prophylactic-therapeutic schedule, the extract exhibited ... | 2008 | 18380405 |
| identification of a human monoclonal fab with neutralizing activity against h3n2 influenza a strain from a newly constructed human fab library. | a combinatorial fab library was constructed in pcomb3h phagemid vectors, using rna from peripheral blood lymphocytes of a healthy volunteer who had recovered from an influenza a virus infection. the library contained approximately 1.3 x 10(8)e. coli transformants. bio-panning was carried out against an influenza vaccine containing components of influenza a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2), and b/shandong/7/97 for the enrichment of phages displaying human fab specific to the vi ... | 2008 | 18402598 |
| the genomic and epidemiological dynamics of human influenza a virus. | the evolutionary interaction between influenza a virus and the human immune system, manifest as 'antigenic drift' of the viral haemagglutinin, is one of the best described patterns in molecular evolution. however, little is known about the genome-scale evolutionary dynamics of this pathogen. similarly, how genomic processes relate to global influenza epidemiology, in which the a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 subtypes co-circulate, is poorly understood. here through an analysis of 1,302 complete viral genomes ... | 2008 | 18418375 |
| development of a high-throughput alamar blue assay for the determination of influenza virus infectious dose, serum antivirus neutralization titer and virus ca/ts phenotype. | flumist is an intranasal influenza live vaccine containing two influenza a strains (currently h1n1 and h3n2) and one b strain (yamagata or victoria lineage). characterization of the vaccine requires determination of the median tissue culture infectious dose (tcid(50)) titer, serum antivirus neutralization titer and vaccine cold adapted/temperature sensitive (ca/ts) phenotype. visual cytopathic effect (cpe) readings are used widely in viral assays, but these are subjective and labor intensive. in ... | 2008 | 18423899 |
| effects of single-point amino acid substitutions on the structure and function neuraminidase proteins in influenza a virus. | in order to clarify the effect of amino acid substitutions on the structure and function of the neuraminidase (na) protein of influenza a virus, we introduced single-point amino acid substitutions into the na protein of the a/tokyo/3/67 (h2n2) strain using pcr-based random mutation. the rate of tolerant random one amino acid substitutions in the na protein was 47%. rates of tolerant substitutions for the stalk and for the surface and inner portion of the head region of the na protein were 79, 54 ... | 2008 | 18426396 |
| human influenza virus infection and apoptosis induction in human vascular endothelial cells. | acute encephalopathy accompanying influenza virus infection results in brain and systemic organ failure mainly through vasogenic edema with high levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as blood tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and interleukin (il)-6, as well as the cytochrome c apoptosis marker. a highly virulent strain of avian influenza virus causes fatal infection in chickens by infecting vascular endothelial cells in systemic organs, inducing apoptosis therein. to verify the possibility of a ... | 2008 | 18428129 |
| the course of fever following influenza virus infection in children treated with oseltamivir. | although the effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza virus infection is well known, there has been no report analyzing the detailed time course of fever following the drug treatment in children. oseltamivir was prescribed for 4 days to every child with a positive result for rapid immunological test for influenza virus during 2002--2003, 2003--2004, and 2004--2005 epidemics. only those who were 1-12 years of age and prescribed oseltamivir within 24 hr after the onset of fever were included ... | 2008 | 18428131 |
| influenza exposure in united states feral swine populations. | swine play an important role in the disease ecology of influenza. having cellular receptors in common with birds and humans, swine provide opportunities for mixed infections and potential for genetic reassortment between avian, human, and porcine influenza. feral swine populations are rapidly expanding in both numbers and range and are increasingly coming into contact with waterfowl, humans, and agricultural operations. in this study, over 875 feral swine were sampled from six states across the ... | 2008 | 18436668 |
| transmission of avian influenza virus (h3n2) to dogs. | in south korea, where avian influenza virus subtypes h3n2, h5n1, h6n1, and h9n2 circulate or have been detected, 3 genetically similar canine influenza virus (h3n2) strains of avian origin (a/canine/korea/01/2007, a/canine/korea/02/2007, and a/canine/korea/03/2007) were isolated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. to determine whether the novel canine influenza virus of avian origin was transmitted among dogs, we experimentally infected beagles with this influenza virus (h3n2) isola ... | 2008 | 18439355 |
| plant-expressed ha as a seasonal influenza vaccine candidate. | influenza is a globally important respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. although current vaccines are effective against virus infection, new strategies need to be developed to satisfy the global demand for an influenza vaccine. to address this point, we have engineered and produced the full-length hemagglutinin (ha) protein from the a/wyoming/03/03 (h3n2) strain of influenza in plants. the antigenicity of this plant-produced ha was confirmed by elisa ... | 2008 | 18440103 |
| epidemiological survey of swine influenza a virus in selected wild boar populations in germany. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of swine influenza virus (siv) infections in different wild boar populations in germany based on a serological surveillance in some bundeslaender (federal states) in connection with virological investigations in wild boar shot in northern germany (mecklenburg-western pomerania, district of nordvorpommern). altogether, 1245 sera from wild boar were tested using the hemagglutination inhibition test. the established seroprevalence ... | 2008 | 18440732 |
| generation and evaluation of the trivalent inactivated reassortant vaccine using human, avian, and swine influenza a viruses. | reassortant technology was used to obtain three interspecific reassortant influenza viruses using three influenza viruses of a/puerto rico/8/34(h1n1), a/swine/hebei/1/2005(h3n2) and a/chicken/guangdong/126/2002(h9n2). the high-growth reassortant strains were h9/pr8, h3/h9n2 and h1/h9n2 that contained hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes from the inactivated parental viruses and the other 6 internal genes from the live parental viruses. the trivalent formalin-inactivated vaccine, conta ... | 2008 | 18448208 |
| increased antibodies against unfolded viral antigens in the elderly after influenza vaccination. | our studies aimed to measure the quality of antibody response to influenza vaccines in the elderly. the frequency of significant rise in hemagglutination inhibition (hai) titer in the elderly is low and although annual vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality, better correlates of vaccine efficacy in the elderly are needed. | 2007 | 18458742 |
| genetic characterization of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza virus in thailand. | swine have been known to be a suitable host for influenza a virus. in thailand, phylogenetic analysis on swine influenza virus (siv) has as yet not been attempted. the present report presents molecular and phylogenetic analysis performed on siv in thailand. in this study, 12 siv isolates from the central and eastern part of thailand were subtyped and the molecular genetics of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were elucidated. three subtypes, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2, are described. phylogenetic analysi ... | 2008 | 18458812 |
| a bivalent influenza vlp vaccine confers complete inhibition of virus replication in lungs. | the conventional egg-grown influenza vaccines are trivalent. to test the feasibility of using multivalent influenza virus-like particles (vlps) as an alternative influenza vaccine, we developed cell-derived influenza vlps containing the hemagglutinin (ha) of the h1 subtype virus a/pr/8/34 or the h3 subtype virus a/aichi/2/68 (x31). mice immunized intramuscularly with bivalent influenza vlps containing h1 and h3 has induced neutralizing activities against the homologous and closely related h1n1 s ... | 2008 | 18468740 |
| mdck-siat1 cells show improved isolation rates for recent human influenza viruses compared to conventional mdck cells. | the ability to isolate and propagate influenza virus is an essential tool for the yearly surveillance of circulating virus strains and to ensure accurate clinical diagnosis for appropriate treatment. the suitability of mdck-siat1 cells, engineered to express increased levels of alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, as an alternative to conventional mdck cells for isolation of circulating influenza virus was assessed. a greater number of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses from stored hum ... | 2008 | 18480230 |
| one-step multiplex rt-pcr for detection and subtyping of swine influenza h1, h3, n1, n2 viruses in clinical samples using a dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo) system. | the swine influenza virus (siv) h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 subtypes circulate in korean farm. a novel multiplex rt-pcr (m-rt-pcr) was developed to detect and subtype swine influenza viruses. this m-rt-pcr assay could identify h1, h3, n1 and n2 from clinical samples in single tube reaction using dpo system. korean sivs are closely related to the united states influenza viruses, and primers were developed for siv from north american viruses and recently korean isolates. the sensitivity of the m-rt-pcr w ... | 2008 | 18486976 |
| [molecular and genetic analysis of influenza a viruses isolated in russia, based on the neuraminidase and m2 protein gene sequence]. | the results of molecular analysis of 15 influenza a(h3n2) and 17-a(h1n1) epidemic strains isolated in the russian federation in 1995-2007 are described. the analysis on the m2 and neuraminidase influenza a virus genes was performed. the m2 sequences analysis among the remantadin resistant viruses demonstrated the s31n substitution in all strains. besides s31n substitution, additional mutations were detected in both proteins. mutations associated with s31n substitution were detected in each virus ... | 2008 | 18488446 |
| influenza a virus abrogates ifn-gamma response in respiratory epithelial cells by disruption of the jak/stat pathway. | the innate immunity to viral infections induces a potent antiviral response mediated by interferons (ifn). although ifn-gamma is detected during the acute stages of illness in the upper respiratory tract secretions and in the serum of influenza a virus-infected individuals, control of influenza a virus is not dependent upon ifn-gamma as evidenced by studies using anti-ifn-gamma ab and ifn-gamma(-/-) mice. thus, we hypothesized that ifn-gamma is not critical in host survival because influenza a v ... | 2008 | 18493979 |
| genetic compatibility and virulence of reassortants derived from contemporary avian h5n1 and human h3n2 influenza a viruses. | the segmented structure of the influenza virus genome plays a pivotal role in its adaptation to new hosts and the emergence of pandemics. despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses, little is known about the biological properties of h5n1 viruses that may emerge following reassortment with contemporary human influenza viruses. in this study, we used reverse genetics to generate the 63 possible virus reassortants derived from h5n1 and h3n2 vi ... | 2008 | 18497857 |
| a maximum likelihood method for detecting directional evolution in protein sequences and its application to influenza a virus. | we develop a model-based phylogenetic maximum likelihood test for evidence of preferential substitution toward a given residue at individual positions of a protein alignment--directional evolution of protein sequences (deps). deps can identify both the target residue and sites evolving toward it, help detect selective sweeps and frequency-dependent selection--scenarios that confound most existing tests for selection, and achieve good power and accuracy on simulated data. we applied deps to align ... | 2008 | 18511426 |
| an optimized electrofusion-based protocol for generating virus-specific human monoclonal antibodies. | we sought to develop and optimize a hybridoma-based technology for generating human hybridomas that secrete virus-specific monoclonal antibodies for clinical diagnosis and therapy. we developed a novel electrofusion protocol for efficiently fusing epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed human b cells with myeloma partners. we tested seven myeloma cell lines and achieved highest efficiency when the hmma 2.5 line was used. we optimized the electrofusion process by improving cell treatments before and ... | 2008 | 18514220 |
| prevention of symptomatic seasonal influenza in 2005-2006 by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. | the efficacy of influenza vaccines may vary annually. in 2004-2005, when antigenically drifted viruses were circulating, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving healthy adults showed that inactivated vaccine appeared to be efficacious, whereas live attenuated vaccine appeared to be less so. | 2008 | 18522501 |
| heterologous ha dna vaccine prime--inactivated influenza vaccine boost is more effective than using dna or inactivated vaccine alone in eliciting antibody responses against h1 or h3 serotype influenza viruses. | the trivalent inactivated vaccine (tiv) is used to prevent seasonal influenza virus infection in humans, however, the immunogenicity of this vaccine may be influenced by the priming effect of previous influenza vaccinations or exposure to antigenically related influenza viruses. the current study examines the immunogenicity of a clinically licensed tiv in rabbits naïve to influenza antigens. animals were immunized with either the licensed tiv, a bivalent (h1 and h3) ha dna vaccine or the combina ... | 2008 | 18538900 |