Publications

affinities between cutifilaria (nematoda: filarioidea), parasites of deer, and mansonella as seen in a new onchocercid, m. (c.) perforata n. sp., from japan.	a new dermal filarioid nematode, collected from cervus nippon nippon (sika deer) on kyushu island, japan, showed close affinities between the genera cutifilaria and mansonella (onchocercidae: onchocercinae): no buccal capsule, esophagus reduced to a thin fibrous tube, and female tail with four lappets. we propose cutifilaria as a subgenus of mansonella. cutifilaria was distinguished from the five other subgenera, mansonella, tetrapetalonema, esslingeria, sandnema, and tupainema, in having an are ...	2004	15224573
artificial insemination following observational versus electronic methods of estrus detection in red deer hinds (cervus elephus).	the objectives were to determine the efficacy of the heatwatch (hw) electronic estrus detection system for monitoring behavioral estrus (including duration and intensity) in red deer hinds and to evaluate pregnancy rate to ai after detected estrus. red deer hinds (cervus elephus; n = 50) were allocated into two treatment groups: ai following synchronization (cidr/pmsg) and observed estrus (induced estrus group: ie; n = 25) or ai following the detection of natural estrus (ne; n = 25) without horm ...	2004	15226020
poison hemlock (conium maculatum l.).	one of the most poisonous species amongst higher plants is conium maculatum. it is a very common nitrophile weed species, belonging to the apiaceae (formerly umbelliferae) family. it contains some piperidine alkaloids (coniine, n-methyl-coniine, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine, gamma-coniceine), which are formed by the cyclisation of an eight-carbon chain derived from four acetate units. gamma-coniceine is the precursor of the other hemlock alkaloids. all vegetative organs, flowers and fruits conta ...	2004	15234067
sef is a spatial regulator for ras/map kinase signaling.	spatiotemporal control of the ras/erk map kinase signaling pathway is among the key mechanisms for regulating a wide variety of cellular processes. in this study, we report that human sef (hsef), a recently identified inhibitor whose action mechanism has not been fully defined, acts as a molecular switch for erk signaling by specifically blocking erk nuclear translocation without inhibiting its activity in the cytoplasm. thus, hsef binds to activated forms of mek, inhibits the dissociation of th ...	2004	15239952
mitochondrial dna and microsatellite analyses of the genetic status of the presumed subspecies cervus elaphus montanus (carpathian red deer).	the possibly distinct carpathian red deer was compared genetically to other european populations. we screened 120 red deer specimens from serbia, the romanian lowland and the romanian carpathians for genetic variability using 582 bp of the mitochondrial control region and nine polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. the study aimed at a population genetic characterization of the carpathian red deer, which are often treated as a distinct subspecies (cervus elaphus montanus). the genetic integrit ...	2004	15241451
multiple causes of sexual segregation in european red deer: enlightenments from varying breeding phenology at high and low latitude.	sexual segregation outside the mating season occurs in most species of sexually dimorphic ungulates and has been extensively described in the literature, but the mechanisms causing segregation are still debated. the detailed pattern of sexual segregation throughout the year has rarely been presented for mammals, and no study, to our knowledge, has used latitudinal-related variation in breeding phenology to shed light on the underlying mechanisms. recent methodological developments have made it p ...	2004	15255042
identification of phospholipase c-gamma1 as a mitogen-activated protein kinase substrate.	the discovery of sequence motifs that mediate protein-protein interactions, coupled with the availability of protein amino acid sequence data, allows for the identification of putative protein binding pairs. the present studies were based on our identification of an amino acid sequence in phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c-gamma1 (plc-gamma1) that fits the consensus sequence for a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) binding site, termed the d-domain. extracellular signal-regulated ...	2004	15258148
p2y2 receptor activation regulates the expression of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptor genes at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions.	at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (nmj), atp is known to be coreleased with acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles. we have previously shown that the p2y1 receptor is localized at the nmj. here, we extend the findings to show that another nucleotide receptor, p2y2, is also localized there and with p2y1 jointly mediates trophic responses to atp. the p2y2 receptor mrna in rat muscle increased during development and peaked in adulthood. the p2y2 receptor protein was shown to become restric ...	2004	15258260
paratuberculosis in farmed and free-living wild ruminants in the czech republic (1999-2001).	due to the occurrence of the infection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis among domestic ruminants and the rapid development of farmed deer industry and the market of cloven-hoofed game we have carried surveys of paratuberculosis, beginning in 1997, in the most common four species of wild ruminants in the czech republic [pavlik et al., vet. microbiol. 77 (2000) 231-251]. from 1999 the prevalence of paratuberculosis has been slightly reduced in all three types of husbandry of wild ...	2004	15261995
integration of sperm sexing technology into the art toolbox.	sex-sorting of mammalian spermatozoa has applications for genetic improvement of farm animals, in humans for the control of sex-linked disease, and in wildlife as a captive management strategy and for the re-population of endangered species. considerable research has been undertaken worldwide on the beltsville sperm sexing technology, the only effective method for pre-selection of sex of offspring. the combination of this method with assisted reproductive technologies has resulted in the birth o ...	2004	15271445
beta-amyloid peptide at sublethal concentrations downregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor functions in cultured cortical neurons.	the accumulation of beta-amyloid (abeta) is one of the etiological factors in alzheimer's disease (ad). it has been assumed that the underlying mechanism involves a critical role of abeta-induced neurodegeneration. however, low levels of abeta, such as will accumulate during the course of the disease, may interfere with neuronal function via mechanisms other than those involving neurodegeneration. we have been testing, therefore, the hypothesis that abeta at levels insufficient to cause degenera ...	2004	15282285
sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates smooth muscle cell differentiation and proliferation by activating separate serum response factor co-factors.	sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p) is a lipid agonist that regulates smooth muscle cell (smc) and endothelial cell functions by activating several members of the s1p subfamily of g-protein-coupled edg receptors. we have shown previously that smc differentiation is regulated by rhoa-dependent activation of serum response factor (srf). because s1p is a strong activator of rhoa, we hypothesized that s1p would stimulate smc differentiation. treatment of primary rat aortic smc cells with s1p activated rho ...	2004	15292266
the zinc finger transcription factor egr-1 is upregulated in arsenite-treated human keratinocytes.	arsenite is a human carcinogen that may induce cancer in skin, liver, kidney, bladder or lung. arsenite executes its toxic effects by the induction of signaling cascades. in particular, the activation of the stress-induced protein kinase c-jun n-terminal protein kinase and p38 and the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor c-jun have been linked to the biological effects of arsenite. we analyzed whether arsenite has an impact on the biosynthesis of the zinc finger transcripti ...	2004	15292961
rho kinase-induced nuclear translocation of erk1/erk2 in smooth muscle cell mitogenesis caused by serotonin.	there is now considerable evidence supporting a mitogenic action of serotonin (5-ht) on vascular smooth muscle cells (smc) that might participate in pulmonary hypertension (ph). our previous studies have demonstrated that 5-ht-induced proliferation depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1/erk2. activation of rho kinase (rock) in smc also may be important in ph. we undertook the present study to assess the role of rho a/r ...	2004	15297378
the effect of cyproterone acetate on the antler cycle in red deer (cervus elaphus l.).	the aim of the study was to test the effect of antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (ca) on the antler cycle in the red deer (cervus elaphus). ca was administered to three adult red deer stags (edward, fuks and gacek) in weekly intervals. edward and fuks were given 600 mg + 600 mg of ca, whereas gacek was given 600 mg + 300 mg. ca was injected during the hard antler phase: in mid-october (edward), at the end of november (fuks) and at the end of january (gacek). ca caused the antler casting 17 to 22 ...	2004	15297890
mitogen-activated protein kinases: specificity of response to dose of ionizing radiation in liver.	ionizing radiation is known to activate both the cytotoxic stress-activated kinases (sapk/jnk, p38) and the cytoprotective mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks, erks), which send divergent signals to the nucleus. however, all these kinases could not be activated simultaneously and at all the doses. an attempt has been made in this study to establish the dose and temporal response of these kinases with a view to establish the identity of the transcription factors that remain activated because ...	2004	15304963
prosaptide tx14a stimulates growth, migration, and invasion and activates the raf-mek-erk-rsk-elk-1 signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells.	prosaposin is a neurotrophic factor. prosaposin knock-out mice have been reported to develop a number of abnormalities, including atrophy of the prostate gland and mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)-inactivation in prostate epithelial cells. these abnormalities underscore a potential fundamental role in prostate development. the trophic factor activity of prosaposin has been localized at a specific amino terminal portion of the molecule that has been the source for a number of biologically ...	2004	15305334
transmission of sheep scrapie to elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) by intracerebral inoculation: final outcome of the experiment.	this is a final report of an experimental transmission of sheep scrapie agent by intracerebral inoculation to rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). it documents results obtained in experimental (n = 6) and control (n = 2) elk. during the first 2 years postinoculation (pi), 3 animals died or were euthanized because of infection or injuries other than spongiform encephalopathy (se). in years 3 and 4 pi, 3 other inoculated elk died after brief terminal neurological episodes. necropsy of thes ...	2004	15305743
excitatory amino acid induced oligodendrocyte cell death in vitro: receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms.	oligodendroglia play an important role in axonal conduction in the cns and are sensitive to oxidative toxicity induced by glutamate in the absence of ionotropic glutamate receptors. in this study, oligodendrocyte signalling cascades were examined, in response to glutamate-induced oxidative injury and to excitotoxicity. rat cortical oligodendrocytes, differentiated in culture, were highly vulnerable to glutamate-induced cell death. competitive inhibition of cystine uptake and increased oxidative ...	2004	15312172
the effects of elk velvet antler consumption on the rat: development, behavior, toxicity and the activity of liver gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.	the effect of exposure to, followed by consumption of, a diet containing 10% powdered elk velvet antler (eva) from the 18th day of gestation to the 88th day after birth was examined in male and female fischer 344 rats. there were no teratogenic effects of eva exposure in utero or differences in birth outcomes between pups born to regular chow fed and eva chow fed dams. growth curves of the eva fed rats were identical to those of regular chow fed rats, as were developmental milestones of pinna de ...	2004	15313453
sphingosine kinase protects lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages from apoptosis.	lipopolysaccharide (lps) signaling is critical for the innate immune response to gram-negative bacteria. here, evidence is presented for lps stimulation of sphingosine kinase (spk) in the raw 264.7 murine macrophage cell line and rat primary hepatic macrophages (hms). lps treatment of raw 264.7 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent activation of spk and membrane translocation of spk1. further, lps-induced spk activation was blocked by spk1-specific small interfering rna (sirna). overexpre ...	2004	15314148
nf-kappab and ap-1 connection: mechanism of nf-kappab-dependent regulation of ap-1 activity.	nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab) and activator protein 1 (ap-1) transcription factors regulate many important biological and pathological processes. activation of nf-kappab is regulated by the inducible phosphorylation of nf-kappab inhibitor ikappab by ikappab kinase. in contrast, fos, a key component of ap-1, is primarily transcriptionally regulated by serum responsive factors (srfs) and ternary complex factors (tcfs). despite these different regulatory mechanisms, there is an intriguing possi ...	2004	15314185
insulin potentiates egfr activation and signaling in fibroblasts.	insulin is an essential hormone for cell growth and potentiates the mitogenic actions of multiple growth factors, including egf. while potentiation has been shown to be mediated by the upregulation of the cyclin/cdk system, the upstream mechanisms of such synergy have not been elucidated. our study has examined whether insulin could mediate synergy by enhancing early signaling events of the egf receptor (egfr). tyrosine phosphorylation at the cell periphery of confluent swiss 3t3 fibroblasts ind ...	2004	15325263
big lift assist from the elk.		2004	15326456
concentration of selected metals in liver, kidney, and muscle of the red deer (cervus elaphus).	concentration of cadmium, lead, chromium, zinc, copper, and manganese in liver, kidney, and muscle of red deer was investigated. for analysis of the content of these trace elements an aas method was used. the concentration of cadmium was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kidney in comparison with liver and muscle. the level of lead was the highest in muscle (p < 0.05). lower values were detected in liver and in kidney. the concentration of chromium was very similar in all studied tissues. a hig ...	2004	15332672
trim45, a novel human rbcc/trim protein, inhibits transcriptional activities of elk-1 and ap-1.	the tripartite motif (trim) proteins play important roles in a variety of cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, development, oncogenesis, and apoptosis. in this study, we report the identification and characterization of the human tripartite motif-containing protein 45 (trim45), a novel member of the trim family, from a human embryonic heart cdna library. trim45 has a predicted 580 amino acid open reading frame, encoding a putative 64-kda protein. the n-terminal regio ...	2004	15351693
suppression of protein kinase c and nuclear oncogene expression as possible action mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by curcumin.	curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a major naturally-occurring polyphenol of curcuma species, which is commonly used as a yellow coloring and flavoring agent in foods. curcumin has shown anti-carcinogenic activity in animal models. curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory activity and is a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen-generating enzymes such as lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase; and an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1. curcumin i ...	2004	15356994
changes in trkb-erk1/2-creb/elk-1 pathways in hippocampal mossy fiber organization after traumatic brain injury.	traumatic brain injury (tbi) leads to mossy fiber reorganization, which is considered to be a causative factor in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy. however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. emerging evidence suggests that trkb-erk1/2-creb/elk-1 pathways are highly related to synaptic plasticity. this study used the rat fluid-percussion injury model to investigate activation of trkb-erk1/2-creb/elk-1 signaling pathways after tbi. rats were subjected to 2.0-atm parasagitt ...	2004	15362724
brucellosis in captive rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) caused by brucella abortus biovar 4.	nine (four female, five male) captive adult rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) contracted brucellosis caused by brucella abortus biovar 4 as a result of natural exposure to an aborted elk (cervus elaphus) fetus. clinical signs of infection were orchitis and epididymitis in males and lymphadenitis and placentitis with abortion in females. gross pathologic findings included enlargement of the testes or epididymides, or both, and yellow caseous abscesses and pyogranulomas of the same. b ...	2004	15362833
concentration of prion protein from biological samples to increase the limits of detection by immunoassay.	an rna-ligand-based adsorbent has been shown to concentrate prion protein (prp) from solutions in a model system. the work presented here extends the utility of the rna-based adsorbent to brain homogenates of cow, sheep, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus). brain homogenates were diluted either in buffer, representing specimens used in post-mortem tests, or in serum, modelling specimens used in biological-fluid-based tests. the rna adsorbent was effective in binding prpc (ce ...	2005	15369459
helminths in a giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis xgiraffa) from a zoo in spain.	a pregnant female cape giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) died from an unknown cause in the aitana zoo, alicante, spain. neither clinical signs nor macroscopic lesions were observed at necropsy. the alimentary tract was removed and examined for parasites. a total of 2 724 nematodes were found, including camelostrongylus mentulatus, trichostrongylus axei, ostertagia ostertagi, teladorsagia circumcincta, teladorsagia trifurcata, marshallagia marshalli, trichostrongylus vitrinus, trichostrong ...	2004	15373337
wdr26: a novel gbeta-like protein, suppresses mapk signaling pathway.	wd40 repeat proteins play important roles in a variety of cellular functions, including cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and intracellular signal transduction. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are evolutionary conserved enzymes in cell signal transduction connecting cell-surface receptors to critical regulatory targets within cells and control cell survival, adaptation, and proliferation. previous studies revealed that g-protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) play important roles in th ...	2004	15378603
sperm subpopulations in iberian red deer epididymal sperm and their changes through the cryopreservation process.	we have applied a statistical protocol based on principal component analysis, clustering methods, and discriminant analysis for the identification of sperm subpopulations in computer-assisted sperm analysis (casa) data. samples were obtained from the cauda epididymis of 11 iberian red deer and cryopreserved following a standard protocol. motility by casa was analyzed just after sperm recovery, just before freezing, and after thawing, and eight motility descriptors for each individual spermatozoo ...	2005	15385419
inhibition of ras oncogenic activity by ras protooncogenes.	point mutations in ras genes have been found in a large number and wide variety of human tumors. these oncogenic ras mutants are locked in an active gtp-bound state that leads to a constitutive and deregulated activation of ras function. the dogma that ras oncogenes are dominant, whereby the mutation of a single allele in a cell will predispose the host cell to transformation regardless of the presence of the normal allele, is being challenged. we have seen that increasing amounts of ras protoon ...	2005	15386411
morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the reticulum of red deer during prenatal development.	iberian red deer need to be conserved for their economic role and for their genetic importance as an important component of the ecosystem. modifications currently being made to traditional management systems require a better understanding of the structure, function and development of their alimentary system. here we describe a histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of the stomach of 25 red deer embryos and fetuses from 30 days of gestation until birth (235 days). differentiation of t ...	2004	15447687
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in glucose-induced and endothelin-mediated fibronectin synthesis.	increased extracellular matrix protein deposition and basement membrane thickening are important features of diabetic angiopathy. one key matrix protein that has been shown to be instrumental in basement membrane thickening is fibronectin (fn). we have previously demonstrated that glucose-induced increased expression of endothelin-1 (et-1), may in part, be responsible for increased fn expression via nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) and activating protein (ap-1) activation. the present study was ...	2004	15448709
egr-1 is activated by 17beta-estradiol in mcf-7 cells by mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation of elk-1.	early growth response-1 (egr-1) is an immediate-early gene induced by e2 in the rodent uterus and breast cancer cells. e2 induces egr-1 mrna and protein levels in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells and reporter gene activity in cells transfected with pegr-1a, a construct containing the -600 to +12 region of the egr-1 promoter linked to the firefly luciferase gene. deletion analysis of the egr-1 promoter identified a minimal e2-responsive region of the promoter that contained serum response element ...	2004	15449318
[activation of erk1/2 and elk1 in a549 cells induced by crocidolite].	to investigate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1/2 and elk1 in pulmonary disease induced by crocidolite asbestos fiber.	2004	15461256
diagnostic polymorphisms in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene allow discrimination between cattle, sheep, goat, roe buck and deer by pcr-rflp.	as an alternative to direct dna sequencing of pcr products, random pcr-rflp is an efficient technique to discriminate between species. the pcr-rflp-method is an inexpensive tool in forensic science, even if the template is degraded or contains only traces of dna from various species.	2004	15462674
intranasal administration of xylazine to reduce stress in elk captured by net gun.	forty free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) were captured by net gun in riding mountain national park (manitoba, canada) during february 2002 and were administered either saline (control) or xylazine by the intranasal route, to evaluate the efficacy and benefit of intranasal xylazine to reduce stress. elk that received xylazine had higher relaxation scores than control elk, and the onset of sedation occurred quickly, often <1 min. serum concentrations of cortisol, creatine kinase, and g ...	2004	15465726
epidemiology of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylus cervi infection in red deer in central spain.	elaphostrongylus cervi produces a subclinical cerebrospinal disease in many wild and domestic ruminants from europe, north america and new zealand and has recently been described in spain. to determine some aspects of its epidemiology, 121 red deer (cervus elaphus) from central spain were sampled during 2000. the prevalence (7%) and mean worm burden (3.8 worms per brain) were similar to the values previously recorded in other european areas. the infection was only detected in young deer during t ...	2004	15469631
pleistocene to holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth.	the extinction of the many well-known large mammals (megafauna) of the late pleistocene epoch has usually been attributed to 'overkill' by human hunters, climatic/vegetational changes or to a combination of both. an accurate knowledge of the geography and chronology of these extinctions is crucial for testing these hypotheses. previous assumptions that the megafauna of northern eurasia had disappeared by the pleistocene/holocene transition were first challenged a decade ago by the discovery that ...	2004	15470427
long-term epidemiology, effect on body condition and interspecific interactions of concomitant infection by nasopharyngeal bot fly larvae (cephenemyia auribarbis and pharyngomyia picta, oestridae) in a population of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	we studied the pattern of infection and the inter-annual variation and individual factors affecting the infection of 2 species of nasopharyngeal bot flies, cephenemyia auribarbis and pharyngomyia picta (diptera: oestridae), in a population of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from south central spain (10 annual periods between 1990 and 2003). mean prevalence+/-s.e.95%ci of infection was 35.19+/-4.24% (n=486). the frequency distribution of the parasites was markedly aggregated (k: 0.21 ...	2004	15471010
variable patterns of distribution of prp(cwd) in the obex and cranial lymphoid tissues of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with subclinical chronic wasting disease.	sections of medulla oblongata, taken at the level of the obex, palatine tonsil and medial retropharyngeal lymph node from 10,269 captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), were examined by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody for the prion protein associated with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, chronic wasting disease (prp(cwd)). the protein was detected in 226 of them. on the basis of the anatomical location of the deposits in the brainstem of ...	2004	15478500
morphological observation of antler regeneration in red deer (cervus elaphus).	deer antler offers a unique opportunity to explore how nature solves the problem of mammalian appendage regeneration. annual antler renewal is an example of epimorphic regeneration, which is known to take place through initial blastema formation. detailed examination of the early process of antler regeneration, however, has thus far been lacking. therefore, we conducted morphological observations on antler regeneration from naturally cast and artificially created pedicle/antler stumps. on the na ...	2004	15487018
green fluorescent protein tagging of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 pathways reveals novel dynamics of pathway activation during primary and metastatic growth.	we describe a novel approach that allows detection of primary and metastatic cells in vivo in which either the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) or the p38 pathway is activated. our recent findings showed that erk and p38 kinases regulate, respectively, programs dictating cell proliferation (high erk-to-p38 ratio) or growth arrest and dormancy (low erk-to-p38 ratio) in vivo. thus, we were able to use green fluorescent protein (gfp) to reflect erk and p38 activities and, consequently, t ...	2004	15492254
pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in north american elk (cervus elaphus).	florfenicol pharmacokinetics after administration of a single subcutaneous (s.c.) dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight in adult elk (cervus elaphus) was investigated. serum florfenicol concentrations were determined by a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with limit of quantification of 0.03 microg/ml. florfenicol pharmacokinetic parameters in elk were estimated using a noncompartmental approach. after a single s.c. injection, florfenicol concentrations remained above 1 microg/m ...	2004	15500565
a preliminary investigation of the disposition of tilmicosin residues in elk tissues and serum.		2004	15500580
comparative analysis of the activation of the elk-1 transcription factor in the central nervous system of animals with different learning capacities.		2004	15508570
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1c (erk1c), a novel 42-kilodalton erk, demonstrates unique modes of regulation, localization, and function.	extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) are signaling molecules that regulate many cellular processes. we have previously identified an alternatively spliced 46-kda form of erk1 that is expressed in rats and mice and named erk1b. here we report that the same splicing event in humans and monkeys causes, due to sequence differences in the inserted introns, the production of an erk isoform that migrates together with the 42-kda erk2. because of the differences of this isoform from erk1b, we n ...	2004	15509801
kinetic analysis of rsk2 and elk-1 interaction on the serum response element and implications for cellular engineering.	immediate early gene activation upon mitogenic activation occurs through the serum response element (sre), which makes the delineation of the upstream pathways a powerful means to engineer cellular responses. the malfunctioning of this system leads to a variety of disorders, ranging from neurological disorders such as coffin-lowry syndrome (rsk2 mutations) to cancer (c-fos mutations). we therefore investigated the sre activation mechanism in a typical mammalian cell. mitogenic signaling uses the ...	2004	15515167
expression of pthrp and the pth/pthrp receptor in growing red deer antler.	antler growth is highly co-ordinated, so that trabecular bone and antler skin (velvet) develop together, at a rapid rate and in a manner reminiscent of their development in the fetus. parathyroid hormone-related peptide (pthrp) is expressed in both bone and skin, and is therefore a candidate to effect co-ordination between these tissues. the aim of this study was to localize the expression of pthrp and its principal receptor, the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor ( ...	2004	15516324
evolution and phylogeny of old world deer.	the phylogenetic pattern and timing of the radiation of old world deer was determined based on the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 33 cervinae taxa. using rooted and unrooted phylogenies derived from distinct theoretical approaches, strong support was achieved for monophyly of the old world deer with muntjacs as sister group as well as for the divergence of at least three distinct genera: rucervus, dama, and cervus. the latter clade comprises what have previously been regarded as t ...	2004	15522810
pathological prion protein exposure switches on neuronal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway resulting in microglia recruitment.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are accompanied by the recruitment of microglial cells in the vicinity of amyloid aggregates of the pathological prion protein (prpres). we previously showed that prpres itself triggered the recruitment of microglia by interacting with neurons leading to the up-regulation of the expression level of chemokines, mainly rantes (regulated on activation normal t cell expressed and secreted). the intracellular mechanisms underlying the prpres-inducible express ...	2005	15528202
proteome analysis of red deer antlers.	deer antlers are the only mammalian organs capable of repeated regeneration. although antlers are known to develop from pedicles, which arise from antlerogenic cells of cranial periosteum, their developmental process is not fully elucidated. for example, while endocrine and environmental factors influence the antler development, it is still unclear which signaling pathways are involved in the transduction of such stimuli. to study the developmental process of antlers and identify proteins functi ...	2004	15529405
the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 regulates the expression of its partner protein, srf.	the ternary complex factors (tcf) are a subfamily of ets domain transcription factors that bind and activate serum response elements (sres) in the promoters of target genes in a ternary complex with a second transcription factor, serum response factor (srf). here, we have identified the srf gene as a target for the tcfs, thereby providing a positive feedback loop whereby tcf activation leads to the enhancement of the expression of its partner protein srf. the binding of the tcf elk-1 to the srf ...	2005	15531578
the first canadian indigenous case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) has molecular characteristics for prion protein that are similar to those of bse in the united kingdom but differ from those of chronic wasting disease in captive elk and deer.	brain tissue from a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) from alberta was subjected to a western immunoblotting technique to ascertain the molecular profile of any disease-specific, abnormal prion protein, that is, prion protein that is protease-resistant (prp(res)). this technique can discriminate between isolates from bse, ovine scrapie, and sheep experimentally infected with bse. isolates of brain tissue from the bse case in alberta, 3 farmed elk with chronic wasting disease (cwd) f ...	2004	15532881
critical role for ets, ap-1 and gata-like transcription factors in regulating mouse toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) gene expression.	tlr4 (toll-like receptor 4) is essential for sensing the endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria. mutations or deletion of the tlr4 gene in humans or mice have been associated with altered predisposition to or outcome of gram-negative sepsis. in the present work, we studied the expression and regulation of the tlr4 gene of mouse. in vivo, tlr4 levels were higher in macrophages compared with b, t or natural killer cells. high basal tlr4 promoter activity was observed in raw 264.7, j774 and p388d1 mac ...	2005	15537384
disposable-soma senescence mediated by sexual selection in an ungulate.	senescence may result from an optimal balance between current reproductive investment and bodily repair processes required for future reproduction, a theoretical prediction difficult to prove especially in large, long-lived animals. here we propose that teeth that have fixed dimensions early in life, but that wear during chewing, can be taken as a measure of total lifetime 'repair', and their wear rate as a measure of current expenditure in performance. our approach also considers the sexual sel ...	2004	15538368
molecular association of lectin and beta-glucosidase in corn coleoptile.	corn coleoptile lectin is present with beta-glucosidase (ec. 3.2.1.2.1) in a single tightly bound molecular association complex (88.7 kda). sds-page of the molecular complex dissociates into two main components. of these, at a concentration of 75%, the corn coleoptile beta-glucosidase (60 kda) is identified by enzymatic activity, with two 16-amino acid tryptic peptides displaying close homology with the primary structure of the enzyme. in separate experiments, we isolated homogenous monomeric en ...	2004	15541299
transmission of prions from mule deer and elk with chronic wasting disease to transgenic mice expressing cervid prp.	we generated mice expressing cervid prion protein to produce a transgenic system simulating chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk. while normal mice were resistant to cwd, these transgenic mice uniformly developed signs of neurological dysfunction approximately 230 days following intracerebral inoculation with four cwd isolates. inoculated transgenic mice homozygous for the transgene array developed disease after approximately 160 days. the brains of sick transgenic mice exhibited widesp ...	2004	15542685
ternary complex factor-serum response factor complex-regulated gene activity is required for cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptotic cell death.	members of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of the ets-domain transcription factors are activated through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) in response to a variety of mitogenic and stress stimuli. the tcfs bind and activate serum response elements (sres) in the promoters of target genes in a ternary complex with a second transcription factor, serum response factor (srf). the association of tcfs with sres within immediate-early gene promoters is suggestive of ...	2004	15542842
non-classical regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha by ici182,780.	estrogen receptor-alpha (er alpha) regulates transcription through a number of molecular mechanisms. two mechanisms by which er alpha acts directly in the nucleus have emerged: (1) in classical er alpha action, estrogen-bound receptor binds estrogen response elements (ere) and regulates promoters by recruiting coactivators or corepressors to dna; (2) non-classical action is not dependent on er alpha binding to eres; its mechanism is not as clearly defined as classical action. in many instances, ...	2004	15544930
loss of net as repressor leads to constitutive increased c-fos transcription in cervical cancer cells.	we have investigated the expression of c-fos in cervical carcinoma cells and in somatic cell hybrids derived therefrom. in malignant cells, c-fos was constitutively expressed even after serum starvation. dissection of the c-fos promoter showed that expression was mainly controlled by the sre motif, which was active in malignant cells, but repressed in their non-malignant counterparts. constitutive sre activity was not mediated by sustained mitogen-activated protein kinase activity but because of ...	2005	15548518
alternative initiation of transcription of the human presenilin 1 gene in sh-sy5y and sk-n-sh cells. the role of ets factors in the regulation of presenilin 1.	we have identified dna sequences required for the expression of the presenilin 1 (ps1) gene. a promoter region has been mapped in sk-n-sh cells and includes sequences between -118 and +178 flanking the major initiation site (+1). the ps1 gene is also efficiently transcribed in the sh-sy5y subclone of sk-n-sh cells. however the promoter appears to be utilized in alternative ways in both cell types. sequences both upstream as well as downstream from the initiation site mapped in sk-n-sh cells were ...	2004	15560789
seasonal dynamics of the fecal excretion of elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda, metastrongyloidea) first-stage larvae in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from southern spain.	elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda, metastrongyloidea) is an extrapulmonary lungworm of red deer (cervus elaphus) whose first-stage larvae (l1) require terrestrial gastropods as intermediate hosts. the seasonal pattern of fecal excretion of e. cervi l1 in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) was monitored during three annual periods (june 2000-may 2003) on a hunting estate from south-central spain. the lowest rates of mean intensity of fecal l1 were found in summer, whereas no seasonal var ...	2005	15565462
the risks of translocating wildlife. pathogenic infection with theileria sp. and elaeophora elaphi in an imported red deer.	it is well known that the translocation of wild animals poses risks of the introduction of pathogens into populations, and regulations and recommendations regarding quarantine and screening protocols for wild animals do exist. less is known about the infection of imported animals with local endemic pathogens. a red deer stag that had been imported from germany was found recumbent and died from hemolytic anaemia and a process of exertional myopathy. infection with theileria sp. was detected in th ...	2004	15567043
curcumin, the active constituent of turmeric, inhibits amyloid peptide-induced cytochemokine gene expression and ccr5-mediated chemotaxis of thp-1 monocytes by modulating early growth response-1 transcription factor.	epidemiological studies show reduced risk of alzheimer's disease (ad) among patients using non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (nsaid) indicating the role of inflammation in ad. studies have shown a chronic cns inflammatory response associated with increased accumulation of amyloid peptide and activated microglia in ad. our previous studies showed that interaction of abeta1-40 or fibrilar abeta1-42 caused activation of nuclear transcription factor, early growth response-1 (egr-1), which resulted in ...	2004	15569263
a novel ca2+-independent signaling pathway to extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase by coactivation of nmda receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in neurons.	the specification and organization of glutamatergic synaptic transmission require the coordinated interaction among glutamate receptors and their synaptic adaptor proteins closely assembled in the postsynaptic density (psd). here we investigated the interaction between nmda receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mglur5) in the integral regulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) and gene expression in cultured rat striatal neurons. we found that coapplication of n ...	2004	15574735
helicobacter-induced intestinal metaplasia in the stomach correlates with elk-1 and serum response factor induction of villin.	chronic helicobacter pylori infection results in serious sequelae, including atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer. intestinal metaplasia in the stomach is defined by the presence of intestine-like cells expressing enterocyte-specific markers, such as villin. in this study, we demonstrate that villin is expressed in intestine-like cells that develop after chronic infection with h. pylori in both human stomach and in a mouse model. transfection studies were used to identify specific ...	2004	15576363
male fertility in natural populations of red deer is determined by sperm velocity and the proportion of normal spermatozoa.	male reproductive success is determined by the ability of males to gain sexual access to females and by their ability to fertilize ova. among polygynous mammals, males differ markedly in their reproductive success, and a great deal of effort has been made to understand how selective forces have shaped traits that enhance male competitiveness both before and after copulation (i.e., sperm competition). however, the possibility that males also may differ in their fertility has been ignored under th ...	2004	15576823
srcasm modulates egf and src-kinase signaling in keratinocytes.	the src-activating and signaling molecule (srcasm) is a recently described activator and substrate of src-family tyrosine kinases (sfks). when phosphorylated at specific tyrosines, srcasm associates with grb2 and p85, the regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase; however, little is known about the role of srcasm in cellular signaling. data presented here demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor ligands promote the tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous and adenovirally tran ...	2004	15579470
sumoylation of the net inhibitory domain (nid) is stimulated by pias1 and has a negative effect on the transcriptional activity of net.	net (elk-3, sap-2, erp) and the related ternary complex factors elk-1 and sap-1 are effectors of multiple signalling pathways at the transcriptional level and play a key role in the dynamic regulation of gene expression. net is distinct from elk-1 and sap-1, in that it is a strong repressor of transcription that is converted to an activator by the ras/erk signalling pathway. two autonomous repression domains of net, the nid and the cid, mediate repression. we have previously shown that the co-re ...	2005	15580297
osteochondrosis associated with copper deficiency in a red deer herd in norway.		2004	15581144
preorbital gland opening in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves: signal of hunger?	the opening of the preorbital gland in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves has been hypothesized to be a signal to the mother that her calf is hungry. closing of the gland should indicate that the calf has received a sufficient amount of milk, and thus the mother should stop the suckling. we tested the hypothesis that the calf signals hunger when its preorbital gland is open and signals satiation when the gland is closed. to test this, the behavior of eight bottle-reared calves was monitored for 6 ...	2005	15583051
density-dependent effects on physical condition and reproduction in north american elk: an experimental test.	density dependence plays a key role in life-history characteristics and population ecology of large, herbivorous mammals. we designed a manipulative experiment to test hypotheses relating effects of density-dependent mechanisms on physical condition and fecundity of north american elk (cervus elaphus) by creating populations at low and high density. we hypothesized that if density-dependent effects were manifested principally through intraspecific competition, body condition and fecundity of fem ...	2004	15586292
decay of sperm obtained from epididymes of wild ruminants depending on postmortem time.	we have carried out a study on the effect of postmortem time (pt) in some characteristics of epididymal sperm salvaged from hunted iberian red deer and roe deer. testis were collected, identified, refrigerated down to 5 degrees c, and sent to our laboratory by the wardens of the hunting reserves. this way, samples were delivered at different times postmortem. sperm were extracted from the cauda epididymis by means of cuts. analyzed parameters were: osmolality, ph, motility-both subjectively and ...	2005	15589271
glucocorticoid receptor-induced mapk phosphatase-1 (mpk-1) expression inhibits paclitaxel-associated mapk activation and contributes to breast cancer cell survival.	glucocorticoid receptor (gr) activation has recently been shown to inhibit apoptosis in breast epithelial cells. we have previously described a group of genes that is rapidly up-regulated in these cells following dexamethasone (dex) treatment. in an effort to dissect the mechanisms of gr-mediated breast epithelial cell survival, we now examine the molecular events downstream of gr activation. here we show that gr activation leads to both the rapid induction of mapk phosphatase-1 (mkp-1) mrna and ...	2004	15590693
effects of birth date and order in lactation performance of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	this study discriminated between 2 effects (birth date and presence of older calves) assessed jointly in previous studies. birth date delay produced similar effects to those reported previously: reduced milk and milk nutrient production in late-calving hinds, concentration of milk, substitution of protein by fat, greater body weight losses of dams (hinds), and reduced calf growth. hinds in a group consisting of early- and late-born calves produced more milk, and calves grew more than their isola ...	2005	15591378
bcr/abl activates rap1 and b-raf to stimulate the mek/erk signaling pathway in hematopoietic cells.	the bcr/abl fusion tyrosine kinase activates various intracellular signaling pathways, thus causing chronic myeloid leukemia (cml). here we demonstrate that the inducible expression of bcr/abl in a murine hematopoietic cell line, tonb210, leads to the activation of the ras family small gtpase rap1, which is inhibited by the abl kinase inhibitor imatinib. the rap1 activity in a cml cell line, k562, was also inhibited by imatinib. inhibition of rap1 activation by a dominant negative mutant of rap1 ...	2005	15596148
extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, but not c-jun n-terminal kinase, is activated by type ii gonadotropin-releasing hormone involved in the inhibition of ovarian cancer cell proliferation.	although a novel second form of gnrh (gnrh-ii) has been reported to have an antiproliferative effect on gynecologic cancer cells, its biological mechanism remains to be elucidated. we have previously demonstrated that gnrh-ii activates p38 mapk. there is accumulating evidence that activation of mapks by gnrh-i and -ii is important for cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. in the present study, we further investigated the involvement of gnrh-ii in the inhibition of cell proliferatio ...	2004	15598681
17beta-estradiol rapidly stimulates c-fos expression via the mapk pathway in t84 cells.	in this study, we show that 17beta-estradiol (e2) induced the proliferation of t84 colonic carcinoma cells. we, further, investigated the mechanisms underlying this proliferation and show that e2 induced c-fos protooncogene expression in t84 cells in a timescale consistent with a rapid non-genomic action of the hormone. furthermore, e2 rapidly phosphorylated both creb and elk1, transcription factors that bind to the c-fos promoter and stimulate transcription. pretreatment with pd98059 and h89, m ...	2005	15607527
molecular characterization of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from wild ungulates in south-central spain.	the role of european wild ungulates in the epidemiology of tuberculosis (tb) is still under discussion. this study describes the geographical distribution and molecular typing of 77 mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates belonging either to m. bovis or to m. caprae, cultivated from hunter harvested red deer (cervus elaphus) and european wild boar (sus scrofa) in 24 spanish localities, and compares them with spoligotypes detected previously in humans, livestock or wild animals, as described ...	2005	15610722
non-random base composition in codons of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in vertebrates.	cytochrome b is the central catalytic subunit of the quinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase of complex iii of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system and is essential to the viability of most eukaryotic cells. partial cytochrome b gene sequences of 14 species representing mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians are presented here including some species typical for poland. for the analysed species a comparative analysis of the natural variation in the gene was performed. this information h ...	2004	15625561
vav transformation requires activation of multiple gtpases and regulation of gene expression.	although vav can act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for rhoa, rac1, and cdc42, its transforming activity has been ascribed primarily to its ability to activate rac1. however, because activated vav, but not rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors, exhibits very potent focus-forming transforming activity when assayed in nih 3t3 cells, vav transforming activity must also involve activation of rac-independent pathways. in this study, we determined the involvement of other rho famil ...	2004	15634759
[the progress in complex homeobox domains].	the proteins with 'homeobox' (hox) domain, a large family of dna binding, play an important role in embryonic development, gene regulation, cell differentiation and neurogenesis. some other domains are found in the proteins together with hox, such as pax, pou, lim, oar, elk, six, bzip, phd-finger, engrailed, hexapeptide domains. the hox combined with other domains that associate with dna binding or protein interactions are called 'complex homeobox'. recent reports indicate that 'complex homeobox ...	2004	15640136
histological examination of antler regeneration in red deer (cervus elaphus).	annual antler renewal presents the only case of epimorphic regeneration (de novo formation of a lost appendage distal to the level of amputation) in mammals. epimorphic regeneration is also referred to as a blastema-based process, as blastema formation at an initial stage is the prerequisite for this type of regeneration. therefore, antler regeneration has been claimed to take place through initial blastema formation. however, this claim has never been confirmed experimentally. the present study ...	2005	15641024
culicoides midge trap enhancement with animal odour baits in scotland.	examples of the commercial trap mosquito magnet pro (mmp emitting attractant 1-octen-3-ol in carbon dioxide 500 ml/min generated from propane fuel), were run 24 h/day on the isle of skye, scotland, during june-august 2001 and evaluated for catching culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae). from 30 days trapping, the catch averaged 2626 +/- 1358 culicoides females/trap/day (mean +/- se, range 558 +/- 139 to 6088 +/- 3597, for five sets of six consecutive nights), predominantly the pest ...	2004	15641999
prion protein nmr structures of elk and of mouse/elk hybrids.	the nmr structure of the recombinant elk prion protein (eprp), which represents the cellular isoform (eprpc) in the healthy organism, is described here. as anticipated from the highly conserved amino acid sequence, eprpc has the same global fold as other mammalian prion proteins (prps), with a flexibly disordered "tail" of residues 23-124 and a globular domain 125-226 with three alpha-helices and a short antiparallel beta-sheet. however, eprpc shows a striking local structure variation when comp ...	2005	15647363
pkcepsilon induces interleukin-6 expression through the mapk pathway in 3t3-l1 adipocytes.	recent reports have suggested that pkcepsilon contributes to systemic insulin resistance, and is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, however, the exact mechanism is still unknown. to elucidate the possible involvement of pkcepsilon in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, we examined the role of pkcepsilon in differentiated adipocytes using mouse 3t3-l1 adipocytes. we found that the over-expression of pkcepsilon resulted in the increase of il-6 expression in differentiated adipocytes ...	2005	15649404
pestivirus exposure in free-living and captive deer in austria.	during the hunting season of 2001-02, blood and spleen samples from 59 red deer (cervus elaphus), 77 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), four fallow deer (dama dama), and five chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) were collected from nine hunting districts (n = 133) and one deer farm (n = 12) in southern austria. sera were tested for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and virus neutralization tests against three bvdvs and one border diseas ...	2004	15650102
malignant melanoma in a captive red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).	we report a case of malignant melanoma in a captive red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). the primary lesion was on the plantar aspect of the right pastern and infiltrated the surrounding skin, but not underlying tendons or bone. diffuse metastasis to the regional lymph nodes had occurred. histologically, lesions were characterized by large numbers of variably pigmented epithelioid cells with a high degree of nuclear atypia and many mitotic figures. this is the first reported case of this neoplasm ...	2004	15650106
effects of topical elk velvet antler on cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.	wound repair is a finely orchestrated process involving cellular, molecular, physiologic, and biochemical interactions that restore the integrity of damaged tissue. cyclic replacement of deer antlers requires rapid regenerative growth, in many ways analogous to that encountered during tissue repair. molecular mechanisms regulating these processes are not fully understood, but it is increasingly apparent that growth factors are important mediators. previous studies have shown that elk velvet antl ...	2004	15650473
hyaluronan-cd44 interaction with iqgap1 promotes cdc42 and erk signaling, leading to actin binding, elk-1/estrogen receptor transcriptional activation, and ovarian cancer progression.	in this study, we have examined the interaction of hyaluronan (ha)-cd44 with iqgap1 (one of the binding partners for the rho gtpase cdc42) in sk-ov-3.ipl human ovarian tumor cells. immunological and biochemical analyses indicated that iqgap1 (molecular mass of approximately 190 kda) is expressed in sk-ov-3.ipl cells and that iqgap1 interacts directly with cdc42 in a gtp-dependent manner. both iqgap1 and cdc42 were physically linked to cd44 in sk-ov-3.ipl cells following ha stimulation. furthermo ...	2005	15655247
performance of differential gps collars in temperate mountain forest.	to determine the performance of global positioning system (gps) for habitat studies in free-ranging animals, we tested differential 6- and 8-channel gps collars under six representative canopies and one open-field reference site in the 'parc national des cévennes', southern france. the proportion of successful locations decreased under taller trees and worsened with snow accumulation in mixed coniferous habitats. the mean location success of seven free-ranging red deer fitted with 6-channel gps ...	2004	15656356
trip6 is a rip2-associated common signaling component of multiple nf-kappab activation pathways.	receptor-interacting protein 2 (rip2) is a member of the rip kinase family that has been shown to be crucially involved in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses. the physiological and pathological roles of rip2 are mediated through its involvement in multiple nf-kappab activation pathways, including those triggered by tumor necrosis factor (tnf), interleukin 1 (il-1), toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2), tlr3, tlr4 and nod1. in this report, we identified the lim-domain-containing protein tr ...	2005	15657077
neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer.	neuroendocrine (ne) cells are found in prostate tumors, and their incidence is considered a promising prognostic indicator for the development of androgen-independent disease. ne cells are derived from non-ne prostate cancer cells and secrete factors that can act in a paracrine manner to stimulate the survival, growth, motility, and metastatic potential of prostatic carcinoma cells. factors such as il-6, epinephrine, and forskolin induce ne differentiation in prostate cancer cells; the mechanism ...	2004	15663358
u0126 prevents erk pathway phosphorylation and interleukin-1beta mrna production after cerebral ischemia.	to study the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in cerebral ischemia and the mechanism of protective effects of u0126 (1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio] butadiene) on ischemic brain.	2004	15669185
characterization of heparan sulfate from the unossified antler of cervus elaphus.	the antler is the most rapidly growing tissue in the animal kingdom. according to previous reports, antler glycosaminoglycans (gags) consist of all kinds gags except for heparan sulfate (hs). chondroitin sulfate is the major antler gag component comprising 88% of the total uronic acid content. in the current study, we have isolated hs from antler for the first time and characterized it based on both nmr spectroscopy and disaccharide composition analysis. antler gags were isolated by protease tre ...	2005	15680596
isolation and partial characterization of a parapoxvirus isolated from a skin lesion of a weddell seal.	a solitary skin lesion was found on the neck of a weddell seal (leptonychotes weddellii), chemically immobilized in queen maud land (70 degrees 09's, 05 degrees 22'e) antarctica 2001. the lesion was elevated and 3cm in diameter, consisting of partly fresh and partly necrotic tissue, and proliferative papilloma-like structures were seen. electron microscopy on a biopsy from the lesion revealed typical parapoxvirus particles. polymerase chain reaction (pcr; b2l gene) generated amplicons of approxi ...	2005	15681058