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Development and inter-laboratory validation study of an improved new real-time PCR assay with internal control for detection and laboratory diagnosis of African swine fever virus.A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV), multiplexed for simultaneous detection of swine beta-actin as an endogenous control, has been developed and validated by four National Reference Laboratories of the European Union for African swine fever (ASF) including the European Union Reference Laboratory. Primers and a TaqMan(®) probe specific for ASFV were selected from conserved regions of the p72 gene. The limit of detection of ...201121946285
detection of porcine circovirus type 1 in commercial porcine vaccines by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method with a real-time monitoring system was developed for the detection of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) in commercial swine vaccines. this method was highly specific for pcv1. no cross-reaction to porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was observed. the analytical sensitivity of the lamp for pcv1 dna was 10 copies/μl in the case of ...201121948286
mechanism of collapse of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae during african swine fever virus infection.infection of cells with african swine fever virus (asfv) can lead to the formation of zipper-like stacks of structural proteins attached to collapsed endoplasmic reticulum (er) cisternae. we show that the collapse of er cisternae observed during asfv infection is dependent on the viral envelope protein, j13lp. expression of j13lp alone in cells is sufficient to induce collapsed er cisternae. collapse was dependent on a cysteine residue in the n-terminal domain of j13lp exposed to the er lumen. l ...201221951707
effects of glycosylation on antigenicity and immunogenicity of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins.classical swine fever virus (csfv) harbors three envelope glycoproteins (e(rns), e1 and e2). previous studies have demonstrated that removal of specific glycosylation sites within these proteins yielded attenuated and immunogenic csfv mutants. here we analyzed the effects of lack of glycosylation of baculovirus-expressed e(rns), e1, and e2 proteins on immunogenicity. interestingly, e(rns), e1, and e2 proteins lacking proper post-translational modifications, most noticeable lack of glycosylation, ...201121968199
Characterization of the monoclonal antibody against classical swine fever virus glycoprotein E(rns) and its application to an indirect sandwich ELISA.Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E(rns) is an envelope glycoprotein possessing RNase activity. The E(rns)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been considered a discriminating diagnostic test for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. The purpose of this study was to produce a specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) to E(rns) for further developing an indirect sandwich ELISA. The MAb CW813 was shown to specifically recognize both the monomer and dimer forms of Pichia pasto ...201121972132
RNA self-cleavage activated by ultraviolet light-induced oxidation.A novel UV-C-light-induced ribozyme activity was discovered within the highly structured 5'-genomic regions of both Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and the related Classic Swine Fever Virus (CSFV). Cleavage is mediated by exposure to UV-C light but not by exogenous oxygen radicals. It is also very selective, occurring at base positions HCV C(79) and CSFV A(45) in some molecules and at the immediately adjacent 5'-positions HCV U(78) and CSFV U(44) in others. Among other reaction products, the majority of ...201121989404
microbial ecology of swine farms and prrs vaccine vaccination strategies.the present study investigated the microbial ecology and vaccination strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) in field condition. four representative farms with a history of prrs were included in this study. over the almost 3-year period, the average detection rate was 68.9%, making prrsv the first most frequently detected virus, followed by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) (64.2%), pseudorabies virus (prv) (11.03%) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) (4.41%). s ...201122014373
rapid typing of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia 1 by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.a reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was rapidly used to detect serotype asia 1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) within 45 min at 61°c. all fmdv serotype asia 1 reference strains were positive by rt-lamp, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes o, c, a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and japanese encephalitis virus remained negative. furthermore, fmdv sreotype as ...201122040459
A novel dendrimeric peptide induces high level neutralizing antibodies against classical swine fever virus in rabbits.The amino acid sequence (TAVSPTTLR, 829-837aa) on the glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a conserved and linear neutralizing epitope. In the present study, two peptides were constructed based the core sequence of this neutralizing epitope, the dendrimeric peptide (Th-B(4)) containing four copies of B cell epitope fused to one copy of promiscuous T helper (Th) cell epitope and the peptide Th-B containing a single copy of B cell epitope fused to one copy of Th cell epitope. T ...201122051445
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna. the amplification was able to finish in 45 min under isothermal condition at 64°c by employing a set of four primers targeting fmdv 2b. the assay showed higher sensitivity than rt-pcr. no cross reactivity was observed from other rna viruses including classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, japa ...201122070774
small rho gtpases and cholesterol biosynthetic pathway intermediates in african swine fever virus infection.the integrity of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is required for efficient african swine fever virus (asfv) infection. incorporation of prenyl groups into rho gtpases plays a key role in several stages of asfv infection, since both geranylgeranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphates are required at different infection steps. we found that rho gtpase inhibition impaired virus morphogenesis and resulted in an abnormal viral factory size with the accumulation of envelope precursors and immature virions ...201122114329
a new cloning system based on the opri lipoprotein for the production of recombinant bacterial cell wall-derived immunogenic formulations.the conjugation of antigens with ligands of pattern recognition receptors (prr) is emerging as a promising strategy for the modulation of specific immunity. here, we describe a new escherichia coli system for the cloning and expression of heterologous antigens in fusion with the opri lipoprotein, a tlr ligand from the pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane (om). analysis of the opri expressed by this system reveals a triacylated lipid moiety mainly composed by palmitic acid residues. by offering ...201222115954
disinfection of foot-and-mouth disease and african swine fever viruses with citric acid and sodium hypochlorite on birch wood carriers.transboundary animal disease viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and african swine fever virus (asfv) are highly contagious and cause severe morbidity and mortality in livestock. proper disinfection during an outbreak can help prevent virus spread and will shorten the time for contaminated agriculture facilities to return to food production. wood surfaces are prevalent at these locations, but there is no standardized method for porous surface disinfection; commercial disinfectant ...201122115968
Clustering of classical swine fever virus isolates by codon pair bias.ABSTRACT:201122126254
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection decreases the efficacy of an attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine.abstract: the lapinized philippines coronel (lpc) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is an important tool for the prevention and control of csfv infection and is widely and routinely used in most csf endemic areas, including taiwan. the aim of this study was to investigate whether pcv2 infection affects the efficacy of the lpc vaccine. eighteen 6-week-old, cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived (cdcd), crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. a tot ...201122129109
methods for growing and titrating african swine fever virus: field and laboratory samples.growing african swine fever virus (asfv) isolates obtained mainly from the field, but also engineered in the laboratory, is a critical step for diagnosis, titration, or virus infection studies. this unit describes a set of methods and protocols to produce and titrate any asfv strain in cell cultures. the procedures include (1) basic techniques to prepare virus-sensitive target cells; (2) strategies for growth, concentration, and purification of virus stocks; and (3) the semi-quantitative (end di ...201122161547
characterization of african swine fever virus caucasus isolate in european wild boars.since 2007, african swine fever has spread from the caucasus region. to learn more about the dynamics of the disease in wild boars (sus scrofa), we conducted experiments by using european wild boars. we found high virulence of caucasus isolates limited potential for establishment of endemicity.201122172247
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of porcine boca-like virus.the porcine boca-like virus (pbo-likev) was recently discovered in swedish pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of pbo-likev. a set of four primers specific for six regions of pbo-likev vp1/2 genes was designed with the online software. the reaction temperature and time were optimized to 65°c and 60min, respectively. lamp products were detected b ...201122172971
SARS Coronavirus nsp1 Protein Induces Template-Dependent Endonucleolytic Cleavage of mRNAs: Viral mRNAs Are Resistant to nsp1-Induced RNA Cleavage.SARS coronavirus (SCoV) nonstructural protein (nsp) 1, a potent inhibitor of host gene expression, possesses a unique mode of action: it binds to 40S ribosomes to inactivate their translation functions and induces host mRNA degradation. Our previous study demonstrated that nsp1 induces RNA modification near the 5'-end of a reporter mRNA having a short 5' untranslated region and RNA cleavage in the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) region of a dicistronic RNA template ...201122174690
genetic variation of border disease virus species strains.the 5´-untranslated region of pestivirus strains isolated from domestic and wild animals were analysed to determine their taxonomic status according to nucleotide changes in the secondary genomic structure using the palindromic nucleotide substitutions (pns) method. a total of 131 isolates out of 536 pestivirus strains evaluated, were clustered as border disease virus (bdv) species. the bdv strains were further divided into at least 8 genotypes or subspecies. thirty-two isolates from small rumin ...201122194225
development of an immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus.the genes encoding the erns and e2 antigen epitopes of classical swine fever virus (csfv) were expressed as a chimeric protein in escherichia coli bl21 by pet expression system. the antigenicity of the expressed protein cnc2 was identified by indirect enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (elisa) and immunoblot with anti-csfv antibodies. based on the cnc2 protein, an immunochromatographic strip was developed to evaluate the antibody titer of serum samples from swine vaccinated with csfv vaccine ra ...201122207080
virus survival in slurry: analysis of the stability of foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, bovine viral diarrhoea and swine influenza viruses.farm slurry can be highly contaminated with viral pathogens. the survival of these pathogens within slurry is important since this material is often distributed onto farm land either directly or after heat treatment. there is clearly some risk of spreading pathogens in the early stages of an outbreak of disease before it has been recognized. the survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and swine influenza virus, which belong to three dif ...201122226541
interferon status and white blood cells during infection with african swine fever virus in vivo.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the causative agent of african swine fever that is the significant disease of domestic pigs, with high rates of mortality. asfv is double-stranded dna virus whose genes encode some proteins that are implicated in the suppression of host immune response. in this study, we have modeled in vivo infection of asfv for determination of interferon (ifn) status in infected pigs. we measured the level of ifn-α, -β and -γ by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and showed ...201122226551
classical swine fever virus ns5b protein suppresses the inhibitive effect of ns5a on viral translation by binding to ns5a.in order to investigate molecular mechanisms of internal ribosome entry site (ires)-mediated translation in classical swine fever virus (csfv), an important pathogen of pigs, expression level was evaluated in the context of genomic rnas and reporter rna fragments. all data showed that ns5a protein has an inhibitory effect on ires-mediated translation and ns5b proteins suppress the inhibitory effect of ns5a on viral translation but csfv ns5b gdd mutants do not. furthermore, gst pull-down assay an ...201222258858
development of multiple elisas for the detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus in pig sera.the major immunogenic proteins (e(rns), e2 and ns3) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) (shimen strain) were expressed in e. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. the recombinant antigens were applied to develop multiple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the detection of specific antibodies in pig sera. optimum cut-off values were determined by receiver operating characteristic (roc) analysis after testing 201 sera of vaccinated pigs and 64 negative sera of unvaccinated p ...201222270806
yeast expressed classical swine fever e2 subunit vaccine candidate provides complete protection against lethal challenge infection and prevents horizontal virus transmission.classical swine fever (csf) caused by the classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a highly contagious swine disease resulting in large economical losses worldwide. the viral envelope glycoprotein e(rns) and e2 are major targets for eliciting antibodies against csfv in infected animals. a pichia pastoris yeast expressed e2 protein (ye2) has been shown to induce a protective immune response against csfv challenge. the purpose of this study is to determine the optimal dose of ye2 and its efficacy on ...201222300723
characterisation of vaccine-induced, broadly cross-reactive ifn-γ secreting t cell responses that correlate with rapid protection against classical swine fever virus.live attenuated c-strain classical swine fever viruses (csfv) provide a rapid onset of protection, but the lack of a serological test that can differentiate vaccinated from infected animals limits their application in csf outbreaks. since immunity may precede antibody responses, we examined the kinetics and specificity of peripheral blood t cell responses from pigs vaccinated with a c-strain vaccine and challenged after five days with a genotypically divergent csfv isolate. vaccinated animals di ...201222366027
pathology of porcine peripheral white blood cells during infection with african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the causative agent of african swine fever (asf) that is the significant disease of domestic pigs. several studies showed that asfv can influence on porcine blood cells in vitro. thus, we asked ourselves whether asfv infection results in changes in porcine blood cells in vivo. a series of experiments were performed in order to investigate the effects of asfv infection on porcine peripheral white blood cells. nine pigs were inoculated by intramuscular injection ...201222373449
establishment and characterization of an infectious cdna clone of a classical swine fever virus lom strain.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes a highly contagious disease among swine that has an important economic impact worldwide. csfv strain lom is an attenuated virus of low virulent strain of miyagi isolated from japan in 1956. eight dna fragments representing the genome of the csfv strain lom were obtained by rt-pcr. these were used to determine the complete nucleotide sequence and construct a full-length cdna clone which was called flc-lom. sequence analysis of the recombinant clone (flc-l ...201222437540
molecular characterization of african swine fever virus isolates originating from outbreaks in the russian federation between 2007 and 2011.african swine fever is one of the most important viral diseases of pigs and which caused significant economic damage on the pig production worldwide. nowadays, it is still present on the african continent, in transcaucasus countries (tcc), on island of sardinia and in russia. outbreaks of the disease have been reported in russia for the last four years, affected especially the southern federal district of the country. since 2010, a new outbreak area has been observed in the northwestern federal ...201222445729
high virulence of african swine fever virus caucasus isolate in european wild boars of all ages. 201222469497
a serosurvey for brucella suis, classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and pseudorabies virus in feral swine (sus scrofa) of eastern north carolina.as feral swine (sus scrofa) populations expand their range and the opportunity for feral swine hunting increases, there is increased potential for disease transmission that may impact humans, domestic swine, and wildlife. from september 2007 to march 2010, in 13 north carolina, usa, counties and at howell woods environmental learning center, we conducted a serosurvey of feral swine for brucella suis, pseudorabies virus (prv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv); the samples obtained at howell ...201222493123
novel approach for the generation of recombinant african swine fever virus from a field isolate using gfp expression and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine selection.generation of african swine fever virus (asfv) recombinants has so far relied mainly on the manipulation of virus strains which had been adapted to growth in cell culture, since field isolates do not usually replicate efficiently in established cell lines. using wild boar lung cells (wsl) which allow for propagation of asfv field isolates, a novel approach for the generation of recombinant asfv directly from field isolates was developed which includes the integration into the viral thymidine kin ...201222498259
characterization of c-strain "riems" tav-epitope escape variants obtained through selective antibody pressure in cell culture.classical swine fever virus (csfv) c-strain "riems" escape variants generated under selective antibody pressure with monoclonal antibodies and a peptide-specific antiserum in cell culture were investigated. candidates with up to three amino acid exchanges in the immunodominant and highly conserved linear tav-epitope of the e2-glycoprotein, and additional mutations in the envelope proteins erns and e1, were characterized both in vitro and in vivo.it was further demonstrated, that intramuscular im ...201222515281
prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar.the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ...201222516920
diagnosis of porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis in the republic of haiti.in february and march 2009, approximately 1,500 backyard pigs of variable age became sick, and approximately 700 of them died or were euthanized in the lower artibonite valley and the lower plateau of the republic of haiti. the main clinical sign was posterior ataxia followed by paresis and/or paralysis on the second or third day of illness. no gross lesions were observed at postmortem examinations. the morbidity and mortality were approximately 60% and 40%, respectively. diagnostic samples (who ...201222604774
early pathogenesis of classical swine fever virus (csfv) strains in danish pigs.host-virus interactions play an important role for the clinical outcome of classical swine fever virus (csfv) infections in pigs. strain virulence, host characteristics and environment are all factors that markedly influence disease severity. we tested csfv strains of varying virulence in an experimental set-up, reducing the influence of host and environmental factors. thus, weaner pigs were inoculated with one of 4 csfv strains in order to compare the pathogenesis for a 3-week-period after infe ...201222608103
[quantitative detection of anti-classical swine fever virus sirna expression in cells by stem-loop rt-qpcr].rna interference (rnai) is a promising technology in development of specific antiviral therapy, but the quantitative detection of small interfering rna (sirna) expressed in vivo is the main challenge to assess its antiviral effect. in order to detect the sirna molecules (sin1 and sin2) particularly expressed in cells to inhibit the replication of classical swine fever virus (csfv), serial specific stem-loop primers were designed and synthesized. two of them (slp-n1-6 and slp-n2-8) were selected ...201222667106
classical swine fever virus ns5a protein localizes to endoplasmic reticulum and induces oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes a severe disease of pigs that is characterized by hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and leucopenia. until now, the role of the nonstructural protein 5a (ns5a) produced by csfv in the pathogenesis of csf is not well known. in this study, we investigated the function of csfv ns5a by examining its role in the induction of oxidative stress and related intracellular events. stable swine umbilical vein endothelial cell lines expressing csfv n ...201222718084
identification of conformational epitopes and antigen-specific residues at the d/a domains and the extramembrane c-terminal region of e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus.envelope glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the major antigen that induces neutralizing antibodies in infected pigs. previous studies revealed that both conformation-dependent and linear epitopes are most present within domains b/c/d/a in the n-terminal half of e2. however, studies of antigenicity beyond the b/c domains remain limited. this study revealed that conformational epitopes were present on the d/a domains as well as the proximal c-terminal of e2, since the mutatio ...201222727685
a real-time pcr to detect and analyze virulent emcv loads in sows and piglets.a real-time polymerase chain reaction with sybr green was developed for the detection and quantification of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) in porcine tissues; the method uses two primers specific for the 3d gene. the detection limit of this assay was 22 gene copies/reaction, equivalent to 0.001 tcid(50)/ml. the assay was linear over a 10(7) dilution range of template concentrations and was specific for emcv; it did not amplify other porcine pathogens (porcine circovirus 2, porcine reproductiv ...201222752806
outbreaks of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in jiangxi province, china.in 2007, herds of pigs in jiangxi province, china experienced outbreaks of a severe form of suspected porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) characterized by high fever, high morbidity and mortality in animals of different ages. 152 swine sera and 42 tissues (consisting of liver, lung, lymph node and kidney) from five herds of pigs were collected. pigs were diagnosed as infected with a highly pathogenic form of the prrs virus (prrsv) based on elisa and reverse transcriptase polymer ...201222784793
detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus in fecal samples from wild boar.classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious viral disease that affects pigs. wild boars can play an important epidemiological role in csf outbreaks. in the past decades, studies conducted in many countries have reported that the csf virus (csfv) may persist in wild boar populations. the existence of csfv in the free-ranging wild boar populations was indirectly confirmed by determining the prevalence of antibodies against csfv in the serum of hunted wild boars. however, analyzing sero-prevalence ...201222841406
two newly developed e(rns)-based elisas allow the differentiation of classical swine fever virus-infected from marker-vaccinated animals and the discrimination of pestivirus antibodies.new generations of classical swine fever virus (csfv) marker vaccines have recently been developed in order to make emergency vaccination in case of a csf outbreak more feasible. however, the application of a marker vaccine is dependent on the availability of an accompanying discriminatory test allowing differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). cp7_e2alf, the most promising live marker vaccine candidate currently available, is a genetically modified bovine viral diarrhea virus ...201322902189
prevalence of classical swine fever virus in domestic pigs in south korea: 1999-2011.the major policy for eradication of classical swine fever (csf) in south korea has focused on the implementation of compulsory vaccination of the susceptible pig population. a vaccine strain of csf virus, the lom strain, is used to maintain high herd seroconversion, a practice complementary to the 'stamping-out policy' and restriction of animal movement during disease outbreaks. to survey for the prevalence of csf in domestic pigs in south korea over the past 13 years (1999-2011), we tested 4 19 ...201322925439
efficacy of marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf in piglets with maternally derived c-strain antibodies.marker vaccines offer the possibility to differentiate classical swine fever (csf) infected from csf vaccinated animals based on serology and their implementation will ensure free trade with pigs. therefore, new generations of promising marker vaccines have been developed, among them the chimeric vaccine cp7_e2alf. however, in populations previously vaccinated with live attenuated vaccines like the c-strain, passive immunity through maternal antibodies can interfere with efficacy of cp7_e2alf va ...201222939909
comparative evaluation of novel african swine fever virus (asf) antibody detection techniques derived from specific asf viral genotypes with the oie internationally prescribed serological tests.the presence of antibodies against african swine fever (asf), a complex fatal notifiable oie disease of swine, is always indicative of previous infection, since there is no vaccine that is currently used in the field. the early appearance and subsequent long-term persistence of antibodies combined with cost-effectiveness make antibody detection techniques essential in control programmes. recent reports appear to indicate that the serological tests recommended by the oie for asf monitoring are mu ...201322944073
a t-cell epitope on ns3 non-structural protein enhances the b and t cell responses elicited by dendrimeric constructions against csfv in domestic pigs.it has been recently reported by our group that dendrimeric constructs combining b- and t-cell epitopes from classical swine fever virus (csfv) provided partial protection against experimental infection. this research evaluated four newly designed constructions while taking into account our previous work, including the direct implication that a t-cell epitope from the ns3 protein contributes to the generation of the immune response against csfv. to this end, the dendrimeric constructions, includ ...201222959286
viral metagenomics demonstrates that domestic pigs are a potential reservoir for ndumu virus.the rising demand for pork has resulted in a massive expansion of pig production in uganda. this has resulted in increased contact between humans and pigs. pigs can act as reservoirs for emerging infectious diseases. therefore identification of potential zoonotic pathogens is important for public health surveillance. in this study, during a routine general surveillance for african swine fever, domestic pigs from uganda were screened for the presence of rna and dna viruses using a high-throughput ...201223006778
dna vaccination partially protects against african swine fever virus lethal challenge in the absence of antibodies.the lack of available vaccines against african swine fever virus (asfv) means that the evaluation of new immunization strategies is required. here we show that fusion of the extracellular domain of the asfv hemagglutinin (sha) to p54 and p30, two immunodominant structural viral antigens, exponentially improved both the humoral and the cellular responses induced in pigs after dna immunization. however, immunization with the resulting plasmid (pcmv-shapq) did not confer protection against lethal c ...201223049728
pathway analysis in blood cells of pigs infected with classical swine fever virus: comparison of pigs that develop a chronic form of infection or recover.infection of pigs with csfv can lead to either acute disease, resulting in death or recovery, or chronic disease. the mechanisms by which csfv manipulates the pig's first line of defence to establish a chronic infection are poorly understood. therefore, pigs were infected with moderately virulent csfv, and whole blood was collected on a regular basis during a period of 18 days. using whole-genome microarrays, time-dependent changes in gene expression were recorded in blood cells of chronically d ...201323053521
african swine fever virus infection in ornithodoros ticks.african swine fever virus (asfv) is an arbovirus which is vectored by soft ticks of the ornithodoros spp. and in the sylvatic cycle infects wart hogs and bush pigs. asfv infection of domestic swine causes a high mortality disease. on the other hand, asfv infection of the tick can result in a high-titered and persistent infection depending upon the asfv isolate and the tick combination. recently, morphological, classical virology (titration) and recombinant asfv have been used to study the cellul ...201323085123
co-expression of erns and e2 genes of classical swine fever virus by replication-defective recombinant adenovirus completely protects pigs against virulent challenge with classical swine fever virus.the objective of this study was to construct a recombinant adenovirus for future csfv vaccines used in the pig industry for the reduction of losses involved in csf outbreaks. the erns and e2 genes of classical swine fever virus (csfv), which encode the two main protective glycoproteins from the "shimen" strain of csfv, were combined and inserted into the replication-defective human adenovirus type-5 and named the rad-erns-e2. nine pigs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (three pigs ...201323092714
epidemiology of african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus used to occur primarily in africa. there had been occasional incursions into europe or america which apart from the endemic situation on the island of sardinia always had been successfully controlled. but following an introduction of the virus in 2007, it now has expanded its geographical distribution into caucasus and eastern europe where it has not been controlled, to date. african swine fever affects domestic and wild pig species, and can involve tick vectors. the ab ...201323123296
african swine fever virus serodiagnosis: a general review with a focus on the analyses of african serum samples.african swine fever (asf) is an infectious disease that causes heavy mortality in domestic pigs. at present there is no vaccine against asf, and eradication in countries where the disease is endemic is based only on competent diagnosis programs and the sacrifice of infected animals. due to the presence of natural attenuated strains, certain infection conditions may result in reduced mortality. in these situations, the disease can be diagnosed by detection of specific antibodies. the use of class ...201323131491
the survey of porcine teschoviruses in field samples in china with a universal rapid probe real-time rt-pcr assay.a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) based on taqman was established and evaluated for quantitative detection of porcine teschoviruses (ptvs). a pair of primers and a taqman probe targeting on the highly conserved sequence of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of one to 11 serotypes of ptv were designed. standard plasmid dna containing pcr amplification of the 5'-utr were constructed and used to develop the real-time rt-pcr. the results indicated that the real-ti ...201323138413
african swine fever virus eradication in africa.african swine fever was reported in domestic pigs in 26 african countries during the period 2009-2011. the virus exists in an ancient sylvatic cycle between warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) and argasid ticks of the ornithodoros moubata complex in many of the countries reporting outbreaks and in two further countries in the region. eradication of the virus from the countries in eastern and southern africa where the classic sylvatic cycle occurs is clearly not an option. however, the virus has be ...201323142552
comprehensive evaluation of the adenovirus/alphavirus-replicon chimeric vector-based vaccine radv-sfv-e2 against classical swine fever.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important, highly contagious swine disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). marker vaccines and companion serological diagnostic tests are thought to be a promising strategy for future control and eradication of csf. previously, we have demonstrated that an adenovirus-vectored semliki forest virus replicon construct expressing the e2 glycoprotein from csfv, radv-sfv-e2, induced sterile immunity against a lethal csfv challenge. in this s ...201323153441
african swine fever virus controls the host transcription and cellular machinery of protein synthesis.throughout a viral infection, the infected cell reprograms the gene expression pattern in order to establish a satisfactory antiviral response. african swine fever virus (asfv), like other complex dna viruses, sets up a number of strategies to evade the host's defense systems, such as apoptosis, inflammation and immune responses. the capability of the virus to persist in its natural hosts and in domestic pigs, which recover from infection with less virulent isolates, suggests that the virus disp ...201323154157
antibody-mediated neutralization of african swine fever virus: myths and facts.almost all viruses can be neutralized by antibodies. however, there is some controversy about antibody-mediated neutralization of african swine fever virus (asfv) with sera from convalescent pigs and about the protective relevance of antibodies in experimentally vaccinated pigs. at present, there is no vaccine available for this highly lethal and economically relevant virus and all classical attempts to generate a vaccine have been unsuccessful. this failure has been attributed, in part, to what ...201323159730
identification and utility of innate immune system evasion mechanisms of asfv.the interferon (ifn) system is an early innate anti-virus host defense mechanism that takes place shortly after entry of the pathogen and long before the onset of adaptive immunity. thus, african swine fever virus (asfv), as an acute and persistent virus in pigs, is predicted to have evolved multiple genes for the manipulation and evasion of interferon. although, asfv is known to interfere with signaling pathways controlling the transcription of cytokines, surprisingly no individual virus gene m ...201323165138
classical swine fever virus failed to activate nuclear factor-kappa b signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the cause of csf which is a severe disease of pigs, leading to heavy economic losses in many regions of the world. nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immunity, and commonly activated upon viral infection. in our previous study, we found that csfv could suppress the maturation and modulate the functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-dcs) without activating nf-κb pathway. to further prove the effects of csfv ...201223186553
cellular immunity in asfv responses.african swine fever virus (asfv) infection usually results in an acute haemorrhagic disease with a mortality rate approaching 100% in domestic pigs. however, pigs can survive infection with less-virulent isolates of asfv and may become chronically infected. surviving animals are resistant to challenge with homologous or, in some cases, closely related isolates of the virus indicating that pigs can develop protective immunity against asfv. during asymptomatic, non-virulent asfv infections natural ...201323201582
comparison of african swine fever virus prevalence and risk in two contrasting pig-farming systems in south-west and central kenya.we describe a horizontal survey of african swine fever virus (asfv) prevalence and risk factors associated with virus infection in domestic pigs in two contrasting production systems in kenya. a free range/tethering, low input production system in ndhiwa district of south-western kenya is compared with a medium input stall fed production system in kiambu district of central kenya. analysis of variance (anova) of data derived from cluster analysis showed that number of animals, number of breeding ...201323219357
poly(c)-binding protein 1, a novel n(pro)-interacting protein involved in classical swine fever virus growth.n(pro) is a multifunctional autoprotease unique to pestiviruses. the interacting partners of the n(pro) protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), a swine pestivirus, have been insufficiently defined. using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified poly(c)-binding protein 1 (pcbp1) as a novel interacting partner of the csfv n(pro) protein and confirmed this by coimmunoprecipitation, glutathione s-transferase (gst) pulldown, and confocal assays. knockdown of pcbp1 by small interfering rna supp ...201223221550
modulation of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression following infection of porcine macrophages with african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the only member of the asfarviridae, a large dna virus family which replicates predominantly in the cytoplasm. most isolates cause a fatal haemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs, although some low virulence isolates cause little or no mortality. the modulation of chemokine responses following infection of porcine macrophages with low and high virulence isolates was studied to indicate how this may be involved in the induction of pathogenesis and of effective im ...201223265239
african swine fever in the north caucasus region and the russian federation in years 2007-2012.since the introduction of the virus into the republic of georgia in 2007 african swine fever (asf) has become a large-scale epidemic involving the domestic pig population but wild boars are involved as well. from 2008 to 2009 the asf epidemic affected wild and domestic pigs in all the southern regions of the russian federation (rf). the driving force of the epidemic in its initial stages was direct contact between infected wild boars and between wild boars and traditionally free-ranging domestic ...201223266725
increased viral load and prevalence of torque teno sus virus 2 (ttsuv2) in pigs experimentally infected with classical swine fever virus (csfv).torque teno sus viruses (ttsuvs) are considered non-pathogenic viruses, although lately they have been linked to porcine circovirus diseases, mainly with post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). these associations point out a possible pathogenic role of ttsuvs or, alternatively, that ttsuv replication is up-regulated under disease conditions. in order to further explore the association of ttsuvs with disease occurrence, ttsuvs prevalence and viral load were assessed before and after a ...201223274109
genome and molecular characterization of a csfv strain isolated from a csf outbreak in south china.in the present study, the full-length nucleotide sequences of the csfv-gz-2009 strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv) isolated from a hog pen in guangdong province in china was determined. results demonstrated that the genome of csfv-gz-2009 is 12,298 nucleotides (nt) in length, is composed of a 373-nt 5'-untranslated region (utr), has an 11,697-nt open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3,898 amino acids, and has a 228-nt 3'-utr. genome comparison of the csfv-gz-2009 isolate (genbank ...201323296074
standardization of pathological investigations in the framework of experimental asfv infections.african swine fever is still one of the major viral diseases of swine for which a commercial vaccine is lacking. for the design and development of such preventive products, researchers involved in african swine fever virus (asfv) vaccinology need standardized challenge protocols and well characterized clinical, pathological and immunological responses of inbreed and outbreed pigs to different viral strains and vaccine-like products. the different approaches used should be assessed by immunologis ...201323313935
down-regulation of cellular protein heme oxygenase 1 inhibits proliferation of classical swine fever virus in pk-15 cells.heme oxygenase 1 (ho-1) is an inducible enzyme that exerts potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which also plays a critical role in host defenses against microbial, and particularly viral, infections. in our previous study, up-regulation of ho-1 was observed in peripheral blood leukocytes (pbls) by genomic expression profiling, following infection of pigs with virulent classical swine fever virus (csfv), the causative agent of a highly contagious disease threatening global pig indus ...201323357296
asfv in tanzania: asymptomatic pigs harbor virus of molecular similarity to georgia 2007.in 2011 african swine fever virus (asfv) genome was detected in asymptomatic pigs in field samples in mbeya, tanzania. the aim of this paper is to partly characterize the virus that was harbored in these pigs and furthermore to confirm, by a second sampling, the latest occurrence of asfv in the study area. asfv genome was detected in serum from 10 out of 127 healthy european/crossbreed pigs. asfv dna was polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified and sequenced from sera with high viral loads usin ...201323398669
cp7_e2alf oral vaccination confers partial protection against early classical swine fever virus challenge and interferes with pathogeny-related cytokine responses.the conventional c-strain vaccine induces early protection against classical swine fever (csf), but infected animals cannot be distinguished from vaccinated animals. the cp7_e2alf marker vaccine, a pestivirus chimera, could be a suitable substitute for c-strain vaccine to control csf outbreaks. in this study, single oral applications of cp7_e2alf and c-strain vaccines were compared for their efficacy to induce protection against a csf virus (csfv) challenge with the moderately virulent bas-rhin ...201323398967
complete genome sequences of classical swine fever virus isolates belonging to a new subgenotype, 2.1c, from hunan province, china.two isolates of a new classical swine fever virus (csfv) subgenotype, 2.1c (hnly-2011 and hnsd-2012), were recently isolated from pigs in hunan province, china. the most significant difference in the amino acid sequences of the polyproteins from subgenotypes 2.1a and 2.1b is an spa → tpv amino acid substitution at positions 777 and 779 in the e2 protein.201323405338
sequencing approach to analyze the role of quasispecies for classical swine fever.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a positive-sense rna virus with a high degree of genetic variability among isolates. high diversity is also found in virulence, with strains covering the complete spectrum from avirulent to highly virulent. the underlying genetic determinants are far from being understood. since rna polymerases of rna viruses lack any proof-reading activity, different genome variations called haplotypes, occur during replication. a set of haplotypes is referred to as a viral ...201323415390
approaches to define the viral genetic basis of classical swine fever virus virulence.classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease of pigs caused by the classical swine fever virus (csfv), can lead to important economic losses in the pig industry. numerous csfv isolates with various degrees of virulence have been isolated worldwide, ranging from low virulent strains that do not result in any apparent clinical signs to highly virulent strains that cause a severe peracute hemorrhagic fever with nearly 100% mortality. knowledge of the molecular determinants of csfv virul ...201323415391
bacmam immunization partially protects pigs against sublethal challenge with african swine fever virus.lack of vaccines and efficient control measures complicate the control and eradication of african swine fever (asf). limitations of conventional inactivated and attenuated virus-based vaccines against african swine fever virus (asfv) highlight the need to use new technologies to develop efficient and safe vaccines against this virus. with this aim in mind, in this study we have constructed bacmam-shapq, a baculovirus based vector for gene transfer into mammalian cells, expressing a fusion protei ...201323428670
conformational and thermal stability improvements for the large-scale production of yeast-derived rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus-like particles as multipurpose vaccine.recombinant virus-like particles (vlp) antigenically similar to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) were recently expressed at high levels inside pichia pastoris cells. based on the potential of rhdv vlp as platform for diverse vaccination purposes we undertook the design, development and scale-up of a production process. conformational and stability issues were addressed to improve process control and optimization. analyses on the structure, morphology and antigenicity of these multimers we ...201323460801
detection of african swine fever virus dna in blood samples stored on fta cards from asymptomatic pigs in mbeya region, tanzania.the aim of the study was to assess whether blood samples collected onto fta(®) cards could be used in combination with real-time pcr for the detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna in samples from resource-poor settings under the assumption that asymptomatically (sub-clinically) infected pigs may be present. blood samples were collected from clinically healthy pigs from mbeya region, tanzania. the blood samples were stored on fta(®) cards and analysed by real-time pcr assays in duplica ...201523472656
multiplex pcr for the simultaneous detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine circovirus in pigs.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed for the simultaneous detection of three viruses involved in reproductive and respiratory failure in pigs: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). each target produced a specific amplicon with a size of 718 bp (prrsv), 288 bp (csfv), or 466 bp (pcv-2). the sensitivity of the multiplex pcr using purified plasmid constructs containing the specific v ...201323524252
suppression of immune responses in pigs by nonstructural protein 1 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is characterized by a delayed and defective adaptive immune response. the viral nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) of the prrs virus (prrsv) is able to suppress the type i interferon (ifn) response in vitro. in this study, recombinant adenoviruses (rads) expressing nsp1 (rad-nsp1), glycoprotein 5 (gp5) (rad-gp5), and the nsp1-gp5 fusion protein (rad-nsp1-gp5) were constructed, and the effect of nsp1 on immune responses was investigated in pigs. pi ...201223543950
bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections in pigs.cattle are the natural hosts of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), which causes mucosal disease, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections, and reproductive problems in cattle. however, bvdv can also infect goats, sheep, deer, and pigs. the prevalence of bvdv infection in pig herds has substantially increased in the last several years, causing increased economic losses to the global pig breeding industry. this article is a summary of bvdv infections in pigs, including a historical overv ...201323587625
complete genome sequences of classical swine fever virus strains isolated from wild boars in south korea.classical swine fever is a disease that is devastating the pig industry worldwide. here, we report the complete genome sequences of two classical swine virus strains (yc11wb and pc11wb), isolated from korean wild boars in 2011. both strains belong to subgenotype 2.1b. the complete genome sequences of pc11wb and yc11wb are more similar to that of strain zj0801 (isolated in china) than to that of the sw03 strain isolated from domestic pigs in south korea.201323599291
quantification of airborne african swine fever virus after experimental infection.knowledge on african swine fever (asf) transmission routes can be useful when designing control measures against the spread of asf virus (asfv). few studies have focused on the airborne transmission route, and until now no data has been available on quantities of asf virus (asfv) in the air. our aim was to validate an air sampling technique for asf virus (asfv) that could be used to detect and quantify virus excreted in the air after experimental infection of pigs. in an animal experiment with t ...201323608475
molecular characterization of classical swine fever virus involved in the outbreak in mizoram.classical swine fever is the most insidious and devastating disease of pigs and wild boars. the virus is closely related to the other members of the genus pestivirus. the outbreak recorded in mizoram, india was strategically important as the state shares porous international boundary with east asian countries. both immunodiagnostic and molecular techniques were used to confirm the involvement of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in this outbreak. sandwich elisa and direct fat could detect csfv ...201023637482
transmission rate of african swine fever virus under experimental conditions.african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal, viral disease of swine. no vaccine is available, so controlling an asf outbreak is highly dependent on zoosanitary measures, such as stamping out infected herds and quarantining of affected areas. information on asf transmission parameters could allow for more efficient application of outbreak control measures. three transmission experiments were carried out to estimate the transmission parameters of two asf virus isolates: malta'78 (in two doses) an ...201323664069
prospects for development of african swine fever virus vaccines.african swine fever virus is a large dna virus which can cause an acute haemorrhagic fever in pigs resulting in high mortality. no vaccine is available, limiting options for control. the virus encodes up to 165 genes and virus particles are multi-layered and contain more than 50 proteins. pigs immunised with natural low virulence isolates or attenuated viruses produced by passage in tissue culture and by targeted gene deletions can be protected against challenge with virulent viruses. cd8+ cells ...201323689892
deletion of virulence associated genes from attenuated african swine fever virus isolate our t88/3 decreases its ability to protect against challenge with virulent virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes an acute haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs against which there is no effective vaccine. the attenuated asfv strain our t88/3 has been shown previously to protect vaccinated pigs against challenge with some virulent strains including our t88/1. two genes, dp71l and dp96r were deleted from the our t88/3 genome to create recombinant virus our t88/3δdp2. deletion of these genes from virulent viruses has previously been shown to reduce asfv virulence in dom ...201323725691
phytochemical analysis and in-vitro anti-african swine fever virus activity of extracts and fractions of ancistrocladus uncinatus, hutch and dalziel (ancistrocladaceae).african swine fever (asf), a highly contagious fatal acute haemorrhagic viral disease of pigs currently has no treatment or vaccination protocol and it threatens the pig industry worldwide. recent outbreaks were managed by farmers with ethnoveterinary preparations with various claims of effectiveness.201323777548
molecular tracing of classical swine fever viruses isolated from wild boars and pigs in france from 2002 to 2011.there were three outbreaks of classical swine fever (csf) in north-eastern france between 2002 and 2011. the first two occurred in april 2002 in the moselle department, in a wild boar and pig herd, respectively, while the third occurred in april 2003, in the bas-rhin department, in a wild boar. a survey was subsequently implemented in wild boar and domestic pig populations, during which 43 csf viruses (csfvs) were genetically characterized to provide information on virus sources, trace virus evo ...201323891170
prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in korea.in 2008, 102 rodents and 24 stray cats from the areas around 9 pig farms in northeast south korea were used to determine the prevalence of the following selected swine pathogens: ten viral pathogens [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), rotavirus, classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), pseudorabies ...201323892461
molecular characterization and phylogenetic study of african swine fever virus isolates from recent outbreaks in uganda (2010-2013).african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal and economically significant disease of domestic pigs in eastern africa particularly in uganda where outbreaks regularly occur. sequence analysis of variable genome regions have been extensively used for molecular epidemiological studies of african swine fever virus (asfv) isolates. by combining p72, p54 and pb602l (cvr), a high level resolution approach is achieved for viral discrimination. the major aim of this study therefore, was to investigate th ...201323914918
comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of african swine fever virus: proposal for a new classification and molecular dating of the virus.african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal disease of domestic pigs caused by the only known dna arbovirus. it was first described in kenya in 1921 and since then many isolates have been collected worldwide. however, although several phylogenetic studies have been carried out to understand the relationships between the isolates, no molecular dating analyses have been achieved so far. in this paper, comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions were made using newly generated, publicly available s ...201323936068
classical swine fever virus triggers rig-i and mda5-dependent signaling pathway to irf-3 and nf-κb activation to promote secretion of interferon and inflammatory cytokines in porcine alveolar macrophages.classical swine fever (csf) caused by csf virus (csfv) is a highly contagious disease of pigs. the rna helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda-5) are differentially involved in the detection of various rna viruses. in present study, we investigated the roles of rig-i and mda-5 in eliciting antiviral and inflammatory responses to csfv shimen strain in porcine alveolar macrophages (pams).201324034559
pathogenesis of highly virulent african swine fever virus in domestic pigs exposed via intraoropharyngeal, intranasopharyngeal, and intramuscular inoculation, and by direct contact with infected pigs.to investigate the pathogenesis of african swine fever virus (asfv), domestic pigs (n=18) were challenged with a range (10(2)-10(6) 50% hemadsorbing doses (had50)) of the highly virulent asfv-malawi strain by inoculation via the intraoropharyngeal (iop), intranasopharyngeal (inp), or intramuscular (im) routes. a subsequent contact challenge experiment was performed in which six iop-inoculated donor pigs were allowed to have direct contact (dc) with six naïve pigs for exposure times that varied f ...201324076499
increase in chemokines cxcl10 and ccl2 in blood from pigs infected with high compared to low virulence african swine fever virus isolates.modulation of the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in whole blood was compared following infection of pigs with high and low virulence isolates of african swine fever virus. levels of mrnas for ccl2, ccl3l1, ccl4, cxcl10, ccr1 and ccr5 were significantly increased in at least one time point following infection in two experiments and ccl5, ccr9 and cxcr4 mrna were significantly increased in one of the experiments. the results showed that greatest fold increases in mrnas for cxcl10 ...201324083897
classical swine fever virus infection modulates serum levels of inf-α, il-8 and tnf-α in 6-month-old pigs.several studies have highlighted the important role of cytokines in disease development of classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection. in the present study, we examined the kinetics of 7 porcine cytokines in serum from pigs infected with 3 different csfv strains. based on the clinical picture in 6-month-old danish pigs, the strains used for inoculation were classified as being of low (bergen), low to moderate (eystrup) and moderate to high (lithuania) virulence. the cytokines interferon-alpha ...201324148871
the challenges of classical swine fever control: modified live and e2 subunit vaccines.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important, highly contagious disease of swine worldwide. csf is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), and domestic pigs and wild boars are its only natural hosts. the two main strategies used to control csf epidemic are systematic prophylactic vaccination and a non-vaccination stamping-out policy. this review compares the protective efficacy of the routinely used modified live vaccine (mlv) and e2 subunit vaccines and summarizes the factors ...201424211665
innate immunity correlates with host fitness in wild boar (sus scrofa) exposed to classical swine fever.constitutive humoral immunity (chi) is thought to be a first-line of protection against pathogens invading vertebrate hosts. however, clear evidence that chi correlates with host fitness in natural conditions is still lacking. this study explores the relationship between chi, measured using a haemagglutination-haemolysis assay (hahl), and resistance to classical swine fever virus (csfv) among wild boar piglets. the individual dynamics of hahl during piglet growth was analysed, using 423 serum sa ...201324260286
a promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of swine. it is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), one of the members of the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae family. the development of a safe and effective vaccine against the csf is critical to pandemic control, this article shows a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine can protect pigs from csfv challenge. that was composed as following: two copies each of glycoprotein e2 residues 693-707, ...201424269058
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