Publications

down-regulation of specific members of the glutamine synthetase gene family in alfalfa by antisense rna technology.	glutamine synthetase (gs) catalyzes the atp-dependent condensation of nh3 with glutamate to produce glutamine. in plants gs is an octameric enzyme and is located either in the cytoplasm (gs1) or in the chloroplast (gs2). two distinct classes of gs1 genes with unique 3'-untranslated region (3'utr) have been identified in alfalfa. we have demonstrated that the two classes exhibit differential expression pattern in the different plant organs suggesting different functional roles for the different i ...	1998	9617820
characterization of a single soybean cdna encoding cytosolic and glyoxysomal isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase.	a soybean cdna clone, psat1, which encodes both the cytosolic and glyoxysomal isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (aat; ec 2.6.1.1) was isolated. genomic southern blots and analysis of genomic clones indicated psat1 was encoded by a single copy gene. psat1 contained an open reading frame with ca. 90% amino acid identity to alfalfa and lupin cytosolic aat and two in-frame start codons, designated atg1 and atg2. alignment of this protein with other plant cytosolic aat isozymes revealed a 37 ami ...	1998	9620268
an isoflavonoid-inducible efflux pump in agrobacterium tumefaciens is involved in competitive colonization of roots.	agrobacterium tumefaciens 1d1609, which was originally isolated from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), contains genes that increase competitive root colonization on that plant by reducing the accumulation of alfalfa isoflavonoids in the bacterial cells. mutant strain i-1 was isolated by its isoflavonoid-inducible neomycin resistance following mutagenesis with the transposable promoter probe tn5-b30. nucleotide sequence analysis showed the transposon had inserted in the first open reading frame, ifea ...	1998	9620959
effect of a mixture of feather and blood meals on lactational performance of dairy cows.	an experiment was conducted over 18 wk of lactation to determine the effect of supplemental feather and blood meals (85:15, wt/wt, dry matter basis) fed at two dietary concentrations of crude protein (cp) on dry matter intake and milk protein production. forty-eight holstein cows were grouped by parity and assigned randomly at 3 wk postpartum to one of four diets following a 2-wk covariate period. diets consisted of 50% alfalfa silage and 1) no feather or blood meals, 17.6% cp, and 5.1% ruminall ...	1998	9621239
interactions of tallow and hay particle size on yield and composition of milk from lactating holstein cows.	an 18-wk lactation study was conducted to determine whether the effects of tallow on the lactation performance of dairy cows were influenced by particle size of hay in the ration. a total mixed ration containing 50% concentrate, 25% corn silage, and 25% alfalfa hay (dry matter basis) was fed to holstein cows. four total mixed rations were developed based on differences in the percentage of tallow in the concentrate and particle size of alfalfa hay: 1) 0% tallow, long-cut hay; 2) 0% tallow, short ...	1998	9621243
relationships among ewe milk production and ewe and lamb forage intake in suffolk and targhee ewes nursing single or twin lambs.	suffolk and targhee ewes (30 each) with single or twin lambs were used in four periods beginning in late gestation and continuing through weaning to evaluate breed differences in milk production, lamb bw, and dmi by ewes and lambs. in periods 1 (late gestation) and 2 (early lactation), ewes (period 1) and ewes with lambs (period 2) were individually penned, fed .45 kg of barley x ewe(-1) x d(-1) and allowed ad libitum access to chopped alfalfa. ewes and lambs grazed native range in periods 3 and ...	1998	9621929
effects of oxygen on nodule physiology and expression of nodulins in alfalfa	early nodulin 2 (enod2) transcripts and protein are specifically found in the inner cortex of legume nodules, a location that coincides with the site of a barrier to o2 diffusion. the extracellular glycoprotein that binds the monoclonal antibody mac236 has also been localized to this site. thus, it has been proposed that these proteins function in the regulation of nodule permeability to o2 diffusion. it would then be expected that the levels of enod2 mrna/protein and mac236 antigen would differ ...	1998	9625691
ethanol production from afex-treated forages and agricultural residues.	lignocellulosic materials derived from forages, namely timothy grass, alfalfa, reed canary grass, and agricultural residues, such as corn stalks and barley straw, were pretreated using ammonia fiber explosion (afex) process. the pretreated materials were directly saccharified by cellulolytic enzymes. sixty to 80% of theoretical yield of sugars were obtained from the pretreated biomasses. subsequent ethanolic fermentation of the hydrolysates by pachysolen tannophilus atcc 32691 resulted in 40-60% ...	1998	9627392
a robust, inexpensive filter for blocking uvc radiation in broad-spectrum 'uvb' lamps.	accurate studies of the biological effects of ubv radiation require suitable laboratory sources. lamps labeled as uvb sources often emit uvc radiation that contributes significantly to the levels of dna damage. the uvc from an unfiltered uvb source produced more pyrimidine dimers in soybean dna than a lamp filtered by a pyrex dish that removes wavelengths of < 280 nm. calculations based on action spectra and on the emission spectra of unfiltered lamps indicate that uvc contributes approximately ...	1998	9639912
cell-to-cell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus: i. heterologous complementation experiments provide evidence for specific interactions among the triple gene block proteins.	cell-to-cell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) requires three proteins encoded by a triple gene block (tgb) on viral rna 2. a bnyvv rna 3-derived replicon was used to express movement proteins to functionally substitute for the bnyvv tgb proteins was tested by coinoculation of tgb-defective bnyvv with the various replicons to chenopodium quinoa. trans-heterocomplementation was successful with the movement protein (p30) of tobacco mosaic virus but not with the tubule-forming mov ...	1998	9650295
eating barley too frequently or in excess decreases lambs' preference for barley but sodium bicarbonate and lasalocid attenuate the response.	we conducted experiments to determine whether preference for barley was affected when lambs ate various amounts of barley and whether lambs ate more barley when it contained lasalocid and sodium bicarbonate (nahco3), both of which attenuate acidosis. in exp. 1, lambs were assigned to two treatments (six lambs/treatment). for 2 d, lambs in two treatments were offered either 400 or 1,200 g of rolled barley from 0600 to 0700 as a preload meal. a preference ratio [pr = barley ingested/(total amount ...	1998	9655577
reactive arthritis following an outbreak of salmonella bovismorbificans infection.	a large, single-source salmonella outbreak caused by a rare serovar bovismorbificans (6,8:r:1,5) occurred in southern finland in 1994. the origin of the outbreak was sprouted alfalfa seeds. a questionnaire was mailed to all 210 subjects with positive stool culture. ninety-one percent (191/210) returned the questionnaire. one hundred and fifty-three (80%) were adults. one hundred and fifty-nine out of one hundred and ninety-one (83%) reported diarrhoea, 109 (57%) fever, 104 (54%) abdominal pains, ...	1998	9661939
developmental expression and substrate specificities of alfalfa caffeic acid 3-o-methyltransferase and caffeoyl coenzyme a 3-o-methyltransferase in relation to lignification.	the biosynthesis of monolignols can potentially occur via two parallel pathways involving free acids or their coenzyme a (coa) esters. caffeic acid 3-o-methyltransferase (comt) and caffeoyl coa 3-o-methyltransferase (ccomt) catalyze functionally identical reactions in these two pathways, resulting in the formation of mono- or dimethoxylated lignin precursors. the activities of the two enzymes increase from the first to the sixth internode in stems of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), preceding the d ...	1998	9662519
the complete nucleotide sequence of prune dwarf ilarvirus rna-1.	the sequence of prune dwarf ilarvirus (pdv) rna-1 has been determined; it consists of 3,374 nucleotides and contains a single open reading frame of 3,168 nucleotides. the putative translation product is 1,055 amino acids in length with a calculated molecular mass of 118.9 kda. both the nucleic acid and the translated amino acid sequences show stronger homology to the corresponding rna-1 and orf-1 of apple mosaic ilarvirus and alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus than to spinach latent mosaic ilarvirus or ...	1997	9672650
multicopy vectors carrying the klebsiella pneumoniae nifa gene do not enhance the nodulation competitiveness of sinorhizobium meliloti on alfalfa.	it has been reported that sinorhizobium meliloti strains harboring incq and incp multicopy vectors containing constitutively expressed klebsiella pneumoniae nifa exhibit an increase in nodulation competitiveness on alfalfa (j. sanjuan and j. olivares, mol. plant-microbe interact. 4:365-369, 1991). in our efforts to understand the mechanisms involved, in this work, we have found that the observed enhancement on nodulation competitiveness by incq derivatives carrying k. pneumoniae nifa was not dep ...	1998	9675897
the pha gene cluster of rhizobium meliloti involved in ph adaptation and symbiosis encodes a novel type of k+ efflux system.	the fix-2 mutant of rhizobium meliloti affected in the invasion of alfalfa root nodules (inf-/fix-) is k+ sensitive and unable to adapt to alkaline ph in the presence of k+. using directed tn5 mutagenesis, we delimited a 6kb genomic region in which mutations resulted in both inf-/fix- and k+-sensitive phenotypes. in this dna region, seven open reading frames (orfs) were identified and the corresponding genes were designated phaa, b, c, d, e, f and g. the putative phaabc proteins exhibit homology ...	1998	9680201
expression of a soybean nodule-enhanced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene that shows striking similarity to another gene for a house-keeping isoform.	three different cdnas for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepc) were isolated from soybean root nodules. the full-length cdna of the most abundant isoform (gmpepc7) was very similar to another one (gmpepc15), the nucleotide sequence of which is identical to that of a reported clone (gmppc1) (vazquez-tello, a., whittier, r.f., kawasaki, t., sugimoto, t., kawamura, y. and shibata, d. (1993) plant physiol. 103, 1025-1026). in the coding region, the newly isolated gmpepc7 and the previously reporte ...	1998	9680982
na+,k+-atpase inhibitors in rat urine: origins and physiological significance.	to identify the origins and structures of mammalian tissue-derived na+,k+-atpase inhibitors, we investigated the tissue distribution of inhibitors in rats. among many tissues tested, urine was found to contain high levels of many inhibitors. the structures of the two major inhibitors were identified as neoconvalloside and periplogenin monorhamnoside, which are derivatives of strophanthidin. urinary levels of these inhibitors, however, decreased considerably after changing the diet from the regul ...	1998	9682910
effects of postruminal protein on fatty acid digestibility in dairy cows.	eight ruminally cannulated holstein cows (four multiparous and four primiparous) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 latin square with an extra period to determine the effects of postruminal protein on fatty acid digestibility. samples were collected during the last 4 d of each 14-d period. total mixed rations were composed of 41% alfalfa haylage, 42% corn silage, 12% concentrate based on corn, and 5% tallow. cows were fed at 90% of ad libitum intake. treatments were abomasal infusion of guar gum or ...	1998	9684169
the effect of feed quality on the kinetic disposition of orally administered triclabendazole in sheep.	the effect of two qualities of feed on the kinetic disposition of triclabendazole (tcbz) metabolites was investigated in sheep (n = 4) following oral administration of tcbz at 10 mg/kg body weight. the same sheep were given sequentially two qualitatively different diets: a low-quality (lq) diet based on wheat straw ad libitum, and a high-quality (hq) diet based on barley + alfalfa. the triclabendazole sulphoxide (tcbzso) and triclabendazole sulphone (tcbzso2) concentrations were determined in bl ...	1998	9686440
influence of lactobacillus spp. from an inoculant and of weissella and leuconostoc spp. from forage crops on silage fermentation	lactobacillus spp. from an inoculant and weissella and leuconostoc spp. from forage crops were characterized, and their influence on silage fermentation was studied. forty-two lactic acid-producing cocci were obtained from forage crops and grasses. all isolates were gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci that produced gas from glucose, and produced more than 90% of their lactate in the d-isomer form. these isolates were divided into groups a and b by sugar fermentation patterns. two representati ...	1998	9687461
the sequence of rna 1 and rna 2 of tobacco streak virus: additional evidence for the inclusion of alfalfa mosaic virus in the genus ilarvirus.	here we describe the complete sequence of rna 1 and 2 of the wc isolate of tobacco streak virus (tsv). these two sequences complete the information on the genome of tsv, the type member of the genus ilarvirus, and are the first sequences described for the rna 1 and rna 2 of a member of subgroup 1 of this genus. the sequences have a similar organization to those reported for the corresponding rnas of other ilarviruses. however, the putative translation products of these two molecules differ suffi ...	1998	9687875
mspg3, a medicago sativa polygalacturonase gene expressed during the alfalfa-rhizobium meliloti interaction.	polygalacturonase (pg) is one of the most important enzymes associated with plant cell wall degradation. it has been proposed to participate in the early steps of the rhizobium-legume interaction. we have identified two classes of cdna fragments corresponding to two classes of pg genes in the medicago genome. one of this class, represented by e2 in m. truncatula and pl1 in m. sativa, seems to be related to previously characterized plant pg genes expressed in pollen. we have isolated the genomic ...	1998	9689142
protein and energy value of pearl millet grain for mature goats.	we conducted two studies to assess the protein and energy value of pearl millet grain (pennisetum glaucum [l.] r. br.) for mature goats. in exp. 1, 15 2-yr-old male castrated goats were gradually introduced over a 4-mo period to three all-grain diets consisting of 100% corn (zea mays l.), 50:50 corn:pearl millet, and 100% pearl millet. after the adjustment to all-grain feeds, the goats were fed the diets in metabolism crates for 2-d adjustment and 7-d total collection periods. for exp. 2, comple ...	1998	9690653
phosphate assimilation in rhizobium (sinorhizobium) meliloti: identification of a pit-like gene.	rhizobium meliloti mutants defective in the phocdet-encoded phosphate transport system form root nodules on alfalfa plants that fail to fix nitrogen (fix-). we have previously reported that two classes of second-site mutations can suppress the fix- phenotype of phocdet mutants to fix+. here we show that one of these suppressor loci (sfx1) contains two genes, orfa and pit, which appear to form an operon transcribed in the order orfa-pit. the pit protein is homologous to various phosphate transpor ...	1998	9696772
effect of abomasal infusion of aspartate on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in holstein steers.	we investigated the effect of abomasally infused aspartate (asp) on n balance and plasma amino acids in steers. four ruminally cannulated holstein steers (180 kg) housed in metabolism crates were used in an experiment designed as a 4 x 3 youden square. steers received continuous abomasal infusions of water or water containing 40 or 80 g asp/d. steers were fed twice daily a diet containing 473 g/kg corn, 463 g/kg alfalfa hay and 52 g/kg soybean meal at levels near ad libitum intake. abomasally in ...	1998	9698282
membrane filter method based on fc-5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-glucuronide medium facilitates enumeration of escherichia coli in foods and poultry carcass rinses.	three enumeration methods for escherichia coli in foods, the health protection branch most-probable-number (mpn) method mfhpb-19, a hydrophobic grid membrane filter method mfhpb-26 (hgmf-indole), and a hydrophobic grid membrane filter method utilizing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-glucuronide in a (modified) mfc agar (hgmf-fc-bcig) were compared in 80 food samples that included naturally and artificially contaminated raw vegetables, mung bean and alfalfa sprouts, raw meats, and chicken carca ...	1998	9708312
effects of form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen of neonatal calves.	eight neonatal, holstein bull calves were paired by birth date and birth weight and randomly assigned to either a finely ground or unground control diet (chopped hay and rolled grain) to study the effects of the physical form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen. the diets varied in particle size but were identical in composition (25% alfalfa hay and 75% grain mix). calves were fed milk at 8% of birth weight daily until weaning. feed intake was equalize ...	1998	9710764
effect of wheat straw treated with alkali on ruminal function and lactational performance of dairy cows.	two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of wheat straw treated with alkali on ruminal function and lactational performance of dairy cows. in experiment 1, four ruminally fistulated holsteins cows (x = 57 d of lactation) were fed four diets that contained 0, 20, 30, or 40% (dry basis) wheat straw treated with 3% naoh plus 3% ca(oh)2 in a 4 x 4 latin square. the diets contained 60, 40, 30, and 20% (dry basis) prebloom alfalfa haylage to result in a 60: 40 ratio of forage to concentr ...	1998	9710765
performance, ruminal fermentation, and site of starch digestion in early lactation cows fed corn grain harvested and processed differently.	two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of corn grain processing on performance, ruminal fermentation, and starch digestion in early lactation dairy cows. diets were based on wilted alfalfa silage and high moisture or dry corn grain that was either ground or rolled. thirty-four cows (17 multi-parous) were used to measure effects on intake and lactational performance in a free-stall environment during wk 2 to 15 postpartum. grinding increased dry matter intake, particularly for cows ...	1998	9710767
the effect of different fibre components on growth rate, nutrient digestibility, rate of digesta passage and hindgut fermentation in domesticated rabbits.	trials were conducted to study the effect of dietary fibre on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing rabbits. the basal diet was supplemented with 12% cellulose, pectin, lignin, or alfalfa, in four different treatments. twenty-four 4-week-old california male rabbits were randomly allocated into four groups and placed in individual cages. the lignin supplement severely affected both feed intake and performance, pectin second, with dietary cellulose having the least effect. dietary lign ...	1998	9718475
alfalfa malate dehydrogenase (mdh): molecular cloning and characterization of five different forms reveals a unique nodule-enhanced mdh.	malate dehydrogenase (mdh) catalyzes the readily reversible reaction of oxaloacetate reversible malate using either nadh or nadph as a reductant. in plants, the enzyme is important in providing malate for c4 metabolism, ph balance, stomatal and pulvinal movement, respiration, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and legume root nodule functioning. due to its diverse roles the enzyme occurs as numerous isozymes in various organelles. while antibodies have been produced and cdnas characterized for plant ...	1998	9721676
immunolocalization of a novel annexin-like protein encoded by a stress and abscisic acid responsive gene in alfalfa.	we report here on the isolation and characterization of a full-length cdna clone from alfalfa termed annms2 encoding a 333 amino acid long polypeptide that shows 32-37% sequence identity with both mammalian and plant annexins, and has four tandem repeats. while other plant annexins exhibit a high level of sequence similarity to each other (up to 77% identity at amino acid level), annms2 appears to be a distinct type of plant annexins. all the four endonexin folds contain the conserved eukaryotic ...	1998	9721677
effect of acute heat stress on amino acid digestibility in laying hens.	an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of acute heat stress exposure on amino acid digestibility in laying hens. a total of 30 commercial laying hens were singly housed in an environmentally controlled facility, fed a standard laying ration, and exposed to a constant thermoneutral temperature (21 c) for 12 d. the hens were then randomly fed one of three diets (10 hens per diet) and exposed to three consecutive temperature periods (8 d each), which consisted of: 1) a constant 21 c te ...	1998	9733128
effects of extruded corn or grain sorghum on intake, digestibility, weight gain, and carcasses of finishing steers.	we conducted two trials to evaluate the effects of extruding vs dry-rolling either corn or grain sorghum on intake, digestibility, and performance of finishing steers. in trial 1, 92 crossbred steers (average bw 413 kg) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design. diets contained either dry-rolled corn (rc), extruded corn (ec), dry-rolled grain sorghum (rgs), or extruded grain sorghum (egs). diets were fed for 110 d and contained 78.6% of the respective grain, 9% alfalfa pellets, 8.2% molasses, and 4. ...	1998	9734848
succinoglycan is required for initiation and elongation of infection threads during nodulation of alfalfa by rhizobium meliloti.	rhizobium meliloti rm1021 must be able to synthesize succinoglycan in order to invade successfully the nodules which it elicits on alfalfa and to establish an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. using r. meliloti cells that express green fluorescent protein (gfp), we have examined the nature of the symbiotic deficiency of exo mutants that are defective or altered in succinoglycan production. our observations indicate that an exoy mutant, which does not produce succinoglycan, is symbiotically de ...	1998	9748453
biogenic amines in silage, apparent postruminal passage, and the relationship between biogenic amines and digestive function and intake by steers.	a 4 x 4 latin square experiment was conducted to examine abomasal passage of biogenic amines in steers fed silage and their related effects on intake, digestibility, and digestive function. thirty percent of the dry matter (dm) in the diets consisted of alfalfa forage, which was fed as either hay or silage. the dm from alfalfa silage dm was substituted at 0, 33, 67, and 100% for dm from alfalfa hay and was fed to four ruminally and abomasally cannulated steers. the roughage component of the diet ...	1998	9749385
a new genetic locus in sinorhizobium meliloti is involved in stachydrine utilization	stachydrine, a betaine released by germinating alfalfa seeds, functions as an inducer of nodulation genes, a catabolite, and an osmoprotectant in sinorhizobium meliloti. two stachydrine-inducible genes were found in s. meliloti 1021 by mutation with a tn5-luxab promoter probe. both mutant strains (s10 and s11) formed effective alfalfa root nodules, but neither grew on stachydrine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. when grown in the absence or presence of salt stress, s10 and s11 took up [14 ...	1998	9758825
different phenotypic classes of sinorhizobium meliloti mutants defective in synthesis of k antigen.	for sinorhizobium meliloti (also known as rhizobium meliloti) ak631 to establish effective symbiosis with alfalfa, it must be able to synthesize a symbiotically active form of its k antigen, a capsular polysaccharide containing a kdo (3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid) derivative. previously isolated mutants defective in the synthesis of k antigen are resistant to bacteriophage phi16-3. by screening ca. 100,000 tn5-mutagenized r. meliloti bacteria for resistance to bacteriophage phi16-3, we isola ...	1998	9765576
cellulolytic enzymes of rumen anaerobic fungi orpinomyces joyonii and caecomyces communis.	the rumen anaerobic fungi orpinomyces joyonii a4 and caecomyces communis jb1 were grown on microcrystalline cellulose (mc) and alfalfa hay. the cellular distribution of cellulases produced by these organisms was monitored. fungal cultures were separated into extracellular, intracellular and cell wall fractions and assayed for endoglucanase (eg) and beta-glucosidase activity. in both fungal isolates, eg activity was the highest in the extracellular fraction regardless of the substrate used. the b ...	1998	9766241
two new species of chiggers (acari: trombiculidae and leeuwenhoekiidae) from iran.	odontacarus khanjani goff & saboori (leeuwenhoekiidae) and neotrombicula iranensis goff & saboori (trombiculidae) were described as new. both species were collected as unengorged larvae on alfalfa plants, medicago sativa, in western iran.	1998	9775621
prospects for the metabolic engineering of bioactive flavonoids and related phenylpropanoid compounds.	the successful engineering of complex metabolic pathways will require, in addition to availability of cloned genes and promoters, knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms that control metabolic flux into the pathway including post-translational phenomena such as metabolite channeling. we are interested in modifying pathways for the synthesis of isoflavonoids and other bioactive phenylpropanoid compounds in transgenic plants. we describe studies on flux control utilizing transgenic tobacco plants t ...	1998	9781295
effect of added dietary fat on performance, rumen characteristics, and plasma metabolites of midlactation dairy cows.	effects of supplemental jet-sploded canola seed in the diets of dairy cows on milk yield and composition and blood metabolite concentrations were investigated. twenty multiparous and 5 primiparous midlactation holstein cows were assigned to treatments following a 3-wk covariate period; cows were then on the treatments for 70 d. ten of the cows had previously been fitted with rumen cannulas. five concentrate mixtures containing 0, 7.5, 15, 22, or 29% jet-sploded canola seed (simons feed co., quim ...	1998	9785237
energy expenditure by dry and lactating alpine does estimated by entry rate of carbon dioxide.	four dry and four lactating (wk 6 of lactation) alpine does [50.5 +/- 2.2 and 45.9 +/- 2.2 kg of initial body weight (bw), respectively] that consumed a 67% alfalfa diet for ad libitum intake were used 1) to compare estimates of co2 entry rate (via continuous infusion of nah13co3 into the peritoneum) based on continuous saliva collection with simpler, more reliable, and less laborious sampling of urine, serum, or breath; 2) to determine effects of lactation state on co2 entry rate and total heat ...	1998	9785238
alpha-galactoside uptake in rhizobium meliloti: isolation and characterization of agpa, a gene encoding a periplasmic binding protein required for melibiose and raffinose utilization.	rhizobium meliloti can occupy at least two distinct ecological niches; it is found in the soil as a free-living saprophyte, and it also lives as a nitrogen-fixing intracellular symbiont in root nodules of alfalfa and related legumes. one approach to understanding how r. meliloti alters its physiology in order to become an integral part of a developing nodule is to identify and characterize genes that are differentially expressed by bacteria living inside nodules. we used a screen to identify gen ...	1998	9791127
effect of different sources of dietary fibre on growth performance, intestinal morphology and caecal carbohydrases of domestic geese.	1. the aim of this study was to examine the effects of dietary fibre sources on growth and on the development of the gastro-intestinal tract in growing geese. 2. six-week-old female white roman geese were divided at random into 6 groups with 6 dietary treatments. diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained alfalfa meal, barley bran, rice hulls, cellulose, pectin or lignin as the major dietary source of fibre. 3. food intake was significantly higher in the barley bran group than in t ...	1998	9800044
a functional myo-inositol catabolism pathway is essential for rhizopine utilization by sinorhizobium meliloti.	rhizopine (l-3-o-methyl-scyllo-inosamine) is a symbiosis-specific compound found in alfalfa nodules induced by specific sinorhizobium meliloti strains. it has been postulated that rhizobial strains able to synthesize and catabolize rhizopine gain a competitive advantage in the rhizosphere. the pathway of rhizopine degradation is analysed here. since rhizopine is an inositol derivative, it was tested whether inositol catabolism is involved in rhizopine utilization. a genetic locus required for th ...	1998	9802033
relationships among absorbents on the reduction of grass silage effluent and silage quality.	effluent from grass silage is a threat to water quality and a loss of valuable forage nutrients from dairy farms. absorbents potentially reduce effluent loss when weather conditions are not ideal for field wilting. the objective was to determine the effectiveness of various absorbents at reducing silage effluent. first-harvest, direct-cut, perennial grass forage was ensiled with and without absorbents in medium-sized experimental silos for 3 consecutive yr. silos contained 4.54 kg of grass and o ...	1998	9812269
effects of replacing forage fiber or nonfiber carbohydrates with dried brewers grains.	four primiparous holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 4 x 5 youden square design. each cow was fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas. treatments were a control diet with a high concentration of forage, a control diet with a low concentration of forage, and three diets in which dried brewers grains replaced a portion of the forage, concentrate, or both. cows were fed and milked twice daily in 14-d periods. chromic oxide and yb (soaked in acid) were used as markers for digest ...	1998	9812270
effects of forage vs grain feeding on carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, and beef quality in limousin-cross steers when time on feed is controlled.	limousin-cross steers (n=135; 258+/-26 kg) were used to compare forage vs grain feeding on carcass composition and palatability attributes of beef when time on feed was controlled. diets included a 95% alfalfa silage ration (as) or a 68% high-moisture corn, 25% alfalfa silage ration (hmc). these were incorporated into six treatments to allow comparisons of end points based on similar days on feed or backfat finish. dietary treatments included 1) hmc (4 mm), or cattle allowed ad libitum intake of ...	1998	9814903
genetic complementation of rhizobial nod mutants with frankia dna: artifact or reality?	two divergent reports have been published on the genetic complementation of rhizobial nod mutants using frankia dna. in 1991 putative frankia cosmid library clones were reported to restore normal nodulation properties to rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae nodd::tn5, but no supporting sequence data were published. in 1992 a second group reported a failure to find any evidence of functional complementation of various rhizobial nod mutants by frankia dna (noda, nodb and nodc). complementation te ...	1998	9829835
effect of canavanine from alfalfa seeds on the population biology of bacillus cereus	bacillus cereus uw85 suppresses diseases of alfalfa seedlings, although alfalfa seed exudate inhibits the growth of uw85 in culture (j. l. milner, s. j. raffel, b. j. lethbridge, and j. handelsman, appl. microbiol. biotechnol. 43:685-691, 1995). in this study, we determined the chemical basis for and biological role of the inhibitory activity. all of the alfalfa germ plasm tested included seeds that released inhibitory material. we purified the inhibitory material from one alfalfa cultivar and i ...	1998	9835549
detection and isolation of novel rhizopine-catabolizing bacteria from the environment	microbial rhizopine-catabolizing (moc) activity was detected in serial dilutions of soil and rhizosphere washes. the activity observed generally ranged between 10(6) and 10(7) catabolic units per g, and the numbers of nonspecific culture-forming units were found to be approximately 10 times higher. a diverse set of 37 isolates was obtained by enrichment on scyllo-inosamine-containing media. however, none of the bacteria that were isolated were found to contain dna sequences homologous to the kno ...	1998	9835587
milk production and plasma gossypol of cows fed cottonseed and oilseed meals with or without rumen-undegradable protein.	twenty-four multiparous holstein cows were randomly assigned at calving to treatment diets using a modified split-plot design to determine the effects of protein source on milk production and composition. the treatment diets consisted of an 80:20 combination of corn and alfalfa silages and whole cottonseed at 12% of the dietary dry matter (dm). the treatment diets were formulated to contain 17% crude protein (cp) and 20% acid detergent fiber on a dm basis. one of the following sources of supplem ...	1998	9839237
the effects of starch and protein degradation rates, hay sources, and feeding frequency on rumen microbial fermentation in a continuous culture system.	six continuous culture fermenters were used in three experiments to study the effects of dietary starch and protein degradability combination, hay sources, and feeding frequency on fermentation by rumen microorganisms. experiments 1 and 2 used a 3 x 2 factorial design in which six diets were formulated to contain low (ls), medium (ms), or high starch degradability (hs) in combination with low (lp) or high protein degradability (hp). the dietary combinations were (1) ls + hp, (2) ls + lp, (3) ms ...	1998	9850598
influence of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on the development of rumen mucosa in calves.	effects of structural and non-structural carbohydrates on the development of rumen fermentation and ruminal mucosa in calves were examined during the weaning period. barley/soybean meal (sbm) group was fed a concentrate starting from 2 weeks of age, whereas alfalfa group received a mixture of concentrate and alfalfa hay in which the proportion of the latter was gradually increased from 20% to 70% between weeks 2 and 9 of age. the total volatile fatty acid concentration in rumen fluid of calves i ...	1998	9850796
protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit isoforms from alfalfa: biochemical characterization and cdna cloning.	the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (pp1c) was purified from an alfalfa (medicago sativa) microcallus cell culture. the preparation was inhibited by rabbit muscle inhibitor-2 and okadaic acid and had a molecular mass of 35 kda. five distinct cdnas termed mspp1alpha, -beta, -gamma, -delta, and -epsilon were cloned from a m. sativa somatic embryo library. mspp1alpha was identical to a cdna reported earlier [a. páy, m. pirck, l. bögre, h. hirt, and e. heberle-bors mol. gen. genet. 244, 1 ...	1998	9851832
effect of ruminal cellulolytic bacterial concentrations on in situ digestion of forage cellulose.	to evaluate the effects of ruminal cellulolytic bacterial concentrations on in vivo cellulose digestion, varying percentages of flaked soybean hulls were substituted for orchardgrass hay in high-forage diets fed to sheep. in two experiments, total and cellulolytic ruminal bacterial concentrations were not affected by diet. no differences were found for in situ digestion of forage cellulose in the first experiment; however, in exp. 2, ruminal ph and in situ cellulose digestion were lower (p<.01) ...	1998	9856401
isolation and characterization of two different cdnas of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase in alfalfa, transcriptionally induced upon salt stress.	two different cdna clones, msp5cs-1 and msp5cs-2, encoding delta1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (p5cs). the first enzyme of the proline biosynthetic pathway, were isolated from a lambdazap-cdna library constructed from salt stressed medicago sativa roots. msp5cs-1 (2.6 kb) has an open reading frame of 717 amino acids, as well as a non-spliced intron at a position corresponding to the evolutionary fusion point of the bacterial proa and prob genes. msp5cs-2 (1.25 kb) is a partial clone. the cl ...	1998	9862493
cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase in humans, mice, and voles and phylogenetic analysis of the enzyme family.	in this study, we report cdna sequences of the cytosolic nadp-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase for humans, mice, and two species of voles (microtus mexicanus and microtus ochrogaster). inferred amino acid sequences from these taxa display a high level of amino acid sequence conservation, comparable to that of myosin beta heavy chain, and share known structural features. a caenorhabditis elegans enzyme that was previously identified as a protein similar to isocitrate dehydrogenase is most likel ...	1998	9866202
protein phosphatase 2c (pp2c) function in higher plants.	in the past few years, molecular cloning studies have revealed the primary structure of plant protein serine/threonine phosphatases. two structurally distinct families, the pp1/pp2a family and the pp2c family, are present in plants as well as in animals. this review will focus on the plant pp2c family of protein phosphatases. biochemical and molecular genetic studies in arabidopsis have identified pp2c enzymes as key players in plant signal transduction processes. for instance, the abi1/abi2 pp2 ...	1998	9869399
alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) resistance to the root-lesion nematode, pratylenchus penetrans: defense-response gene mrna and isoflavonoid phytoalexin levels in roots.	alfalfa (medicago sativa) varieties with antibiosis-based resistance to the root-lesion nematode (pratylenchus penetrans), a migratory endoparasite of many crops, have been developed by recurrent selection. individual plants from these varieties that support significantly lower nematode reproduction were identified for molecular and biochemical characterization of defense responses. before nematode infection, rna blot analysis revealed 1.3-1.8-fold higher phenylpropanoid pathway mrna levels in r ...	1998	9869406
alfin1, a novel zinc-finger protein in alfalfa roots that binds to promoter elements in the salt-inducible msprp2 gene.	alfin1 cdna, obtained by differential screening of a poly(a)+ library from salt-tolerant alfalfa cells, encodes a novel protein with a cys4 and his/cys3 putative zinc-binding domain that suggests a possible role for this protein in transcriptional regulation. we have expressed the cdna in escherichia coli and show that the recombinant alfin1 protein binds dna in a sequence-specific manner. the dna recognition sequence was determined from individual clones isolated after four rounds of random oli ...	1998	9869418
production, faecal egg counts and worm burdens of ewe lambs which grazed six contrasting forages.	lambs were grazed on monospecific swards of one of six forages, some containing condensed tannins (ct); sulla (hedysarum coronarium), lotus corniculatus and l. pedunculatus and some without ct (lucerne (medicago sativa), plantain (plantago lanceolata) and a ryegrass/white clover pasture (lolium perenne/trifolium repens)) to evaluate effects of forage type on gastrointestinal nematode burdens, faecal egg count as well as liveweight gain (lwg), wool growth and dag formation over a 42-day period. a ...	1998	9877067
intermittency in mastication and apomorphine-induced gnawing.	rhythmic behaviors like mastication, gnawing, and locomotion, are characterized by temporal segmentation or intermittency. that is, they frequently occur as a series of short bursts interrupted by pauses rather than as one long uninterrupted burst. the function of intermittency as well as the mechanisms that produce it are unknown. biogenic amine systems may play a role in producing intermittency; however, experimental work to confirm this is only in its infancy. the current study evaluates the ...	1998	9877425
amino acids of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein that direct formation of unusually long virus particles.	in contrast to most alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) strains (ysmv, s, m and 425), amv strains vru and 1 5/64 can form abnormally long virus particles, an ability which has been linked to the coat protein (cp). in order to study this phenomenon, the cp-encoding rnas 3 of amv strains vru and 1 5/64 were cloned and fully sequenced. comparative sequence analyses of amv rna 3 sequences derived from different strains revealed two non-conservative amino acid substitutions, ser65 and leu175, which occur excl ...	1998	9880033
effects of graded duodenal infusions of glucose on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. 1. diets based on corn silage.	four fistulated holstein cows were arranged in a 4 x 4 latin square design to study the effects of graded amounts of glucose (0, 500, 750, and 1500 g/d) infused in the duodenum on milk yield and composition and plasma metabolites. cows were fed a basal diet of 50% corn silage, 17% dehydrated alfalfa, and 33% concentrate. the treatments (feed plus infusions) were isoenergetic. increased amounts of glucose did not affect milk yield or protein content. fat yield and content decreased in a curviline ...	1998	9891269
prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among ohio cash grain farmers.	the prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, dyspnea, and non-cold wheeze was estimated from a mixed-mode survey of ohio cash grain farmers in 1993.	1999	9894539
multinational outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype newport infections due to contaminated alfalfa sprouts.	in december 1995, reported salmonella enterica serotype newport (sn) infections increased sharply in oregon and british columbia but not elsewhere in north america. similar unexplained increases had been noted in 6 other states in the fall of 1995.	1999	9917119
a core promoter hairpin is essential for subgenomic rna synthesis in alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus and is conserved in other bromoviridae.	the nucleotide sequence immediately in front of the initiation site for subgenomic rna 4 synthesis on rna 3 minus strand, which has been proved to function as a core promoter, was inspected for secondary structure in 26 species of the plant virus family bromoviridae. in 23 cases a stable hairpin could be predicted at a distance of 3 to 8 nucleotides from the initiation site of rna 4. this hairpin contained several conserved nucleotides that are essential for core promoter activity in brome mosai ...	1998	9926399
the effect of in vitro fermentation on specific gravity and sedimentation measurements of forage particles.	dry matter degradability (dmd), gas production (gp), functional specific gravity (fsg), volume of gas associated (ga), water-holding capacity (whc), and sedimentation measurements of orchard-grass (og) and alfalfa (aa) hays (ground through a 8-mm screen) were studied before and after in vitro incubation with ruminal fluid for 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h. the dmd was higher for aa than for og (p < .001), but gp did not differ. the fsg of unfermented og and aa was .59 and .73, respectively (p < .01) ...	1998	9928615
manipulation of ruminal fermentation with organic acids: a review.	the dicarboxylic acids aspartate, fumarate, and malate stimulate lactate utilization by the predominant ruminal bacterium, selenomonas ruminantium. malate stimulates lactate uptake by s. ruminantium more than does aspartate or fumarate, and it seems that malate and sodium are involved in stimulating lactate utilization by this bacterium. based on the ability of s. ruminantium to grow on malate in the presence of extracellular hydrogen and produce succinate, malate may be acting as an electron si ...	1998	9928618
chronic dietary toxicity/oncogenicity studies on 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid in rodents.	2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-db) is principally used in the united states on peanuts, soybeans, and alfalfa. in europe, it is used on cereals, undersown cereals, lucerne (alfalfa), clover, and clover mixtures. doses in the 2-year chronic/oncogenicity rat study were 0, 60, 600, and 1800 ppm. no evidence of an oncogenic potential for 2,4-db was evident and the study clearly established a noel of 2.48 mg/kg/day (60 ppm, males) and 3.23 mg/kg/day (60 ppm, females), as well as an mtd of 78.0 ...	1998	9928665
chronic dietary toxicity study on 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid in the dog.	2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-db) is principally used in the united states as a herbicide on peanuts, soybeans, and alfalfa. in europe, it is used on cereals, undersown cereals, lucerne (alfalfa), clover, and clover mixtures. a 1-year chronic toxicity study in the dog was performed on 2,4-db. doses in the study of 0, 75, 225, and 450 ppm were administered to six animals/sex/group. the top dose was reduced from 675 ppm during week 7 of the study due to body weight loss and decreased food c ...	1998	9928676
comparison of parental and transgenic alfalfa rhizosphere bacterial communities using biolog gn metabolic fingerprinting and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-pcr (eric-pcr).	> abstract rhizosphere bacterial communities of parental and two transgenic alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) of isogenic background were compared based on metabolic fingerprinting using biolog gn microplates and dna fingerprinting of bacterial communities present in biolog gn substrate wells by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-pcr (eric-pcr). the two transgenic alfalfa expressed either bacterial (bacillus licheniformis) genes for alpha-amylase or fungal (phanerochaete chrysos ...	1999	9929401
glycolytic flux is adjusted to nitrogenase activity in nodules of detopped and argon-treated alfalfa plants	to investigate the short-term (30-240 min) interactions among nitrogenase activity, nh4+ assimilation, and plant glycolysis, we measured the concentrations of selected c and n metabolites in alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) root nodules after detopping and during continuous exposure of the nodulated roots to ar:o2 (80:20, v/v). both treatments caused an increase in the ratios of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate ( ...	1999	9952439
cis-acting functions of alfalfa mosaic virus proteins involved in replication and encapsidation of viral rna.	cdna clones of rnas 1 and 2 of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) were slightly modified to permit transcription of infectious rnas with t7 rna polymerase. together with transcripts of an available clone of amv rna 3, these transcripts were used to study cis- and trans-acting functions of amv proteins in protoplasts from nontransgenic tobacco plants and from plants transformed with the p1 and p2 genes, encoded by rnas 1 and 2, respectively. transgenic p1 was unable to complement mutations in the p1 gene ...	1999	9986798
effect of diet on populations of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in lactating dairy cows.	the effects of four contrasting diets were determined on populations of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (ruminococcus albus, ruminococcus flavefaciens, and fibrobacter succinogenes) using oligonucleotide probes to rrna. diets based on alfalfa silage or corn silage as the primary fiber source were formulated to contain either 24 or 32% neutral detergent fiber measured after alpha-amylase treatment. the diets were fed twice daily to four ruminally fistulated, lactating holstein cows ...	1999	10022014
effects of branched-chain amino acids and sodium caseinate on milk protein concentration and yield from dairy cows.	our study investigated the separate and combined effects of branched-chain amino acids (aa) and sodium caseinate on milk protein concentration and yield. four holstein cows (112 d in milk) were abomasally infused with water, branched-chain aa (150 g/d), sodium caseinate (600 g/d), or branched-chain aa plus sodium caseinate (44 and 600 g/d, respectively) according to a 4 x 4 latin square design with 8-d treatment periods. cows were fed a dry diet based on alfalfa hay and concentrates for ad libit ...	1999	10022018
tn5-induced and spontaneous switching of sinorhizobium meliloti to faster-swarming behavior.	tn5 mutants of sinorhizobium meliloti rmb7201 which swarmed 1.5 to 2. 5 times faster than the parental strain in semisolid agar, moist sand, and viscous liquid were identified. these faster-swarming (fs) mutants outgrew the wild type 30- to 40-fold within 2 days in mixed swarm colonies. the fs mutants survived and grew as well as or better than the wild type under all of the circumstances tested, except in a soil matrix subjected to air drying. exopolysaccharide (eps) synthesis was reduced in ea ...	1999	10049888
expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein in tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) deficient in the production of its native coat protein supports long-distance movement of a chimeric tmv.	alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) coat protein is involved in systemic infection of host plants, and a specific mutation in this gene prevents the virus from moving into the upper uninoculated leaves. the coat protein also is required for different viral functions during early and late infection. to study the role of the coat protein in long-distance movement of almv independent of other vital functions during virus infection, we cloned the gene encoding the coat protein of almv into a tobacco mosaic ...	1999	10051680
plants ectopically expressing the iron-binding protein, ferritin, are tolerant to oxidative damage and pathogens.	transgenic tobacco plants that synthesize alfalfa ferritin in vegetative tissues--either in its processed form in chloroplasts or in the cytoplasmic nonprocessed form--retained photosynthetic function upon free radical toxicity generated by iron excess or paraquat treatment. progeny of transgenic plants accumulating ferritin in their leaves exhibited tolerance to necrotic damage caused by viral (tobacco necrosis virus) and fungal (alternaria alternata, botrytis cinerea) infections. these transfo ...	1999	10052358
mechanical maceration of alfalfa.	maceration is an intensive forage-conditioning process that can increase field drying rates by as much as 300%. because maceration shreds the forage and reduces its rigidity, improvements in bulk density, silage compaction, and ensiling characteristics have been observed. macerating forage also increases the surface area available for microbial attachment in the rumen, thereby increasing forage digestibility and animal performance. feeding trials with sheep have shown increases in dmi of 5 to 31 ...	1999	10064043
a technique for assessing the effects of olfaction on feed preference in lactating holstein cows.	our objective was to develop a method for assessing the effects of olfaction on feed preference. two multiparous lactating holstein cows were offered a totally mixed ration consisting of corn silage, alfalfa haylage, and a ground corn and soybean meal-based concentrate mixture (25:25:50 on a dm basis) for their ad libitum consumption in four consecutive 2.5-h periods daily for 5 d. an apparatus was developed that allowed odorants to be distributed at a set rate over two feeding containers with l ...	1999	10064044
degradability of forage proteins by in situ and in vitro enzymatic methods.	the overall objective of these two studies was to evaluate the efficacy of using the proteolytic enzyme from streptomyces griseus to estimate concentrations of ruminally degradable protein (rdp) in a wide array of forages. in the first study, alfalfa and prairie hays that previously had been evaluated in vivo for rdp were incubated in a replicated 3 x 3 factorial combination of enzyme concentrations (6.6, 0.66, and 0.066 activity units/ml of incubation medium) and incubation times (2, 4, and 48 ...	1999	10068956
effects of an enzyme feed additive on extent of digestion and milk production of lactating dairy cows.	a study was conducted using lactating holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in a 4 x 4 latin square design to investigate fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on site and extent of nutrient digestion. the four diets consisted of 45% concentrate, 10% barley silage, and 45% cubed alfalfa hay (dry matter basis) and differed in enzyme supplementation: 1) control cubes, 2) cubes treated with 1 g of enzyme mixture/kg of cubes, 3) cubes treated with 2 g of enzyme mixture/kg of cubes, and 4) bot ...	1999	10068960
results of a nationwide survey to determine feedstuffs fed to lactating dairy cows.	a nationwide survey to determine feedstuffs used in the diets of dairy cows was conducted. this survey was mailed to dairy nutritionists at universities in each state to describe the use of 144 feedstuffs. twenty-eight states responded and were grouped by region as follows: northeast (maine, maryland, new hampshire, new york, ohio, vermont, and west virginia), northwest (idaho, oregon, and washington), midwest (iowa, illinois, michigan, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, north dakota, south dakota, ...	1999	10068966
nadh-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. genetic regulation and cellular expression.	nadh-dependent glutamate synthase (nadh-gogat; ec 1.4.1.14) is a key enzyme in primary nitrogen assimilation in alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) root nodules. here we report that in alfalfa, a single gene, probably with multiple alleles, encodes for nadh-gogat. in situ hybridizations were performed to assess the location of nadh-gogat transcript in alfalfa root nodules. in wild-type cv saranac nodules the nadh-gogat gene is predominantly expressed in infected cells. nodules devoid of bacteroids (emp ...	1999	10069821
nadh-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. immunocytochemical localization	in root nodules of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), n2 is reduced to nh4+ in the bacteroid by the nitrogenase enzyme and then released into the plant cytosol. the nh4+ is then assimilated by the combined action of glutamine synthetase (ec 6.3.1.2) and nadh-dependent glu synthase (nadh-gogat; ec 1.4.1.14) into glutamine and glu. the alfalfa nodule nadh-gogat protein has a 101-amino acid presequence, but the subcellular location of the protein is unknown. using immunocytochemical localization, we det ...	1999	10069822
winter survival of transgenic alfalfa overexpressing superoxide dismutase	to test the hypothesis that enhanced tolerance of oxidative stress would improve winter survival, two clones of alfalfa (medicago sativa) were transformed with a mn-superoxide dismutase (mn-sod) targeted to the mitochondria or to the chloroplast. although mn-sod activity increased in most primary transgenic plants, both cytosolic and chloroplastic forms of cu/zn-sod had lower activity in the chloroplast sod transgenic plants than in the nontransgenic plants. in a field trial at elora, ontario, c ...	1999	10069823
induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein vp1.	the utilization of transgenic plants expressing recombinant antigens to be used in the formulation of experimental immunogens has been recently communicated. we report here the development of transgenic plants of alfalfa expressing the structural protein vp1 of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). the presence of the transgenes in the plants was confirmed by pcr and their specific transcription was demonstrated by rt-pcr. mice parenterally immunized using leaf extracts or receiving in their diet ...	1999	10069960
the sinorhizobium meliloti insertion sequence (is) elements isrm102f34-1/isrm7 and isrm220-13-5 belong to a new family of insertion sequence elements.	the sinorhizobium meliloti insertion sequence (is) elements isrm102f34-1 and isrm220-13-5 are 1481 and 1550 base pairs (bp) in size, respectively. isrm102f34-1 is bordered by 15 bp imperfect terminal inverted repeat sequences (two mismatches), whereas the terminal inverted repeat of isrm220-13-5 has a length of 16 bp (two mismatches). both insertion sequence elements generate a 6-bp target duplication upon transposition. the putative transposase enzymes of isrm102f34-1 and isrm220-13-5 consist o ...	1999	10079521
nutrient-specific preferences by lambs conditioned with intraruminal infusions of starch, casein, and water.	we hypothesized that lambs discriminate between postingestive effects of energy and protein and associate those effects with a food's flavor to modify food choices. based on this hypothesis, we predicted that 1) lambs would acquire a preference for a poorly nutritious food (grape pomace) eaten during intraruminal infusions of energy (starch) or protein (casein) and that 2) shortly after an intraruminal infusion of energy or protein (preload), lambs would decrease their preferences for foods prev ...	1999	10100667
supplemental cracked corn for steers fed fresh alfalfa: i. effects on digestion of organic matter, fiber, and starch.	the effect of supplementation with different levels of cracked corn on the sites of om, total dietary fiber (tdf), adf, and starch digestion in steers fed fresh alfalfa indoors was determined. six angus steers (338 +/- 19 kg) fitted with cannulas in the rumen, duodenum, and ileum consumed 1) alfalfa (20.4% cp, 41.6% ndf) ad libitum (aalf); 2), 3), and 4) aalf supplemented (s) with .4, .8, or 1.2%, respectively, of bw of corn; or 5) alfalfa restricted at the average level of forage intake of s st ...	1999	10100677
supplemental cracked corn for steers fed fresh alfalfa: ii. protein and amino acid digestion.	the effects of different levels of cracked corn on n intake, ruminal bacterial cp synthesis, and duodenal flows and small intestinal digestion of amino acids (aa) in steers fed fresh alfalfa indoors were determined. angus steers (n = 6; average bw 338 +/- 19 kg) cannulated in the rumen, duodenum, and ileum were fed each of five diets over five periods in a latin square design with an extra animal. steers consumed 1) alfalfa (20.4% cp, 41.6% ndf) ad libitum (aalf); 2), 3), and 4) aalf supplemente ...	1999	10100678
degradation of two protein sources at three solids retention times in continuous culture.	effects of solids retention times (srt) of 10, 20, and 30 h on protein degradation and microbial metabolism were studied in continuous cultures of ruminal contents. liquid dilution rate was constant across all retention times at .12 h(-1) (8.3 h mean retention time). two semipurified diets that contained either soybean meal (sbm) or alfalfa hay (alfh) as the sole nitrogen source were provided in amounts that decreased as srt was increased. digestion coefficients for dm, ndf, and adf increased wi ...	1999	10100680
isolation and characterization of alfalfa-nodulating rhizobia present in acidic soils of central argentina and uruguay	we describe the isolation and characterization of alfalfa-nodulating rhizobia from acid soils of different locations in central argentina and uruguay. a collection of 465 isolates was assembled, and the rhizobia were characterized for acid tolerance. growth tests revealed the existence of 15 acid-tolerant (at) isolates which were able to grow at ph 5.0 and formed nodules in alfalfa with a low rate of nitrogen fixation. analysis of those isolates, including partial sequencing of the genes encodin ...	1999	10103231
effect of applying lactic acid bacteria isolated from forage crops on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage.	two selected strains, lactobacillus casei fg 1 and lactobacillus plantarum fg 10 that were isolated from forage crops were used as additives at 1.0 x 10(5) cfu/g of fresh matter to alfalfa, italian ryegrass, and sorghum, and their effect on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage was studied. the three silages treated with strains fg 1 or fg 10 were well preserved; had significantly lower ph values, butyric acid, propionic acid, and ammonia n concentrations, gas producti ...	1999	10194670
milk production and composition from cows fed wet corn distillers grains.	twelve lactating holstein cows were utilized in a repeated switchback design to evaluate milk production and milk fat composition responses to wet corn distillers grains. total mixed diets consisted of 31.4% corn silage, 18.4% alfalfa hay, and either 50.2% of a concentrate mix that contained mostly corn and soybean meal or 19.4% of a concentrate mix that contained mostly corn and 31.2% wet corn distillers grains. the first 4 wk of each 6-wk period were for adaptation to diets; data were collecte ...	1999	10194676
influence of particle size on the effectiveness of the fiber in corn silage.	this experiment evaluated the influence of particle size on the effectiveness of fiber in corn silage relative to that in hay crop, which consisted of mostly alfalfa silage. fifteen multiparous holstein cows were assigned to five treatments in each of 2 yr. the design was replicated but truncated 5 x 5 latin squares with three 21-d periods in 1994 and four 21-d periods in 1995. the five diets (2-yr average, dry basis) were a basal, low fiber control with 12% neutral detergent fiber (ndf) from ha ...	1999	10194677