Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| relevance of the diversity among members of the trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase family analyzed with camelids single-domain antibodies. | the sialic acid present in the protective surface mucin coat of trypanosoma cruzi is added by a membrane anchored trans-sialidase (tcts), a modified sialidase that is expressed from a large gene family. in this work, we analyzed single domain camelid antibodies produced against trans-sialidase. llamas were immunized with a recombinant trans-sialidase and inhibitory single-domain antibody fragments were obtained by phage display selection, taking advantage of a screening strategy using an inhibit ... | 2008 | 18949046 |
| placental glycosylation in a cama (camel-llama cross) and its relevance to successful hybridisation. | 2008 | 18950721 | |
| effect of selenium supplementation on blood status and milk, urine, and fecal excretion in pregnant and lactating camel. | ten pregnant female camels divided into two groups received, after a 2-week adaptation period, an oral selenium (se) supplementation (0 and 2 mg, respectively) under sodium selenite form for 6 months from the three last months of gestation up to the three first months of lactation. feed intake was assessed daily. blood samples and body weight were taken on a biweekly basis, both in dams and their camel calves after parturition. feces and urine samples were collected monthly and milk on a biweekl ... | 2009 | 18972072 |
| copper status in breeding and racing camels (camelus dromedarius) and response to cupric oxide needle capsules. | copper was determined in the blood of breeding camels, camel calves and racing camels to evaluate copper status in these animals in uae. low blood copper concentrations were reported in newly born camel calves (100%) and calves 2-4 months old (68%), breeding camels at early (55.6%) and at mid lactation (48%) and at late pregnancy (69%). this is attributed to the low copper and high sulfate in the rhodes grass which is the only diet offered to the breeding camels. on the other hand only 9.7% of r ... | 2008 | 18975129 |
| multiple abscesses caused by salmonella enterica and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in a dromedary camel. | a rare case of arthritis, peri-arthiritis and pleurits associated with salmonella enterica and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in a dromedary camel is reported. articular infections caused by non-typhoidal salmonella have been exceptionally described in human medicine. to our knowledge, this would be the first description of articular infections associated with non-thyphoidal salmonella in other mammals than humans. possible pathogenesis of the infection is discussed. | 2009 | 18989744 |
| transient expression and purification of chimeric heavy chain antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies have been successfully engineered as approved therapeutics. however, their large size is considered a major factor preventing them from having a more efficient tissue penetration. as the first step to establish a possibly more efficient antibody platform, we present here transient expression, purification and characterization of six chimeric heavy chain antibodies (chcabs), or fusion of camelid single domain antibodies (sdabs) to human fragment crystallizable (fc). all six ... | 2009 | 19007889 |
| general strategy to humanize a camelid single-domain antibody and identification of a universal humanized nanobody scaffold. | nanobodies, single-domain antigen-binding fragments of camelid-specific heavy-chain only antibodies offer special advantages in therapy over classic antibody fragments because of their smaller size, robustness, and preference to target unique epitopes. a nanobody differs from a human heavy chain variable domain in about ten amino acids spread all over its surface, four hallmark nanobody-specific amino acids in the framework-2 region (positions 42, 49, 50, and 52), and a longer third antigen-bind ... | 2009 | 19010777 |
| macroanatomy of coronary arteries in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the aim of present study was to determine the origin, distribution and course of the coronary arteries in bactrian camels. ten hearts of adult healthy bactrian camels of different sex constituted the material. following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of 15% abs coloured with red carmine to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. the arterial vascularization of the heart in bactrian camels was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra an ... | 2009 | 19011985 |
| australian government health advisory groups and health policy: seeking a horse, finding a camel. | since its election, the rudd labor government has created 10 new advisory bodies in the health portfolio, in addition to the 100 or more that were already established. an expansive and devolved advisory system could improve the health policy-making process, but only if it is integrated into the processes of government. we outline eight simple and practical measures that, if implemented, would make australia's health advisory system more transparent and effective. past experience shows that the m ... | 2008 | 19012559 |
| new and traditional smokeless tobacco: comparison of toxicant and carcinogen levels. | declining cigarette use and spreading bans on smoking in public places in the united states are encouraging the u.s. cigarette industry to turn to another tobacco category, smokeless tobacco products. currently, a number of new brands are being test marketed, including taboka, marlboro snus, camel snus, and skoal dry. we report here levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (tsnas), alkaloids, anions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah), and volatile aldehydes in these products, and compare the ... | 2008 | 19023828 |
| camelid immunoglobulins and nanobody technology. | it is well established that all camelids have unique antibodies circulating in their blood. unlike antibodies from other species, these special antibodies are devoid of light chains and are composed of a heavy-chain homodimer. these so-called heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) are expressed after a v-d-j rearrangement and require dedicated constant gamma-genes. an immune response is raised in these so-called heavy-chain antibodies following classical immunization protocols. these hcabs are easily pu ... | 2009 | 19026455 |
| aggregation-resistant vhs selected by in vitro evolution tend to have disulfide-bonded loops and acidic isoelectric points. | when panned with a transient heat denaturation approach against target enzymes, a human v(h) (antibody heavy chain variable domain) phage display library yielded v(h)s with composite characteristics of binding, non-aggregation and reversible thermal unfolding. moreover, selection was characterized by enrichment for v(h)s with (i) an even number of disulfide forming cys residues in complementarity-determining region (cdr) 1 and cdr3 and (ii) acidic isoelectric points. this parallels naturally occ ... | 2009 | 19033278 |
| comparative study on heat stability and functionality of camel and bovine milk whey proteins. | heat stability, emulsifying, and foaming properties of camel whey have been investigated and compared with that of bovine whey. camel whey is similar to bovine whey in composition, but is deficient in beta-lactoglubulin (beta-lg), a major component of bovine whey. whether the deficiency in beta-lg will affect stability and functional properties is not yet known. substantial information on the functional properties of bovine milk whey proteins is available; however, there is little research done ... | 2008 | 19038927 |
| nanobodies, a promising tool for species-specific diagnosis of taenia solium cysticercosis. | taenia solium cysticercosis is a major helminth zoonosis in developing countries. pigs are the intermediate hosts mediating transmission of infection. specific assays to diagnose living cysts in pigs are lacking. the monoclonal-based antigen detection elisa is genus-specific and cross-reactions with taenia hydatigena hamper the use of this test to screen pigs. we, therefore, aimed to introduce nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibodies specific for t. solium cysticercosis, to develop u ... | 2009 | 19041315 |
| the relationship between serum level of thyroid hormones, trace elements and antioxidant enzymes in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | thyroid hormones might be able to regulate the activities of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (gpx). the role of thyroid hormones in metabolic pathways and antioxidant enzyme activities are well known in many species. nevertheless, there is no report describing probable relationship between thyroid hormones status, erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and serum profiles of trace elements. this study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between these parameters ... | 2009 | 19052911 |
| seasonal variation in botanical and chemical composition of plants selected by one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the present study has been conducted in order to investigate the seasonal variation in the botanical and chemical composition of plant parts consumed by camels (camelus dromedarius). the study has been conducted on 210 indigenous arabian camel of different age (1-18 years) and sex and kept under natural range in southern darfur, sudan. the findings of the present study indicate that camels are selective browser rather than grazer. furthermore, they are selective feeder to the parts of pasture pl ... | 2007 | 19069892 |
| light, scanning electron microscopy and sds-page studies on the effect of the essential oil, citrus sinensis var. balady on the embryonic development of camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (koch, 1818) (acari: ixodidae). | gc-mse analysis of the essential oil of fresh fruit peel of citrus sinensis var. balady recognized two main natural toxic compounds, limonene (83.28%) as hydrocarbon compound and linalool (3.97%) as oxygenated compound. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate its effect on different egg-ages of hyalomma dromedarii at four concentrations of 1:40, 1:30, 1:20 and 1:15 (oil : ethanol 95%) (v/v). the lc50 values were 1:56, 1:34, 1:41, 1:32, 1: 23, 1:23, 1:18, 1:14 and 1:11 for egg-ages ... | 2007 | 19069909 |
| seasonal variation in blood constituents of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | this study was carried out in southern darfur, sudan during dry-and green (wet) season and was designed to investigate the effects of season (dry-versus green season) on the blood constituents of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). two hundred and ten blood samples collected from apparently healthy one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) of different age and sex groups were used in this study, out of which 110 blood samples were collected during the dry season, while 100 blood samples we ... | 2007 | 19069924 |
| isolation and characterization of campylobacter spp. from domestic animals and poultry in south of iran. | a total of 455 domestic animals (cow, horse and camel) and poultry from south of iran were surveyed for fecal carriage of campylobacter spp. out of all collected fecal samples, the highest isolation rate of campylobacter was recorded among poultry (35%), followed by horse (27%) and cow (21%) while, lowest isolation rate was recorded among camel. of the 85 campylobacter strains isolated, 76 were classified as catalase positive campylobacter. out of them, high frequency of occurrence was belonged ... | 2007 | 19069968 |
| nutritive value of some herbages for dromedary camel in iran. | to prepare standard tables of chemical composition of feedstuffs and to determine digestibility and palatability of different plant species in dromedary camel, this research was carried out by considering the most consuming herbages of iranian desert rages. the plant species were included atriplex lentiformis, alhagi persarum, seidlitzia rosmarinus, saueda fruticosa, haloxylon ammodendron, tamarix kotschyi, hammada salicornica, salsola yazdiana, salsola tomentosa, tamarix aphylla and artemisia s ... | 2007 | 19070008 |
| milk composition of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius): nutritional effects and correlation to corresponding blood parameters. | this study has been conducted in order to study the possible correlations between the nutritional value of plants selected by camels during the dry and green season and the corresponding blood and milk composition of the dromedary camels. the study has been conducted on 50 indigenous arabian camels of different age and kept under natural range in southern darfur. the dromedary camels selected plants with significantly (p<0.05) higher crude protein content during the dry season and kept the serum ... | 2007 | 19070090 |
| concentration-time courses of pefloxacin in plasma and milk of lactating she-camels (camelus dromedarius). | using the microbial inhibition test, the single-dose pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin mesylate dehydrate were studied in six clinically normal lactating she-camels (camelus dromedarius) after intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administration of 10 mg/kg body weight (bwt). blood and milk samples were collected intermittently for a 48 h period, and the pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using compartmental and non-compartmental analytical methods.the plasma course of pefloxacin was best ... | 2008 | 19086693 |
| conserved amino acid networks involved in antibody variable domain interactions. | engineered antibodies are a large and growing class of protein therapeutics comprising both marketed products and many molecules in clinical trials in various disease indications. we investigated naturally conserved networks of amino acids that support antibody v(h) and v(l) function, with the goal of generating information to assist in the engineering of robust antibody or antibody-like therapeutics. we generated a large and diverse sequence alignment of v-class ig-folds, of which v(h) and v(l) ... | 2009 | 19089973 |
| a new method to discriminate immunogen-specific heavy-chain homodimer from heterotetramer immunoglobulin g directly in immunized dromedary whole plasma proteins: western ligand blotting. | the variable domain of heavy-chain camelid antibodies (vhh), exclusively present in the homodimer iggs (hc igg), provides valuable ligands for diagnosis, imaging and therapy. these vhhs are efficiently produced from lymphocytes of immunized animals through phage display and recombination biotechnology. for vhh development it is desirable to identify animals with high affinity hc igg response by monitoring antigen-binding in the course of immunization. the aim of this study was to propose a direc ... | 2009 | 19091427 |
| nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (camelus dromedarius) on arid area of tunisia. | browsing camels have access to different plant species in relation to the kind of pasture they can reach. a study was conducted in an arid region of southern tunisia to determine the dietary preference and forage quality of free ranging camels. foliage consisting of leaves from limonium pruinosum, retama raetam and stipa tenacissima, was collected during the dry season to evaluate the chemical characteristics and nutritional value of these browse fodder species. the dietary preference was studie ... | 2009 | 19105041 |
| distribution and density of mast cells in camel small intestine and influence of fixation techniques. | this study was carried out to gather species-specific data on mast-cell density and distribution in camel small intestine under different fixation conditions and to elucidate the presence and cross-reactivity of tryptase in the camel small intestine using human specific anti-tryptase antibody. tissue specimens from the jejunum, duodenum, and ileum were obtained from 9 healthy, 9-12 months old, male camels. specimens were fixed either with carnoy's fluid or formalinbuffered solution and stained w ... | 2008 | 19109098 |
| echinococcosis in pigs and intestinal infection with echinococcus spp. in dogs in southwestern lithuania. | cystic echinococcosis is a major emerging zoonosis in many eastern european and asian countries. post slaughter examinations of 684 pig livers in lithuania revealed significantly higher numbers of echinococcus granulosus infections in animals from family farms (13.2%; 95% ci 10.7-16.2) as compared with those from industrial farms (4.1%; 95% ci 0.8-11.5). the prevalence was also significantly higher in pigs older than 1 year than in younger ones. in addition, in 0.5% of the pigs from the family f ... | 2009 | 19111990 |
| nanobody-aided structure determination of the epsi:epsj pseudopilin heterodimer from vibrio vulnificus. | pseudopilins form the central pseudopilus of the sophisticated bacterial type 2 secretion systems. the crystallization of the epsi:epsj pseudopilin heterodimer from vibrio vulnificus was greatly accelerated by the use of nanobodies, which are the smallest antigen-binding fragments derived from heavy-chain only camelid antibodies. seven anti-epsi:epsj nanobodies were generated and co-crystallization of epsi:epsj nanobody complexes yielded several crystal forms very rapidly. in the structure solve ... | 2009 | 19118632 |
| brightness of venous blood in south american camelids: implications for jugular catheterization. | to compare the brightness of south american camelid venous blood to that of equidae. | 2009 | 19121160 |
| reproductive glycogenetics--a critical factor in pregnancy success and species hybridisation. | hybridisation occurs rarely in nature and experiments using interspecific transfer of embryos generally result in implantation failure. here we show that appropriate glycosylation of the apposing surfaces of endometrium and trophoblast probably is an important factor and may play a critical role in pregnancy success. examination of closely related species shows that each has its own specific pattern of glycosylation, or glycotype, at the fetomaternal interface and that interacting surfaces appea ... | 2009 | 19121542 |
| sarcocystis and its complications in camels (camelus dromedarius) of eastern provinces of iran. | the prevalence of sarcocystis spp. was investigated by gross and histopathological examinations in 250 camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered from 2002 to 2005 in the mashhad slaughterhouse, eastern iran. samples were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus and masseter muscles for histopathological studies. no macroscopic sarcocysts were found in the samples at gross inspection. sarcocysts were detected in 209 of 250 (83.6%) examined camels at histopathological level. the infection ... | 2008 | 19127328 |
| metastatic malignant melanoma in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a case of malignant melanoma in a 7-year-old, intact, black, male huacaya alpaca with a history of a chronic, nonhealing wound involving the left external nostril, weight loss, and inappetence is described. malignant melanoma was diagnosed by histology of punch biopsy specimens from a mass on the maxilla associated with the nonhealing wound and from a mass in the submandibular region. the alpaca was humanely euthanized 10 days after the diagnosis on the basis of the poor prognosis and rapid clin ... | 2009 | 19139517 |
| evidence for the presence of carbonic anhydrase 29-kda isoenzyme in salivary secretions of three ruminating species and the gelada baboon. | salivary glands are highly variable in composition of their secretions and thus could be one of the primary ways by which species adapt or react to their environments. it has been hypothesized that feeding adaptation correlates with saliva composition. hence, animals of different families using identical feeding niches should possess similar salivary proteins. for the first time, salivary secretions of grass-eating cattle, goat, camel and gelada baboon were compared by sds-gel electrophoresis an ... | 2009 | 19159864 |
| predicting judged similarity of natural categories from their neural representations. | we report a combined behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) study of conceptual similarity among members of a natural category (mammals). the study examined the relationship between computed pairwise similarity of neural responses to viewed mammals (e.g. bear, camel, dolphin) and subjective pairwise similarity ratings of the same set of mammals, obtained from subjects after the scanning session. in each functional region of interest (froi), measures of neural similarity were ... | 2009 | 19162048 |
| pre-weaning morbidity and mortality of llamas and alpacas. | to describe the morbidity and mortality patterns and identify factors associated with morbidity in pre-weaning llamas and alpacas. | 2009 | 19178480 |
| kinetic properties of dromedary pancreatic lipase: a comparative study on emulsified and monomolecular substrate. | using the classical emulsified system and the monomolecular film technique, we compared several interfacial properties of dromedary pancreatic lipase (drpl) with those of a mammal (human) and an avian (turkey) model. like turkey pancreatic lipase (tpl) and unlike human pancreatic lipase (hpl), in the absence of colipase and bile salts, using tributyrin emulsion or monomolecular films of dicaprin at low surface pressure, drpl hydrolyses pure tributyrin emulsion, as well as dicaprin films maintain ... | 2009 | 19195852 |
| effects of electrical stimulation on histochemical muscle fiber staining, quality, and composition of camel and cattle longissimus thoracis muscles. | the effects of electrical stimulation on muscle fiber type, meat quality, and composition of longissimus thoracis muscles from one-humped camels and dofari omani cattle of a comparable age range were investigated. a low-voltage electrical stimulation with 90 v, 14 hz (pulse of 7.5-millisecond duration every 70 milliseconds) 20 min postmortem was applied. samples from the left muscle were collected from 20 (2 to 3 y) camels and 24 cattle (1 to 3 y). for chemical composition, muscle samples were d ... | 2009 | 19200120 |
| an update review on commiphora molmol and related species. | the origins of myrrh and frankincense are traced to the arabian peninsula. according to herodotus (5th century bc): "arabia is the only country which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia, and cinnamon.., the trees bearing the frankincense are guarded by winged serpents of small size and various colors." diodorus siculus wrote, in the second half of the first century bc, that "all of arabia exudes a most delicate fragrance; even the seamen passing by arabia can smell the strong fragrance that giv ... | 2008 | 19209761 |
| interspecies embryo transfer in camelids: the birth of the first bactrian camel calves (camelus bactrianus) from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | interspecies embryo transfer is a possible approach that can be used to conserve endangered species. it could provide a useful technique to preserve the iranian and wild bactrian camels, both of which are threatened with extinction. in the present study, one bactrian camel was superovulated using decreasing doses of fsh (60, 40, 30, 30, 20, 20 mg, b.i.d.; folltropin-v; bioniche, london, on, canada) for 6 days, followed by a single injection of fsh (20 mg, i.m.) on day 7. daily ovarian ultrasonog ... | 2009 | 19210924 |
| open source marketing: camel cigarette brand marketing in the "web 2.0" world. | the international trend towards comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising has seen the tobacco industry become increasingly innovative in its approach to marketing. further fuelling this innovation is the rapid evolution and accessibility of web-based technology. the internet, as a relatively unregulated marketing environment, provides many opportunities for tobacco companies to pursue their promotional ambitions. | 2009 | 19211615 |
| cigarette brand preference among middle and high school students who are established smokers - united states, 2004 and 2006. | studies have suggested a link between exposure to tobacco advertising and cigarette brand preference. knowing the brand preferences of young established smokers can provide insight into what influences young smokers to start and continue to smoke. a report of 2005 data indicated that the three most heavily advertised brands, marlboro, newport, and camel, were preferred by 81% of u.s. youths aged 12-17 years. to assess the cigarette brand preferences among middle school and high school students w ... | 2009 | 19214160 |
| crystal structure of the n-terminal domain of the secretin gspd from etec determined with the assistance of a nanobody. | secretins are among the largest bacterial outer membrane proteins known. here we report the crystal structure of the periplasmic n-terminal domain of gspd (peri-gspd) from the type 2 secretion system (t2ss) secretin in complex with a nanobody, the vhh domain of a heavy-chain camelid antibody. two different crystal forms contained the same compact peri-gspd:nanobody heterotetramer. the nanobody contacts peri-gspd mainly via cdr3 and framework residues. the peri-gspd structure reveals three subdom ... | 2009 | 19217396 |
| quality and acceptability of a set-type yogurt made from camel milk. | camel milk (cm) set yogurts were formulated with gelatin, alginate (alg), and calcium (ca). titratable acidity, ph, sensory properties, and acceptability of cm yogurts were studied. twelve treatments were prepared; 3 using gelatin at 0.5, 0.75, and 1% levels and 9 with combinations of alg and ca at different levels. titratable acidity and ph of fresh yogurt were not affected by the addition of gelatin or the alg and ca combinations. trained sensory panel results showed that cm yogurt containing ... | 2009 | 19233778 |
| camelid nanobodies raised against an integral membrane enzyme, nitric oxide reductase. | nitric oxide reductase (nor) is an integral membrane protein performing the reduction of no to n(2)o. nor is composed of two subunits: the large one (norb) is a bundle of 12 transmembrane helices (tmh). it contains a b type heme and a binuclear iron site, which is believed to be the catalytic site, comprising a heme b and a non-hemic iron. the small subunit (norc) harbors a cytochrome c and is attached to the membrane through a unique tmh. with the aim to perform structural and functional studie ... | 2009 | 19241371 |
| 'can you push a camel through the eye of a needle?' reflections on how the unconscious speaks to us and its clinical implications. | there has been a recent surge of interest in a type of thinking seen in some patients most of the time, and all patients some of the time. in the past it was simply called regressive thinking, but attempts to be more specific have led it to be called by various names, like 'pre-symbolic', 'pre-conceptual' and 'pre-operational'. what these labels attempt to capture is that the patient's thinking, at these times, is without representations and closer to actions. as a clinical phenomena i prefer to ... | 2009 | 19245570 |
| production of chimeric heavy-chain antibodies. | antibody has become a major category of therapeutics. however, igg, the primary molecular format of existing antibody drugs, has some major shortcomings such as undesirable pharmacokinetics, high dose requirement, and high production cost, partially due to its large molecular size. much efforts have been made to address these issues, which usually led to antibodies or antibody fragments with smaller size. however, in most cases these changes also resulted in complete or partial deletion of fragm ... | 2009 | 19252853 |
| selection of non-aggregating vh binders from synthetic vh phage-display libraries. | the particular interest in vh antibody fragments stems from the fact that they can rival their "naturally occurring" single-domain antibody (sdab) counterparts (camelid vhhs and shark vnars) with regard to such desirable characteristics as stability, solubility, expression, and ability to penetrate cryptic epitopes and outperform them in terms of less immunogenicity, a much valued property in human immunotherapy applications. however, human vhs are typically prone to aggregation. various approac ... | 2009 | 19252860 |
| through the eye of the needle: the unfolding of the unconscious body. | the body is the starting point of experience and the original source of psychic life. in the course of analysis "the camel" must "go through the eye of the needle," in the sense that the body must become the specific object of mental working through, although no link between the corporeal and the mental can be taken for granted. the body-mind relationship is explored in the light of matte blanco's hypothesis that symmetric and asymmetric relationships are always present in the mind in differing ... | 2009 | 19270246 |
| a survey of echinococcus species in wild carnivores and livestock in east africa. | we examined 71 faecal samples of carnivores from queen elizabeth national park (qenp), uganda, for eggs of echinococcus species. thirty-nine faecal samples contained taeniid eggs. for species diagnosis, dna was isolated from a total of 1984 individual taeniid eggs. to differentiate eggs of echinococcus felidis from other taeniid taxa (including the closely related echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto), a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp)-pcr of the mitochondrial nad1 gene was deve ... | 2009 | 19275902 |
| purification and characterization of camel (camelus dromedarius) milk amylase. | skimmed camel milk contains 59,900 u/l amylase, which is 39,363 times less than serum and plasma amylase. camel milk beta-amylase was purified as a 61 kda band using deae-sepharose and sephadex g-100 and yielded 561 u/mg. the optimum working ph, km and temperature were 7.0, 13.6 mg/lstarch, 30-40 degrees c, respectively. the enzyme has been shown higher affinity toward amylose and soluble starch than glycogen, amylopectin, dextrin, or pullulan. magnesium chloride, cacl(2) and nacl activated the ... | 2009 | 19291574 |
| monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (camelus bactrianus ferus). | the evolutionary relationship between the domestic bactrian camel and the extant wild two-humped camel and the factual origin of the domestic bactrian camel remain elusive. we determined the sequence of mitochondrial cytb gene from 21 camel samples, including 18 domestic camels (three camelus bactrianus xinjiang, three camelus bactrianus sunite, three camelus bactrianus alashan, three camelus bactrianus red, three camelus bactrianus brown and three camelus bactrianus normal) and three wild camel ... | 2009 | 19292708 |
| effects of milking interval and cisternal udder evaluation in tunisian maghrebi dairy dromedaries (camelus dromedarius l.). | effects of 4 different milking intervals (8, 12, 16, and 24 h) on milk yield and milk composition were studied in tunisian maghrebi dairy dromedaries (n = 6) at late lactation [240 +/- 14 days in milk (dim), 5.84 +/- 1.62 l/d]. camel-cows suckled their calves for 2 mo, were hand milked while suckling until mo 4 of lactation (calf weaning) and machine milked thereafter. intravenous injection of oxytocin was administered before machine milking at each experimental milking to induce complete milk e ... | 2009 | 19307626 |
| expression of egfrviii in thyroid carcinoma: immunohistochemical study by camel antibodies. | patients with poor prognosis in thyroid cancers resistant to currently available therapeutic modalities are often in search of a new treatment. the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) viii, a ligand-independent, constitutively active, mutated form of egfr has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of some cancers. consequently, the immunohistochemical detection of egfrviii with novel camel antibodies, which are valuable for their ability to interact with less antigenic epitopes in con ... | 2009 | 19330625 |
| evaluating the acute effects of oral, non-combustible potential reduced exposure products marketed to smokers. | non-combustible potential reduced exposure products (preps; eg, star scientific's ariva; a variety of other smokeless tobacco products) are marketed to reduce the harm associated with smoking. this marketing occurs despite an absence of objective data concerning the toxicant exposure and effects of these preps. methods used to examine combustible preps were adapted to assess the acute effects of non-combustible preps for smokers. | 2010 | 19346218 |
| cross-species chromosome painting in cetartiodactyla: reconstructing the karyotype evolution in key phylogenetic lineages. | recent molecular and morphological studies place artiodactyla and cetacea into the order cetartiodactyla. within the cetartiodactyla such families as bovidae, cervidae, and suidae are well studied by comparative chromosome painting, but many taxa that are crucial for understanding cetartiodactyl phylogeny remain poorly studied. here we present the genome-wide comparative maps of five cetartiodactyl species obtained by chromosome painting with human and dromedary paint probes from four taxa: ceta ... | 2009 | 19350402 |
| pathology in practice. fungal dermatitis in a camel caused by candida albicans. | 2009 | 19366330 | |
| development and application of an antibody-elisa to follow up a trypanosoma evansi outbreak in a dromedary camel herd in france. | an outbreak of trypanosomosis was observed for the first time in metropolitan france in october 2006, when five camels were proved to be infected by trypanosoma evansi using parasitological methods. the parasite was isolated and used to produce a soluble antigen for antibody-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in a protocol derived from a method previously developed for sheep and humans but using protein a conjugate. the animals were treated on three instances, alternatively with melarsomi ... | 2009 | 19372008 |
| effect of salts and sodium dodecyl sulfate on chaperone activity of camel alphas(1)-cn: insulin as the target protein. | in this study camel alphas(1)-casein (alphas(1)-cn) was purified, using a two-step purification procedure. the anti-aggregation (chaperone-like) ability of the purified protein sample was examined in a wide range of experimental conditions and at different concentrations of camel alphas(1)-cn, in the presence of salts and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds). to examine chaperone-like activity of camel alphas(1)-cn, bovine pancreatic insulin was used as the target protein. insulin aggregation performed ... | 2009 | 19372034 |
| oxidative stress in blood of camels (camelus dromedaries) naturally infected with trypanosoma evansi. | oxidant stress is an imbalance between radical-generating and radical-scavenging activity, resulting in oxidation products and tissue damage. the present study aimed to estimate oxidation and antioxidant status in blood of camels naturally infected with trypanosoma evansi. blood samples from t. evansi-infected and healthy (control) female camels were used to determine the free radical nitric oxide (no) generation in serum, malondialdehyde production in serum (smda) and erythrocyte (emda) as a bi ... | 2009 | 19375230 |
| identification of cervidae dna in feedstuff using a real-time polymerase chain reaction method with the new fluorescence intercalating dye evagreen. | a real-time qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction method (cer-194) using the fluorescence dye evagreen and aimed at the cytochrome b sequence was established for detection of cervidae dna in feedstuff. eight meat meal samples derived from deer, bovine, ovine, camel, pig, rabbit, fish, and chicken and 17 cervidae hair samples covering 2 subfamilies, 4 genera, and 7 species were tested to prove the specificity of the cer-194 system and its universality within the cervidae family. ... | 2009 | 19382576 |
| male hosts are responsible for the transmission of a trophically transmitted parasite, pterygodermatites peromysci, to the intermediate host in the absence of sex-biased infection. | field studies have identified that male-biased infection can lead to increased rates of transmission, so we examined the relative importance of host sex on the transmission of a trophically transmitted parasite (pterygodermatites peromysci) where there is no sex-biased infection. we experimentally reduced infection levels in either male or female white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) on independent trapping grids with an anthelmintic and recorded subsequent infection levels in the intermediate ... | 2009 | 19397911 |
| towards a new reference test for surra in camels. | current serological diagnosis of trypanosoma evansi infection in camels is based on the native variable antigen type rotat 1.2. the goal of this study was to develop a novel serological diagnostic test based on a nonvariable protein and freed from the use of rats or mice for its production. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a recombinant extracellular domain of invariant surface glycoprotein 75 (elisa/risg75) was developed and tested on a collection of 184 camel sera. the results were c ... | 2009 | 19403780 |
| verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157 in animals on public amenity premises in england and wales, 1997 to 2007. | at the request of the public health authorities, 31 public amenity premises in england and wales containing animals of various species were investigated for the presence of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) o157 between 1997 and 2007, because of putative associations with human cases. vtec o157 was confirmed in one or more species on 19 (61.3 per cent) of the premises. there were significant associations between the presence of vtec o157 and the number of species sampled, the size of the ... | 2009 | 19411683 |
| [the influences of camel milk on the immune response of chronic hepatitis b patients]. | to investigate the influences of camel milk on the immune response of the chronic hepatitis b patients and its possible mechanism. | 2009 | 19426601 |
| natural exposure of dromedary camels in sudan to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bovine herpes virus-1). | the occurrence of bovine herpes virus-1 (bhv-1) in camels was studied. a total of 186 pneumonic camel lungs were collected from slaughter houses at four different areas in sudan during 2000-2006. using sandwich elisa 1.6% of 186 tested lungs were found positive for bhv-1 antigen, all were from tambool at central sudan. direct fluorescent antibody test (fat) was used to confirm the bhv-1 elisa positives, all elisa positives were also positive. pcr was used to detect bhv-1 genome with three positi ... | 2009 | 19433051 |
| bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta6 as fmdv receptors: molecular cloning, sequence analysis and comparison with other species. | integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors that participate in a variety of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein interactions. many integrins recognize rgd sequences displayed on extracellular matrix proteins and the exposed loops of viral capsid proteins. four members of the alphav integrin family of cellular receptors, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, alphavbeta1 and alphavbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro, and integrins are belie ... | 2009 | 19443046 |
| peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour in a lumbar vertebra and the liver of a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | a 9-year-old castrated male dromedary camel developed weakness and ataxia, progressing to sternal recumbency and hindlimb paralysis. necropsy revealed multiple liver tumours and a mass in the 3rd lumbar vertebra, compressing the spinal cord. the hepatic and vertebral masses consisted of uniform sheets of primitive cells, with perivascular pseudorosettes and small numbers of neuroblastic homer-wright rosettes. immunohistochemically, the tumour cells were uniformly positive for vimentin and variab ... | 2009 | 19446834 |
| seroprevalence of camel brucellosis (camelus dromedarius) in somaliland. | the present study was delineated to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of camel brucellosis in northern somalia (somaliland). the study was carried out at three main districts of camel-rearing regions of somaliland (awdal, waqoyi galbed and togdheer) in the period from july to november, 2008. a total of 1246 camel blood sera were randomly collected from 42 sporadic small scale camel herds. two serological tests were used to screen all serum samples, rose bengal plate test (rbpt) and ind ... | 2009 | 19459060 |
| camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes: verification of a traditional ethnomedical practice. | there is a traditional belief in the middle east that regular consumption of camel milk may aid in prevention and control of diabetes. the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of camel milk as an adjuvant therapy in young type 1 diabetics. this 16-week randomized study enrolled 54 type 1 diabetic patients (average age 20 years) selected from those attending the outpatient diabetes clinic of the menofia university hospital, affiliated with egypt's national cancer institute. subjects were ... | 2009 | 19459752 |
| camelid herd health. | the area of herd health is particularly important when considering camelid operations because of the high frequency of travel for exhibition, breeding, and boarding. this article outlines the considerations for routine husbandry, facility and animal maintenance, and infectious disease control in the form of biosecurity, vaccination, and health testing that should be included in any farm's herd-health plan. veterinary input into the design of programs for biosecurity and infectious disease preven ... | 2009 | 19460638 |
| viral diseases of new world camelids. | the increased popularity and population of new world camelids in the united states requires the development of a broader base of knowledge of the health and disease parameters for these animals by the veterinary livestock practitioner. although our knowledge regarding infectious diseases of camelids has increased greatly over the past decade, the practice of camelid medicine is a relatively new field in north america, so it is important to seek out seasoned colleagues and diagnostic laboratories ... | 2009 | 19460643 |
| disorders of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism in camelids. | camelids develop a number of disturbances related to energy metabolism. some are similar to disorders seen in other species, but most relate to camelids' unusual characteristics of poor glucose tolerance, partial insulin resistance, and low concentrations of circulating insulin. camelids are especially prone to abnormalities related to stimuli that inhibit insulin release or activity, or that promote activities normally antagonized by insulin. these include stimuli that mobilize glycogen or fat ... | 2009 | 19460644 |
| management of neonatal llamas and alpacas. | most llama and alpaca crias will be born without complication and survive the neonatal period without incident. however, it is important to be able to recognize which crias are likely to be at risk of complications so that you are best able to advise owners and take the correct course of action if required. this article deals with management of the pregnant camelid, the events associated with parturition and the peripartum period with emphasis on the cria, management of the newborn cria includin ... | 2009 | 19460645 |
| approach to the critically ill camelid. | the estimation of fluid deficits in camelids is challenging. however, early recognition and treatment of shock and hypovolemia is instrumental to improve morbidity and mortality of critically ill camelids. early goal-directed fluid therapy requires specific knowledge of clinical indicators of hypovolemia and assessment of resuscitation endpoints, but may significantly enhance the understanding, monitoring, and safety of intravenous fluid therapy in south american camelids (sac). it is important ... | 2009 | 19460648 |
| camelid cardiology. | cardiovascular disorders, although not thoroughly described in the literature, are frequently diagnosed in south american camelids, causing morbidity, mortality, and loss of production. definitive confirmation concerning the heritability of cardiac defects in these species is lacking; however, this potential exists and should be taken into account when counseling breeders and owners. this article describes the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in llamas and alpacas and reviews t ... | 2009 | 19460649 |
| chemical restraint, anesthesia, and analgesia for camelids. | this article covers techniques used to provide chemical restraint, injectable or inhalation anesthesia, and analgesia in camelid patients. understanding the information presented improves safety and efficacy when using the techniques presented in the article. this article focuses primarily on llama and alpaca patients. of the techniques that have been used on camels, the dosing protocols provided have proven effective. | 2009 | 19460650 |
| a molecular dynamics simulation of the human lysozyme - camelid vhh hl6 antibody system. | amyloid diseases such as alzheimer's and thrombosis are characterized by an aberrant assembly of specific proteins or protein fragments into fibrils and plaques that are deposited in various tissues and organs. the single-domain fragment of a camelid antibody was reported to be able to combat against wild-type human lysozyme for inhibiting in-vitro aggregations of the amyloidogenic variant (d67h). the present study is aimed at elucidating the unbinding mechanics between the d67h lysozyme and vhh ... | 2009 | 19468335 |
| detection of camel pox and vaccinia viruses by polymerase chain reaction. | pcr following two methods of dna extraction was used to confirm the growth of camel pox virus (cpv) and vaccinia virus in cell culture and chorioallantoic membrane. results were compared with the commonly used neutralization test. the first method of dna extraction was accomplished by using viral dna in tissue culture supernatant and chorioallantoic membrane, which was released by initial heating for 15 min at 99 degrees c followed by ordinary pcr. in the second method dna was extracted by using ... | 2009 | 19484375 |
| selenium distribution in camel blood and organs after different level of dietary selenium supplementation. | eight young female camels shared in four groups of two 2 years received a basal diet enriched respectively with 0, 2, 4, and 8 mg selenium under sodium selenite form for 64 days. feed intake was assessed daily; blood samples were taken on weekly basis. one camel from each group was killed at the end of the experiment. se concentration in serum was increased significantly in the supplemented groups with an average of 176.3 +/- 18.0 ng/ml in the control group, 382.7 +/- 107.6 in the group receivin ... | 2010 | 19488685 |
| engineering properties of a camelid antibody affinity sorbent for immunoglobulin g purification. | an igg-specific camelid antibody matrix (bac, naarden, the netherlands), developed from an immune phage display library, was characterized regarding engineering properties including mass transfer characteristics. uptake kinetics and equilibrium binding capacity were determined by a finite bath method. adsorption kinetic parameters were also determined using a real time biosensor. slightly different properties to conventional staphylococcal protein a affinity media were shown; especially a 2-2.5 ... | 2009 | 19524934 |
| single domain antibodies: promising experimental and therapeutic tools in infection and immunity. | antibodies are important tools for experimental research and medical applications. most antibodies are composed of two heavy and two light chains. both chains contribute to the antigen-binding site which is usually flat or concave. in addition to these conventional antibodies, llamas, other camelids, and sharks also produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains. the antigen-binding site of these unusual heavy chain antibodies (hcabs) is formed only by a single domain, designated vhh in cameli ... | 2009 | 19529959 |
| sedative and analgesic effects of romifidine in camels (camelus dromedarius). | to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and the sedative and analgesic effects of intravenous (iv) romifidine in camels. | 2009 | 19538572 |
| physiological response of dromedary camels to road transportation in relation to circulating levels of cortisol, thyroid hormones and some serum biochemical parameters. | transportation is often considered as one of the main causes of stress raising considerable interest, both in economic and animal welfare terms. the objective of the current study was to determine physiological response of dromedary camels to road transportation in relation to circulating levels of cortisol, thyroid hormones and some serum biochemical factors during summer conditions. ten iranian dromedary camels, five males and five females, were selected for the study. the study was conducted ... | 2010 | 19544085 |
| comparison between some oxidative stress biomarkers values in serum and plasma of clinically healthy adult camels (camelus dromedarius) in iran. | in this study, we measured some oxidative stress biomarkers, mda and total thiol groups content in plasma along by this parameters in serum and ferric reducing ability of plasma (frap) of camels. the present study was undertaken first to establish a background of free radical damage status and second to comparison these levels in serum and plasma. to accomplish this, blood samples from 50 male dromedary clinically healthy adult camels aged 24-48 months were collected. the correlation between ser ... | 2009 | 19548099 |
| current situation of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in the sudan. | the current situation of ppr in sudan was investigated. a total of 61 tissue samples were collected from various ppr suspected outbreaks in sheep in sudan during 2008. collected tissue samples were tested for ppr antigen using icelisa, ppr antigen was detected in 26 out of 61 samples (42.6%). highest antigen detection rate was in specimens collected from western sudan. a total of 1198 serum samples were collected from sheep (n = 500), camels (n = 392), and goats (n = 306) from different areas in ... | 2010 | 19548103 |
| a serologic investigation for peste des petits ruminants infection in sheep, cattle and camels (camelus dromedarius) in aydin province, west anatolia. | 2010 | 19554466 | |
| production and characterization of a genetically engineered anti-caffeine camelid antibody and its use in immunoaffinity chromatography. | this work demonstrates the feasibility of using a camelid single domain antibody for immunoaffinity chromatographic separation of small molecules. an anti-caffeine vhh antibody was produced by grafting the complementarity determining sequences of a previously generated antibody onto an anti-rnase a antibody scaffold, followed by expression in e. coli. analysis of the binding properties of the antibody by elisa and fluorescence-based thermal shift assays showed that it recognizes not only caffein ... | 2010 | 19560409 |
| light chain-deficient mice produce novel multimeric heavy-chain-only iga by faulty class switching. | recently, we identified that diverse heavy chain (h-chain)-only igg is spontaneously produced in light chain (l-chain)-deficient mice (l(-/-) with silenced kappa and lambda loci) despite a block in b cell development. in murine h-chain igg, the first cgamma exon, c(h)1, is removed after dna rearrangement and secreted polypeptides are comparable with camelid-type h-chain igg. here we show that l(-/-) mice generate a novel class of h-chain ig with covalently linked alpha chains, not identified in ... | 2009 | 19561045 |
| ultra structure of camel platelets. | 2009 | 19562621 | |
| receptivity to taboka and camel snus in a u.s. test market. | the two largest u.s. cigarette manufacturers introduced swedish-style low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco (snus) to several u.s. test markets in summer 2006. since then, snus brands and test markets have proliferated. | 2009 | 19564175 |
| molecular identification of echinococcus isolates from peru. | genetic variations in tapeworms causing cystic echinococcosis in peru were investigated. seventy one larval isolates collected from different intermediate hosts and geographic regions were identified by the dna sequencing of genes for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear elongation factor 1 alpha (ef1a). the g7 genotype (e. canadensis pig strain) was found for the first time in pigs reared in the city of lima. echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (sheep strain or g1) ... | 2009 | 19567235 |
| hapten-induced dimerization of a single-domain vhh camelid antibody. | antibodies that recognize small molecule ligands (haptens) provide unique insight into the immune response and frequently serve as biological reagents for the detection of small molecules. while conventional antibodies typically recognize haptens using two variable domains (vl and vh), much less is known regarding how antibodies with a single variable domain recognize small ligands. here we investigate the binding thermodynamics for an anti-caffeine camelid (vhh) antibody. surprisingly, a noncon ... | 2009 | 19572722 |
| identification of camelid specific residues in mitochondrial atp synthase subunits. | atp synthase is an enzyme involved in oxidative phosphorylation from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells. in mammals it comprises at least 16 subunits from which the mitochondrial encoded atp6 and atp8 are essential. mitochondrial genes variations have been suggested to allow rapid human and animal adaptation to new climates and dietary conditions (mishmar et al. 2003). camelidae taxa are uniquely adapted to extremely hot and dry climates of african-asian territories and to cold and hypoxic environm ... | 2009 | 19578988 |
| strategic (adaptive) hypothermia in bull dromedary camels during rut; could it increase reproductive success? | in this study of body temperatures (t(b)) in free ranging dromedary camels, we found that bulls in rut start the days cooler. daily minima during rut averaged 0.6 degrees c lower than at other times (95% ci 0.27-0.94 degrees c) and daily maxima averaged 0.45 degrees c higher (95% ci -0.01 to -0.91 degrees c), increasing the daily t(b) cycle. knut schmidt-nielsen described a similar pattern in captive dromedaries deprived of water in hot conditions, which he interpreted as a strategy to conserve ... | 2009 | 19605390 |
| cerebellar abiotrophy in an alpaca (lama pacos). | cerebellar abiotrophy, a premature degeneration of cerebellar neurons, has been described in most domestic animals. affected animals typically present with progressive neurologic signs after a variable period of postnatal normalcy. this report describes the clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical (ihc) findings of cerebellar abiotrophy in an alpaca. the alpaca developed intention tremors, hypermetria, and a wide-based stance at 1.5 years of age. histologic lesions, confined to the cer ... | 2009 | 19605911 |
| evaluation of single-dose pharmacokinetics of cefepime in healthy bull camels (camelus dromedaries). | 2009 | 19614845 | |
| improvement of llama (lama glama) seminal characteristics using collagenase. | llama semen is characterized by great structural viscosity and minimal sperm progressive motility. these characteristics, inherent to south american camelid ejaculates, have slowed down the development of assisted reproductive techniques in these species. the aim of the present research was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of dilutions and incubation time with h-talp-bsa medium, with and without adding 0.1% collagenase, on the qualitative and quantitative semen characteristics, f ... | 2010 | 19616391 |
| the microanatomy of the palatine tonsils of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | tonsils form a first line of defense against foreign antigens and are also a route of entry and a replication site for some pathogens. the palatine tonsils are the largest of all the tonsils. despite their general importance, little is known about the microanatomy of the palatine tonsils of the one-humped camel. palatine tonsils of 10 clinically healthy male camels were obtained directly after slaughtering for human consumption. the tonsils were examined macroscopically and by light, scanning, a ... | 2009 | 19645021 |
| pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in male camels (camelus dromedarius). | 2009 | 19646095 | |
| neutralization of bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom from bolivia: experimental evaluation of llama and donkey antivenoms produced by caprylic acid precipitation. | polyspecific bothropic/crotalic and bothropic/lachesic antivenoms were produced in bolivia by immunizing two donkeys with the venoms of bothrops mattogrossensis and crotalus durissus terrificus and one llama with the venoms of b. mattogrossensis and lachesis muta. these antivenoms are currently being used for snakebite envenomation in bolivia. the rationale for using these animals is that donkeys and llamas are better adapted than horses to the high altitudes in south america and constitute good ... | 2010 | 19647761 |