Publications

annotation of protein domains reveals remarkable conservation in the functional make up of proteomes across superkingdoms.	the functional repertoire of a cell is largely embodied in its proteome, the collection of proteins encoded in the genome of an organism. the molecular functions of proteins are the direct consequence of their structure and structure can be inferred from sequence using hidden markov models of structural recognition. here we analyze the functional annotation of protein domain structures in almost a thousand sequenced genomes, exploring the functional and structural diversity of proteomes. we find ...	2011	24710297
association of spirochetal infection with morgellons disease.	morgellons disease (md) is an emerging multisystem illness characterized by skin lesions with unusual filaments embedded in or projecting from epithelial tissue. filament formation results from abnormal keratin and collagen expression by epithelial-based keratinocytes and fibroblasts. recent research comparing md to bovine digital dermatitis, an animal infectious disease with similar skin features, provided clues that spirochetal infection could play an important role in the human disease as it ...	2013	24715950
rankl expression in periodontal disease: where does rankl come from?	periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by periodontal pocket formation and alveolar bone resorption. periodontal bone resorption is induced by osteoclasts and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κb ligand (rankl) which is an essential and central regulator of osteoclast development and osteoclast function. therefore, rankl plays a critical role in periodontal bone resorption. in this review, we have summarized the sources of rankl in periodontal disease and explored which factor ...	2014	24719884
assessment of periodontal and opportunistic flora in patients with peri-implantitis.	to assess the presence of periodontal and opportunistic organisms in patients with peri-implantitis.	2015	24720498
membrane lipids in agrobacterium tumefaciens: biosynthetic pathways and importance for pathogenesis.	many cellular processes critically depend on the membrane composition. in this review, we focus on the biosynthesis and physiological roles of membrane lipids in the plant pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens. the major components of a. tumefaciens membranes are the phospholipids (pls), phosphatidylethanolamine (pe), phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine (pc) and cardiolipin, and ornithine lipids (ols). under phosphate-limited conditions, the membrane composition shifts to phosphate-free lipid ...	2014	24723930
identification of a diguanylate cyclase and its role in porphyromonas gingivalis virulence.	porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacterium and is considered a keystone pathogen in the initiation of periodontitis, one of the most widespread infectious diseases. bacterial bis-(3'-5') cyclic gmp (cyclic di-gmp [c-di-gmp]) serves as a second messenger and is involved in modulating virulence factors in numerous bacteria. however, the role of this second messenger has not been investigated in p. gingivalis, mainly due to a lack of an annotation regarding diguanylate ...	2014	24733094
genetic characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of periodontal pathogens.	periodontal disease is caused by a group of bacteria that utilize a variety of strategies and molecular mechanisms to evade or overcome host defenses. recent research has uncovered new evidence illuminating interesting aspects of the virulence of these bacteria and their genomic variability. this paper summarizes some of the strategies utilized by the major species - aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, tannerella forsythia, treponema denticola, and porphyromonas gingivalis - implicated in the ...	2014	24736700
porphyromonas gingivalis: major periodontopathic pathogen overview.	porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative oral anaerobe that is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and is a member of more than 500 bacterial species that live in the oral cavity. this anaerobic bacterium is a natural member of the oral microbiome, yet it can become highly destructive (termed pathobiont) and proliferate to high cell numbers in periodontal lesions: this is attributed to its arsenal of specialized virulence factors. the purpose of this review is to provide an overview ...	2014	24741603
periodontitis as a risk factor of atherosclerosis.	over the last two decades, the amount of evidence corroborating an association between dental plaque bacteria and coronary diseases that develop as a result of atherosclerosis has increased. these findings have brought a new aspect to the etiology of the disease. there are several mechanisms by which dental plaque bacteria may initiate or worsen atherosclerotic processes: activation of innate immunity, bacteremia related to dental treatment, and direct involvement of mediators activated by denta ...	2014	24741613
microbial role in periodontitis: have we reached the top? some unsung bacteria other than red complex.	the microbial etiology of periodontal disease has been the focus of researchers for a long time. the search for the pathogens of periodontal diseases has been underway for more than 100 years, and continues up today. despite the increasing knowledge about oral microbiota, we are not able to implicate any one particular organism that can be considered as a candidate pathogen. in fact the term "candidate pathogen" has lost its steam with a myriad of microorganisms being incriminated from time to t ...	2014	24744537
periodontal conditions, low birth weight and preterm birth among postpartum mothers in two tertiary health facilities in uganda.	literature reports have indicated an increase in research evidence suggesting association between periodontal disease and the risk of pre-term birth (ptb) and low birth weight (lbw). periodontal diseases in uganda have been documented as a public health problem, but their association to adverse pregnancy outcomes is unknown. this study was conducted to assess the association between periodontital diseases in postpartum mothers and ptb and lbw of babies in mulago and mbarara referral hospitals.	2014	24773772
a periodontitis-associated multispecies model of an oral biofilm.	while single-species biofilms have been studied extensively, we know notably little regarding multispecies biofilms and their interactions. the purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an in vitro multispecies dental biofilm model that aimed to mimic the environment of chronic periodontitis.	2014	24778902
detection and quantification of periodontal pathogens in smokers and never-smokers with chronic periodontitis by real-time polymerase chain reaction.	the purpose of the present investigation is to compare the presence and number of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of smokers versus never-smokers with chronic periodontitis and matched probing depths (pds) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr).	2014	24794687
effects of ph and lactate on hydrogen sulfide production by oral veillonella spp.	indigenous oral bacteria in the tongue coating such as veillonella have been identified as the main producers of hydrogen sulfide (h2s), one of the major components of oral malodor. however, there is little information on the physiological properties of h2s production by oral veillonella such as metabolic activity and oral environmental factors which may affect h2s production. thus, in the present study, the h2s-producing activity of growing cells, resting cells, and cell extracts of oral veillo ...	2014	24795374
epstein-barr virus associated peri-implantitis: a split-mouth study.	herpesviral-bacterial synergism may play a potential role in periodontitis and peri-implantitis (pi) etiopathogenesis. pi lesions can worsen depending on specific microbial challenge and host susceptibility. this cross-sectional split-mouth study aimed to substantiate herpesviral-bacterial co-infection in pi patients and assess associations with periodontopathogen salivary contamination.	2015	24802631
periodontal disease and subgingival microbiota as contributors for rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis: modifiable risk factors?	since the early 1900s, the role of periodontal disease in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis has been a matter of intense research. the last decade has witnessed many advances supporting a link between periodontitis, the presence of specific bacterial species (i.e. porphyromonas gingivalis) and their effects in immune response. this review will examine available evidence on the individuals.	2014	24807405
genetic and intervention studies implicating complement c3 as a major target for the treatment of periodontitis.	chronic periodontitis is induced by a dysbiotic microbiota and leads to inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting connective tissue and bone. the third component of complement, c3, is a point of convergence of distinct complement activation mechanisms, but its involvement in periodontitis was not previously addressed. we investigated this question using two animal species models, namely, c3-deficient or wild-type mice and nonhuman primates (nhps) locally treated with a potent c3 inhibitor (th ...	2014	24808362
discovery of bovine digital dermatitis-associated treponema spp. in the dairy herd environment by a targeted deep-sequencing approach.	the bacteria associated with the infectious claw disease bovine digital dermatitis (dd) are spirochetes of the genus treponema; however, their environmental reservoir remains unknown. to our knowledge, the current study is the first report of the discovery and phylogenetic characterization of rrna gene sequences from dd-associated treponemes in the dairy herd environment. although the spread of dd appears to be facilitated by wet floors covered with slurry, no dd-associated treponemes have been ...	2014	24814794
molecular detection of bacteria associated to dental caries in 4-12-year-old tunisian children.	the occurrence of several microbial species in the oral cavity of 4-12-year-old tunisian children was investigated. samples were taken from 158 children (81 caries actives and 77 caries free). genomic dna was extracted and analyzed for the presence of 17 microbial species using a polymerase chain reaction assay. all samples were positive for at least one of the target microbial strains. streptococcus mutans was the most prevalent species (76.5%) detected in genomic dna collected from carious les ...	2014	24814824
relationship between expression of human gingival beta-defensins and levels of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaque.	human beta-defensins (hbds) are a group of antimicrobial peptides important in epithelial innate immunity, and their differential expression is associated with periodontal diseases. the aim of this study was to explore relationships among hbds, total subgingival bacteria and periodontopathogens in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic periodontitis.	2015	24814979
analysis of the complement sensitivity of oral treponemes and the potential influence of fh binding, fh cleavage and dentilisin activity on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.	treponema denticola, a periopathogen, evades complement-mediated killing by binding the negative complement regulatory protein factor h (fh) to its surface via the fhbb protein. paradoxically, bound fh is cleaved by t. denticola's dentilisin protease, a process hypothesized to trigger localized dysregulation of complement activation in periodontal pockets. the ability of other oral treponemes to evade complement-mediated killing and bind and cleave fh has not been assessed. in this report, we de ...	2014	24815960
effect of nicotine and porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide on endothelial cells in vitro.	smoking is considered a significant risk factor for both periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (cvd). endothelial cells play an important role in the progression of both diseases. in the present study, we investigated in vitro the impact of nicotine on functional properties of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (lps) of periodontal pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis. huvecs were stimulated with different concentrations of nicotine (10 µm-10 ...	2014	24820118
molecular analysis of oral bacteria in dental biofilm and atherosclerotic plaques of patients with vascular disease.	oral bacteria have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques at a variable frequency; however, the connection between oral health and vascular and oral bacterial profiles of patients with vascular disease is not clearly established. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of oral bacterial dna in the mouth and atherosclerotic plaques, in addition to assessing the patients' caries and periodontal disease history.	2014	24820755
presence of digital dermatitis treponemes on cattle and sheep hoof trimming equipment.	digital dermatitis (dd) is an infectious foot disease causing severe lameness in dairy cattle (worldwide) and sheep (uk). this study investigated whether dd treponema phylogroups can be present on equipment used to trim ruminant hooves and, therefore, consider this trimming equipment as a possible vector for the transmission of dd. equipment was tested after being used to trim dd symptomatic and asymptomatic cattle and sheep hooves, and subsequently after disinfection of equipment. after trimmin ...	2014	24821857
uncovering the molecular networks in periodontitis.	periodontitis is a complex immune-inflammatory disease that results from a preestablished infection in gingiva, mainly due to gram-negative bacteria that colonize deeper in gingival sulcus and latter periodontal pocket. host inflammatory and immune responses have both protective and destructive roles. although cytokines, prostaglandins, and proteases struggle against microbial burden, these molecules promote connective tissue loss and alveolar bone resorption, leading to several histopathologica ...	2014	24828325
subgingival bacteria in ghanaian adolescents with or without progression of attachment loss.	this study describes subgingival bacterial profiles associated with clinical periodontal status in ghanaian adolescents with or without progression of attachment loss.	2014	24834145
immuno-pathogenesis of periodontal disease: current and emerging paradigms.	periodontal disease (pd) is a highly complex disease involving many factors; however, two principal facets central to initiation and progression of the majority of pd are the composition of the microbes in the sub-gingival plaque, and the host immune response to these organisms. numerous studies point to the complexity of pd, and to the fact that despite innate and adaptive immune activation, and resultant inflammation, our immune response fails to cure disease. stunning new findings have begun ...	2014	24839590
cytokine gene polymorphisms associate with microbiogical agents in periodontal disease: our experience.	periodontics has evolved from a simplistic model to a more complex interplay between infection and host response. genetic factors have been a new addition to the list of risk factors for periodontal diseases. the processes leading to destruction and regeneration of the destroyed tissues are of great interest to both researchers and clinicians. the selective susceptibility of subjects for periodontitis has remained an enigma and wide varieties of risk factors have been implicated for the manifest ...	2014	24843315
microbial community profiling of human saliva using shotgun metagenomic sequencing.	human saliva is clinically informative of both oral and general health. since next generation shotgun sequencing (ngs) is now widely used to identify and quantify bacteria, we investigated the bacterial flora of saliva microbiomes of two healthy volunteers and five datasets from the human microbiome project, along with a control dataset containing short ngs reads from bacterial species representative of the bacterial flora of human saliva. genius, a system designed to identify and quantify bacte ...	2014	24846174
altered oral viral ecology in association with periodontal disease.	the human oral cavity is home to a large and diverse community of viruses that have yet to be characterized in patients with periodontal disease. we recruited and sampled saliva and oral biofilm from a cohort of humans either periodontally healthy or with mild or significant periodontal disease to discern whether there are differences in viral communities that reflect their oral health status. we found communities of viruses inhabiting saliva and the subgingival and supragingival biofilms of eac ...	2014	24846382
initial characterization of the flge hook high molecular weight complex of borrelia burgdorferi.	the spirochete periplasmic flagellum has many unique attributes. one unusual characteristic is the flagellar hook. this structure serves as a universal joint coupling rotation of the membrane-bound motor to the flagellar filament. the hook is comprised of about 120 flge monomers, and in most bacteria these structures readily dissociate to monomers (∼ 50 kda) when treated with heat and detergent. however, in spirochetes the flge monomers form a large mass of over 250 kda [referred to as a high mo ...	2014	24859001
internal bacterial colonization of implants: association with peri-implant bone loss.	the aim of the present longitudinal study was to investigate bacterial colonization of the internal implant cavity and to evaluate a possible association with peri-implant bone loss.	2015	24861845
importance of diversity in the oral microbiota including candida species revealed by high-throughput technologies.	taking advantage of high-throughput technologies, deep sequencing of the human microbiome has revealed commensal bacteria independent of the ability to culture them. the composition of the commensal microbiome is dependent on bacterial diversity and the state of the host regulated by the immune system. candida species are well known as components of the commensal oral microbiota. candida species frequently colonize and develop biofilms on medical devices like dentures and catheters. therefore, c ...	2014	24864144
proteome analysis of coinfection of epithelial cells with filifactor alocis and porphyromonas gingivalis shows modulation of pathogen and host regulatory pathways.	changes in periodontal status are associated with shifts in the composition of the bacterial community in the periodontal pocket. the relative abundances of several newly recognized microbial species, including filifactor alocis, as-yet-unculturable organisms, and other fastidious organisms have raised questions on their impact on disease development. we have previously reported that the virulence attributes of f. alocis are enhanced in coculture with porphyromonas gingivalis. we have evaluated ...	2014	24866790
deep sequencing analysis reveals temporal microbiota changes associated with development of bovine digital dermatitis.	bovine digital dermatitis (dd) is a leading cause of lameness in dairy cattle throughout the world. despite 35 years of research, the definitive etiologic agent associated with the disease process is still unknown. previous studies have demonstrated that multiple bacterial species are associated with lesions, with spirochetes being the most reliably identified organism. this study details the deep sequencing-based metagenomic evaluation of 48 staged dd biopsy specimens collected during a 3-year ...	2014	24866801
the periodontal pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis induces expression of transposases and cell death of streptococcus mitis in a biofilm model.	oral microbial communities are extremely complex biofilms with high numbers of bacterial species interacting with each other (and the host) to maintain homeostasis of the system. disturbance in the oral microbiome homeostasis can lead to either caries or periodontitis, two of the most common human diseases. periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease caused by the coordinated action of a complex microbial community, which results in inflammation of tissues that support the teeth. it is the most com ...	2014	24866802
local drug delivery agents as adjuncts to endodontic and periodontal therapy.	in the treatment of intracanal and periodontal infections, the local application of antibiotics and other therapeutic agents in the root canal or in periodontal pockets may be a promising approach to achieve sustained/controlled drug release, high antimicrobial activity and low systemic side effects. the conventional method for the elimination of subgingival microbial infection includes mechanical debridement, irrigation with antimicrobial agents or surgical access. but, the effectiveness of con ...	2013	24868252
comparative evaluation of subgingivally delivered xanthan-based chlorhexidine gel and herbal extract gel in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.	local drug delivery agents can effectively deliver the antimicrobial drugs in bactericidal concentration, and have shown improved clinical outcomes when used as an adjunct to mechanical therapy. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a xanthan-based chlorhexidine gel versus herbal extracts' gel as an adjunct to periodontal therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.	2014	24872624
bacteria in the adventitia of cardiovascular disease patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis.	the incidence of atherosclerosis is significantly increased in rheumatoid arthritis (ra). infection is one factor that may be involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases. the cause of ra and atherosclerosis is unknown, and infection is one of the factors that may be involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases. the aims of this study were to identify bacteria in the aortic adventitia of patients with cardiovascular disease (cvd) in the presence and absence of ra, and to determine the effect o ...	2014	24874661
resolution of localized chronic periodontitis associated with longstanding calculus deposits.	this report, which is based on nonstandardized serial radiographs obtained over a period of 15 years, documents a case of localized chronic periodontitis associated with progressive deposition of calculus on the distal aspect of a mandibular second molar. the site was treated by scaling and root planing, followed by a course of adjunctive systemic azithromycin. treatment yielded favorable reductions in probing depth and clinical inflammation, leaving only few isolated sites with pockets no deepe ...	2014	24876977
the treponema denticola atcr lyttr domain-containing response regulator interacts with three architecturally distinct promoter elements: implications for understanding the molecular signaling mechanisms that drive the progression of periodontal disease.	treponema denticola is an oral spirochete and periopathogen that transitions from low abundance in healthy subgingival crevices to high abundance in periodontal pockets. the t. denticola response regulator atcr harbors the relatively rare, lyttr dna-binding domain. lyttr domain containing response regulators control critical transcriptional responses required for environmental adaptation. using a multi-step bioinformatics approach, 26 strong lyttr recognition motifs were identified in the genome ...	2014	24890414
functional differences of porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae in determining periodontal disease pathogenesis: a literature review.	porphyromonas gingivalis is implicated in chronic and aggressive periodontitis. this bacterium has numerous virulence factors and one is the fimbriae, which is quite important for bacterial colonization. fimbriae are appendices that anchor to the bacterial wall and are comprised of the protein fimbriline encoded by the fima gene. thus far, six genotypes have been identified, fima i to v and ib. genotypes ii and iv are associated with periodontal disease, while genotype i is related to gingival h ...	2013	24892323
association between periodontal disease and plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.	untreated periodontal disease seems to cause low grade systemic inflammation and blood lipid alteration leading to increased cardiovascular disease risk. to start testing this hypothesis in colombian patients, a multicentre study was conducted including the three main state capitals: bogota, medellin and cali.	2013	24892452
filifactor alocis: the newly discovered kid on the block with special talents.	infection-induced periodontal disease has been primarily focused on a small group of periodontal pathogens. a paradigm shift, based on data emerging from the oral microbiome project, now suggests the involvement of as-yet-unculturable and fastidious organisms. collectively, these studies have demonstrated that there are changes in the periodontal status associated with shifts in the composition of the bacterial community in the periodontal pocket. in addition, it is likely that the emerging new ...	2014	24898946
prevalence of clinical periodontitis and putative periodontal pathogens among south indian pregnant women.	in view of recent understanding of the association of periodontal infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes, the present investigation was undertaken to study the periodontal infections among 390 asymptomatic pregnant women and to find an association of bacterial etiologies with the disease. prevalence of gingivitis was 38% and clinical periodontitis was 10% among the study population. subgingival plaque specimens were subjected to multiplex pcr targeting ten putative periodontopathogenic bacter ...	2014	24899898
what role do periodontal pathogens play in osteoarthritis and periprosthetic joint infections of the knee?	through the use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-electron spray ionization (esi)-time of flight (tof)-mass spectrometry (ms), we identified multiple periodontal pathogens within joint tissues of individuals undergoing replacement arthroplasties of the knee. the most prevalent of the periodontal pathogens were treponema denticola and enterococcus faecalis, the latter of which is commonly associated with apical periodontitis. these findings were unique to periprosthetic joint infections (pji) of ...	2014	24921460
expression and regulation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in periodontal diseases.	periodontitis is an inflammatory infectious disease that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues. it is caused by multi-species subgingival biofilms that colonize the tooth surface. porphyromonas gingivalis, treponema denticola and tannerella forsythia (i.e. 'red complex' bacteria) are characteristic subgingival biofilm species. the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (trem-1) is a cell surface receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, with a role in the amplification of proinflamma ...	2014	24924298
quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms in root-filled teeth with persistent infection: monitoring of the endodontic retreatment.	the aim of this study was to investigate in vivo microorganisms detected in root-filled teeth with post-treatment apical periodontitis and quantify colony-forming units (cfu) during endodontic retreatment.	2013	24926210
auranofin and related heterometallic gold(i)-thiolates as potent inhibitors of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains.	a series of new heterometallic gold(i) thiolates containing ferrocenyl-phoshines were synthesized. their antimicrobial properties were studied and compared to that of fda-approved drug, auranofin (ridaura), prescribed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. mic in the order of one digit micromolar were found for most of the compounds against gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus and ca mrsa strains us300 and us400. remarkably, auranofin inhibited s. aureus, us300 and us400 in the order ...	2014	24935090
polybacterial human disease: the ills of social networking.	polybacterial diseases involve multiple organisms that act collectively to facilitate disease progression. although this phenomenon was highlighted early in the 20th century, recent technological advances in diagnostics have led to the appreciation that many infections are far more complex than originally believed. furthermore, it is apparent that although most treatments focus on the dominant bacterial species in an infection, other microbes, including commensals, can have a profound impact on ...	2014	24938173
metagenomic analysis reveals presence of treponema denticola in a tissue biopsy of the iceman.	ancient hominoid genome studies can be regarded by definition as metagenomic analyses since they represent a mixture of both hominoid and microbial sequences in an environment. here, we report the molecular detection of the oral spirochete treponema denticola in ancient human tissue biopsies of the iceman, a 5,300-year-old copper age natural ice mummy. initially, the metagenomic data of the iceman's genomic survey was screened for bacterial ribosomal rna (rrna) specific reads. through ranking th ...	2014	24941044
protein biomarkers of periodontitis in saliva.	periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the tissues that surround and support the teeth and is initiated by inappropriate and excessive immune responses to bacteria in subgingival dental plaque leading to loss of the integrity of the periodontium, compromised tooth function, and eventually tooth loss. periodontitis is an economically important disease as it is time-consuming and expensive to treat. periodontitis has a worldwide prevalence of 5-15% and the prevalence of severe diseas ...	2014	24944840
the influence of orthodontic fixed appliances on the oral microbiota: a systematic review.	to investigate whether there is scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that the presence of orthodontic fixed appliances influences the oral microbiota.	2014	24945514
oral inflammation, tooth loss, risk factors, and association with progression of alzheimer's disease.	periodontitis is a polymicrobial chronic inflammatory disease of tooth-supporting tissues with bacterial etiology affecting all age groups, becoming chronic in a subgroup of older individuals. periodontal pathogens porphyromonas gingivalis, tannerella forsythia, and treponema denticola are implicated in the development of a number of inflammatory pathologies at remote organ sites, including alzheimer's disease (ad). the initial inflammatory hypothesis proposed that ad hallmark proteins were the ...	2014	24946875
colonisation of gingival epithelia by subgingival biofilms in vitro: role of "red complex" bacteria.	biofilm formation on tooth surface results in colonisation and invasion of the juxtaposed gingival tissue, eliciting strong inflammatory responses that lead to periodontal disease. this in vitro study investigated the colonisation of human gingival multi-layered epithelium by multi-species subgingival biofilms, and evaluated the relative effects of the "red complex" species (porphyromonas gingivalis, tannerella forsythia and treponema denticola).	2014	24949828
comparative evaluation of the efficacy of two controlled release devices: chlorhexidine chips and indigenous curcumin based collagen as local drug delivery systems.	to comparatively evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of chlorhexidine (chx) chips (periocol-cg) and indigenous curcumin (cu) based collagen as adjuncts to scaling and root planning in the nonsurgical management of chronic periodontitis.	2014	24963242
identification of microbial pathogens in periodontal disease and diabetic patients of south indian population.	periodontitis have been referred to as the sixth complication of diabetes found in high prevalence among diabetic patients than among healthy controls. the aim of the present study was to examine the periodontal disease status among collected dental plaque samples. chromosomal dna was isolated and amplified by universal primers. the dna was sequenced for bacterial confirmation and phylogenetic analysis performed for the evolutionary relationship with other known pathogens. no amplification produ ...	2014	24966528
glycobiology aspects of the periodontal pathogen tannerella forsythia.	glycobiology is important for the periodontal pathogen tannerella forsythia, affecting the bacterium's cellular integrity, its life-style, and virulence potential. the bacterium possesses a unique gram-negative cell envelope with a glycosylated surface (s-) layer as outermost decoration that is proposed to be anchored via a rough lipopolysaccharide. the s-layer glycan has the structure 4‑meo-b-manpnacconh2-(1→3)-[pse5am7gc-(2→4)-]-b-manpnaca-(1→4)-[4-meo-a-galp-(1→2)-]-a-fucp-(1→4)-[-a-xylp-(1→3 ...	2012	24970146
treponema denticola upregulates mmp-2 activation in periodontal ligament cells: interplay between epigenetics and periodontal infection.	periodontal pathogens initiate chronic dysregulation of inflammation and tissue homeostasis that characterize periodontal disease. to better understand oral microbe-host tissue interactions, we investigated expression and activation of mmp-2 in periodontal ligament cells following treponema denticola challenge.	2014	24973519
the inflammophilic character of the periodontitis-associated microbiota.	in periodontitis, dysbiotic microbial communities exhibit synergistic interactions for enhanced protection from host defenses, nutrient acquisition, and persistence in an inflammatory environment. this review discusses evidence that periodontitis-associated communities are 'inflammo-philic' (=loving or attracted to inflammation) in that they have evolved to not only endure inflammation but also to take advantage of it. in this regard, inflammation can drive the selection and enrichment of these ...	2014	24976068
pathogenic microbes, the microbiome, and alzheimer's disease (ad).		2014	24982633
influence of the periodontal status on the initial-biofilm formation on titanium surfaces.	dental implants will be exposed to a complex ecosystem once they are placed in the oral cavity. the bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on these devices will depend not only on the physicochemical surface implant properties but also on the periodontal health conditions of the patients, as these devices are exposed.	2016	24995517
rare case of generalised aggressive periodontitis in the primary dentition.	generalised aggressive periodontitis (ap) in the prepubescent age is an exceptionally rare disease in the primary dentition of otherwise healthy children. characteristics of ap are gingival inflammation, deep periodontal pockets, bone loss, tooth mobility and even tooth loss. the most common way of treating this disease is the extraction of all the involved primary teeth.	2014	25001360
bacteria and bacterial dna in atherosclerotic plaque and aneurysmal wall biopsies from patients with and without periodontitis.	several studies have reported an association between chronic periodontitis (cp) and cardiovascular diseases. detection of periodontopathogens, including red complex bacteria (rcb), in vascular lesions has suggested these bacteria to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms.	2014	25006361
intracellular localization of treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase in chronic periodontitis.	treponema denticola is an important periodontal pathogen capable of tissue invasion. its chymotrypsin-like proteinase (ctlp) can degrade a number of basement membrane components in vitro, thus suggesting a contribution to tissue invasion by the spirochete. the aim of this study was to analyze the localization of ctlp in chronic periodontitis tissues ex vivo. a polyclonal antibody specific to t. denticola cell-bound ctlp was used to detect the spirochetes in the gingival tissues of patients with ...	2014	25006362
anaerobes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: virulence factors contributing to vaginal colonisation.	the aetiology and pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis (bv) is unclear but it appears to be associated with factors that disrupt the normal acidity of the vagina thus altering the equilibrium between the normal vaginal microbiota. bv has serious implications for female morbidity, including reports of pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and infertility. this paper reviewed new available information regarding possible ...	2014	25014248
lack of a surface layer in tannerella forsythia mutants deficient in the type ix secretion system.	tannerella forsythia, a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, is an important pathogen in periodontal disease. this bacterium possesses genes encoding all known components of the type ix secretion system (t9ss). t. forsythia mutants deficient in genes orthologous to the t9ss-encoding genes pork, port and sov were constructed. all pork, port and sov single mutants lacked the surface layer (s-layer) and expressed less-glycosylated versions of the s-layer glycoproteins tfsa and tfsb. in addition, thes ...	2014	25023245
self-perceived halitosis and oral hygiene habits among undergraduate dental students.	halitosis or oral malodor is characterized by unpleasant odor arising from the oral cavity. the prevalence of halitosis however is not studied extensively. the aim of this study was to evaluate the self perception of oral malodor and oral hygiene habits amongst dental students.	2014	25024551
accurate genome relative abundance estimation for closely related species in a metagenomic sample.	metagenomics has a great potential to discover previously unattainable information about microbial communities. an important prerequisite for such discoveries is to accurately estimate the composition of microbial communities. most of prevalent homology-based approaches utilize solely the results of an alignment tool such as blast, limiting their estimation accuracy to high ranks of the taxonomy tree.	2014	25027647
quantitative molecular detection of putative periodontal pathogens in clinically healthy and periodontally diseased subjects.	periodontitis is a multi-microbial oral infection with high prevalence among adults. putative oral pathogens are commonly found in periodontally diseased individuals. however, these organisms can be also detected in the oral cavity of healthy subjects. this leads to the hypothesis, that alterations in the proportion of these organisms relative to the total amount of oral microorganisms, namely their abundance, rather than their simple presence might be important in the transition from health to ...	2014	25029268
infectious burden and atherosclerosis: a clinical issue.	atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases of multifactorial etiology, are the leading cause of death worldwide. in the last decade, more infectious agents, labeled as "infectious burden", rather than any single pathogen, have been showed to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through different mechanisms. some microorganisms, such as chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae), human cytomegalovirus, etc. may act directly on the arterial wall contributing to en ...	2014	25032197
quantitative analysis of classical and new putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival biofilm: a case-control study.	a number of species/phylotypes have been newly implicated as putative periopathogens. the objective of this study was to explore associations among classical and new pathogens in subgingival biofilm and to assess their relative importance to chronic periodontitis.	2015	25040261
subgingival air-polishing with erythritol during periodontal maintenance: randomized clinical trial of twelve months.	to evaluate repeated subgingival air-polishing in residual pockets with a new erythritol powder containing 0.3% chlorhexidine.	2014	25041441
bioinformatic investigation of the cost management strategies of five oral microbes.	some amino acids are more energetically costly to synthesize de novo, therefore many microbes have evolved to regulate the metabolic expenditure of the cell and reduce the energy burden of extracellular unrecyclable proteins. several oral bacterial species take up amino acids and peptides obtained from proteolysis of host proteins and hence do not rely only on de novo synthesis. the aim of this study was to investigate if five oral bacterial species implement cost management strategies to reduce ...	2015	25052707
code blue: acinetobacter baumannii, a nosocomial pathogen with a role in the oral cavity.	actinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen that can cause a wide range of serious conditions including pneumonia, meningitis, necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis. it is also a major cause of wound infections in military personnel injured during the conflicts in afghanistan and iraq, leading to its popular nickname of 'iraqibacter'. contributing to its success in clinical settings is resistance to environmental stresses such as desiccation and disinfectants. moreover, in recent yea ...	2014	25052812
code blue: acinetobacter baumannii, a nosocomial pathogen with a role in the oral cavity.	actinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen that can cause a wide range of serious conditions including pneumonia, meningitis, necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis. it is also a major cause of wound infections in military personnel injured during the conflicts in afghanistan and iraq, leading to its popular nickname of 'iraqibacter'. contributing to its success in clinical settings is resistance to environmental stresses such as desiccation and disinfectants. moreover, in recent yea ...	2014	25052812
common periodontal diseases of children and adolescents.	background. since 2000, studies, experiments, and clinical observations revealed high prevalence of periodontal diseases among children and adolescents. therefore, this paper was designed to provide an update for dental practitioners on epidemiology, microbiology, pathology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal diseases in children and adolescents. methods. this paper reviews the current literature concerning periodontal diseases in pediatric dentistry. it includes medline databas ...	2014	25053946
effect of repeated adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on subgingival periodontal pathogens in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.	the aim of this study was to compare the effect of subgingival ultrasonic scaling followed by repeated (three times) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (pdt), ultrasonic scaling alone (us), and scaling and root planing with hand instruments (srp) for initial periodontal treatment. twenty-seven non-smoking systemically healthy chronic periodontitis patients were included. residual pockets ≥4 mm deep and bleeding on probing were debrided either with srp, us alone, or us followed by a single episod ...	2015	25056413
active invasion of porphyromonas gingivalis and infection-induced complement activation in apoe-/- mice brains.	periodontal disease is a polymicrobial inflammatory disease that leads to chronic systemic inflammation and direct infiltration of bacteria/bacterial components, which may contribute to the development of alzheimer's disease. apoe-/- mice were orally infected (n = 12) with porphyromonas gingivalis, treponema denticola, tannerella forsythia, and fusobacterium nucleatum as mono- and polymicrobial infections. apoe-/- mice were sacrificed following 12 and 24 weeks of chronic infection. bacterial gen ...	2015	25061055
periodontopathogens and human β-defensin-2 expression in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with periodontal disease in guangxi, china.	periodontal diseases are often induced by periodontopathogens, which are always exposed to certain innate immune factors in gingival crevicular fluid, including human β-defensin-2 (hbd-2). this study aims to investigate the relationship among periodontopathogens, clinical parameters and hbd-2 expression.	2015	25065393
intercellular communications in multispecies oral microbial communities.	the oral cavity contains more than 700 microbial species that are engaged in extensive cell-cell interactions. these interactions contribute to the formation of highly structured multispecies communities, allow them to perform physiological functions, and induce synergistic pathogenesis. co-adhesion between oral microbial species influences their colonization of oral cavity and effectuates, to a large extent, the temporal and spatial formation of highly organized polymicrobial community architec ...	2014	25071741
newly identified pathogens associated with periodontitis: a systematic review.	there is substantial evidence supporting the role of certain oral bacteria species in the onset and progression of periodontitis. nevertheless, results of independent-culture diagnostic methods introduced about a decade ago have pointed to the existence of new periodontal pathogens. however, the data of these studies have not been evaluated together, which may generate some misunderstanding on the actual role of these microorganisms in the etiology of periodontitis. the aim of this systematic re ...	2014	25074492
periodontal microbiology--the lid's off the box again.		2014	25074493
structural basis of pam-dependent target dna recognition by the cas9 endonuclease.	the crispr-associated protein cas9 is an rna-guided endonuclease that cleaves double-stranded dna bearing sequences complementary to a 20-nucleotide segment in the guide rna. cas9 has emerged as a versatile molecular tool for genome editing and gene expression control. rna-guided dna recognition and cleavage strictly require the presence of a protospacer adjacent motif (pam) in the target dna. here we report a crystal structure of streptococcus pyogenes cas9 in complex with a single-molecule gui ...	2014	25079318
molecular identification and antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from primary dentition infections.	bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a health problem in many parts of the world. the aim of this study was to identify bacteria from dental infections and determine bacterial resistance to antibiotics used in dental care in the primary dentition.	2014	25091293
effect of chlorhexidine chip in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.	the evaluation of clinical and specific microbiological changes associated with chlorhexidine chip in the chronic periodontitis patients.	2014	25097396
effects of ginkgo biloba extract on periodontal pathogens and its clinical efficacy as adjuvant treatment.	to determine the effects of ginkgo biloba extract (egb) on major periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque.	2014	25098260
periodontitis in rats induces systemic oxidative stress that is controlled by bone-targeted antiresorptives.	periodontitis is a chronic, polymicrobial inflammatory disease that degrades connective tissue and alveolar bone and results in tooth loss. oxidative stress has been linked to the onset of periodontal tissue breakdown and systemic inflammation, and the success of antiresorptive treatments will rely on how effectively they can ameliorate periodontal disease-induced oxidative stress during oral infection.	2015	25101489
efficacy of a local-drug delivery gel containing extracts of quercus brantii and coriandrum sativum as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in moderate chronic periodontitis patients.	recent advances in the field of alternative medicine introduced various herbal products for the treatment of periodontitis. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of combined extracts from quercus brantii and coriandrum sativum on periodontal indices in adult periodontitis patients.	2014	25114940
beneficial effects of adiponectin on periodontal ligament cells under normal and regenerative conditions.	type 2 diabetes and obesity are increasing worldwide and linked to periodontitis, a chronic disease which is characterized by the irreversible destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues, that is, periodontium. the mechanisms underlying the association of diabetes mellitus and obesity with periodontal destruction and compromised periodontal healing are not well understood, but decreased plasma levels of adiponectin, as found in diabetic and obese individuals, might be a critical mechanistic link ...	2014	25121107
collection and characterization of samples for establishment of a serum repository for lyme disease diagnostic test development and evaluation.	serological assays and a two-tiered test algorithm are recommended for laboratory confirmation of lyme disease. in the united states, the sensitivity of two-tiered testing using commercially available serology-based assays is dependent on the stage of infection and ranges from 30% in the early localized disease stage to near 100% in late-stage disease. other variables, including subjectivity in reading western blots, compliance with two-tiered recommendations, use of different first- and second- ...	2014	25122862
cancer-promoting effects of microbial dysbiosis.	humans depend on our commensal bacteria for nutritive, immune-modulating, and metabolic contributions to maintenance of health. however, this commensal community exists in careful balance that, if disrupted, enters dysbiosis; this has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of colon, gastric, esophageal, pancreatic, laryngeal, breast, and gallbladder carcinomas. this development is closely tied to host inflammation, which causes and is aggravated by microbial dysbiosis and increases vulnera ...	2014	25123079
leptin effects on the regenerative capacity of human periodontal cells.	obesity is increasing throughout the globe and characterized by excess adipose tissue, which represents a complex endocrine organ. adipose tissue secrets bioactive molecules called adipokines, which act at endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine levels. obesity has recently been shown to be associated with periodontitis, a disease characterized by the irreversible destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues, that is, periodontium, and also with compromised periodontal healing. although the underlyin ...	2014	25136363
maxbin: an automated binning method to recover individual genomes from metagenomes using an expectation-maximization algorithm.	recovering individual genomes from metagenomic datasets allows access to uncultivated microbial populations that may have important roles in natural and engineered ecosystems. understanding the roles of these uncultivated populations has broad application in ecology, evolution, biotechnology and medicine. accurate binning of assembled metagenomic sequences is an essential step in recovering the genomes and understanding microbial functions.	2014	25136443
microbial signature profiles of periodontally healthy and diseased patients.	to determine microbial profiles that discriminate periodontal health from different forms of periodontal diseases.	2014	25139407
serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is a biomarker in patients with diabetes and periodontitis.	the role of serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) as a biomarker of periodontitis is well documented; however, its role in diabetic patients with periodontitis is unknown.	2014	25143907
quantification of periodontal pathogens cell counts by capillary electrophoresis.	gingivitis is a highly prevalent periodontal disease around the worldwide. porphyromonas gingivalis (p.g), treponema denticola (t.d) and tannerela forsythia (t.f) were considered to be three important periodontal pathogens related to gingivitis, and research shows that the counts of periodontal pathogen cells in the patients before, during, and after fixed orthodontic appliance therapy were quite different. we proposed a simple method to extract the periodontal pathogens from the periodontal poc ...	2014	25145561
dentilisin involvement in coaggregation between treponema denticola and tannerella forsythia.	periodontitis arises from a biofilm consisting of gram-negative anaerobic rods and spirochetes. porphyromonas gingivalis, treponema denticola, and tannerella forsythia, termed the red complex, have been co-isolated with high frequency from chronic periodontitis lesions, and these microorganisms are thought to be major pathogens of the disease. coaggregation is an important strategy in the colonization of dental plaque biofilm by these bacteria. in the present study, we investigated the coaggrega ...	2014	25152229
pilot study on the clinical and microbiological effect of subgingival glycine powder air polishing using a cannula-like jet.	to assess the efficacy of subgingival glycine powder air polishing (gpap) during supportive periodontal therapy (spt).	2015	25156125
comparative genome analysis and identification of competitive and cooperative interactions in a polymicrobial disease.	polymicrobial diseases are caused by combinations of multiple bacteria, which can lead to not only mild but also life-threatening illnesses. periodontitis represents a polymicrobial disease; porphyromonas gingivalis, treponema denticola and tannerella forsythia, called 'the red complex', have been recognized as the causative agents of periodontitis. although molecular interactions among the three species could be responsible for progression of periodontitis, the relevant genetic mechanisms are u ...	2014	25171331