Publications

hybridization effects and genetic diversity of the common and black-tufted marmoset (callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata) mitochondrial control region.	hybridization is continually documented in primates, but effects of natural and anthropogenic hybridization on biodiversity are still unclear and differentiating between these contexts remains challenging in regards to primate evolution and conservation. here, we examine hybridization effects on the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region of callithrix marmosets, which provide a unique glimpse into interspecific mating under distinct anthropogenic and natural conditions. dna was sampled from 40 ...	2014	25186076
video demonstrations seed alternative problem-solving techniques in wild common marmosets.	studies of social learning and tradition formation under field conditions have recently gained momentum, but suffer from the limited control of socio-ecological factors thought to be responsible for transmission patterns. the use of artificial visual stimuli is a potentially powerful tool to overcome some of these problems. here, in a field experiment, we used video images of unfamiliar conspecifics performing virtual demonstrations of foraging techniques. we tested 12 family groups of wild comm ...	2014	25187646
vocalizations associated with anxiety and fear in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	vocalizations of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) were examined under experimental situations related to fear or anxiety. when marmosets were isolated in an unfamiliar environment, they frequently vocalized "tsik-egg" calls, which were the combination calls of 'tsik' followed by several 'egg'. tsik-egg calls were also observed after treatment with the anxiogenic drug fg-7142 (20mg/kg, sc). in contrast, when marmosets were exposed to predatory stimuli as fear-evoking situations, they frequent ...	2014	25193318
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in marmosets.	experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in the common marmoset, a small-bodied neotropical primate, is a well-known and validated animal model for multiple sclerosis (ms). this model can be used for exploratory research, i.e., investigating the pathogenic mechanisms involved in ms, and applied research, testing the efficacy of new potential drugs.in this chapter, we will describe a method to induce eae in the marmoset. in addition, we will explain the most common immunological techniques ...	2016	25208751
exchanging grooming, but not tolerance and aggression in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	in this study, we investigated the reciprocal exchanges of grooming, tolerance and reduced aggression in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), a cooperatively breeding primate whose groups are typically characterized by uniformly high genetic relatedness and high interdependency between group members. both partner control and partner choice processes played a role in the reciprocal exchanges of grooming. in contrast, we did not find any evidence of reciprocity between grooming and tolerance ove ...	2015	25230834
long-term fidelity of foraging techniques in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	the formation of behavioral traditions has been considered as one of the main building blocks of culture. numerous studies on social learning in different animal species provide evidence for their capability of successful transmission of information. however, questions concerning the memory and maintenance of this information have received comparably little attention. after the innovation and initial spread of a novel behavior, the behavior should stabilize and be maintained over time. otherwise ...	2015	25231356
primordial germ cell development in the marmoset monkey as revealed by pluripotency factor expression: suggestion of a novel model of embryonic germ cell translocation.	primordial germ cells (pgcs) are the embryonic progenitors of sperm and egg cells. mammalian pgcs are thought to actively migrate from the yolk sac endoderm over long distances across the embryo to reach the somatic genital ridges. the general principles of mammalian pgc development were discovered in mice. in contrast, little is known about pgc development in primates due to extremely limited access to primate embryos. here, we analyzed 12 well preserved marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) emb ...	2015	25237007
de novo assembly of the common marmoset transcriptome from nextgen mrna sequences.	nonhuman primates are important for both biomedical studies and understanding human evolution. although research in these areas has mostly focused on old world primates, such as the rhesus macaque, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a new world primate, offers important advantages in comparison to other primates, such as an accelerated lifespan. to conduct next generation expression studies or to study primate evolution, a high quality annotation of the marmoset genome is required. the av ...	2014	25243066
three-dimensional motion analysis of arm-reaching movements in healthy and hemispinalized common marmosets.	spinal cord injury (sci) is a devastating neurological injury. at present, pharmacological, regenerative, and rehabilitative approaches are widely studied as therapeutic interventions for motor recovery after sci. preclinical research has been performed on model animals with experimental sci, and those studies often evaluate hand and arm motor function using various indices, such as the success rate of the single pellet reaching test and the grip force. however, compensatory movement strategies, ...	2014	25245335
convergent evolution of vocal cooperation without convergent evolution of brain size.	one pragmatic underlying successful vocal communication is the ability to take turns. taking turns - a form of cooperation - facilitates the transmission of signals by reducing the amount of their overlap. this allows vocalizations to be better heard. until recently, non-human primates were not thought of as particularly cooperative, especially in the vocal domain. we recently demonstrated that common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), a small new world primate species, take turns when they exchang ...	2014	25247613
encapsulating non-human primate multipotent stromal cells in alginate via high voltage for cell-based therapies and cryopreservation.	alginate cell-based therapy requires further development focused on clinical application. to assess engraftment, risk of mutations and therapeutic benefit studies should be performed in an appropriate non-human primate model, such as the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). in this work we encapsulated amnion derived multipotent stromal cells (mscs) from callithrix jacchus in defined size alginate beads using a high voltage technique. our results indicate that i) alginate-cell mixing procedure ...	2014	25259731
analysis of bipolar and amacrine populations in marmoset retina.	about 15 parallel ganglion cell pathways transmit visual signals to the brain, but the interneuron (bipolar and amacrine) populations providing input to ganglion cells remain poorly understood in primate retina. we carried out a quantitative analysis of the inner nuclear layer in the retina of the marmoset (callithrix jacchus). vertical vibratome sections along the horizontal meridian were processed with immunohistochemical markers. image stacks were taken with a confocal microscope, and densiti ...	2015	25262625
brain-mapping projects using the common marmoset.	globally, there is an increasing interest in brain-mapping projects, including the brain research through advancing innovative neurotechnologies (brain) initiative project in the usa, the human brain project (hbp) in europe, and the brain mapping by integrated neurotechnologies for disease studies (brain/minds) project in japan. these projects aim to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain. brain/minds is focused on stru ...	2015	25264372
complementary and dynamic type ii cadherin expression associated with development of the primate visual system.	the middle temporal visual area (mt, also known as v5) is a visual association area that is particularly evolved in the primate brain. the mt receives input from the primary visual area (v1), constitutes part of the dorsal visual pathway, and plays an essential role in processing motion. connections between the mt and v1 in the primate brain are formed after birth, and are related to the maturation of visual system. however, it remains to be determined what molecular mechanisms control the forma ...	2014	25283545
reporting social behaviours of mixed-species troops formed by callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata (primate, callitrichidae).	in new world primates, mixed-species troops have been reported. here, we analysed the performance of affiliative and agonistic behaviours of callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata living in mixed groups. for this purpose, we recorded the interaction of the individuals from two groups located in bauru city, in the state of são paulo (brazil). our data show that in both groups, affiliative behaviours appeared more frequently than agonistic ones. we concluded that there is cohesion inside th ...	2014	25296209
susceptible period of socio-emotional development affected by constant exposure to daylight.	as a diurnal experimental primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) has recently contributed to numerous kinds of studies of neurobiological psychiatry as an essential pre-clinical model. the marmoset matures sexually within one or two years after birth. thus, we can observe how the primate learns and develops psycho-cognitive functions through experiences in experimental environment for a much shorter period compared to that of humans. longer daylight exposure may affect psychological d ...	2015	25305341
nasal morphometry in marmosets: loss and redistribution of olfactory surface area.	the two major groups of primates differ in internal nasal anatomy. strepsirrhines (e.g., lemurs) have more numerous turbinals and recesses compared with haplorhines (e.g., monkeys). since detailed quantitative comparisons of nasal surface area (sa) have not been made, we measured mucosa in serially sectioned monkeys (callithrix jacchus, cebuella pygmaea). data were compared with previously published findings on the mouse lemur, microcebus murinus. the nasal airways were digitally reconstructed u ...	2014	25312367
individual variability in visual discrimination and reversal learning performance in common marmosets.	detailed information about the characteristics of learning behavior in marmosets is useful for future marmoset research. we trained 42 marmosets in visual discrimination and reversal learning. all marmosets could learn visual discrimination, and all but one could complete reversal learning, though some marmosets failed to touch the visual stimuli and were screened out. in 87% of measurements, the final percentage of correct responses was over 95%. we quantified performance with two measures: ons ...	2015	25315397
the complete mitochondrial genome of white-tufted-ear marmoset, callithrix jacchus (primates: callitrichinae).	the white-tufted-ear marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate that inhabits the coastal rainforests of eastern brazil. in the present work, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of white-tufted-ear marmoset for the first time. the total length of this mitogenome is 16,499 bp long, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes, and 1 non-coding region (d-loop region). the gene organization and arrangement is identical to typical verteb ...	2016	25329280
both parents respond equally to infant cues in the cooperatively breeding common marmoset, callithrix jacchus.	although there has been great interest in the evolutionary approach to cooperative breeding species, few studies actually directly compare fathers and mothers on their motivation to parent offspring. we tested the responsiveness of common marmoset mothers and fathers to vocal and olfactory cues from their own and other infants using a two-chamber test apparatus designed to evaluate responses in the absence of competition from other caregivers within the family. we tested parentally experienced m ...	2014	25342858
characterization of major histocompatibility complex class i allele polymorphisms in common marmosets.	currently, little information is available for major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-i that conditions the t-cell response of marmosets. in this study, 471 clones of mhc-i cdna sequences were isolated from 12 marmosets. twenty full-length sequences of class i g (caja-g) alleles were obtained from these marmosets, 15 of them were novel. among these 20 caja-g alleles, 10 were found in individual animals while the rests were in two to four marmosets, but none was common to all animals. ten marmose ...	2014	25355647
five-sixth nephrectomy in female common marmosets(callithrix jacchus) as a chronic renal failure model: -a longitudinal course of serum biochemical, hematological and histopathological changes-.	to assess the relevance and availability of subtotal nephrectomized common marmoset monkeys as a chronic renal failure (crf) model, we observed for 26 weeks the pathophysiological condition of female marmosets subjected to five-sixth surgical nephrectomy (5/6nx) by a two-step surgical method. the 5/6nx marmosets showed a significant increase in serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and cystatin-c immediately after 5/6nx surgery. these renal disorder parameters subsequently tended to decrease ...	2014	25378803
congenital malformation of the vaginal orifice, imperforate vagina, in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	the following is a report on a congenital vaginal malformation, imperforate vagina, in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). this anomaly was observed for the first time in an adult female in our research colony. there was no uterine and vaginal aplasia or atresia in her grossly normal genital tract. the plasma progesterone concentration suggested that the ovarian cycle had ceased. however, this may not be related to a functional anomaly, but rather to suppressed ovulation resulting from sub ...	2015	25391536
micromelic dysplasia-like syndrome in a captive colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	over several years, 0% to 5% of adolescent animals in a captive colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) showed severely bended arms and legs over several years. the animals showed no pain, discomfort, or altered behavior but were unable to stretch their distal limbs to their full extent. to characterize the lesion morphologically, the bones of 4 affected marmosets were compared macroscopically and radiographically with those of 6 unaffected animals. the deformities were characterized by ...	2014	25402180
dense understory and absence of capuchin monkeys (sapajus xanthosternos) predict higher density of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in the brazilian northeast.	understanding the effects of habitat structure and other environmental variables on the density of a species can help define its habitat preferences and key ecological determinants of population parameters. the present study evaluated the effects of fragment size, the presence of a key predator/competitor, the yellow-breasted capuchin (sapajus xanthosternos), primary productivity, the abundance of bromeliads, and habitat structure on the population density of the common marmoset (callithrix jacc ...	2015	25407393
behavioral adjustments by a small neotropical primate (callithrix jacchus) in a semiarid caatinga environment.	we provide the first information on the behavior of a small primate (callithrix jacchus) inhabiting a semiarid caatinga environment in northeastern brazil. we observed behavioral variations in response to temperature fluctuation throughout the day. due to the high temperatures, low precipitation, and resource scarcity in the caatinga, as well as the lack of physiological adaptations (e.g., a highly concentrated urine and a carotid rete to cool down the brain) of these primates, we expected that ...	2014	25431785
on-going elucidation of mechanisms of primate specific synaptic spine development using the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	recently, pathophysiology of human psychiatry originates from abnormal numbers of synapses/spines. there are generally two-types of development of spines from birth depending on species. one is, after birth, synaptogenesis occurs, and there is a clear peak of spines, and then rapidly pruning occurring, which are called "overshoot-type" of development of synapses/spines. primates including human belong to this type. in other type including rodents, even after a peak, general number of spines does ...	2015	25433092
presence of viral genome in urine and development of hematuria and pathological changes in kidneys in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) after inoculation with dengue virus.	common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) developed high levels of viremia, clinical signs including fever, weight loss, a decrease in activity and hematuria upon inoculation with dengue virus (denv). presence of denv genome in urine samples and pathological changes in kidneys were examined in the present study. levels of denv genome were determined in 228 urine samples from 20 primary denv-inoculated marmosets and in 56 urine samples from four secondary denv-inoculated marmosets. denv genome was de ...	2013	25437039
histopathological characterization of renal tubular and interstitial changes in 5/6 nephrectomized marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus).	common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) have become a useful animal model, particularly for development of biopharmaceuticals. while various renal failure models have been established in rodents, there is currently no acceptable model in marmosets. we analyzed the damaged renal tubules and tubulointerstitial changes (inflammation and fibrosis) of 5/6 nephrectomized (nx) common marmosets by histopathological/immunohistochemical methods, and compared these findings to those in 5/6 nx sd rats. in nx ...	2015	25446802
l-dopa-induced behavioral sensitization of motor activity in the mptp-treated common marmoset as a parkinson's disease model.	l-dopa is the gold standard for treatment of parkinson's disease (pd). however, the drug produces some serious side effects, including dyskinesia, which is characterized by repetitive involuntary movements-including chorea. in the present preclinical study using a nonhuman primate model, dyskinesia caused by repeated l-dopa administration was investigated in the context of behavioral sensitization by objectively quantifying motor activity in the common marmoset of pd model (the parkinsonian marm ...	2014	25449794
comparative analysis of developmentally regulated expressions of gadd45a, gadd45b, and gadd45g in the mouse and marmoset cerebral cortex.	the cerebral cortex is an indispensable region that is involved in higher cognitive function in the mammalian brain, and is particularly evolved in the primate brain. it has been demonstrated that cortical areas are formed by both innate and activity-dependent mechanisms. however, it remains unknown what molecular changes induce cortical expansion and complexity during primate evolution. active dna methylation/demethylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms that can modify gene expression via ...	2015	25450958
internal capsule stroke in the common marmoset.	white matter (wm) impairment and motor deficit after stroke are directly related. however, wm injury mechanisms and their relation to motor disturbances are still poorly understood. in humans, the anterior choroidal artery (acha) irrigates the internal capsule (ic), and stroke to this region can induce isolated motor impairment. the goal of this study was to analyze whether acha occlusion can injure the ic in the marmoset monkey. the vascular distribution of the marmoset brain was examined by co ...	2015	25453768
comparative experimental subcutaneous glanders and melioidosis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	glanders and melioidosis are caused by two distinct burkholderia species and have generally been considered to have similar disease progression. while both of these pathogens are hhs/cdc tier 1 agents, natural infection with both these pathogens is primarily through skin inoculation. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was used to compare disease following experimental subcutaneous challenge. acute, lethal disease was observed in marmosets following challenge with between 26 and 1.2 × 10(8) ...	2014	25477002
the cortical motor system of the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).	precise descriptions of the anatomical pathways that link different areas of the cerebral cortex are essential to the understanding of the sensorimotor and association processes that underlie human actions, and their impairment in pathological situations. many years of research in macaque monkeys have critically shaped how we currently think about cortical motor function in humans. however, it is important to obtain additional understanding about the homologies between cortical areas in human an ...	2015	25498953
the adenosine a2a receptor antagonist, istradefylline enhances the anti-parkinsonian activity of low doses of dopamine agonists in mptp-treated common marmosets.	the adenosine a2a receptor antagonist, istradefylline, enhances anti-parkinsonian activity in patients with advanced parkinson׳s disease (pd) already treated with combinations of l-dopa and dopamine agonist drugs but who are still exhibiting prolonged 'off' periods. in contrast, the effects of istradefylline on motor function when administered in combination with low dose dopamine agonist therapy in early pd are unknown. we now investigate whether istradefylline administered with a threshold dos ...	2015	25499739
angular momentum and arboreal stability in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	despite the importance that concepts of arboreal stability have in theories of primate locomotor evolution, we currently lack measures of balance performance during primate locomotion. we provide the first quantitative data on locomotor stability in an arboreal primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), predicting that primates should maximize arboreal stability by minimizing side-to-side angular momentum about the support (i.e., lsup ). if net lsup becomes excessive, the animal will be ...	2015	25523444
metabolome-wide association study of phenylalanine in plasma of common marmosets.	little systematic knowledge exists concerning the impacts of cumulative lifelong exposure, termed the exposome, on requirements for nutrients. phenylalanine (phe) is an essential dietary amino acid with an aromatic ring structure similar to endogenous metabolites, dietary compounds and environmental agents. excess plasma phe in genetic disease or nutritional deficiency of phe has adverse health consequences. in principle, structurally similar chemicals interfering with phe utilization could alte ...	2015	25526869
high fat diet decreases beneficial effects of estrogen on serotonin-related gene expression in marmosets.	the administration of estradiol-17β (e) to animal models after loss of ovarian steroid production has many beneficial effects on neural functions, particularly in the serotonin system in nonhuman primates (nhps). e also has anorexic effects, although the mechanism of action is not well defined. in the us, obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and blame is partially directed at the western style diet, which is high in fat and sugar. this study examined the interaction of e and diet in surgica ...	2015	25542371
transposition and its generalization in common marmosets.	whether animals use relational cues in transposition tests has long been considered a controversial issue. in the present study, we examined whether common marmosets could generalize relational responses to untrained stimulus pairs and further apply these generalizations to unknown shapes. the subjects were trained to perform simple discrimination tasks using a pair of stimuli. the stimuli differed in size, and the subjects were required to select the larger or smaller of the 2 sizes, depending ...	2014	25545979
formation of infectious dengue virus-antibody immune complex in vivo in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) after passive transfer of anti-dengue virus monoclonal antibodies and infection with dengue virus.	infection with a dengue virus (denv) serotype induces cross-reactive, weakly neutralizing antibodies to different dengue serotypes. it has been postulated that cross-reactive antibodies form a virus-antibody immune complex and enhance denv infection of fc gamma receptor (fcγr)-bearing cells. we determined whether infectious denv-antibody immune complex is formed in vivo in marmosets after passive transfer of denv-specific monoclonal antibody (mab) and denv inoculation and whether infectious denv ...	2014	25548383
non-invasive blood pressure measurement: values, problems and applicability in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus, c. j.) is an established primate model in biomedical research and for human-related diseases. monitoring of cardiovascular parameters including blood pressure (bp) is important for the health surveillance of these experimental animals and the quantification of diseases or pharmaceutical substances influencing bp. measurement guidelines for c. j. do not exist yet; therefore, the present study was carried out to establish a practicable protocol based on rec ...	2015	25552521
identification of mhc i class genes in two platyrrhini species.	the major histocompatibility complex is a diverse gene family that plays a crucial role in the adaptive immune system. in humans, the mhc class i genes consist of the classical loci of hla-a, -b, and -c, and the nonclassical loci hla-e, -f, and -g. in platyrrhini species, few mhc class i genes have been described so far and were classified as mhc-e, mhc-f, and mhc-g, with mhc-g possibly representing a classical mhc class i locus while there were arguments about the existence of the mhc-b locus i ...	2015	25573376
mini-atlas of the marmoset brain.	a mini-atlas of the brain is designed to help students and young researchers who are not familiar with neuroanatomy. in the mini-atlas, a limited number of important nuclei and fiber tracts are shown on a small number of brain sections from posterior end to the anterior end of the brain. the first mini-atlas was introduced for the rat brain (watson et al., 2010). here we present a mini-atlas of the common marmoset (callithrix jaccus), which is one of representative experimental primates for mode ...	2015	25573716
positron emission tomography imaging of the social brain of common marmosets.	positron emission tomography (pet) is a molecular imaging modality that can visualize functional neurochemical processes throughout the brain in the living condition, and is useful in bridging the gap between experimental animals and humans. we applied pet to common marmosets to study the brain mechanisms underlying social behaviors. common marmosets are known for their high level of sociality within a cooperative breeding system, which is rare among non-human primates, and they could represent ...	2015	25573717
the olfactory bulb and the number of its glomeruli in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	the olfactory system has been well studied in mammals such as mice and rats. however, few studies have focused on characterizing this system in diurnal primates that rely on their sense of smell to a lesser extent due to their ecological environment. in the present study, we determined the histological organization of the olfactory bulb in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). we then constructed 3-dimensional models of the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, and estimated the number of glomeru ...	2015	25573718
the spinal cord of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	the marmoset spinal cord possesses all the characteristic features of a typical mammalian spinal cord, but with some interesting variation in the levels of origin of the limb nerves. in our study nissl and chat sections of the each segment of the spinal cord in two marmosets (ma5 and ma8), we found that the spinal cord can be functionally and anatomically divided into six regions: the prebrachial region (c1 to c3); the brachial region (c4 to c8) - segments supplying the upper limb; the post-brac ...	2015	25575643
functional mapping of face-selective regions in the extrastriate visual cortex of the marmoset.	the cerebral cortex of humans and macaques has specialized regions for processing faces and other visual stimulus categories. it is unknown whether a similar functional organization exists in new world monkeys, such as the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a species of growing interest as a primate model in neuroscience. to address this question, we measured selective neural responses in the brain of four awake marmosets trained to fix their gaze upon images of faces, bodies, objects, and co ...	2015	25609630
gene expression ontogeny of spermatogenesis in the marmoset uncovers primate characteristics during testicular development.	mammalian spermatogenesis has been investigated extensively in rodents and a strictly controlled developmental process has been defined at cellular and molecular levels. in comparison, primate spermatogenesis has been far less well characterized. however, important differences between primate and rodent spermatogenesis are emerging so it is not always accurate to extrapolate findings in rodents to primate systems. here, we performed an extensive immunofluorescence study of spermatogenesis in neo ...	2015	25624265
high emotional reactivity toward an experimenter affects participation, but not performance, in cognitive tests with common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	when testing primates with cognitive tasks, it is usually not considered that subjects differ markedly in terms of emotional reactivity toward the experimenter, which potentially affects a subject's cognitive performance. we addressed this issue in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), a monkey species in which males tend to show stronger emotional reactivity in testing situations, whereas females have been reported to outperform males in cognitive tasks. in a two-phase experiment, we first qua ...	2015	25636914
herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in two pet marmosets in japan.	an 8-month-old common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was presented with tic-like symptoms, and a 2-year-old pigmy marmoset (callithrix pygmaea) was presented with dyspnea and hypersalivation. both monkeys died within a few days, and necropsies were performed. histopathological examinations revealed ulcerative stomatitis with epithelial cell swelling and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the oral epithelium of both cases. in the central and peripheral nervous systems, neuronal cell deg ...	2014	25649955
development of a novel postnatal neurobehavioral scale for evaluation of common marmoset monkeys.	common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) monkeys when compared to rhesus macaques (macaca mullatta) present several advantages for disease modeling, especially transgenic initiatives, as they commonly give birth to twins, which increases sample size, have accelerated development and a shorter life span that facilitates the analysis of the onset of age-related diseases. yet, no tools are currently available to assess marmoset neurodevelopment during the initial first month of life. here we report the ...	2015	25676438
[morphological and functional diversity of retinal ganglion cells in the common marmoset].	retinal ganglion cells are projecting neurons that send visual information from the retina to the brain. they generate different patterns of action potentials in response to different kinds of visual information. in the retinas of mammals such as mice or rabbits, there are functionally and morphologically diverse retinal ganglion cells. however, in the primate retina, midget and parasol cells are believed to be dominant, and show less diversity. in this study, we performed organotypic culture of ...	2015	25681364
prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset.	genetically modified mice have contributed much to studies in the life sciences. in some research fields, however, mouse models are insufficient for analyzing the molecular mechanisms of pathology or as disease models. often, genetically modified non-human primate (nhp) models are desired, as they are more similar to human physiology, morphology, and anatomy. recent progress in studies of the reproductive biology in nhps has enabled the introduction of exogenous genes into nhp genomes or the alt ...	2015	25683291
the marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience.	the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) has been valuable as a primate model in biomedical research. interest in this species has grown recently, in part due to the successful demonstration of transgenic marmosets. here we examine the prospects of the marmoset model for visual neuroscience research, adopting a comparative framework to place the marmoset within a broader evolutionary context. the marmoset's small brain bears most of the organizational features of other primates, and its smooth s ...	2015	25683292
critical estradiol dose optimization for oocyte in vitro maturation in the common marmoset.	the aim of the present study was to critically evaluate the effect of different concentrations of estradiol (e2) during ivm of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) oocytes from antral follicles. the doses tested were 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 μg/ml e2 (referred to as 0 e2, 0.1 e2, 1 e2, and 10 e2 groups). after a preincubation, the concentration of e2 in ivm drops under oil was approximately 20% of the amount added (0.02; 0.2 and 1.9 μg/ml, respectively) because of absorption into the oil. oocyte progres ...	2015	25720580
hyperhexosemia-induced retinal vascular pathology in a novel primate model of diabetic retinopathy.	the paucity of animal models exhibiting full pathology of diabetic retinopathy (dr) has impeded understanding of the pathogenesis of dr and the development of therapeutic interventions. here, we investigated whether hyperhexosemic marmosets (callithrix jacchus) develop characteristic retinal vascular lesions including macular edema (me), a leading cause of vision loss in dr. marmosets maintained on 30% galactose (gal)-rich diet for 2 years were monitored for retinal vascular permeability, develo ...	2015	25732190
development of a modified artificial insemination technique combining penile vibration stimulation and the swim-up method in the common marmoset.	the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, is used as a new world monkey species in biomedical studies because of its small body size and good reproduction in captivity. a modified artificial insemination technique was developed in this species to encourage breeding of lines carrying interesting genes and traits. fresh semen was collected by penile vibratory stimulation. medium containing highly motile sperm was inseminated into the uterus using a catheter. seven females were inseminated using fre ...	2015	25732321
activation and deactivation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine by cytochrome p450 enzymes and flavin-containing monooxygenases in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	the potential proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp) induces parkinson-like syndromes in common marmosets, other primates, and humans. mptp is metabolically activated to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (mpdp(+) and mpp(+), respectively) by desaturation reactions. mptp is deactivated to 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (ptp) by n-demethylation and is also deactivated to mptp n-oxide. the roles of cytochrome p450 (p450) enz ...	2015	25735838
common marmosets show social plasticity and group-level similarity in personality.	the social environment influences animal personality on evolutionary and immediate time scales. however, studies of animal personality rarely assess the effects of the social environment, particularly in species that live in stable groups with individualized relationships. we assessed personality experimentally in 17 individuals of the common marmoset, living in four groups. we found their personality to be considerably modified by the social environment. marmosets exhibited relatively high plas ...	2015	25743581
purification and partial characterization of α1-proteinase inhibitor in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-pi) concentration has been to diagnose enteric protein loss in dogs and cats. chronic lymphocytic enteritis is commonly seen in the marmoset (callithrix jaccus) and is characterized by hypoalbuminemia. as a prelude to immunoassay development for detecting enteric protein loss, marmoset serum α1-pi was purified using immunoaffinity chromatography and ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography. partial characterization was performed by reducing gel electrophoresis ...	2015	25745866
isolation and identification of cultivable bifidobacterium spp. from the faeces of 5 baby common marmosets (callithrix jacchus l.).	ninety-two bifidobacterial strains were obtained from the faeces of 5 baby common marmosets, three known species bifidobacterium aesculapii, bifidobacterium callithricos and bifidobacterium reuteri and 4 novel putative bifidobacterial species were retrieved. the occurrence of bifidobacteria in non-human primate babies is described for the first time.	2015	25746741
analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus in dichromatic and trichromatic marmosets.	marmosets are diurnal new world monkeys that show sex-linked cone photopigment polymorphism, whereby all males and some females are dichromats ("red-green colorblind"), but most females show trichromatic color vision. here we asked whether trichromats express chromatic-specific circuitry in the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn). the volume of parvocellular (p), magnocellular (m), and koniocellular (k) layers was calculated in nissl-stained sections from the lgn of adult marmosets (callithrix jacc ...	2015	25753496
an experimental model for exudative age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization using the common marmoset.	this study aimed to establish an experimental exudative age-related macular degeneration (amd) model in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), which is a small new world monkey. choroidal neovascularization (cnv) was induced by laser irradiation on the left eye of each animal under anesthesia. eight laser spots were applied around the macular area using the image-guided laser system (532 nm) attached with micron iii at 650 mw-2,000 mw power. laser pulse duration and spot size were fixed at 10 ...	2015	25760220
non-viral generation of marmoset monkey ips cells by a six-factor-in-one-vector approach.	groundbreaking studies showed that differentiated somatic cells of mouse and human origin could be reverted to a stable pluripotent state by the ectopic expression of only four proteins. the resulting pluripotent cells, called induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells, could be an alternative to embryonic stem cells, which are under continuous ethical debate. hence, ips cell-derived functional cells such as neurons may become the key for an effective treatment of currently incurable degenerative dise ...	2015	25785453
marmoset cytochrome p450 2d8 in livers and small intestines metabolizes typical human p450 2d6 substrates, metoprolol, bufuralol and dextromethorphan.	1. although the new world non-human primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), is a potentially useful animal model, comprehensive understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes is insufficient. 2. a cdna encoding a novel cytochrome p450 (p450) 2d8 was identified in marmosets. the amino acid sequence deduced from p450 2d8 cdna showed a high sequence identity (83-86%) with other primate p450 2ds. phylogenetic analysis showed that marmoset p450 2d8 was closely clustered with human p450 2d6, un ...	2015	25801057
the serotonin 5-ht₁a receptor agonist tandospirone improves executive function in common marmosets.	previous pilot clinical studies have shown that the serotonin 5-ht1a receptor agonist tandospirone has beneficial effect on cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. in the present study, we evaluated the cognitive efficacy of tandospirone, given alone or in combination with the antipsychotic blonanserin, risperidone or haloperidol, on executive function in marmosets using the object retrieval with detour (ord) task. treatment with tandospirone alone at 20 and 40 mg/kg increased the numb ...	2015	25804359
expression of bioactive callithrix jacchus follicle-stimulating hormone in pichia pastoris.	callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is a new world primate monkey, used as an animal model in biomedical research. marmoset-specific follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) preparation is required to improve superovulation protocols and to develop homologous fsh monitoring assays in these monkeys. in this study, we document the large-scale expression of recombinant marmoset fsh in methylotropic yeast, pichia pastoris. the recombinant preparation was found to be immunologically active in western blot ...	2015	25805018
noninvasive genotyping of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) by fingernail pcr.	the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate that is a useful model for medical studies. in this study, we report a convenient, reliable, and noninvasive procedure to genotype a living common marmoset by using fingernails. this method was used to successfully genotype dna by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) pcr without prior purification, by using the kod fx pcr enzyme kit. additionally, there is no sample contamination from hematopoietic chimera derived from fu ...	2015	25805040
proteomic analysis of cerebellum in common marmoset exposed to methylmercury.	the cerebellum is known as the major target regions of methylmercury (mehg) toxicity, but the mechanisms are still not fully understood. we studied the effects of mehg exposure in the cerebellum of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) using a shotgun proteomic approach with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. a total of 1000 common proteins were identified in all samples, and 102 proteins were significantly differentially expressed in the cerebellum of common marmoset with orally ...	2015	25809596
developmental expression patterns of chemokines cxcl11, cxcl12 and their receptor cxcr7 in testes of common marmoset and human.	the chemokine receptor cxcr7 interacts with the chemokines cxcl11 and cxcl12. during development, this ligand receptor system (c-x-c) provokes cell-type-specific responses in terms of migration, adhesion or ligand sequestration. it is active in zebrafish and rodents but no data are available for its presence or function in primate testes. real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed in monkeys to detect cxcl11, cxcl12 and cxcr7. at the protein level, cxcl12 and cxcr7 were local ...	2015	25810367
cognitive bias, hand preference and welfare of common marmosets.	common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) have hand preferences for grasping pieces of food and holding them while eating and these are stable throughout adult life. we report here that left-handed marmosets have negative cognitive bias compared to right-handed marmosets. twelve marmosets were trained to expect a food reward from a bowl with a black lid and not from one with a white lid, or vice versa. in probe tests with ambiguous, grey-lidded bowls a left-handed group (n=7) were less likely to rem ...	2015	25813746
current models of the marmoset brain.	since the availability of the common marmoset monkey as a primate model in neuroscience research has recently increased, much effort has been made to develop a reliable guide of the brain structures of this species. in this article, we review the development of the marmoset brain atlas and discuss a newly developed brain model, which was reconstructed from histological sections under volume-rendering technology. this kind of brain model allows virtual sections to be constructed on any axis, with ...	2015	25817023
brain/minds: brain-mapping project in japan.	there is an emerging interest in brain-mapping projects in countries across the world, including the usa, europe, australia and china. in 2014, japan started a brain-mapping project called brain mapping by integrated neurotechnologies for disease studies (brain/minds). brain/minds aims to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain, and takes advantage of a unique non-human primate animal model, the common marmoset (callithr ...	2015	25823872
take the monkey and run.	the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a small, new world primate that is used extensively in biomedical and behavioral research. this short-lived primate, with its small body size, ease of handling, and docile temperament, has emerged as a valuable model for aging and neurodegenerative research. a growing body of research has indicated exercise, aerobic exercise especially, imparts beneficial effects to normal aging. understanding the mechanisms underlying these positive effects of exercis ...	2015	25835199
body weight-associated differences in ovarian morphology in captive common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	in captivity, callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is on average heavier than their wild-living counterparts, and has a tendency to produce triplet litters rather than the normal twins. to provide initial basic information about possible weight-related differences among the ovaries, a morphometric study of follicular phase ovaries from 48 young adult marmosets has been carried out. nearly 90% of these ovaries were found to contain some degree of luteal tissue composed of large and/or small cells ...	2015	25842250
measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(2&3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(2&3) by tandem mass spectrometry: a primate multispecies comparison.	vitamin d metabolites are widely studied for their roles in bone health, immune functions, and other potential physiologic roles in humans. however, the optimal blood levels of vitamin d metabolites are still unclear. various methods for measuring vitamin d metabolites have been used and recently liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (lc-ms/ms) has been adopted as the gold standard for vitamin d metabolite measurement. here, we report the use of lc-ms/ms to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin d ( ...	2015	25845705
substrate selectivities and catalytic activities of marmoset liver cytochrome p450 2a6 differed from those of human p450 2a6.	the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a new world primate species, is potentially a useful animal model for preclinical studies in drug development. however, cytochrome p450 (p450) enzymes have not been fully identified and characterized in marmosets. in this study, we identified p450 2a6 cdna with the sequence highly identical (91-94%) to human p450 2a6, 2a7, and 2a13 cdna and cynomolgus monkey p450 2a23, 2a24, and 2a26 cdna. among the tissue types examined, marmoset p450 2a6 mrna was most ...	2015	25858611
use of the common marmoset to study burkholderia mallei infection.	burkholderia mallei is a host-adapted bacterium that does not persist outside of its equine reservoir. the organism causes the zoonosis glanders, which is endemic in asia, africa, the middle east and south america. infection by b. mallei typically occurs via the respiratory or percutaneous route, and the most common manifestations are life-threatening pneumonia and bacteremia. glanders is difficult to diagnose and requires prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. there is no vaccine ...	2015	25860021
motion dependence of smooth pursuit eye movements in the marmoset.	smooth pursuit eye movements stabilize slow-moving objects on the retina by matching eye velocity with target velocity. two critical components are required to generate smooth pursuit: first, because it is a voluntary eye movement, the subject must select a target to pursue to engage the tracking system; and second, generating smooth pursuit requires a moving stimulus. we examined whether this behavior also exists in the common marmoset, a new world primate that is increasingly attracting attent ...	2015	25867740
the role of inhibition in a computational model of an auditory cortical neuron during the encoding of temporal information.	in auditory cortex, temporal information within a sound is represented by two complementary neural codes: a temporal representation based on stimulus-locked firing and a rate representation, where discharge rate co-varies with the timing between acoustic events but lacks a stimulus-synchronized response. using a computational neuronal model, we find that stimulus-locked responses are generated when sound-evoked excitation is combined with strong, delayed inhibition. in contrast to this, a non-sy ...	2015	25879843
opposite effects of male and female helpers on social tolerance and proactive prosociality in callitrichid family groups.	across a broad variety of primate species (including lemurs, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, and apes), proactive prosociality and social tolerance are linked to allomaternal care, reaching the highest levels in the cooperatively breeding callitrichid monkeys and humans. however, considerable variation exists within callitrichids, and the aim of this study was to identify factors that explain this variation. male and female callitrichids pursue different reproductive strategies, leading ma ...	2015	25881136
vocal turn-taking in a non-human primate is learned during ontogeny.	conversational turn-taking is an integral part of language development, as it reflects a confluence of social factors that mitigate communication. humans coordinate the timing of speech based on the behaviour of another speaker, a behaviour that is learned during infancy. while adults in several primate species engage in vocal turn-taking, the degree to which similar learning processes underlie its development in these non-human species or are unique to language is not clear. we recorded the nat ...	2015	25904663
molecular characterization, polymorphism, and association of porcine gadd45g gene.	growth arrest and dna-damage-inducible gamma (gadd45g) is a reproduction related gene. in this study, the full-length cdna sequence of porcine gadd45g gene was cloned through rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. the porcine gadd45g gene encodes a protein of 159 amino acids that shares high homology with the gadd45g of nine species: chimpanzee (97%), sumatran orangutan (97%), white-tufted-ear marmoset (97%), northern white-cheeked gibbon (97%), cattle (97%), human (97%), rhesus monkey ...	2015	25927170
characterization of long-term motor deficits in the 6-ohda model of parkinson's disease in the common marmoset.	research aimed at developing new therapies for parkinson's disease (pd) critically depend on valid animal models of the disease that allows for repeated testing of motor disabilities over extended time periods. we here present an extensive characterization of a wide range of motor symptoms in the 6-ohda marmoset model of pd when tested over several months. the severity of motor deficits was quantified in two ways: (i) through manual scoring protocols appropriately adapted to include species spec ...	2015	25934488
preclinical study of novel gene silencer pyrrole-imidazole polyamide targeting human tgf-β1 promoter for hypertrophic scars in a common marmoset primate model.	we report a preclinical study of a pyrrole-imidazole (pi) polyamide that targets the human transforming growth factor (htgf)-β1 gene as a novel transcriptional gene silencer in a common marmoset primate model. we designed and then synthesized pi polyamides to target the htgf-β1 promoter. we examined effects of seven pi polyamides (gb1101-1107) on the expression of htgf-β1 mrna stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) in human vascular smooth muscle cells. gb1101, gb1105 and gb1106 s ...	2015	25938472
a sterilizing tuberculosis treatment regimen is associated with faster clearance of bacteria in cavitary lesions in marmosets.	shortening the lengthy treatment duration for tuberculosis patients is a major goal of current drug development efforts. the common marmoset develops human-like disease pathology and offers an attractive model to better understand the basis for relapse and test regimens for effective shorter duration therapy. we treated mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected marmosets with two drug regimens known to differ in their relapse rates in human clinical trials: the standard four-drug combination of isonia ...	2015	25941223
pandemic swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus replicates to higher levels and induces more fever and acute inflammatory cytokines in cynomolgus versus rhesus monkeys and can replicate in common marmosets.	the close immunological and physiological resemblance with humans makes non-human primates a valuable model for studying influenza virus pathogenesis and immunity and vaccine efficacy against infection. although both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are frequently used in influenza virus research, a direct comparison of susceptibility to infection and disease has not yet been performed. in the current study a head-to-head comparison was made between these species, by using a recently described swi ...	2015	25946071
higher-order repeat structure in alpha satellite dna occurs in new world monkeys and is not confined to hominoids.	centromeres usually contain large amounts of tandem repeat dna. alpha satellite dna (as) is the most abundant tandem repeat dna found in the centromeres of simian primates. the as of humans contains sequences organized into higher-order repeat (hor) structures, which are tandem arrays of larger repeat units consisting of multiple basic repeat units. hor-carrying as also occurs in other hominoids, but results reported to date for phylogenetically more remote taxa have been negative. here we show ...	2015	25974220
common marmoset cd117+ hematopoietic cells possess multipotency.	analysis of the hematopoiesis of non-human primates is important to clarify the evolution of primate-specific hematopoiesis and immune regulation. however, the engraftment and development of the primate hematopoietic system are well-documented only in humans and are not clear in non-human primates. callithrix jacchus (common marmoset, cm) is a new world monkey with a high rate of pregnancy and small size that lives in closed colonies. as stem cell factor (scf) is an essential molecule for hemato ...	2015	25977306
multipotent stromal cells derived from common marmoset callithrix jacchus within alginate 3d environment: effect of cryopreservation procedures.	multipotent stromal cells derived from the common marmoset monkey callithrix jacchus (cjmscs) possess high phylogenetic similarity to humans, with a great potential for preclinical studies in the field of regenerative medicine. safe and effective long-term storage of cells is of great significance to clinical and research applications. encapsulation of such cell types within alginate beads that can mimic an extra-cellular matrix and provide a supportive environment for cells during cryopreservat ...	2015	25980899
muscle contractile properties as an explanation of the higher mean power output in marmosets than humans during jumping.	the muscle mass-specific mean power output (pmms,mean) during push-off in jumping in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) is more than twice that in humans. in the present study it was tested whether this is attributable to differences in muscle contractile properties. in biopsies of marmoset m. vastus lateralis (vl) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (gm) (n=4), fibre-type distribution was assessed using fluorescent immunohistochemistry. in single fibres from four marmoset and nine human vl biopsies, the ...	2015	25987730
the primate autoimmune encephalomyelitis model; a bridge between mouse and man.	multiple sclerosis (ms) is an enigmatic autoimmune-driven inflammatory/demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (cns), affecting brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. the cause of the disease is not known and the number of effective treatments is limited. despite some clear successes, translation of immunological discoveries in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model into effective therapies for ms patients has been difficult. this translation gap between ...	2015	26000330
voxel-based morphometry of the marmoset brain: in vivo detection of volume loss in the substantia nigra of the mptp-treated parkinson's disease model.	movement dysfunction in parkinson's disease (pd) is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic (da) neurons in the substantia nigra (sn). here, we established a method for voxel-based morphometry (vbm) and automatic tissue segmentation of the marmoset monkey brain using a 7-t animal scanner and applied the method to assess da degeneration in a pd model, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-treated animals, with tyrosine-hydroxylase staining. the most significant decreases of local ...	2015	26012491
allogeneic neural stem/progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cells promote functional recovery after transplantation into injured spinal cord of nonhuman primates.	: previous studies have demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells (ns/pcs) promote functional recovery in rodent animal models of spinal cord injury (sci). because distinct differences exist in the neuroanatomy and immunological responses between rodents and primates, it is critical to determine the effectiveness and safety of allografted embryonic stem cell (esc)-derived ns/pcs (esc-ns/pcs) in a nonhuman primate sci model. in the present study, common marmoset esc-ns/pcs were grafted into ...	2015	26019226
behavioral and neurophysiological effects of ro 10-5824, a dopamine d4 receptor partial agonist, in common marmosets.	growing evidence suggests that dopamine d4 receptors (d4rs) are involved in controlling executive functions. we have previously demonstrated that ro 10-5824, a d4r partial agonist, improves the performance of common marmosets in the object retrieval detour (ord) task. however, the neural mechanisms underlying this improvement are unknown.	2015	26041337
magnetic resonance imaging of the common marmoset head.		2015	26042350
advantages and risks of husbandry and housing changes to improve animal wellbeing in a breeding colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	between 1975 and 2014, housing conditions for laboratory-housed marmosets changed dramatically after the introduction of new guidelines designed to improve their care and wellbeing. according to these guidelines, our facility provided marmosets with outside enclosures, switched to deep litter as bedding material, and discontinued the use of disinfectant agents in animal enclosures. however, both deep litter and access to outside enclosures hypothetically increase the risk of potential exposure t ...	2015	26045452
parturition signaling by visual cues in female marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	new world monkeys have polymorphic color vision, in which all males and some females are dichromats, while most females are trichromats. there is little consensus about which selective pressures fashioned primate color vision, although detection of food, mates and predators has been hypothesized. behavioral evidence shows that males from different species of neotropical primates seem to perceive the timing of female conception and gestation, although, no signals fulfilling this function have bee ...	2015	26047350
comparative analysis of meissner's corpuscles in the fingertips of primates.	meissner's corpuscles (mcs) are tactile mechanoreceptors found in the glabrous skin of primates, including fingertips. these receptors are characterized by sensitivity to light touch, and therefore might be associated with the evolution of manipulative abilities of the hands in primates. we examined mcs in different primate species, including common marmoset (callithrix jacchus, n = 5), baboon (papio anubis, n = 2), rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta, n = 3), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, n = 3), bon ...	2015	26053332
filamentous fungi isolated from the fur microbiota of callitrichids kept in captivity in brazil.	this study aimed to isolate filamentous fungi from the fur of primates of the genus callithrix kept in the centre for rehabilitation of wild animals (crwa) at the tietê ecological park, são paulo, sp, brazil. samples of the fur of 19 specimens of black-tufted marmosets (callithrix penicillata) and 6 specimens of white-tufted-ear marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were obtained by the square carpet technique. the samples were plated on mycosel™ agar medium (difco™) and incubated at 25°c for 21 days. ...	2015	26056892