Publications

increasing incidence of ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum in the united states, 2000-2007.	ehrlichia chaffeensis causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. these related tick-borne rickettsial organisms can cause severe and fatal illness. during 2000-2007, the reported incidence rate of e. chaffeensis increased from 0.80 to 3.0 cases/million persons/year. the case-fatality rate was 1.9%, and the hospitalization rate was 49%. during 2000-2007, the reported incidence of a. phagocytophilum increased from 1.4 to 3.0 cases/mil ...	2011	21734137
mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum.	anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. a. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. a. phagocytophilum alters vesi ...	2011	21734244
polymerase chain reaction confirmation of babesia canis canis and anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs suspected of babesiosis in slovakia.	canine babesiosis was considered an imported tick transmitted disease until the first case of autochthonous canine babesiosis in slovakia was described in 2002. since then, the number of cases kept increasing every year. the causative agent of babesiosis in dogs is not yet characterized; therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the agent and the rate of infection in the vector tick d. reticulatus in slovakia. babesia canis canis was detected in 80 out of 87 blood samples from dogs with c ...	2011	21736486
detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals and ectoparasites in hungary.	abstract the aim of our study was to investigate the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals and ticks using polymerase chain reaction and to gain information about the prevalence and possible coexistence of these pathogens at a selected site in hungary. two hundred seventy-seven small mammals were trapped in south-eastern hungary during 2009. tissue samples and a total of 831 ectoparasites (ixodes ricinus, ixodes acuminatus, haemaphysali ...	2011	21736488
wild and farm breeding cervids infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum.	the main goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wild cervids living in north-eastern part of poland. material used in the study was gathered between the years 2004- 2008. the blood samples from 106 red deer (cervus elaphus), 32 sika deer (cervus nippon hortulorum), 130 fallow deer (dama dama) and 31 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were collected. dna was isolated using genomic mini ax blood kit (a and a biotechnology). molecular detection of a ...	2011	21739932
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of theileria lestoquardi.	a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for the diagnosis of theileria lestoquardi infection. the primers were designed based on the clone-5 sequence of t. lestoquardi. the specificity and sensitivity of the assay were established. analysis of the specificity showed that the selected lamp primers amplified the target sequence from t. lestoquardi dna successfully, while no amplification was seen with dna from theileria annulata, theileria ovis, babesia ovis, anaplasma ...	2011	21744022
occurrence of babesia spp., rickettsia spp. and bartonella spp. in ixodes ricinus in bavarian public parks, germany.	abstract: background: only limited information is available about the occurrence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in public parks, which are areas strongly influenced by human beings. for this reason, ixodes ricinus were collected in public parks of different bavarian cities in a 2-year survey (2009 and 2010) and screened for dna of babesia spp., rickettsia spp. and bartonella spp. by pcr. species identification was performed by sequence analysis and alignment with existing sequences in genbank ...	2011	21762494
a survey of canine tick-borne diseases in india.	abstract: background: there are few published reports on canine babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, hepatozoon and haemotropic mycoplasma infections in india and most describe clinical disease in individual dogs, diagnosed by morphological observation of the microorganisms in stained blood smears. this study investigated the occurrence and distribution of canine tick-borne disease (tbd) pathogens using a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques in four cities in india. results: ...	2011	21771313
detection of rickettsia spp. and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks in a region of middle germany (thuringia).	rickettsia spp. and anaplasma spp. are regarded as potentially emerging tick-borne pathogens, but so far data on prevalence rates in questing ticks and reports on human diseases in several parts of europe are rarely available. in this study, 430 nymphs and 570 adult ixodes (i.) ricinus ticks were collected from a frequently visited forest region of thuringia (zeitzgrund, near stadtroda) in 2006 (n=506) and 2007 (n=494). individual ticks were investigated for a part of the citrate synthase gene ( ...	2010	21771511
genetic diversity of anaplasma and ehrlichia in the asian part of russia.	totally, 2590 questing adult ixodes persulcatus ticks and 1458 small mammals from ural, siberia, and the far east as well as 53 haemaphysalis concinna, 136 haem. japonica, and 43 dermacentor silvarum ticks--exclusively adults--from the far east were examined for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris were found in i. persulcatus and small mammals from all the studied regions. myodes spp., microtus spp., ...	2010	21771512
the potential role of migratory birds in transmission cycles of babesia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp.	babesia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. are potentially emerging tick-borne pathogens, whereas many issues about their ecology, e.g. reservoir host specificity, are still unclear. in spring 2007, we collected 191 feeding ixodes ricinus ticks from 99 birds of 11 different species on a german bird conservation island in the baltic sea. babesia spp. were detected in 4.7% (9/191), a. phagocytophilum was present in 2.6% (5/191), and rickettsia spp. were identified in 7.3% (14/191 ...	2010	21771516
molecular detection and identification of anaplasma and ehrlichia species in cattle from turkey.	bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne rickettsial disease widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. we investigated the presence and distribution of anaplasma spp. in cattle from 6 provinces in turkey. for amplification of the segment spanning the v1 region of the 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene of anaplasma species, a reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization assay was performed on 389 blood samples. rlb identified anaplasma infections in 9.0% (35/389) of the samples. the most frequently found spec ...	2011	21771539
temporal patterns of tick-borne granulocytic anaplasmosis in california.	granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga) is a tick-borne emerging infectious disease caused by the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum. from fall 2005 to spring 2007, a. phagocytophilum infection prevalence in small mammals and tick abundance were monitored at 4 study sites in coastal california. the abundance of different life stages of questing ixodes pacificus ticks fluctuated seasonally with the number of adults peaking december to february, nymphs peaking may to july, and larvae peaking april to june ...	2011	21771541
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks from istanbul metropolitan area and rural trakya (thrace) region of north-western turkey.	we demonstrated the presence of the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), anaplasma phagocytophilum, and the agent of lyme borreliosis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, in north-western turkey. a total of 241 questing ixodes ricinus adult ticks were sampled by flagging from recreational parks of the asiatic and european sides of the heavily populated istanbul metropolitan area and rural forests of kirklareli located in the thrace region in 2008. both tick-borne pathogens were detected ...	2011	21771542
seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses in the czech republic.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is the aetiological agent of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (ega). the aim of this survey was to assess the prevalence of anti-a. phagocytophilum antibodies in the horse population of the czech republic (cz) and to investigate possible links between seropositivity and the geographic origin, age, and/or sex of the tested horses. antibodies against a. phagocytophilum were screened using an indirect fluorescent antibody method (ifa). serum samples from 96 healthy horses ...	2011	21771545
emergence of bovine ehrlichiosis in belgian cattle herds.	bovine ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne rickettsial disease caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. the disease can also be transmitted to humans. outbreaks in cattle have been described in many european countries. in belgium, infections caused by a. phagocytophilum have been reported in humans and dogs; however, this paper details the first report of ehrlichiosis in cattle herds in belgium. the first case described was in a dairy herd located in eastern belgium. clinical signs included hyperthermia, p ...	2011	21771546
the ability of a topical novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene to protect dogs from borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum infections transmitted by ixodes scapularis.	healthy, purpose-bred laboratory beagle dogs that had not been exposed to ticks and were seronegative for borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum were randomly assigned to four groups of eight dogs each. control group 1 was not treated. groups 2, 3 and 4 were treated with a single topical application of a new formulation of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene (certifect™, merial limited, ga, usa) at 28, 21 or 14 days prior to tick infestation, respectively. each dog was infested with ...	2011	21777736
expression of heat shock proteins and subolesin affects stress responses, anaplasma phagocytophilum infection and questing behaviour in the tick, ixodes scapularis.	we characterized the effects of subolesin and heat shock protein (hsp) expression on ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae) stress responses to heat shock and feeding, questing behaviour and anaplasma phagocytophilum (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) infection. ticks and cultured tick cells were analysed before and after subolesin, hsp20 and hsp70 gene knock-down by rna interference. the results of these studies confirm that hsps are involved in the tick cell response to heat stress and that sub ...	2011	21781141
[study of the heterogeneity of 16s rrna gene and groesl operone in the dna samples of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia muris, and "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" determined in the ixodes persulcatus ticks in the area of urals, siberia, and far east of russia].	a total of 3552 ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk, chelyabinsk, novosibirsk, irkutsk regions and khabarovsk territory were examined on the ehrlichia and anaplasma presence by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris dna were found in i. persulcatus in all studied regions. a. phagocytophilum was detected in 1.3-6.3% of ticks and e. muris - in 2.0-14.1% of ticks. moreover, "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" dna was found in 8 ticks collected in n ...	2011	21786632
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum from wild boars and deer in japan.	this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, in wild deer and boars in japan. we analyzed the blood samples of the study animals using pcr-targeting the 16s rdna followed by dna sequencing. wild deer infected with anaplasma spp., including anaplasma bovis and anaplasma centrale were detected in the region from hokkaido to kyushu. the infection rates of a. phagocytophilum, a. ...	2011	21788712
babesia canis rossi infection in a texas dog.	a 5-month-old intact male boerboel dog, imported from south africa 1 week previously, was presented to a texas veterinarian for lethargy, anorexia, and labored breathing. the dog was febrile, anemic, leukopenic, thrombocytopenic, and slightly azotemic. results of the idexx snap-4dx enzyme immunoassay were negative for dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi, and anaplasma phagocytophilum. an edta blood sample analyzed at oklahoma state university ...	2011	21790699
investigation of anaplasmosis in yiyuan county, shandong province, china.	to investigate the situation of anaplasmosis in yiyuan county, shandong province.	2011	21803311
identification of anaplasma spp. rickettsia isolated from horses from clinical disease cases in poland.	this study was aimed at determining the cause of the diseases in five horses exhibiting symptoms of fever, joint oedema and ataxia and thrombocytopenia. the pcr technique revealed the presence in the blood of 16s rna anaplasma/ehrlichia spp. genetic material. dna amplification with primers ehr 521 and ehr 747 gave a product with a size of 247ôçâbp. the sequence of the pcr product obtained showed a 97.6-99.6% similarity with a sequence of a fragment of 16s rna anaplasma phagocytophilum, gene numb ...	2011	21824347
spatial distribution of seroprevalence for anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis, and dirofilaria immitis in dogs in washington, oregon, and california.	background: in the us little spatially defined information regarding exposure to most vector-borne pathogens in dogs is available for the states of california (ca), oregon (or), and washington (wa). objectives: the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of seroprevalence for 4 vector-borne pathogens, anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis, and dirofilaria immitis, across the 3 western coastal states of the contiguous united states that ext ...	2011	21827514
advances in genetic manipulation of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens.	infections by obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens result in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. these bacteria include chlamydia spp., which causes millions of cases of sexually transmitted disease and blinding trachoma annually, and members of the +¦-proteobacterial genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, orientia, and rickettsia, agents of serious human illnesses including epidemic typhus. coxiella burnetii, the agent of human q fever, has also been considered a prototypical obligate in ...	2011	21833334
[serology of lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in 2005-2010].	the subject of this study is serological screening of blood and csf (cerebrospinal fluid) samples for the presence of borrelial and ehrlichial antibodies. a total of 165 patients suspected to be at risk of lyme disease were tested. indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassay were used as diagnostic methods. ehrlichial antibodies were detected in 36 (21.8%) patients. borrelial antibodies were found in 70 samples (42.4%). the widening range of tick-borne diseases brings about the need for m ...	2011	21838175
correlations among anaplasma marginale parasitemia and markers of oxidative stress in crossbred calves.	the present study was designed to determine the correlations among anaplasma marginale parasitemia and markers of oxidative stress in crossbred calves. blood was collected from 11 crossbred calves infected with a. marginale along with 11 healthy crossbred calves as controls for determination of hematology and oxidative stress indicators. percentage of parasitemia in infected calves varied from 0.8% to 6.0%. the values of hematological indicators and antioxidant enzymes were decreased, whereas er ...	2011	21842137
genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases.	equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (ega) is caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium. in europe, it is transmitted by ixodes ricinus. a large number of genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum circulate in nature and have been found in ticks and different animals. attempts have been made to assign certain genetic variants to certain host species or pathologies, but have not been successful so far. the purpose of this study was to investigate the causi ...	2011	21843364
proteomic analysis of anaplasma phagocytophilum during infection of human myeloid cells identifies a protein that is pronouncedly upregulated on the infectious dense-cored cell.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that invades neutrophils to cause the emerging infectious disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle, transitioning between an infectious dense-cored cell (dc) and a non-infectious reticulate cell (rc). to gain insights into the organism's biology and pathogenesis during human myeloid cell infection, we conducted proteomic analyses on a. phagocytophilum organisms purified f ...	2011	21844238
prevalence of selected zoonotic and vector-borne agents in dogs and cats in costa rica.	to estimate the prevalence of enteric parasites and selected vector-borne agents of dogs and cats in san isidro de el general, costa rica, fecal and serum samples were collected from animals voluntarily undergoing sterilization. each fecal sample was examined for parasites by microscopic examination after fecal flotation and for giardia and cryptosporidium using an immunofluorescence assay (ifa). giardia and cryptosporidium ifa positive samples were genotyped after pcr amplification of specific ...	2011	21846585
agents of human anaplasmosis and lyme disease at camp ripley, minnesota.	the transmission dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap) and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) among ixodes scapularis (is) and mammalian hosts was investigated at camp ripley, an area representative of central minnesota. prevalence of white-footed mouse infection with ap and bb were 20% and 42%, respectively, with a coinfection level of 14%. peak levels of infection with both agents occurred in may. the average levels of seropositivity to ap and bb were 29.3% and 48%, respectively. of the mice infec ...	2011	21867420
dexamethasone-induced cytokine changes associated with diminished disease severity in horses infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is the zoonotic cause of granulocytic anaplasmosis. we hypothesized that immune response, specifically gamma interferon (ifn-γ), plays a role in disease severity. to test this, horses were infected and ifng expression was pharmacologically downregulated using corticosteroids. eight horses were infected with a. phagocytophilum; 4 received dexamethasone on days 4 to 8 of infection. clinical signs, hematologic parameters, and transcription of cytokine/chemokine genes were ...	2011	21880854
human anaplasmosis in belgium: a 10-year seroepidemiological study.	human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is a tick-borne rickettsial infection of neutrophils caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. although the pathogen was known as a veterinary agent as early as 1932, the link with human disease was first established in 1990. in the past decennium, the involvement of hga as an important and frequent cause of fever with a history of tick bite was increasingly recognized in many regions of europe. this paper presents a 10-year a. phagocytophilum serosurveillance (2 ...	2011	21890069
Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids.	The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic myco ...	2011	21908268
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in brazilian dogs by real-time polymerase chain reaction.	anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in dogs from brazil in the municipalities of seropédica and itaguaí, rio de janeiro state, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using sybr green to detect the amplification. of 253 samples, 18 (7.11%) were positive, with a threshold cycle (ct) ranging from 31 to 35 cycles. the pcr product from a positive sample was cloned and sequenced. the sequence obtained demonstrated 100% identity with other a. phagocytophilum sequences published in the genbank ...	2011	21908321
New insight into immunity and immunopathology of Rickettsial diseases.	Human rickettsial diseases comprise a variety of clinical entities caused by microorganisms belonging to the genera Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma. These microorganisms are characterized by a strictly intracellular location which has, for long, impaired their detailed study. In this paper, the critical steps taken by these microorganisms to play their pathogenic roles are discussed in detail on the basis of recent advances in our understanding of molecular Rickettsia-host interac ...	2012	21912565
Expansion of the Midwestern focus for human granulocytic anaplasmosis into the region surrounding La Crosse, Wisconsin.	Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), shares the same enzootic life cycle as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although La Crosse, WI, is a well-recognized Lyme disease focus with an abundance of Ixodes scapularis vector ticks and the first documentation of HGA occurred in patients from northwestern Wisconsin, local transmission of A. phagocytophilum has not to date been documented. In this study, we evaluated DNA extrac ...	2011	21918026
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the hard tick ixodes ricinus in the city of hanover (germany).	the castor bean tick ixodes ricinus has been found to be the main vector for lyme borreliosis spirochetes and anaplasma phagocytophilum in central europe. 1646 i. ricinus ticks from hanover, a city located in northern germany, were examined for infection with a. phagocytophilum and coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) to obtain so far missing prevalence data for this region. the total a. phagocytophilum infection rate was 3.2% (52/1646 ticks), divided into 4.1% (32/777) adults a ...	2011	21919727
molecular characterization reveals distinct genospecies of anaplasma phagocytophilum from diverse north american hosts.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen that infects humans, domestic animals and wildlife throughout the holarctic. in the far-western united states, multiple rodent species have been implicated as natural reservoirs for a. phagocytophilum. however, the presence of multiple a. phagocytophilum strains has made it difficult to determine which reservoir hosts pose the greatest risk to humans and domestic animals. here we characterized three genetic markers (23s-5s rrna interge ...	2011	21921109
Ixodes scapularis salivary gland protein P11 facilitates migration of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from the tick gut to salivary glands.	Ixodes ticks harbour several human pathogens belonging to the order Rickettsiales, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis. When ticks feed on A. phagocytophilum-infected mice, the pathogen enters the ticks' gut. The bacteria then migrate from the gut to infect the salivary glands of the ticks and are transmitted to the next host via the saliva. The molecular mechanisms that enable the migration of A. phagocytophilum from the gut to the salivary glands are poorly und ...	2011	21921936
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodid ticks in hebei province, china.	a total of 3696 ixodid ticks, collected from hebei province, china, were examined by a nested polymerase chain reaction for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. forty-three (15.4%) of 280 pools tested, including 39 (14.6%) of 267 haemaphysalis longicornis and four (30.8%) of 13 dermacentor nuttalli, were positive, but no significant difference was found between d. nuttalli and h. longicornis (p>0.05). sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 16s rrna gene indicated that a. phagocytophilum in ...	2011	21923254
first molecular evidence of anaplasma ovis and rickettsia spp. in keds (diptera: hippoboscidae) of sheep and wild ruminants.	to evaluate the presence of rickettsial agents in hippoboscid flies with molecular methods, 81 sheep keds (melophagus ovinus) were collected from 23 sheep, 144 deer keds (lipoptena cervi) were caught in the environment, and a further 463 and 59 individuals of the latter species were obtained from fresh carcasses of 29 red deer and 17 roe deer, respectively. dna was extracted individually or in pools. anaplasma ovis was demonstrated in all examined sheep keds, and from one pool of free-living dee ...	2011	21923269
molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks from greece.	human granulocytic anaplasmosis is increasingly being recognized in the united states and europe. ixodes ricinus tick is considered the primary vector of the causative pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum, in europe. although previous studies in humans support the presence of a. phagocytophilum in greece, detection of a. phagocytophilum dna in i. ricinus ticks has been not yet reported. a total of 405 i. ricinus ticks (45 pools) collected from goats in eight prefectures of northern greece were te ...	2011	21923272
Molecular Study of Free-ranging Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer from British Columbia, Canada, for Evidence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp.	Twenty-three free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (MD; Odocoileus hemionus) from south-central British Columbia, Canada, were tested for Anaplasma marginale by msp5 gene-specific PCR and Ehrlichia spp. by 16S rRNA or citrate synthase (gltA) gene-specific PCR, as well as by PCR with universal 16S rRNA primers detecting a wide range of bacteria. No deer tested positive for A. marginale. Amplification with universal 16S rRNA primers followed by sequencing o ...	2011	21933360
anaplasmataceae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the sand lizard lacerta agilis and co-infection of these bacteria in hosted ixodes ricinus ticks.	anaplasmataceae and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. are important tick-borne bacteria maintained in nature by transmission between ticks and vertebrate hosts. however, the potential role of lizards as hosts has not been sufficiently studied.	2011	21933412
Acute phase response in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale.	This study was undertaken to evaluate the acute phase responses via the assessment of the concentration of serum sialic acids (total, lipid bound and protein bound), inflammatory mediators (IFN-? and TNF-a) and acute phase proteins (Hp and SAA) in 20 adult crossbred cattle naturally infected by Anaplasma marginale. The infected animals were divided into 2 subgroups on the basis of parasitemia rate (<20% and >20%). Also, as a control group, 10 clinically healthy cattle from the same farms were sa ...	2011	21940118
Longitudinal field study on bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections during a grazing season in Belgium.	Anaplasmosis and babesiosis are major tick-borne diseases with a high economic impact but are also a public health concern. Blood samples collected in the spring, summer, and autumn of 2010 from 65 cows in seven different farms in Belgium were monitored with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test to assess seroprevalence against these pathogens. Seroprevalences to Babesia spp. were measured as 10.7%, 20%, and 12.3% in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively, whereas seroprevalences to Ana ...	2011	21947341
epidemiological aspects on vector-borne infections in stray and pet dogs from romania and hungary with focus on babesia spp.	canine arthropod-borne infections are of major interest in small animal practice and have been widely investigated in central and western europe. however, only limited epidemiological data are available from south-eastern european countries, although diseases including babesiosis or dirofilariosis are widely recognised as important canine infections in these countries. a steadily increasing number of dogs imported from south-eastern europe into germany require particular attention by small anima ...	2011	21947342
Targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection by Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina.	The ultimate goal of vector vaccines is the control of vector infestations while reducing pathogen infection and transmission to protect against the many diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens. Previously (Vaccine 2011;29:2248-2254), we demonstrated that subolesin vaccination and release of tick larvae after subolesin knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) were effective for the control of cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestations in cattle. In this study, we used the fact t ...	2011	21951878
downregulation of cxcl12 signaling and altered hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell trafficking in a murine model of acute anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.	infection with a variety of bacterial pathogens results in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (hspc) mobilization. the mechanism and kinetics of hspc mobilization during infection are largely unknown. previously, we found altered hspc activity in bone marrow, spleen and blood during infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis. we hypothesized that altered cxcl12/cxcr4 signaling, a central pathway for hspc homing to, and retention within, the bone marrow, ...	2011	21964802
Evolution of Antigen Variation in the Tick-Borne Pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum.	Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligately intracellular tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals. During the course of infection, A. phagocytophilum utilizes gene conversion to shuffle ~100 functional pseudogenes into a single expression cassette of the msp2(p44) gene, which codes for the major surface antigen and major surface protein 2 (MSP2). The role and extent of msp2(p44) recombination, particularly in hosts that only experience acute infections, is not clear. In th ...	2011	21965342
rapid, simple, and sensitive detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum by loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the msp2 gene.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, which is prevalent throughout china. in this study, we describe a rapid, simple, and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay targeting the msp2 gene of a. phagocytophilum that is ideal for application in rural areas in china. this assay has the potential to detect a. phagocytophilum early in infection as an alternative to existing methods. a total of 42 suspected cases of infection with a. ...	2011	21976758
anaplasma, ehrlichia, and "candidatus neoehrlichia" bacteria: pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review.	the family anaplasmataceae includes gram-negative obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria, which amplify within membrane-bound vacuoles. the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia as well as the recently specified cluster "candidatus neoehrlichia" comprise all bacteria of the family that are transmitted by ixodid ticks to mammalian hosts and cause infections in humans and numerous domestic and wild animal species. totally, six anaplasma, five ehrlichia, and two "candidatus neoehrlichia" species as we ...	2011	21983560
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection induces apoptosis in hl-60 cells.	anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intra-cellular bacterium that survives in neutrophils by delaying apoptosis. the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line hl-60 has been the ultimate choice for culturing anaplasma in vitro. in this study, we assessed the various events of drug-induced apoptosis in a. phagocytophilum-infected hl-60 cells. anaplasma infection reduced the cell viability and increased the apoptosis in hl-60 cells and sta ...	2011	22003270
relationship of molecular and clinical findings on anaplasma phagocytophilum involved in natural infections of dogs.		2011	22012012
the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis in china.	the incidence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), a tick-borne disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum, has increased across the world. however, information on hga is lacking in china. the purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of hga patients in china.	2011	22015246
vector-borne diseases in client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain.	abstract the role of various vector-borne pathogens as a cause of disease in cats has not been clearly determined. the current study evaluated risk factors, clinical and laboratory abnormalities associated with ehrlichia spp., anaplasma spp., neorickettsia spp., leishmania spp., and bartonella spp. infection or exposure in 680 client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain. our results indicate that a large portion (35.1%) of the cat population of madrid, spain, is exposed to at least one of t ...	2011	22022820
Association and Evidence for Linked Recognition of Type IV Secretion System Proteins VirB9-1, VirB9-2, and VirB10 in Anaplasma marginale.	Like several other bacterial pathogens, Anaplasma marginale has an outer membrane that induces complete protection from infection and disease. However, the proteins that confer protective immunity and whether protection requires interacting proteins and/or linked T-cell and immunoglobulin G epitopes are not known. Our goal is to target the conserved type IV secretion system (T4SS) to identify conserved, immunogenic membrane proteins that are interacting and linked recognition candidates. Linked ...	2012	22038917
blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. ii. babesia motasi (sporozoa, babesiidae).	summary a large babesia species occurs in sheep on the north sea islands of the netherlands. the tick haemaphysalis punctata is a vector. its pathogenicity appears to be low. it is morphologically similar to a turkish strain, considered to be b. motasi, which is also transmitted by haemaphysalis ticks. it differs from the turkish parasite serologically as well as in cross-immunity tests and in not being effective to goats. there may be a group of morphologically similar parasites with ser ...	1980	22039853
blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. i. anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. (rickettsiales, anaplasmataceae).	summary on two occasions an anaplasm was isolated from sheep on the dutch island of ameland. the organism proved to be highly pathogenic for splenectomised sheep; a non-splenectomised animal recovered spontaneously after the packed cell volume had decreased by 40%. treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. its pathogenicity for goats appeared to be low, and the organism was apparently not infective to splenectomised cattle. this anaplasm differs from anaplasma ovis in that less than 30% ...	1979	22040472
Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Dirofilaria immitis among dogs in Canada.	The seropositivity of dogs to Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies, and Dirofilaria immitis antigen was assessed in Canada. Borrelia burgdorferi had the highest seroprevalence, while that of Dirofilaria immitis has not changed significantly in the past 20 y. The risk for these vector-borne infectious agents in Canadian dogs is low but widespread with foci of higher prevalence.	2011	22043075
granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from nova scotia caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum.	a 16-year-old paint stallion was presented with intermittent fever, inappetance, lethargy, icterus, distal limb edema, and submandibular lymphadenopathy. the horse was native to nova scotia and had never left that province. morulae were detected in granulocytes. ananaplasma phagocytophilum infection was confirmed by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the horse responded to treatment with oxytetracycline.	2011	22043078
molecular survey and genetic identification of anaplasma species in goats from central and southern china.	anaplasma species are obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogens that impact the health of humans and animals. few studies have been carried out on anaplasma infections in central and southern china. this study was conducted to determine the coinfection rates of anaplasma ovis, a. bovis, and a. phagocytophilum from 262 field blood samples of goats in these regions. the average prevalences of single infection of a. ovis, a. bovis, and a. phagocytophilum were 15.3, 16.0, and 6.1%, respectively. ...	2012	22057867
Typical and atypical manifestations of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs.	Eighteen clinically ill dogs, naturally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, were examined at a veterinary practice in Baxter, Minnesota. A clinical examination, complete blood cell count, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for A phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies and Dirofilaria immitis antigen, and a polymerase chain reaction test for A phagocytophilum DNA were obtained for all dogs. Physical examination findings included fever, arthropathy, lymph ...	2011	22058372
Genome-wide screening and identification of antigens for rickettsial vaccine development.	The capacity to identify immunogens for vaccine development by genome-wide screening has been markedly enhanced by the availability of microbial genome sequences coupled to proteomic and bioinformatic analysis. Critical to this approach is in vivo testing in the context of a natural host-pathogen relationship, one that includes genetic diversity in the host as well as among pathogen strains. We aggregate the results of three independent genome-wide screens using in vivo immunization and protecti ...	2011	22066488
monoubiquitinated proteins decorate the anaplasma phagocytophilum-occupied vacuolar membrane.	an emerging theme among vacuole-adapted bacterial pathogens is the ability to hijack ubiquitin machinery to modulate host cellular processes and secure pathogen survival. mono- and polyubiquitination differentially dictate the subcellular localization, activity, and fate of protein substrates. monoubiquitination directs membrane traffic from the plasma membrane to the endosome and has been shown to promote autophagy. anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that replicate ...	2011	22066989
The sequences of groESL operon of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among human patients in Slovenia.	Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen. Great genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum has been described in animals and ticks. The present study is focused on the genetic variabilty of the groESL operon of A. phagocytophilum in human patients in Slovenia. During 1996 - 2008 there were 66 serologically confirmed patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Of these 46 were tested with a screening PCR for a small part of the 16S rDNA of A. phagocytophilum and 28 (60.9%) wer ...	2011	22067085
expression of heat shock and other stress response proteins in ticks and cultured tick cells in response to anaplasma spp. infection and heat shock.	ticks are ectoparasites of animals and humans that serve as vectors of anaplasma and other pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. ticks and the pathogens that they transmit have coevolved molecular interactions involving genetic traits of both the tick and the pathogen that mediate their development and survival. in this paper, the expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) and other stress response proteins (srps) was characterized in ticks and cultured tick cells by proteomics and t ...	2010	22084679
Control of tick infestations in cattle vaccinated with bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed tick protective antigens.	Vaccines containing the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus BM86 and BM95 antigens protect cattle against tick infestations. Tick subolesin (SUB), elongation factor 1a (EF1a) and ubiquitin (UBQ) are new candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Previous studies showed that R. microplus BM95 immunogenic peptides fused to the Anaplasma marginale major surface protein (MSP) 1a N-terminal region (BM95-MSP1a) for presentation on the Escherichia coli membrane were prot ...	2012	22085549
Evaluation of clinical specimens for Rickettsia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Anaplasma, Franciscella and Diplorickettsia positivity using serological and molecular biology methods.	We monitored clinical samples from patients of different age groups from selected regions in Slovakia. Overall seroprevalence evaluated by immunofluorescence (IFA) using nine Bartonella, two Borrelia, six rickettsial (spotted fever and typhus group), two Coxiella, and one human granulocytic ehrlichiosis Anaplasma, Franciscella tularensis and Diplorickettsia massiliensis antigens, in rural and city populations of Slovak Republic, was found to be 32% positive for spotted fever group rickettsiae. O ...	2011	22098390
the biological basis of severe outcomes in anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.	anaplasma phagocytophilum causes granulocytic anaplasmosis, an acute disease in humans that is also often subclinical. however, 36% are hospitalized, 7% need intensive care, and the case fatality rate is 0.6%. the biological basis for severe disease is not understood. despite a. phagocytophilum's mechanisms to subvert neutrophil antimicrobial responses, whether these mechanisms lead to disease is unclear. in animals, inflammatory lesions track with ifnγ and il-10 expression and infection of ifng ...	2011	22098465
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus in bavarian public parks, germany.	previous studies have shown that public parks provide extraordinary habitats for ticks and tick-borne pathogens. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the tick abundance (ticks/100 m(2)) in urban areas and the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. collection of ticks was performed by the flagging method in selected bavarian public parks in a 2-year survey. dna from 30 ticks of each developmental stage, sampling site and month was extracted and screened by specific real-time pcr ...	2011	22108012
isolation, propagation and preliminary characterisation of anaplasma phagocytophilum from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the tick cell line ide8.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium causing granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs, horses, and humans and tick-borne fever of ruminants. the bacterium has been detected in a variety of other mammals including wild ruminants without overt clinical signs of disease. isolates in cell culture have been obtained from humans, dogs, horses, sheep, and ticks, but no strain from wild ruminants exists in cell culture in europe. from september to november 2010, edta blood samples w ...	2011	22108013
Identification of a Mycoplasma ovis-like organism in a herd of farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in rural Indiana.	Mycoplasma ovis is a hemoplasma parasite of sheep, goats, and reindeer; however, natural hemoplasma infection in white-tailed deer has not previously been reported. Subsequent to finding many coccoid, bacillary, and ring-shaped organisms, consistent with hemotropic mycoplasmas, on RBCs from a 72-day-old female white-tailed fawn, we sought to (1) identify the putative hemoplasma observed in blood from the fawn, (2) evaluate others in the herd for hemoplasma infection, and (3) identify clinicopath ...	2011	22112325
molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae in brazilian brown brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira, fischer, 1814) and marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus, illiger, 1815).	deer are important natural reservoir hosts of anaplasmataceae. the present study used nested pcr and nucleotide sequencing to evaluate the occurrence of anaplasmataceae species in 23 free-living and six captive specimens of the cervids mazama gouazoubira and blastocerus dichotomus in minas gerais state, brazil. blood samples were tested for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. using npcr assays and sequencing of the msp4, msp1 and 16s rrna genes. the identity of each sequence was confirm ...	2011	22136597
Identification of Anaplasma marginale Type IV Secretion System Effector Proteins.	Anaplasma marginale, an obligate intracellular alphaproteobacterium in the order Rickettsiales, is a tick-borne pathogen and the leading cause of anaplasmosis in cattle worldwide. Complete genome sequencing of A. marginale revealed that it has a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The T4SS is one of seven known types of secretion systems utilized by bacteria, with the type III and IV secretion systems particularly prevalent among pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. The T4SS is predicted to play an i ...	2011	22140462
[Detection of DNA erlichia and anaplasma in ticks Ixodes trianguliceps in Tyumen Province].	The data on the study of Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. collected from small mammals in the southern taiga forests of Tyumen Province with the PCR-hybridization with fluorescent detection method are given. DNA of Erlichua and Anaplasma was revealed in ticks of this species for the first time; mixed infection with both these pathogens was also demonstrated.	2011	22141249
elimination of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodent reservoirs and ixodes scapularis ticks using a doxycycline hyclate-laden bait.	a field trial was conducted in a lyme disease-endemic area of new jersey to determine the efficacy of a doxycyline hyclate rodent bait to prophylactically protect and cure small-mammal reservoirs and reduce infection rates in questing ixodes scapularis ticks for borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum. the doxycycline-laden bait was formulated at a concentration of 500 mg/kg and delivered during the immature tick feeding season in rodent-targeted bait boxes. the percentage of infected ...	2011	22144454
introduction to the alpha-proteobacteria: wolbachia and bartonella, rickettsia, brucella, ehrlichia, and anaplasma.	wolbachia is an obligate intracellular endosymbiont and likely mutualist living within the heartworm dirofilaria immitis and a number of other filarial nematodes in the family onchocercidae. the bacterial infection is passed from worm to worm transovarially; the organisms are in ovarian cells, the developing microfilariae, and multiply and persist in all later developmental stages through the mosquito and into the next host. besides being present in the ovaries of the adult worms, they also are ...	2011	22152604
Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Anaplasma marginale in cattle from south Mozambique.	The current study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to Anaplasma marginale in cattle from Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane provinces, south Mozambique. A total of 809 serum samples from cattle were obtained and tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA). The chi-square test at 5% significance was used to assess the association between seroprevalence and the variables gender, age and geographic origin of animals. The overall seropositivity was 76.5% (n = 619) ...	2011	22166387
Molecular analyses of a potentially novel Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Japan.	An Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan was molecularly analyzed using 16S rRNA, citrate synthase (gltA), and heat-shock operon (groEL) gene sequences. Genome walking was performed to determine its complete gltA and groEL sequences (1233bp and 1650bp, respectively). Percent identities to the closest A. phagocytophilum sequences from the US and European strains were 98.6-98.8%, 76.5%, and 80.3-80.8% for 16S rRNA, gltA, and groEL g ...	2011	22204789
"Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Lyme disease spirochetes in questing European vector ticks and in feeding ticks removed from people.	To estimate the likelihood of people coming into contact with the recently described tick-borne agent "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", we compared its frequencies with those of Lyme disease spirochetes and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing adult Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in various Central European sites and examined ticks, which had been removed from people, for the presence of these pathogens. Whereas spirochetes infected questing adult ticks most frequently (22.3%), more than a ...	2011	22205824
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodid ticks from equine-inhabited sites in the southeastern united states.	abstract anaplasma phagocytophilum is a vector-borne, obligate intracellular bacterium that invades the neutrophils and eosinophils of infected individuals, causing granulocytic anaplasmosis. equine cases have previously been reported in the united states from california, florida, and connecticut, but limited surveillance studies in the southeast have been conducted. the objective of this study was to determine a. phagocytophilum prevalence in ixodes scapularis ticks at southeastern u.s. horse ...	2012	22214269
epidemiology and control of human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a systematic review.	abstract granulocytic anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis worldwide. the obligate intracellular pathogen is transmitted by ixodes ticks and infects neutrophils in humans and animals, resulting in clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic seroconversion to mild, severe, or fatal disease. since the initial description of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) in the united states in 1990, hga has been increasingly recognized in america, europe, an ...	2012	22217177
adaptive immunity to anaplasma pathogens and immune dysregulation: implications for bacterial persistence.	anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium that infects ruminants, and notably causes severe economic losses in cattle worldwide. anaplasma phagocytophilum infects neutrophils and causes disease in many mammals, including ruminants, dogs, cats, horses, and humans. both bacteria cause persistent infection - infected cattle never clear a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum can also cause persistent infection in ruminants and other animals for several years. this review describes ...	2012	22226382
infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum activates the pi3k/akt and nf-κb survival pathways in neutrophil granulocytes.	anaplasma phagocytophilum, a gram negative, obligate intracellular bacterium infects primarily neutrophil granulocytes. infection with a. phagocytophilum leads to inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis and, consequently, contributes to longevity of the host cells. previous studies demonstrated that the infection inhibits the executionary apoptotic machinery in neutrophils. however, little attempts have been made to explore which survival signals are modulated by the pathogen. the aim of the present ...	2012	22252875
emerging incidence of lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in australia.	borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease (ld), and babesia, bartonella, and ehrlichia species (spp.) are recognized tick-borne pathogens in humans worldwide. using serology and molecular testing, the incidence of these pathogens was investigated in symptomatic patients from australia.	2011	22267937