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current strategies for eradication of paratuberculosis and issues in public health.paratuberculosis is a regional chronic enteritis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). the first complete description of this disease was made in 1895, but previous reports on clinical cases compatible with this entity can already be found in the literature of early 1800s. its obvious similarities with tuberculosis gave it the name of paratuberculosis, although it was clearly recognized it was not the same entity as that caused by mammal tuberculosis mycobacteria. eradicat ...201121741709
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in children with early-onset crohn's disease: a longitudinal follow-up study. 201121744438
bovine pglyrp1 polymorphisms and their association with resistance to mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic, granulomatous inflammatory condition of the intestines in ruminants and wild-type species. it causes significant economic losses to the dairy and beef industries owing to reduced productivity, premature culling and mortality. bovine peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 is an important pattern recognition molecule that is capable of directly killing microorganisms. the goal of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphis ...201121749417
apa antigen of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as a target for species-specific immunodetection of the bacteria in infected tissues of cattle with paratuberculosis.comparative genomics of mycobacterium spp. have revealed conservative genes and respective proteins differently expressed in mycobacteria that could be used as targets for the species-specific immunodiagnostics. the alanine and proline-rich antigen apa is a mycobacterial protein that present significant variability in primary sequence length and composition between members of m. avium and m. tuberculosis complexes. in this study, the recombinant apa protein encoded by the map1569/modd gene of m. ...201121752474
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and the etiology of crohn's disease: controversy resolution requires the patient perspective, not the clinician perspective. 201121766085
antibodies induced by lipoarabinomannan in bovines: characterization and effects on the interaction between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and macrophages in vitro.lipoarabinomannan (lam) is a major glycolipidic antigen on the mycobacterial envelope. the aim of this study was to characterize the humoral immune response induced by immunization with a lam extract in bovines and to evaluate the role of the generated antibodies in the in vitro infection of macrophages with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). sera from fourteen calves immunized with lam extract or pbs emulsified in freund's incomplete adjuvant and from five paratuberculosis-infec ...201121772964
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a direct in situ pcr method.in situ detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is useful for diagnosis and research of paratuberculosis. the aim of this paper was to detect this agent in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by a direct in situ pcr. the technique was performed on ileum or ileocaecal lymph node samples from 8 naturally infected cattle and 1 healthy calf, by using p89 and p92 primers for amplification of is900 sequence. moderate positive signal was detected in all positive samples an ...201121772965
environmental contamination with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in endemically infected dairy herds.environmental contamination with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is thought to be one of the primary sources of infection for dairy cattle. the exact link between fecal shedding of map by individual cows and environmental contamination levels at the herd level was explored with a cross-sectional analysis of longitudinally collected samples on 3 dairy farms. composite samples from multiple environmental sites in 3 commercial dairy herds in the northeast us were cultured quarterl ...201121775002
leaching of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in soil under in vitro conditions.mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease, has a robust ability to survive in the environment. however, the ability of map to migrate through soil to drainage tiles or ground water, leave the farm, and leak into local watersheds is inadequately documented. in order to assess the ability of map to leach through soil, two laboratory experiments were conducted. in the first study, 8 columns (30 cm long each) of a sandy loam soil were treated with pure ...201121776350
the johne's paradigm: from detection to management to treatment. 201121778821
antimicrobial activity of gallium nitrate against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in neonatal calves.background: mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the agent of johne's disease in cattle, is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is dependent on ferric iron for its survival and replication. gallium (ga), a trivalent semimetal that shares many similarities with ferric iron and functions as an iron mimic has been shown to have in vitro antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms, including map. objectives: (1) to investigate the antimicrobial activity of ga in calves ...201121781171
immunological and pathological responses of red deer resistant or susceptible genotypes, to experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.this study aimed to monitor the clinical, immunological and pathological changes in red deer for 49 weeks after experimental oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and to assess the heritability of resistance in the offspring of two red stags. eighteen young deer, which were bred from unselected hinds and sired by two stags resistant (r) or susceptible (s) to paratuberculosis, were challenged with map and monitored for 49 weeks. biopsy samples of the jejunal lymph ...201121782254
diagnosis and molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from dairy cows in colombia.the objective of this study was the serological, bacteriological and molecular diagnosis, as well as the molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in adult cows of five colombian dairy herds. serum samples were tested by an indirect absorbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa-c). all fecal samples were tested by pooled culture. after that, fecal samples of map positive pools were tested individually by culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in on ...201121785685
bacteria in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.twin studies have demonstrated the importance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, but progress has been relatively slow in identifying these, with the exception of smoking, which is positively associated with crohn's disease and negatively associated with ulcerative colitis. genetic studies have identified risk alleles which are involved in host-bacterial interactions and the mucosal barrier, and evidence is building for a likely pathogenic role for change ...201121787349
short communication: refinement of genetic regions associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis tissue infection and tolerance to johne's disease.johne's disease is a highly transmissible bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map). the objective of this study was to refine the locus associated with map tissue infection and the locus associated with tolerance to johne's disease. using a genome-wide association analysis, single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with map tissue infection and tolerance to johne's disease on bos taurus autosome (bta)3 and bta15, respectively, have previously been identified. ...201121787960
diverse cytokine profile from mesenteric lymph node cells of cull cows severely affected with johne's disease.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease, is able to dampen or distort immune responses at the mucosal sites and co-exist with a massive infiltration of immune cells in the gastro-intestinal tract. knowledge of the mechanism how map subverts the immune response at the mucosal level in cattle is important for development of improved disease control strategies including new vaccines and diagnostic tests. in this study, 38 cull cows from herds infect ...201121795461
exploring the zoonotic potential of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis through comparative genomics.a comparative genomics approach was utilised to compare the genomes of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) isolated from early onset paediatric crohn's disease (cd) patients as well as johne's diseased animals. draft genome sequences were produced for map isolates derived from four cd patients, one ulcerative colitis (uc) patient, and two non-inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) control individuals using illumina sequencing, complemented by comparative genome hybridisation (cgh). m ...201121799786
prevalence of paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle in northern italy.paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) that affects multiple ruminant species causing important economic losses. therefore, control programmes at herd and regional levels have been established worldwide and prevalence estimates are needed for their implementation. although different herd-level prevalence estimations for paratuberculosis have been reported in europe, very few studies provided comparable and interpretable v ...201121807432
impaired dendritic cell proinflammatory cytokine production in psoriatic arthritis.objective: the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (psa) remains poorly understood. the underlying chronic inflammatory immune response is thought to be triggered by unknown environmental factors potentially arising from a defective immune function. an impaired acute inflammatory response by dendritic cells (dcs) might compromise the clearance of bacteria and predispose to chronic inflammation. methods: the cytokine production by dcs from healthy controls, rheumatoid arthritis, psa and psoriasis ...201121811995
investigation of bacterial and viral agents and immune status in behcet's disease patients from iran.aim:ôçé beh+ºet's disease (bd) is an autoimmune disorder associated with hla-b51 positivity. serologic/genomic findings have suggested microbes as possible causative agents and the geographical distribution suggests environmental influences. methods:ôçé we performed comparative analyses of 40 patients with bd or related symptoms not fulfilling bd criteria. patients originating from different regions of iran were tested by molecular/serological methods for human herpes viruses and parvovirus b19, ...201121816027
johne's disease in new zealand: the past, present and a glimpse into the future.abstract extract • johne's disease is endemic in cattle and sheep in new zealand and is spreading in farmed deer. • procedures for the control of johne's disease in new zealand have been sporadic and often ineffective. • characterisation of strains of mycobacterium paratuberculosis using molecular biological techniques have revealed two distinct strain types. one type has been found in cattle, goats and deer, and the other in sheep, goats and deer • vaccination has been identified as an importan ...200221838633
monoclonal antibodies bind a snp-sensitive epitope that is present uniquely in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.due to a close genetic relatedness, there is no known antibody that detects mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), which causes johne's disease in cattle and sheep, and does not cross-react with other m. avium subspecies. in the present study, a monoclonal antibody (mab; 17a12) was identified from mice immunized with a cell membrane fraction of map strain k-10. this antibody is 100% specific as it detected a 25-kda protein in all 29 map whole cell lysates, but did not bind to any ...201121845186
effect of vaccination and natural infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on specificity of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).to assess the effect of vaccination against paratuberculosis (johne's disease) on reactivity to diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (tb) in deer exposed to natural challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), and to investigate map infection as a factor in tb test cross-reactivity at the herd level.201121851298
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in skeletal muscle and blood of ewes from a sheep farm in new zealand.to determine whether viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is present in skeletal muscle and blood in ewes with and without johne's disease confirmed histologically.201121851301
Modification to histopathological lesion severity score in red deer (Cervus elaphus) affected by Johne's disease. 201121851306
paratuberculosis sero-status and milk production, scc and calving interval in irish dairy herds.the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of paratuberculosis sero-status on milk yield, fat, protein, somatic cell count and calving interval in irish dairy herds. serum from all animals over 12 months of age (n = 2,602) in 34 dairy herds was tested for antibodies to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using an elisa. herds were categorised by sero-status into positive, non-negative and negative, where a positive herd contained two or more positive cows, a non-negative h ...200921851733
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in naturally exposed dairy heifers and associated risk factors.an observational prospective study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) in naturally exposed dairy heifers. the study population consisted of heifers from 8 dairy herds in michigan participating in a map control demonstration project. ten heifers from 4 age groups (0 to 3, 4 to 6, 7 to 14, and 15 to 24 mo) were selected from each herd every 4 mo for 28 mo and tested for the presence of map by fecal culture (fc). ...201121854939
Effects of infectious young stock on results of certification, surveillance and control programmes for paratuberculosis in dairy herds.In many epidemiological models for paratuberculosis, it is assumed that infected young stock (<2 years of age) do not shed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) before adulthood. If this assumption were true, the effective separation of young stock from adult cattle (=2 years) would largely prevent postnatal infections, provided that uninfected adult cattle are highly resistant to infection. However, this assumption is in contrast with observed faecal shedding of MAP in young stock. ...201221856097
long-term survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples obtained from naturally infected cows and stored at -18°c and -70°c.the objective was to evaluate the survival of mycobacterium paratuberculosis (map) in naturally infected dairy cows feces under long periods of freezing at -18°c and -70°c. samples were collected from cows previously tested positive with serum elisa or fecal culture, or with clinical signs of johne's disease. samples were stored at -18°c and/or -70°c and recultured in herrold's egg yolk media every 3-6 months. a proportional odds mixed model was used for data analysis. sixty nine fecal samples w ...201121860811
Ovine paratuberculosis: a seroprevalence study in dairy flocks reared in the marche region, Italy.In order to fulfil the seroprevalence gap on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in ovine dairy farms of Marche region (central Italy), a stratified study was carried out on 2086 adult female sheep randomly chosen from 38 herds selected in Ancona and Macerata provinces. 73.7% flocks resulted infected by a commercial ELISA test (Pourquier, France), with a mean seroprevalence of 6.29% of sampled sheep in both provinces. A higher number of MAP seropositive ewes was recorded in the ...201121876850
evaluation of the in vitro activity of gallium nitrate against mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of various field isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) to gallium nitrate.201121879983
outcome of three commercial serum elisas and faecal detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in consecutive samples from a cattle herd with low prevalence of paratuberculosis (johne's disease).paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in ruminants is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). owing to the lack of accurate laboratory tests, diagnosis is challenging in subclinically infected cattle. to evaluate the long-term performance of serum elisas for the detection of paratuberculosis in a dairy herd with low map-prevalence, three investigations of all the cows and the consecutive testing of 33 cows suspected to be infected with map and 30 cows classified as map free wer ...201121884035
mycobacterium paratuberculosis and autism: is this a trigger?autism is a heterogeneous group of life-long neurologic problems that begin in childhood. success in efforts to understand and treat autism has been mostly elusive. the role of autoimmunity in autism has gained recognition both for associated systemic autoimmune disease and the presence of brain autoantibodies in autistic children and their family members. there is an acknowledged genetic susceptibility to autism--most notably allotypes of complement c4. c4 defects are associated with several au ...201121903338
evaluation of the immunogenicity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) stress-associated recombinant proteins.the aim of this study was to assess the humoral immune responses in map-infected and uninfected sheep against 27 map stress-associated recombinant proteins that were regulated in in vitro models of physiological stress. these include evaluation of 5 proteins, which were previously reported by gumber et al. (2009b), using serum samples from sheep with a wide range of disease stages. for purification of recombinant his-tagged proteins expressed as an insoluble protein, on-column refolding purifica ...201121920675
Effectiveness of combination of Mini-and Microsatellite loci to sub-type Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Italian type C isolates.Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis. The aim of our study was to combine Mini-and Microsatellite loci analysis in order to explore the effectiveness of this sub-typing method in a group of Map isolates. For this purpose, 84 Italian Type C Map isolates, each from a different cattle herd, were submitted to MIRU-Variable-Number Tandem-Repeats (VNTRs) typing and Short Sequence repeats (SSRs) sequencing. Moreover, the method was used to analy ...201121929793
bola-drb3 exon 2 mutations associated with paratuberculosis in cattle.a single nucleotide polymorphism at the antigen recognition site of the bovine leucocyte antigen (bola) drb3 gene was assessed in healthy and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) - infected cattle, in order to determine if there was a correlation between mutations and altered susceptibility to infection. of a sample of 200 animals, 19.6% were found to be infected with map. pcr - single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of the bola drb3 gene found 19 genotypes (16 in the he ...201121930402
Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats by cell mediated immune response, conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques.In the present study efficacy of single intradermal Johnin test, acid fast staining of faecal smear and IS 900 faecal polymerase chain reaction tests was evaluated in 200 goats for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Two hundred goats comprising 150 goats from an organised farm in Trichur district and 50 goats reared under field condition at farmers premise from Malappuram district of Kerala state formed the study population. Faecal smear from all the 200 goats was stained b ...201121956142
researching the role of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in the etiology of crohn's disease. 200821960887
Spatial differences in occurrence of paratuberculosis in Danish dairy herds and in control programme participation.Paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of economic importance to the cattle industry and a voluntary control programme is offered to Danish dairy farmers. Our objective was to evaluate spatial differences in both control programme participation and paratuberculosis prevalence in Denmark. The study included 4414 dairy herds: 1249 were participating in the control programme, and 1503 were tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Spatial differences were evaluate ...201221974816
involvement of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in tnf-α production from macrophage: possible link between map and immune response in crohn's disease. 201121990211
Estimation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Growth Parameters: Strain Characterization and Comparison of Methods.The growth rate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was assessed by different methods in 7H9 medium supplemented with OADC (oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, catalase), Tween 80, and mycobactin J. Generation times and maximum specific growth rates were determined by wet weight, turbidometric measurement, viable count, and quantitative PCR (ParaTB-Kuanti; F57 gene) for 8 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains (K10, 2E, 316F, 81, 445, 764, 22G, and OVICAP 49). Strain-to-strain difference ...201122003015
correlation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis counts in gastrointestinal tract, muscles of the diaphragm and the masseter of dairy cattle and potential risk for consumers.tissues of cattle intended for human consumption can be contaminated by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). although different studies attribute varying roles of map in crohn's disease progression it is thought that the exposure of humans to this bacterium should in any case be minimised. in this study, we have collected samples of intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, muscles of diaphragm (musculus diaphragma) and masseter muscles (musculus masseter) from twenty-five cows in a slaug ...201122015242
Evaluation of the risk of paratuberculosis in adult cows fed Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis DNA-positive or -negative colostrum as calves.To estimate the risk of subclinical Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in cows that ingested MAP DNA-positive raw colostrum as calves, compared with risk in cows that ingested MAP DNA-negative raw colostrum as calves.201122023123
epidemiology and economics of paratuberculosis.johne’s disease is the clinical manifestation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection and has become widespread since it was first observed in the united states in the early 1900s. map is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, and herds generally become infected by unknowingly purchasing infected animals. the economic losses from the disease are primarily due to decreased milk production, decreased weaning weights in nursing young stock, increased replacement costs ...201122023831
pathogenesis of paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis in ruminants is characterized by oral ingestion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), followed by a long incubation period during which time map is able to survive within the host’s macrophages. initially the infection is held in check by the host’s cell-mediated immune response, but gradually the host loses control of the infection. the infection incites a granulomatous inflammatory response in intestinal tissue and mesenteric lymph nodes, resulting in protein-l ...201122023832
Treatment and chemoprophylaxis for paratuberculosis.There is no definitive cure for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections, but several therapeutic agents may be used to alleviate clinical signs of Johne’s disease (JD) in ruminants of significant value. Treatment has to be maintained for the life of the animal and treated animals usually continue to shed MAP. No drugs are approved for treatment of JD in the United States; any drug use is “extra-label.” Isoniazid, rifampin, and clofazimine are most commonly used for treatment ...201122023833
Genetic susceptibility to paratuberculosis.Multiple studies indicate that host animal genetics play a role in susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. However, due to differences in methods used to define MAP-infected animals and controls and differences in methods of genetic analysis, there is as yet no clear consensus on the genes or markers to reliably define the MAP infection susceptibility of any animal species. Meta-analysis of combined studies and larger studies will help resolve the situation ...201122023834
paratuberculosis vaccination.one vaccine, mycopar, is licensed for use in us cattle. the vaccine reduces clinical disease and fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). the vaccine is indicated for use in herds with a high map infection prevalence or herds with limited resources for implementing paratuberculosis control measures. in heavily infected herds, a combination of vaccination and disease control measures can help protect susceptible young stock while reducing environmental burdens and limi ...201122023835
control of paratuberculosis in beef cattle.as with any susceptible livestock species, the key to control of paratuberculosis in beef cattle is to reduce exposure of the susceptible calves to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map)–contaminated feces. because beef calves remain with mature, potentially shedding cattle until weaning, control strategies are aimed at providing an environment with the least possible fecal burden and removing map shedders as soon as possible. testing and culling or separation may be more important in ...201122023837
control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds.control of johne’s disease in dairy herds involves 3 basic steps: prevent exposure of calves to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), identify and eliminate map-infected cows from the herd, and prevent entry of map-infected animals into the herd. tailoring jd control programs to each specific dairy requires education of the producer and a full understanding of his/her goals, objectives, and resources.201122023838
Paratuberculosis in captive and free-ranging wildlife.All ruminant species, exotic or domestic, captive or free-ranging, are susceptible to disease and death due to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Young ruminants are the most prone to infection through fecal-oral transmission. Fatal Johne’s disease cases have occurred in numerous zoologic hoofstock collections and thus MAP infection is of concern for an industry focused on conserving rare individual animals and their genetics. Diagnosis is best based on MAP detection by ...201122023840
food safety concerns regarding paratuberculosis.both ante mortem and post mortem contamination of foods of animal origin commonly occurs. food manufacturing practices fail to reliably kill mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) due to its innate resistance to heat and other physical factors. while medical science does not agree on the human health consequences of map exposure, this potentially zoonotic pathogen is found in a significant proportion of people with a disease bearing marked similarity to johne’s disease (ie, crohn’s di ...201122023841
Mediation of Host Immune Responses after Immunization of Neonatal Calves with a Heat-Killed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Vaccine.A major drawback of current whole-cell vaccines for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the interference with diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (TB) and paratuberculosis. The current study was designed to explore the effects of immunization with a heat-killed whole-cell vaccine (Mycopar) on diagnostic test performance and to characterize host immune responses to vaccination over a 12-month period. Neonatal dairy calves were assigned to treatment groups consisting of (i) control ...201122030370
high resolution melting pcr to differentiate mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis"cattle type" and "sheep type".in this study, we describe a novel hrm-pcr assay that clearly differentiates the two main types of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (cattle and sheep) based on the polymorphic variation of a previously described tandem repeat. this modern genotyping technique has several advantages over alternative methods, including cost, ease of use and rapidity.201222033498
association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ankra2 and cd180 genes with bovine respiratory disease and presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(1).the objective was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the ankra2 and cd180 genes are associated with incidence of bovine respiratory disease (brd) and presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in cattle. two independent populations were used. the first population (brd-affected; n = 90) was composed of 31 half-sib progeny, from a brahman × angus sire, that were treated for brd. untreated offspring from the sire were selected to serve as controls. the ...201122034997
Paratuberculosis control: a review with a focus on vaccination.ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection causes in ruminants a regional chronic enteritis that is increasingly being recognized as a significant problem affecting animal health, farming and the food industry due to the high prevalence of the disease and to recent research data strengthening the link between the pathogen and human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Control of the infection through hygiene-management measures and test and culling of positive animals has ...201122035107
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in wildlife on three deer farms with a history of Johne's disease.To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection in wildlife, in pastoral landscapes with a recent history of clinical Johne's disease in livestock.201122040334
antibodies recognizing mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis epitopes cross-react with the beta-cell antigen znt8 in sardinian type 1 diabetic patients.the environmental factors at play in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (t1d) remain enigmatic. mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is transmitted from dairy herds to humans through food contamination. map causes an asymptomatic infection that is highly prevalent in sardinian t1d patients compared with type 2 diabetes (t2d) and healthy controls. moreover, map elicits humoral responses against several mycobacterial proteins. we asked whether antibodies (abs) against one of thes ...201122046415
[possible association between mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection and crohn's disease].paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of animals caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), which has some pathological features similar to crohn's disease (cd) in humans. the presence of map in food for human consumption and in affected tissues of patients with cd has been detected. therefore, a causal association between this microorganism and the disease in humans, has been postulated. however, several related studies have failed to confirm this hypothesis and the ...201122051762
culture and molecular method for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and dairy products.a combined molecular and cultural method for the detection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was developed and tested with artificially contaminated milk and dairy products. results indicate that the method can be used for a reliable detection as a basis for first risk assessments.201222057864
altered patterns of toll-like receptor gene expression in cull cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.johne's disease caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic enteric disease of cattle. the mechanism how map can co-exist in the gastro-intestinal tract despite a massive infiltration of immune cells is not known. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are known to play an important role in both innate and acquired immune responses but it is unclear what role different tlrs play in response to map. in this study, 38 cull cows from herds infected with map were classified into fo ...201122078656
immunogenicity of eight mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific antigens in dna vaccinated and map infected mice.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the etiological agent of chronic enteritis of the small intestine in domestic and wild ruminants, causes substantial losses to livestock industry. control of this disease is seriously hampered by the lack of adequate diagnostic tools and vaccines. here we report on the immunogenicity of eight map specific antigens, i.e. map1693c, ag3, map2677c (identified by post-genomic and immunoproteomic analysis of map secretome) and ag5, ag6, map1637c, map0 ...201122088673
high-resolution melting for analysis of short sequence repeats in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.analysis of micro- and minisatellite loci is widely used in sub-typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. microsatellite (short sequence repeat, ssr) loci have shown highest discriminatory power, but direct sequencing of amplicons is required for correct assignment of the repeat number. we developed an alternative method to sequencing, focusing on the ssr8 locus (constituted by ggt triplets from three to six repeats). the approach is based on asymmetric quantitative pcr, followed by ...201122092714
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis attenuated mutants against challenge in a mouse model.johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), results in serious economic losses worldwide especially in cattle, sheep and goats. to control the impact of jd on the animal industry, an effective vaccine with minimal adverse effects is urgently required. in order to develop an effective vaccine, we used allelic exchange to construct three mutant map strains, leud, mpt64 and seca2. the mutants were attenuated in a murine model and induced cytokine responses in ...201122107851
expression of a gene encoding 34.9?kda ppe antigen of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in e. coli.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) contains ppe family antigens which are proline and glutamic acid rich and may play important role as t cell antigens. hence the identification and generation of antigens are necessary for immunological characterization. in the present study, the epitopic region of a unique ppe gene encoding 34.9?kda protein from map was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. the gene was cloned into escherichia coli vector pqe30 ua. the recombinant plasmid desig ...201022110958
[new vaccine for paratuberculosis reduces fecal shedding]. 201122111420
where are the weapons of mass destruction − the mycobacterium paratuberculosis in crohn's disease? 201122115388
novel mycobacteria antigen 85 complex binding motif on fibronectin.the members of the antigen 85 protein family (ag85), consisting of members ag85a, ag85b, and ag85c, are the predominantly secreted proteins of mycobacteria and possess the ability to specifically interact with fibronectin (fn). because fn-binding proteins are likely to be important virulence factors of mycobacterium spp., ag85 may contribute to the adherence, invasion, and dissemination of organisms in host tissue. in this study, we reported the fn binding affinity of ag85a, ag85b, and ag85c fro ...201122128161
intestinal infection following aerosol challenge of calves with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.abstract: a challenge experiment was performed to investigate whether administration of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) via the respiratory route leads to map infection in calves. eighteen calves from test negative dams were randomly allocated to four groups. six calves were challenged with map nasally and six calves were challenged by transtracheal injection; three orally challenged calves served as positive controls, and three non challenged calves as negative controls. the c ...201122136728
suspicion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transmission between cattle and wild-living red deer (cervus elaphus) by multi target genotyping.for epidemiological tracing of paratuberculosis (johne's disease), multi-target genotyping of the etiologic agent mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is necessary. the study was undertaken to assess the informative value of different typing techniques and individual genome markers by investigation of map transmission between wild-living red deer and farmed cattle with known shared habitats.53 map-type-ii-isolates were differentiated by short-sequence repeat (ssr, 4 loci)-, mycobact ...201122179249
characterization of the long-term immune response to vaccination against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in danish dairy cows.vaccination of cattle against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) provides partial protection by delayed shedding of map and reduced numbers of clinically affected animals. the duration of vaccine induced immune response is not known. the primary objective of this study was therefore to characterize the long-term effect of whole-cell based vaccination against map on the immune response. a secondary objective was to evaluate whether immunodiagnosis of map and mycobacterium bovis inf ...201122188784
crohn's disease and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: the need for a study is long overdue.the initial suggestion that mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) might be involved in the pathogenesis of crohn's disease (cd) was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with cd with those present in cattle infected with map, the etiological agent of johne's disease (jd). recent investigations have now revealed the presence of map or map dna in blood or lesions from adults and children with cd. of special interest, map has also been found in patient ...201122209202
risk factors associated with transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to calves within dairy herd: a systematic review.paratuberculosis has a worldwide distribution and many countries have implemented control programs to prevent transmission among and within herds. for these programs to be efficient, knowledge of the risk factors involved in transmission is essential.201222211394
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at a regional scale in germany.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causal agent of johne's disease in dairy cattle. genotyping of map is useful to gain a better understanding of the origin of infection, to evaluate regional control programs, to improve diagnostics, and to develop vaccines. in this study 91 map isolates mainly from symptomatic dairy cattle in rhineland-palatinate (rp, germany), its neighbor federal states, and luxembourg were genotyped using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-vari ...201222217908
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn's regional ileitis: how strong is association?mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a well-established etiological agent of johne's disease in animals. in humans, similar clinical condition, first described by crohn as regional ileitis in 1932, now known as crohn's diseases (cd), has also been associated with this mycobacterial species. however, there are two schools of thoughts, one favoring map as its etiological agent while the second considers it as an immune-inflammatory condition triggered by an external factor. onset o ...201122219557
expression of genes associated with the antigen presentation and processing pathway are consistently regulated in early mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.the primary objective of this study was to evaluate early gene expression profiles associated with paratuberculosis in cattle exposed to known infectious doses of mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis (map). a johne's disease experimental infection field trial was conducted on a mixed population of holstein and holstein red cattle. blood samples from four map exposed and four unexposed cattle, selected based on ifnγ expressions were taken at 9, 13 and 21 weeks and rna processed to aff ...201222239946
crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a quarter century later. causation or simple association?it has been more than 25 years since mycobacterium paratuberculosis was first proposed as an etiologic agent in crohn's disease based on the isolation of this organism from several patients. since that time, a great deal of information has been accumulated that clearly establishes an association between m. paratuberculosis and crohn's disease. however, data are conflicting and difficult to interpret and the field has become divided into committed advocates and confirmed skeptics. this review is ...201222242906
occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk at dairy cattle farms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in milk for human consumption is a concern due to its possible relationship with crohn's disease in humans. pasteurization effectively reduces the map load by four to five logs, but the efficacy depends on the map concentration, which depends on the prevalence among contributing herds and individuals. considerable variation of map in bulk tank milk (btm) and individual cow's milk (im) is reported, but factors associated with map occur ...201122245166
are mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and epstein-barr virus triggers of multiple sclerosis in sardinia?sardinia acts as an ideal setting for multiple sclerosis (ms) studies because its prevalence of ms is one of the highest worldwide. several pathogens have been investigated amongst 119 sardinian ms patients and 117 healthy controls to determine whether they might have a role in triggering ms in genetically predisposed individuals. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and epstein barr virus dna were detected in 27.5% and 17.3%, respectively, of the ms patients. moreover an extremely ...201222261119
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in italy: commensal or emerging human pathogen?specific bacterial infections or alterations of the gut microbiota likely trigger immuno-pathological phenomena associated with crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a candidate etiological agent of crohn's disease. definitive causal connection between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and crohn's disease has not been demonstrated.201222285147
induction of matrix metalloproteinases and tlr2 and 6 in murine colon after oral exposure to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is suspected to be a causative agent in crohn's disease. recent evidence suggests that map can induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), which are the main proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal ulcerations in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). within the present study, we analysed whether oral map exposure can induce colonic mmp expression in vivo. in map exposed mice map and spheroplasts were visualized in intramucosal leu ...201222289202
identification and characterization of a spore-like morphotype in chronically starved mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultures.mycobacteria are able to enter into a state of non-replication or dormancy, which may result in their chronic persistence in soil, aquatic environments, and permissive hosts. stresses such as nutrient deprivation and hypoxia provide environmental cues to enter a persistent state; however, a clear definition of the mechanism that mycobacteria employ to achieve this remains elusive. while the concept of sporulation in mycobacteria is not novel, it continues to spark controversy and challenges our ...201222292005
genotypes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from south american countries determined by two methods based on genomic repetitive sequences.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causal agent of johne's disease or paratuberculosis of ruminants and has been associated with crohn's disease in humans. in this study, the genotypes of map obtained so far in south american countries using a combination of the subtyping methods mycobacterial interspersed repeats units-variable number of tandem repeats (miru-vntr) and multilocus short sequence repeats (mlssr) were analyzed. through this analysis, seven different miru-vntr ...201222297421
a commentary on current perspectives on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, johne's disease and crohn's disease: a review by over et al. (2011). 201222313120
effect of genetic variation in the mhc class ii drb region on resistance and susceptibility to johne's disease in endangered indian jamunapari goats.the pathogenesis of johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is complex and has not been completely understood yet. in the present study, we analysed the polymorphism in the exon-2 of the caprine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii drb region and its association with resistance or susceptibility to jd. a total of 203 jamunapari goats, which is an indian endangered breed highly susceptible to jd, kept at a single farm were studied. on the basi ...201222321606
the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fibronectin attachment protein, a toll-like receptor 4 agonist, enhances dendritic cell-based cancer vaccine potency.in this study, we showed the direct interaction between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fibronectin attachment protein (fap) and toll-like receptor4 (tlr4) via co-localization and binding by using confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation assays. fap triggered the expression of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in a tlr4-dependent manner. in addition, fap-induced cytokine expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) was modulated in part by glycogen synthase kinas ...201222322306
enumeration of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by quantitative real-time pcr, culture on solid media and optical densitometry.different approaches are used for determining the number of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) cells in a suspension. the majority of them are based upon culture (determination of cfu) or visual/instrumental direct counting of map cells. in this study, we have compared the culture method with a previously published f57 based quantitative real-time pcr (f57qpcr) method, to determine their relative abilities to count the number of three different map isolates in suspensions with the ...201222357065
sale of raw milk in northern italy: food safety implications and comparison of different analytical methodologies for detection of foodborne pathogens.the safety of raw milk sold in northern italy was investigated in relation to hygiene quality parameters and presence of salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, thermotolerant campylobacter, and verocytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157:h7. the performance of different analytical methods used-official culture method (iso), modified bacteriological analytical manual cultural method (mbam), and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-was evaluated. the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuber ...201222360646
the collection of lymphatic fluid from the bovine udder and its use for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the cow.the objective of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of lymph collection from the bovine udder and to investigate if the lymphatic fluid might be of diagnostic value in cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis. lymph fluid collection was attempted from 58 cows, and the reactions of the cows as well as the level of difficulty of the procedure were recorded in 56 animals. lymph samples (51 in total) were tested for ...201122362932
low rate of detectable in utero transmission of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a dairy herd with a low prevalence of johne's disease.in an effort to correlate the likelihood of in utero transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causal organism of johne's disease, with the test status of the dam, tissues from neonatal calves borne to known test status cows were cultured for the presence of map. tissues from a single calf borne to a test-positive cow shedding large numbers of organisms in the feces were positive for map. the detected overall transmission rate was approximately 2% (1/49), and the det ...201122362947
[paratuberculosis in a miniature donkey (equus asinus f. asinus)].paratuberculosis is mainly an infectious disease of ruminants with worldwide distribution. infection occurs in early stages of life. other animal species beyond ruminants are rarely affected, however, experimental and natural infections are possible. a case of paratuberculosis in a miniature donkey (equus asinus f. asinus) with typical clinical and pathomorphological changes is reported here. lesions were mainly observed in the intestine. causative for the profuse diarrhoea with emaciation was m ...201222372323
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and crohn's disease: an association requiring more research. 201222405182
development of dna-designed avian igy antibodies for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and anti-hsp70 antibodies in the serum of normal cattle.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (maphsp70) is an immunodominant antigen, which can be used as a subunit vaccine against bovine paratuberculosis. in the present study, we evaluated the immunogenic activities of maphsp70 expressed by dna vaccine in chicken and the use of prepared specific avian igy antibodies for western blotting and elisa methods. the gene encoding map hsp70 was subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector, pcdna3.1, and the recombinant plasmi ...201222415790
genetic evaluation of is900 partial sequence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis brazilian isolates from bovine milk.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. insertion sequence is900 is used for the identification of map. the objective of this study was to verify the genetic conservation of is900 sequences in raw milk samples. to evaluate genetic conservation, 206 quarter milk samples and 16 bulk-tank milk samples were collected. dna extraction and is900 pcr were performed in all samples. six samples amplified the expected fragment. to confirm the identity o ...201222422516
production and proteomic characterisation of purified protein derivative from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.effective diagnosis of johne's disease (jd), particularly at the stage of early subclinical infection, remains one of the greatest challenges for the control of jd worldwide. the ifn-γ test of cell mediated immunity is currently one of the most suitable diagnostics for subclinical infections, however a major limitation of this test is the lack of a standardised purified protein derivative (ppd) antigen (also referred to as johnin ppd or ppdj). while attempting to replace ppdj with more specific ...201222443541
epidemiological situation and control strategies for paratuberculosis in japan.paratuberculosis (ptb), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic and progressive granulomatous enteritis that affects many livestock and wild animals worldwide. the clinical disease is called johne's disease (jd). in japan, all dairy cattle (harf million head) are examined for ptb every five years. about 1000 the officially examined cattle are diagnosed annually as positive for ptb, but most of these exhibit only minor or no clinical signs and typical lesions in ...201222458197
molecular pathogenesis of bovine paratuberculosis and human inflammatory bowel diseases.paratuberculosis (ptb), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic enteritis that affects many ruminants and other wild animals worldwide. ptb is a great concern in animal health and in etiology of human crohn's disease (cd). in the present study, we detected map-specific insertion sequence is900 of dna in tissue sections surgically removed from lesions of patients with cd (29 samples), ulcerative colitis (uc) (17 samples), and non-inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) ...201222486997
in silico identification of epitopes in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins that were upregulated under stress conditions.johne's disease in ruminants is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. diagnosis of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection is difficult, especially in the early stages. to date, ideal antigen candidates are not available for efficient immunization or immunodiagnosis. this study reports the in silico selection and subsequent analysis of epitopes of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins that were found to be upregulated under stress conditions as a means to identify immunog ...201222496492
single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine cd209 candidate gene for susceptibility to infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. 201222497575
evaluation of combined high-efficiency dna extraction and real-time pcr for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in subclinically infected dairy cattle: comparison with faecal culture, milk real-time pcr and milk elisa.johne's disease is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and it is one of the most important diseases in cattle worldwide. several laboratory tests for map detection are available; however, these are limited by inadequate sensitivity and specificity when used in subclinically infected populations. to identify map shedders in subclinically infected cattle, we used a new, high-yield method for dna-extraction from map in faeces combined with quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) f ...201222551054
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