Publications

reemergence of epidemic vibrio cholerae o139, bangladesh.	during march and april 2002, a resurgence of vibrio cholerae o139 occurred in dhaka and adjoining areas of bangladesh with an estimated 30,000 cases of cholera. patients infected with o139 strains were much older than those infected with o1 strains (p<0.001). the reemerged o139 strains belong to a single ribotype corresponding to one of two ribotypes that caused the initial o139 outbreak in 1993. unlike the strains of 1993, the recent strains are susceptible to trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, a ...	2003	14519249
role of ectoine in vibrio cholerae osmoadaptation.	vibrio cholerae is both an intestinal pathogen and a microbe in the estuarine community. to persist in the estuarine environment, v. cholerae must adjust to changes in ionic composition and osmolarity. these changes in the aquatic environment have been correlated with cholera epidemics. in this work, we study the response of v. cholerae to increases in environmental osmolarity. optimal growth of v. cholerae in minimal medium requires supplementation with 200 mm nacl and kcl. however, when the na ...	2003	14532045
molecular subtyping of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in hong kong: correlation with epidemiological events from 1994 to 2002.	two hundred twenty isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 collected from 1994 to 2002 in hong kong were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). chromosomal dnas from all v. cholerae isolates in agarose plugs were digested with the restriction enzyme noti, resulting in 20 to 27 bands. sixty distinctive pfge patterns in the range of 10 to 300 kb were noted among 213 isolates typeable by pfge. by comparing the common pfge patterns obtained from four well-defined outbreaks of v. choler ...	2003	14532174
etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern nigeria.	stool specimens from 113 adult outpatients with diarrhea in southwestern nigeria and 63 controls were examined for bacterial and parasitic enteric pathogens. enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) (p < 0.02), enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) (p < 0.02), and entamoeba histolytica (p < 0.0002) were significantly associated with diarrhea. salmonella, shigella, nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae, other categories of diarrheagenic e. coli, as well as a variety of helminths were recovered more frequently ...	2003	14532177
genotypic analyses of vibrio parahaemolyticus and development of a pandemic group-specific multiplex pcr assay.	a total of 54 vibrio parahaemolyticus strains including pandemic o3:k6 strains and newly emerged o4:k68, o1:k25, o1:k26, and o1:k untypeable strains (collectively referred to as the "pandemic group") were examined for their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and arbitrarily primed pcr (ap-pcr) profiles and for the presence or absence of genetic marker dna sequences, toxrs/new or orf8, that had been reported elsewhere to be specific for the pandemic group. both pfge and ap-pcr analyses indic ...	2003	14532202
mutation in tcpr gene (vc0832) of vibrio cholerae o1 causes loss of tolerance to high osmolarity and affects colonization and virulence in infant mice.	vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, multiplies and colonizes human intestinal tract where it survives high osmolarity due to bile and other sodium salts. in this work, by tnphoa mutagenesis, a mutant of v. cholerae o1 which could not grow and form colonies on lb agar containing 400 mm nacl has been characterized. the mutant, designated cd83, adhered normally to freshly isolated rabbit intestinal discs, colonized poorly the gut of infant mice and was avirulent in the same model, whereas the pa ...	2003	14532336
alpha-2,6-sialylation of l-pha reactive oligosaccharides and expression of n-acetylglucosaminyltransferase v in human diffuse large b cell lymphoma.	cell surface sialylation and beta1-6 branching of l-pha reactive oligosaccharides play an important role in metastatic capacities of various tumor cell lines. we analyzed the expression and sialylation of l-pha reactive oligosaccharides in human diffuse large b cell lymphoma (dlbcl). dlbcl was grouped into three types; i). group a, non-reactive type with no expression of l-pha reactive oligosaccharides, ii). group b, sialylated type with expression of sialylated l-pha reactive oligosaccharides a ...	2003	14534692
quorum sensing-dependent biofilms enhance colonization in vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. by an incompletely understood developmental process, v. cholerae forms complex surface-associated communities called biofilms. here we show that quorum sensing-deficient mutants of v. cholerae produce thicker biofilms than those formed by wild-type bacteria. microarray analysis of biofilm-associated bacteria shows that expression of the vibrio polysaccharide synthesis (vps) operons is enhanced in hapr mutants. cqsa, one of ...	2003	14536065
crystal structure of the extracellular protein secretion ntpase epse of vibrio cholerae.	type ii secretion systems consist of an assembly of 12-15 gsp proteins responsible for transporting a variety of virulence factors across the outer membrane in several pathogenic bacteria. in vibrio cholerae, the major virulence factor cholera toxin is secreted by the eps type ii secretion apparatus consisting of 14 eps proteins. one of these, epse, is a cytoplasmic putative ntpase essential for the functioning of the eps system and member of the gspe subfamily of type ii secretion atpases. the ...	2003	14556751
macrophage distinguishes vibrio cholerae hemolysin from its protease insensitive oligomer by time dependent and selective expression of cd80-cd86.	the monomeric and oligomeric forms of vibrio cholerae hemolysin (hlya), a membrane damaging toxin that forms transmembrane pentameric diffusion channels in target eukaryotic membrane, show a pronounced difference in protease susceptibility, presumably due to masking of sensitive peptide bonds during oligomerization. in this work, we examined if resistance of a protein to proteolytic processing affects the expression of costimulatory molecules, cd80 and cd86, on macrophage exposed to the same ant ...	2003	14556971
re-emergence of vibrio cholerae o139 in pakistan: report from a tertiary care hospital.	this study reports re-emergence of vibrio cholerae o139 in pakistan in 2000-2001 from a tertiary care hospital in karachi, pakistan.	2003	14558737
lipopolysaccharides of vibrio cholerae. i. physical and chemical characterization.	vibrio cholerae is the causative organism of the disease cholera. the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of v. cholerae plays an important role in eliciting the antibacterial immune response of the host and in classifying the vibrios into some 200 or more serogroups. this review presents an account of our up-to-date knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of the three constituents, lipid-a, core-polysaccharide (core-ps) and o-antigen polysaccharide (o-ps), of the lps of v. cholerae of diffe ...	2003	14559113
health effects of acanthamoeba spp. and its potential for waterborne transmission.	risk from acanthamoeba keratitis is complex, depending upon the virulence of the particular strain, exposure, trauma, or other stress to the eye, and host immune response. bacterial endosymbionts may also play a factor in the pathogenicity of acanthamoeba. which factor(s) may be the most important is not clear. the ability of the host to produce iga antibodies in tears may be a significant factor. the immune response of the host is a significant risk factor for gae infection. if so, then a certa ...	2004	14561077
ion motive force dependence of protease secretion and phage transduction in vibrio cholerae and pseudomonas aeruginosa.	vibrio cholerae is known to secrete a large number of proteins into the extracellular milieu, including the important virulence factor cholera toxin (ct). however, one of the most abundant proteins found in v. cholerae supernatants is the zinc-metalloprotease ha/protease (hap). whereas efficient protein secretion in escherichia coli requires atp hydrolysis and the proton motive force (pmf), little is known about the energy requirements for protein secretion in v. cholerae. to analyze some of the ...	2003	14568149
identification of genes involved in the switch between the smooth and rugose phenotypes of vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae can switch to a 'rugose' phenotype characterized by an exopolysaccharide (eps) matrix, wrinkled colony morphology, increased biofilm formation and increased survival under specific conditions. the vps gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the rugose eps (reps) is positively regulated by vpsr. we recently identified media (apw#3) promoting eps production and the rugose phenotype and found epidemic strains switch at a higher frequency than non-pathogenic strains, suggest ...	2003	14568156
differential interaction of the two cholesterol-dependent, membrane-damaging toxins, streptolysin o and vibrio cholerae cytolysin, with enantiomeric cholesterol.	membrane cholesterol is essential to the activity of at least two structurally unrelated families of bacterial pore-forming toxins, represented by streptolysin o (slo) and vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc), respectively. here, we report that slo and vcc differ sharply in their interaction with liposome membranes containing enantiomeric cholesterol (ent-cholesterol). vcc had very low activity with ent-cholesterol, which is in line with a stereospecific mode of interaction of this toxin with cholest ...	2003	14572629
antimicrobial interactions of microbial species involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima with particular reference to the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria on enteric pathogens.	lactic acid bacteria, bacillus species and yeasts are involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima. microbial interactions within and between these groups of microorganisms were investigated in addition to the survival of five enteric pathogens inoculated into agbelima under various conditions. nine out of 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the end of agbelima fermentation showed inhibitory effect against 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the start of fe ...	2003	14580972
filming bacteria.		2003	14583737
cholera vaccine candidate 638: intranasal immunogenicity and expression of a foreign antigen from the pulmonary pathogen coccidioides immitis.	vibrio cholerae strain 638 is a live genetically attenuated candidate cholera vaccine in which the ctxphi prophage encoding cholera toxin has been deleted and hapa, encoding an extracellular zn-dependent metalloprotease, was insertionally inactivated. strain 638 was highly immunogenic when inoculated to adult swiss mice by the intranasal route as judged by the induction of a strong serum vibriocidal antibody response. a side-by-side comparison of strain 638 with its isogenic hapa(+) precursor (s ...	2003	14585681
functionality of enterococci in dairy products.	enterococci have important implications in the dairy industry. they occur as nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (nslab) in a variety of cheeses, especially artisan cheeses produced in southern europe from raw or pasteurised milk, and in natural milk or whey starter cultures. they play an acknowledged role in the development of sensory characteristics during ripening of many cheeses and have been also used as components of cheese starter cultures. the positive influence of enterococci on cheese seem ...	2003	14596993
cold shock response and major cold shock proteins of vibrio cholerae.	when exponentially growing vibrio cholerae cells were shifted from 37 degrees c to various lower temperatures, it was found that the organism could adapt and grow at temperatures down to 15 degrees c, below which the growth was completely arrested. there was no difference between the patterns of the cold shock responses in toxinogenic and nontoxinogenic strains of v. cholerae. gel electrophoretic analyses of proteins of cold-exposed cells revealed significant induction of two major cold shock pr ...	2003	14602587
growth of vibrio cholerae o1 in red tide waters off california.	vibrio cholerae serotype o1 is autochthonous to estuarine and coastal waters. however, its population dynamics in such environments are not well understood. we tested the proliferation of v. cholerae n16961 during a lingulodinium polyedrum bloom, as well as other seawater conditions. microcosms containing 100-kda-filtered seawater were inoculated with v. cholerae or the 0.6- micro m-pore-size filterable fraction of seawater assemblages. these cultures were diluted 10-fold with fresh 100-kda-filt ...	2003	14602656
demonstration of preferential binding of sybr green i to specific dna fragments in real-time multiplex pcr.	sybr green i (sg) is widely used in real-time pcr applications as an intercalating dye and is included in many commercially available kits at undisclosed concentrations. binding of sg to double-stranded dna is non-specific and additional testing, such as dna melting curve analysis, is required to confirm the generation of a specific amplicon. the use of melt curve analysis eliminates the necessity for agarose gel electrophoresis because the melting temperature (t(m)) of the specific amplicon is ...	2003	14602929
duplex real-time sybr green pcr assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools.	a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using the qiaamp dna stool mini kit was evaluated with regard to detection of 8 of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in five stool specimens in 2 h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 20 pairs of specific primers. the products formed were identified based on a melting point temperature (t(m)) curve analysis. the 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens examined were enteroinvasive escherichi ...	2003	14605150
pathogenicity islands and phages in vibrio cholerae evolution.	the identification of accessory genetic elements (plasmids, phages and chromosomal 'pathogenicity islands') encoding virulence-associated genes has facilitated our efforts to understand the origination of pathogenic microorganisms. toxigenic vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, represents a paradigm for this process in that this organism evolved from environmental nonpathogenic v. cholerae by acquisition of virulence genes. the major virulence genes in v. cholerae, which are clustere ...	2003	14607067
crystal structure of the n-terminal dimerisation domain of vich, the h-ns-like protein of vibrio cholerae.	the histone-like nucleoid structuring (h-ns) protein is a global modulator of gene expression in gram-negative bacteria. vich, the h-ns protein of vibrio cholerae, regulates the expression of certain major virulence determinants implicated in the pathogenesis of cholera. we present here the 2.5a crystal structure of the n-terminal oligomerisation domain of vich (vich_nt). vich_nt adopts the same fold and dimeric assembly as the nmr structure of escherichia coli h-ns_nt, thus validating this fold ...	2003	14607110
identification of foodborne bacteria by infrared spectroscopy using cellular fatty acid methyl esters.	identification of bacterial species by profiling fatty acid methyl esters (fames) has commonly been carried out by using a 20-min capillary gas chromatographic procedure followed by library matching of fame profiles using commercial midi databases and proprietary pattern recognition software. fast gc (5 min) fame procedures and mass spectrometric methodologies that require no lipid separation have also been reported. in this study, bacterial identification based on the rapid (2 min) infrared mea ...	2003	14607413
a simple and convenient microtiter plate assay for the detection of bactericidal antibodies to vibrio cholerae o1 and vibrio cholerae o139.	it is believed that the correlate of protection for cholera can be determined by the serum vibriocidal assay. the currently available vibriocidal assays, based on the conventional agar plating technique, are labor intensive. we developed a simple and convenient microtiter plate assay for the detection of vibriocidal antibodies that is equally as efficient for vibrio cholerae o1 and for v. cholerae o139. the addition of succinate and neotetrazolium made it possible to measure the growth of surviv ...	2003	14607417
fitness cost of the green fluorescent protein in gastrointestinal bacteria.	there are surprisingly few studies that have successfully used the green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a quantitative reporter in selection experiments screening for inducible bacterial promoters. one explanation is that gfp expression may confer a fitness cost for bacteria. to test this possibility, we monitored the doubling time in enteric bacteria expressing gfp. four bacterial species, escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhi, and vibrio cholerae, were ...	2003	14608419
the ctxphi repressor rstr binds dna cooperatively to form tetrameric repressor-operator complexes.	ctx is a filamentous bacteriophage that encodes cholera toxin and integrates into the vibrio cholerae genome to form stable lysogens. in ctx lysogens, gene expression originating from the rsta phage promoter is repressed by the phage-encoded repressor rstr. the n-terminal region of rstr contains a helix-turn-helix dna-binding element similar to the helix-turn-helix of the ci/cro family of phage repressors, whereas the short c-terminal region is unrelated to the oligomerization domain of ci repre ...	2004	14610071
n-acetyl-6-sulfo-d-glucosamine as a promising mimic of n-acetyl neuraminic acid.	6-sulfo-d-glcnac with a molecular geometry close to that of n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) was hypothesized to serve as a simple neu5ac mimic possessing high potential in biochemical and medicinal applications. the hypothesis was evidenced with a neuraminidase inhibition assay using p-nitrophenyl (pnp) 3-, 4-, and 6-sulfo-beta-d-glcnac (4, 5 and 2a) and 6-sulfo-beta-d-glc 6, in which only pnp 6-sulfo-beta-d-glcnac 2a was found to show substantial activity.	2003	14611836
[choleriform diarrhea in children in abdijan].		2003	14613700
the vibrio cholerae o139 o-antigen polysaccharide is essential for ca2+-dependent biofilm development in sea water.	vibrio cholerae is both an inhabitant of estuarine environments and the etiologic agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. previous work has demonstrated that v. cholerae forms both an exopolysaccharide-dependent biofilm and a ca2+-dependent biofilm. in this work, we demonstrate a role for the o-antigen polysaccharide of v. cholerae in ca2+-dependent biofilm development in model and true sea water. interestingly, v. cholerae biofilms, as well as the biofilms of several other vibrio species, disin ...	2003	14614140
death's toolbox: examining the molecular components of bacterial programmed cell death.	programmed cell death (pcd) is a genetically determined process of cellular suicide that is activated in response to cellular stress or damage, as well as in response to the developmental signals in multicellular organisms. although historically studied in eukaryotes, it has been proposed that pcd also functions in prokaryotes, either during the developmental life cycle of certain bacteria or to remove damaged cells from a population in response to a wide variety of stresses. this review will ex ...	2003	14617136
vibrio cholerae h-ns domain structure and function with respect to transcriptional repression of toxr regulon genes reveals differences among h-ns family members.	h-ns is an abundant bacterial protein involved in transcriptional silencing of a variety of environmentally responsive genes during growth under non-permissive conditions. we have previously demonstrated a direct role for h-ns in the negative modulation of expression of several genes within the toxr virulence regulon of vibrio cholerae. here we have undertaken extensive mutagenesis of the structural and functional domains of the h-ns protein to determine the contribution of each to the regulatio ...	2003	14617169
the vibrio pathogenicity island of epidemic vibrio cholerae forms precise extrachromosomal circular excision products.	the vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi) in epidemic vibrio cholerae is an essential virulence gene cluster. like many pathogenicity islands, the vpi has at its termini a phage-like integrase gene (int), a transposase-like gene (vpit), and phage-like attachment (att) sites, and is inserted at a trna-like locus (ssra). we report that the vpi precisely excises from the chromosome and that its left and right ends join to form an extrachromosomal circular excision product (pvpi). two-stage nested pcr a ...	2003	14617653
modulation of gut physiology through enteric toxins.	diarrheal diseases caused by microorganisms and their toxins are a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. acute diarrhea is mainly caused due to increased intestinal secretion, commonly as a result of infection with enterotoxin producing organisms (enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholera) or due to decreased intestinal absorption from infection with organisms that damage the intestinal epithelium (enteropathogenic e. coli sp., shigella sp., salmonella sp.) the stud ...	2003	14619951
activation and suppression of the proinflammatory immune response by vibrio cholerae toxins.	vibrio cholerae induces either non-inflammatory diarrhea or inflammatory gastroenteritis, depending on the presence of cholera toxin, a fluid secretion inducer and a modulator of host immunity. in the absence of cholera toxin, other toxins induce inflammation, resulting in gastroenteritis. thus, multiple toxins likely affect the safety of live attenuated vaccines.	2003	14623020
hexaplex pcr for rapid detection of virulence factors.	pcr technology has emerged as a basic tool in biological research and in the detection of infectious organisms. it has the potential to provide information on a number of toxins and virulence factors, as well as allowing species identification of pathogens. multiplex pcr assays are becoming prevalent for the simultaneous detection of toxins, virulence factors and pathogens in clinical and environmental specimens. this review will discuss the hexaplex pcr assay, its application and future directi ...	2003	14628905
novel type of specialized transduction for ctx phi or its satellite phage rs1 mediated by filamentous phage vgj phi in vibrio cholerae.	the main virulence factor of vibrio cholerae, the cholera toxin, is encoded by the ctxab operon, which is contained in the genome of the lysogenic filamentous phage ctx phi. this phage transmits ctxab genes between v. cholerae bacterial populations that express toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp), the ctx phi receptor. in investigating new forms of ctxab transmission, we found that v. cholerae filamentous phage vgj phi, which uses the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) pilus as a receptor, transmi ...	2003	14645284
the role of camp as a primary and secondary messenger in interactions between micro- and macroorganisms studied in the model of pathology related to immunodeficiency and extensive cell dehydration.		2003	14650869
comparative genome analysis of vibrio vulnificus, a marine pathogen.	the halophile vibrio vulnificus is an etiologic agent of human mortality from seafood-borne infections. we applied whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis to investigate the evolution of this pathogen. the genome of biotype 1 strain, v. vulnificus yj016, was sequenced and includes two chromosomes of estimated 3377 kbp and 1857 kbp in size, and a plasmid of 48,508 bp. a super-integron (si) was identified, and the si region spans 139 kbp and contains 188 gene cassettes. in contrast to non ...	2003	14656965
prevalence of cholera toxin genes (ctxa and zot) among non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae strains from newport bay, california.	the examination of 137 non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae isolates from newport bay, california, indicated the presence of diverse genotypes and a temporal succession. unexpectedly, the cholera toxin gene (ctxa) was found in 17% of the strains, of which one-third were also positive for the zot gene. this suggests that ctxa is prevalent in the region of nonepidemicity and is likely to have an environmental origin.	2003	14660411
lipopolysaccharide 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) core determines bacterial association of secreted toxins.	in contrast to cholera toxin (ct), which is secreted solubly by vibrio cholerae across the outer membrane, heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) is retained on the surface of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) via an interaction with lipopolysaccharide (lps). we examined the nature of the association between lt and lps. soluble lt binds to the surface of lps deep-rough biosynthesis mutants but not to lipid a, indicating that only the kdo (3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid) core is required for bindin ...	2004	14660669
a monooxygenase catalyzes sequential dechlorinations of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by oxidative and hydrolytic reactions.	ralstonia eutropha jmp134 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-tcp) 4-monooxygenase catalyzes sequential dechlorinations of 2,4,6-tcp to 6-chlorohydroxyquinol. although 2,6-dichlorohydroxyquinol is a logical metabolic intermediate, the enzyme hardly uses it as a substrate, implying it may not be a true intermediate. evidence is provided to support the proposition that the monooxygenase oxidized 2,4,6-tcp to 2,6-dichloroquinone that remained with the enzyme and got hydrolyzed to 2-chlorohydroxyquinone, w ...	2004	14662756
accuracy of six commercially available systems for identification of members of the family vibrionaceae.	six commercially available bacterial identification products were tested with vibrio alginolyticus (12 strains), v. cholerae (30 strains), photobacterium (vibrio) damselae (10 strains), v. fluvialis (10 strains), v. furnissii (4 strains), v. hollisae (10 strains), v. metschnikovii (9 strains), v. mimicus (10 strains), v. parahaemolyticus (30 strains), and v. vulnificus (10 strains) to determine the accuracy of each system for identification. the products included api 20e, crystal e/nf, microscan ...	2003	14662957
ultrastructural changes in smooth muscle cells of the small intestine in suckling rabbits with experimental cholera.	ultrastructural study of the small intestine in suckling rabbits with experimental cholera revealed involvement of the inner and outer smooth muscle layers into the pathological process. smooth muscle cells were characterized by vacuolar and fatty degeneration and focal colliquative necrosis. apoptosis played little role in gastrointestinal motility disturbances. the presence of considerable amounts of fluid in intestinal loops reflects peristaltic dysfunction due to generalized damage to smooth ...	2003	14666201
[microbiological quality of street-vendor ice cream in dakar].	during a multicenter study initiated by the international network of pasteur institutes and associated institutes, microbiological quality of street-vended ice creams in dakar was evaluated. 313 samples of ice creams from 170 street-vendors were collected and tested for common foodborne pathogens and indicator organisms. results showed that microbiological quality of 45% of tested samples was unsatisfactory because of large populations of aerobic mesophilic organisms (36.7%), thermotolerant coli ...	2000	14666784
characterizing gene sets with funcassociate.	summary: funcassociate is a web-based tool to help researchers use gene ontology attributes to characterize large sets of genes derived from experiment. distinguishing features of funcassociate include the ability to handle ranked input lists, and a monte carlo simulation approach that is more appropriate to determine significance than other methods, such as bonferroni or idák p-value correction. funcassociate currently supports 10 organisms (vibrio cholerae, shewanella oneidensis, saccharomyces ...	2003	14668247
one-pot preparation of a series of glycoconjugates with predetermined antigen-carrier ratio from oligosaccharides that mimic the o-ps of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa.	di-through the pentasaccharide that mimic the upstream terminus of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa were synthesized in the form of 5-methoxycarbonylpentyl glycosides and linked to bsa using squaric acid diester chemistry. the conjugation reactions were monitored by surface-enhanced laser-desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (seldi-tof ms), which allowed conducting the conjugation of the synthetic oligosaccharides in a controlled way and term ...	2003	14670719
sensitivity of vibrio species in phosphate-buffered saline and in oysters to high-pressure processing.	multiple strains of vibrio vulnificus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio cholerae non-o1 were tested in phosphate-buffered saline for their sensitivity to high-pressure processing (hpp). variability in sensitivity among strains was observed for all species; this variability decreased at higher pressures. v. vulnificus was the species that was most sensitive to treatment at 200 mpa (decimal reduction time [d] = 26 s), and v. cholerae was the species that was most resistant to treatment at 200 m ...	2003	14672224
relationship between the effects of stress induced by human bile juice and acid treatment in vibrio cholerae.	the effects of low ph and human bile juice on vibrio cholerae were investigated. a mild stress condition (exposure to acid shock at ph 5.5 or exposure to 3 mg of bile per ml for 20 min) slightly decreased (by < or = 1 log unit) v. cholerae cell viability. however, these treatments induced tolerance to subsequent exposures to more severe stress. in the o1 strain, four proteins were induced in response to acid shock (ca. 101, 94, 90, and 75 kda), whereas only one protein (ca. 101 kda) was induced ...	2003	14672225
the intestinal zonula occludens toxin (zot) receptor recognises non-native zot conformers and localises to the intercellular contacts.	a preliminary structural analysis of vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin (zot) was made by equilibrium denaturation and circular dichroism. zot is a structurally unstable protein in aqueous solution (deltag((h2o)) 3.82 kcal/mol), the putative intra- and extracellular domains unfold co-operatively, with complete denaturation via observed conformational intermediates. refolding of denatured zot is not dependent on disulphide bridge formation. partial refolding of a maltose binding protein-zot f ...	2003	14675787
evaluation of novel beta-ribosidase substrates for the differentiation of gram-negative bacteria.	to synthesize novel substrates for the detection of beta-ribosidase and assess their potential for the differentiation of gram-negative bacteria.	2004	14678171
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to e1 tor toxin co-regulated pilus of vibrio cholerae.	murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against vibrio cholerae toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp) were generated using conventional hybridoma procedures. four hybridomas were obtained and two characterized. hybridomas 10e10e1 and 4d6f9 secreted antibodies of the igg2a and igg1 isotypes, respectively, that reacted with a 24-kda antigen corresponding to the product of the el tor tcpa gene fused to a six histidine tail. additionally, mabs produced by 4d6f9 selectively recognized the major pilin subunit (t ...	2003	14678649
an outbreak of vibrio cholerae o1 infections on ebeye island, republic of the marshall islands, associated with use of an adequately chlorinated water source.	in december 2000, physicians in the republic of the marshall islands reported the first known outbreak of vibrio cholerae o1 infection (biotype el tor, serotype ogawa) from this country. in a matched case-control study on ebeye island, patients with cholera (n=53) had greater odds than persons without cholera (n=104) to have drunk adequately chlorinated water collected from a us military installation on neighboring kwajalein island and transported back to ebeye (matched odds ratio [mor], 8.0; p= ...	2004	14679441
chironomid egg masses as a natural reservoir of vibrio cholerae non-o1 and non-o139 in freshwater habitats.	cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae, and an estimated 120,000 deaths from cholera occur globally every year. the natural reservoir of the bacterium is environmental. a recent report indicated an association between v. cholerae and chironomid egg masses. chironomids, the "non-biting midges" (diptera; chironomidae), are the most widely distributed and frequently the most abundant insects in freshwater. females attach egg masses, each containing hund ...	2004	14681736
acute dehydrating disease caused by vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 induce increases in innate cells and inflammatory mediators at the mucosal surface of the gut.	the general concept is that as vibrio cholerae is not invasive, it mediates a non-inflammatory type of infection. this is being re-evaluated based on available data that natural cholera infection or cholera toxin induces a th2-type of immune profile and stimulates the humoral immune response, innate cells, and mediators in the host.	2004	14684578
induction of interleukin-8 in t84 cells by vibrio cholerae.	the induction of interleukin-8 (il-8) in vitro has been suggested to correlate with the reactogenicity of vibrio cholerae vaccine candidates. v. cholerae vaccine candidate 638, a hemagglutinin protease/hap-defective strain, was recently reported to be well tolerated in human volunteers, suggesting a role for hap in reactogenicity. we examined the role of hap in the induction of il-8 in intestinal epithelial t84 cells. wild-type v. cholerae strains 3038 and c7258 and a vaccine candidate strain, j ...	2004	14688120
sos response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.	mobile genetic elements have a crucial role in spreading antibiotic resistance genes among bacterial populations. environmental and genetic factors that regulate conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations are largely unknown. integrating conjugative elements (ices) are a diverse group of mobile elements that are transferred by means of cell-cell contact and integrate into the chromosome of the new host. sxt is a approximately 100-kilobase ice derived from vibrio ...	2004	14688795
description of a putative type i secretion system in legionella pneumophila.	here we describe the first putative type i secretion system of l. pneumophila. the lssxyzabd locus was found to be present in all l. pneumophila strains tested so far. the lssb and lssd proteins are homologues to the proteins of type i secretion systems of vibrio cholerae and salmonella typhi. the expression of the gene locus was analysed by rt-pcr. three polycistronic transcripts could be identified. comparison of the lss locus of l. pneumophila philadelphia i with that of l. pneumophila corby ...	2003	14695063
[septicemia caused by vibrio cholerae non-01 in immunocompromised patient].	we describe the remarkable case of a patient with septicemia caused by non 0-1 vibrio cholerae associated with skin lesion of the lower and upper extremities. this patient suffered from chronic liver disease and a cervix carcinoma in iiib stage, she had been admitted to the hospital the day before for dicompensated ascites. she received intravenous cefotaxime and had a satisfactory recovery and was completely free of signs and symptoms. we report its epidemiological discovery in inland freshwate ...	2003	14697085
synthesis and evaluation as sialidase inhibitors of xylo-configured cyclohexenephosphonates carrying glycerol side-chain mimics.	based on a strategy previously reported by us, we have synthesized d-xylo configured cyclohexenephosphonates designed to mimic the transition state of the sialidase reaction. the double bond orientation corresponds to the benchmark inhibitor neu5ac2en and we could selectively introduce hydroxyalkyl substituents in order to simulate the glycerol side-chain of neuraminic acid. the inhibitory activity of a set of compounds towards bacterial sialidases was tested and interesting differences in activ ...	2004	14698159
the chitinolytic cascade in vibrios is regulated by chitin oligosaccharides and a two-component chitin catabolic sensor/kinase.	chitin, a highly insoluble polymer of glcnac, is produced in massive quantities in the marine environment. fortunately for survival of aquatic ecosystems, chitin is rapidly catabolized by marine bacteria. here we describe a bacterial two-component hybrid sensor/kinase (of the arcb type) that rigorously controls expression of approximately 50 genes, many involved in chitin degradation. the sensor gene, chis, was identified in vibrio furnissii and vibrio cholerae (predicted amino acid sequences, f ...	2004	14699052
[relevant vaccination for travellers].		2003	14699803
structural and genetic characterization of the shigella boydii type 13 o antigen.	shigella is an important human pathogen. it is generally agreed that shigella and escherichia coli constitute a single species; the only exception is shigella boydii type 13, which is more distantly related to e. coli and other shigella forms and seems to represent another species. this gives s. boydii type 13 an important status in evolution. o antigen is the polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and plays an important role in pathogenicit ...	2004	14702307
the acnd genes of shewenella oneidensis and vibrio cholerae encode a new fe/s-dependent 2-methylcitrate dehydratase enzyme that requires prpf function in vivo.	the propionate utilization operons of several bacteria differ from each other in the occurrence of two genes, acnd and prpf, in place of or in addition to the prpd gene encoding an fe/s-independent 2-methylcitrate dehydratase enzyme. we cloned the acnd and prpf genes from two organisms, shewanella oneidensis and vibrio cholerae, and found that, together, the acnd and prpf proteins restored the ability of a prpd mutant strain of salmonella enterica to grow on propionate as a source of carbon and ...	2004	14702315
vibrio cholerae thiol peroxidase-glutaredoxin fusion is a 2-cys tsa/ahpc subfamily acting as a lipid hydroperoxide reductase.	recently, novel hybrid thiol peroxidase (tpx) proteins fused with a glutaredoxin (grx) were found from some pathogenic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and anaerobic sulfur-oxidizing phototroph. the phylogenic tree analysis that was constructed from the aligned sequences showed two major branches. haemophilus influenzae tpx.grx was grouped in one branch as a 1-cys subfamily of the thiol-specific antioxident protein/ahpc family. most tpx.grx proteins, including vibrio cholerae tpx.grx, were grouped in th ...	2004	14702341
integrons or super integrons?		2004	14702391
first report of vibrio cholerae infection from andaman and nicobar, india.	out of 34 stool samples collected during an outbreak of diarrhoea, vibrio cholerae 01 was isolated from 10 samples contrary to earlier reports that shigella species was the only cause of diarrhoeal disease in andaman & nicobar islands.	2002	14710858
inactive vibrio cholerae whole-cell vaccine-loaded biodegradable microparticles: in vitro release and oral vaccination.	an approach is proposed using vibrio cholerae (vc)-loaded microparticles as oral vaccine delivery systems for improved vaccine bioavailability and increased therapeutic efficacy. the vc-loaded microparticles were prepared with 50:50 poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (plg), 75:25 poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(lactide acid) (pla)/peg blend copolymers by the solvent evaporation method. vc was successfully entrapped in three types of microparticles with loading efficiencies and loading levels a ...	2004	14718189
molecular-genetic peculiarities of classical biotype vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the last outbreak asiatic cholera in russia.	molecular-genetic properties of classical biotype vibrio cholerae strains that caused the asiatic cholera outbreak in 1942 in russia have been investigated for the first time. being characterized by high-level production of cholera toxin and toxin-coregulated adhesion pili both of which are the major virulence factors, all the strains studied, in contrast to the typical cholera pathogens, were autographic requiring purine and/or amino acids added to the minimal medium for their growth. moreover, ...	2004	14726230
in situ measured elimination of vibrio cholerae from brackish water.	in situ elimination of fluorescently labelled vibrio cholerae (flb) was measured in two saline water bodies in mexico: in a brackish water lagoon, mecoacán (gulf of mexico; state of tabasco) and an athalassohaline lake, alchichica (state of puebla). disappearance rates of fluorescently labelled v. cholera o1 showed that they were eliminated from the environment at an average rate of 32% and 63%/day, respectively (based on the bacterial standing stocks). the indirect immunofluorescence method con ...	2004	14728617
role of the w07-toxin on vibrio cholerae-induced diarrhoea.	vibrio cholerae w07 strain isolated from a cholera epidemic in south india, lacked the ctx gene but could still secrete a novel toxin, the w07-toxin that could cause fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loop. the important intracellular messengers implicated in this study were ca(2+), cyclic amp, inositol triphosphate and protein kinase c (pkc). a number of inhibitors/channel blockers have further shown the major role of [ca(2+)](i) in modulation of the toxin-induced cellular response. an ...	2004	14729143
role of exopolysaccharide, the rugose phenotype and vpsr in the pathogenesis of epidemic vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera can produce an exopolysaccharide (eps). some strains can also phenotypically switch from a smooth to a 'rugose' phenotype characterized by small wrinkled colonies, overproduction of eps, increased biofilm formation in vitro and increased resistance to various stressful conditions. high frequency switching to the rugose phenotype is more common in epidemic strains than in non-pathogenic strains, suggesting eps production and the rugose phenotype are ...	2004	14734172
cholera control on guam, 2000.	during april, 2000, the island of pohnpei began experiencing an outbreak of cholera and during june and july of the same year four cases of cholera representing 3 separate introduction events were identified on guam. two of these events were associated with eating reef fish imported from pohnpei. following the imposition of a narrowly-focused ban on the importation of inshore seafood and processed food products from pohnpei, no additional local or imported cases of cholera were detected on guam.	2002	14736099
cholera.	intestinal infection with vibrio cholerae results in the loss of large volumes of watery stool, leading to severe and rapidly progressing dehydration and shock. without adequate and appropriate rehydration therapy, severe cholera kills about half of affected individuals. cholera toxin, a potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase, causes the intestine to secrete watery fluid rich in sodium, bicarbonate, and potassium, in volumes far exceeding the intestinal absorptive capacity. cholera has spread fr ...	2004	14738797
amlodipine: a cardiovascular drug with powerful antimicrobial property.	ten cardiovascular drugs were procured in pure form from their manufacturers in india and screened for antimicrobial property against fifteen known bacteria belonging to both gram-positive and gram-negative types. these bacteria were inhibited by the common antibiotics at 1-5 mg ml(-1) level through our earlier studies. since most of the bacteria were moderate to highly responsive to amlodipine, this compound was further tested in vitro against 504 bacteria comprising 4 genera of gram-positive a ...	2003	14743981
solution structure of the highly acidic protein hi1450 from haemophilus influenzae, a putative double-stranded dna mimic.	the solution structure of the acidic protein hi1450 from haemophilus influenzae has been determined by nmr spectroscopy. hi1450 has homologues in ten other bacterial species including escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia pestis but there are no functional assignments for any members of the family. thirty-one of the amino acids in this 107-residue protein are aspartates or glutamates, contributing to an unusually low pi of 3.72. the secondary structure elements are arranged in an alpha ...	2004	14747986
a recent outbreak of cholera due to vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa in & around chandigarh, north india.	an outbreak of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa occurred in and around chandigarh during july 22-31, 2002. of the 303 patients admitted to two hospitals, 82 were confirmed by culture. two rehabilitation colonies located at the periphery of chandigarh were mainly affected. the isolates were biotyped as eltor and were susceptible to many antibiotics. thirty one (35.2%) of 88 water samples showed evidence of faecal contamination. the survey of the area revealed sewage contamination of the ...	2003	14748469
the role of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins in the induction of changes in membrane transport: implications for diarrhea.	bacterial toxins induce changes in membrane transport which underlie the loss of electrolyte homeostasis associated with diarrhea. bacterial- and their secreted toxin-types which have been linked with diarrhea include: (a) vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, e1 tor hemolysin and accessory cholera enterotoxin); (b) escherichia coli (heat stable enterotoxin, heat-labile enterotoxin and colicins); (c) shigella dysenteriae (shiga-toxin); (d) clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens enterotoxin, alpha-tox ...	2003	14757199
translocation of protein kinase-c with ip3-induced calcium mobilization by heat-stable enterotoxin of vibrio cholerae non-o1 in isolated rat enterocytes.	the activity of the calcium- and phospholipid-dependent enzyme protein kinase c (pkc) in response to heat-stable enterotoxin (nag-st) of vibrio cholerae non-o1 was examined in isolated rat enterocytes. optimal stimulation of the membrane-bound pkc activity (about 4.3-fold) was observed after 1 min of incubation of cells with 10 ng/ml toxin; and the effects were dose dependent. following nag-st treatment an increase in pkc activity in the membrane fraction was found with a concomitant decrease in ...	2003	14760972
genetic diversity and virulence potential of environmental vibrio cholerae population in a cholera-endemic area.	to understand the evolutionary events and possible selection mechanisms involved in the emergence of pathogenic vibrio cholerae, we analyzed diverse strains of v. cholerae isolated from environmental waters in bangladesh by direct enrichment in the intestines of adult rabbits and by conventional laboratory culture. strains isolated by conventional culture were mostly (99.2%) negative for the major virulence gene clusters encoding toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) and cholera toxin (ct) and were nonp ...	2004	14766976
[recent acquisitions in the classification and identification of cholerigenic vibrios].		1950	14772152
studies on antigenic structure of cholera vibrio.		1950	14774991
antigenic structure of the cholera vibrio and protective power of the vaccine.		1950	14792267
[antigenic relations between vibrio cholera and brucella].		1950	14799975
the use of filtrates of vibrio cholerae in the classification of influenza virus strains.		1950	14801364
[use of raw filtrate of vibrio cholerae in serodiagnosis of influenza with the antihemagglutinin test].		1950	14806605
serologic crossreactivity of some enterobacteriaceae isolated in the united states with cholera vibrios.		1951	14854021
in vitro sensitivity of recently isolated cholera vibrios to ten antibiotics.		1951	14854022
[antigenic factors of cholera vibrio and their determination by microscopic agglutination].		1951	14857440
studies on recently isolated cholera vibrios; re-evaluation of culture methods.		1951	14861176
[antibiotic and formol killed antigens in production of serum agglutinating vibrio comma].		1951	14864942
[mucinase activity of cholera vibrio on mucin of submaxillary gland].		1951	14869465
the use of v. cholerae filtrates in the destruction of non-specific inhibitor in ferret sera.		1951	14886492
[obtaining dwarf forms (l forms) from a strain of cholera vibrio subjected to the action of penicillin].		1951	14887161
[use of a complementary biochemical test for identification of the cholera vibrio].		1951	14894898
studies on bacterial hemagglutination of chick erythrocytes. iii. effects of the somatic components of v. cholerae on hemagglutination of influenza virus.		1951	14918349
[the l forms of vibrio comma; a study on certain of their properties].		1951	14921837