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constrictive pericarditis accompanied by swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) infection.swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) is caused by a new strain of the influenza virus. the disease has spread rapidly and was declared a pandemic in april, 2009. so far, however, there is a scarcity of information regarding the complications of swine influenza. a report of the disease in the winter of 2009 in the southern hemisphere found that the most common manifestations of influenza a virus infection are upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonia. although there may be an association between ...201021088760
focus on pandemic 2009 h1n1 influenza (swine flu).at the moment of the onset of the pandemic there were few data about the transmission of the 2009 h1n1 virus infection from the mother to the newborn. nevertheless neonates born to an ill mother from 2 days before through 7 days after illness onset in the mother were thought to be exposed and potentially infected. in october 2009 the infectious disease group of the italian society of neonatology provided a guide regarded the management of suspected or confirmed maternal infection with 2009 h1n1 ...201021089717
top leads for swine influenza a/h1n1 virus revealed by steered molecular dynamics approach.since march 2009, the rapid spread of infection during the recent a/h1n1 swine flu pandemic has raised concerns of a far more dangerous outcome should this virus become resistant to current drug therapies. currently oseltamivir (tamiflu) is intensively used for the treatment of influenza and is reported effective for 2009 a/h1n1 virus. however, as this virus is evolving fast, some drug-resistant strains are emerging. therefore, it is critical to seek alternative treatments and identify roots of ...201021090736
identification of immunogenic consensus t-cell epitopes in globally distributed influenza-a h1n1 neuraminidase.antigenic drift is the ability of the swine influenza virus to undergo continuous and progressive changes in response to the host immune system. these changes dictate influenza vaccine updates annually to ensure inclusion of antigens of the most current strains. the identification of those peptides that stimulate t-cell responses, termed t-cell epitopes, is essential for the development of successful vaccines. in this study, the highly conserved and specific epitopes from neuraminidase of global ...201021094280
replicon particle vaccine protects swine against influenza.an alphavirus derived replicon particle (rp) vaccine expressing the cluster iv h3n2 swine influenza virus (siv) hemagglutinin (ha) gene induced protective immunity against homologous influenza virus challenge. however, pigs with maternal antibody had no protective immunity against challenge after vaccination with rp vaccines expressing ha gene alone or in combination with nucleoprotein gene.201021094422
hyponatremia in a patient with h1n1 (swine) influenza. 201021106314
receptor binding profiles of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin subtypes on human cells as a predictor of pandemic potential.the host adaptation of influenza virus is partly dependent on the sialic acid (sa) isoform bound by the viral hemagglutinin (ha). avian influenza viruses preferentially bind the α-2,3 sa and human influenza viruses the α-2,6 isoform. each isoform is predominantly associated with different surface epithelial cell types of the human upper airway. using recombinant has and human tracheal airway epithelial cells in vitro and ex vivo, we show that many avian ha subtypes do not adhere to this canonica ...201021106732
genetic characterization and susceptibility on poultry and mammal of h7n6 subtype avian influenza virus isolated in japan in 2009.from february to march 2009, six strains of h7n6 subtype avian influenza virus were isolated from quails in three farms in aichi prefecture in japan. the isolates were shown to be low pathogenic for chicken by the examination performed using the "manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines" by world organisation for animal health (oie). the deduced amino acid sequence at the cleavage site was pe (i/q/l) pkrr (nucleotide sequences were cct gaa (a/c) (t/a) a cc (a/g) aaa aga aga), sugges ...201021111917
seroprevalence and risk factors of swine influenza in spain.swine influenza is caused by type a influenza virus. pigs can be infected by both avian and human influenza viruses; therefore, the influenza virus infection in pigs is considered an important public health concern. the aims of present study were to asses the seroprevalence of swine influenza subtypes in spain and explore the risk factors associated with the spread of those infections. serum samples from 2151 pigs of 98 randomly selected farms were analyzed by an indirect elisa for detection of ...201021112702
genetic diversity of h9n2 influenza viruses from pigs in china: a potential threat to human health?pandemic strains of influenza a virus might arise by genetic reassortment between viruses from different hosts. pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. in this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of 10 (a-j) genotypes in pigs in china by analyzing the eight genes of 28 swi ...201021115230
simultaneous molecular detection and confirmation of influenza ah5, with internal control.influenza viruses continue to be a major cause of respiratory tract infection, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality throughout the world. accurate and rapid differential diagnosis of influenza virus infections, particularly associated with zoonotic infections, is important for public health actions, patient management, and treatment. real-time pcr is widely considered the gold standard for molecular detection of influenza viruses owing to its high assay specificity, extreme detection ...201121116801
lessons from the swine flu: pandemic, panic and/or pandemonium?the 2009 pandemic of swine-origin a/h1n1 influenza (swine flu) spread rapidly in australia and there was a prolonged winter outbreak lasting 18 weeks. for australian children, the case fatality rate of swine flu was no higher than for severe seasonal influenza. because of the high number of children infected with swine flu, however, there were more children admitted to hospital than usual and more children died. health-care services (emergency departments, medical wards and intensive care units) ...201021121084
chalcones as novel influenza a (h1n1) neuraminidase inhibitors from glycyrrhiza inflata.the emergence of highly pathogenic influenza a virus strains, such as the new h1n1 swine influenza (novel influenza), represents a serious threat to global human health. during our course of an anti-influenza screening program on natural products, one new licochalcone g (1) and seven known (2-8) chalcones were isolated as active principles from the acetone extract of glycyrrhiza inflata. compounds 3 and 6 without prenyl group showed strong inhibitory effects on various neuraminidases from influe ...201021123068
pathogenesis and transmission of triple-reassortant swine h1n1 influenza viruses isolated before the 2009 h1n1 pandemic.the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza virus represents the greatest incidence of human infection with an influenza virus of swine origin to date. moreover, triple-reassortant swine (trs) h1n1 viruses, which share similar host and lineage origins with 2009 h1n1 viruses, have been responsible for sporadic human cases since 2005. similar to 2009 h1n1 viruses, trs viruses are capable of causing severe disease in previously healthy individuals and frequently manifest with gastrointestinal symptoms; howeve ...201021123386
envelope proteins pertain with evolution and adaptive mechanism of the novel influenza a/h1n1 in humans.the novel swine-origin influenza a/h1n1 virus (s-oiv) first detected in april 2009 has been identified to transmit from human to human directly and is the cause of currently emerged pandemic. in this study, nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of the s-oiv and other influenza a viruses were analyzed through bioinformatic tools for phylogenetic analysis, genetic recombination and point mutation to investigate the emergence and adaptation of the ...201021124053
pandemics in the age of twitter: content analysis of tweets during the 2009 h1n1 outbreak.surveys are popular methods to measure public perceptions in emergencies but can be costly and time consuming. we suggest and evaluate a complementary "infoveillance" approach using twitter during the 2009 h1n1 pandemic. our study aimed to: 1) monitor the use of the terms "h1n1" versus "swine flu" over time; 2) conduct a content analysis of "tweets"; and 3) validate twitter as a real-time content, sentiment, and public attention trend-tracking tool.201021124761
uk newspapers' representations of the 2009-10 outbreak of swine flu: one health scare not over-hyped by the media?background a/h1n1, more commonly referred to as swine flu, emerged in mexico in spring 2009. it rapidly spread across the world and was classed as a global pandemic on 11 june 2009. objective to analyse uk newsprint coverage of the swine flu pandemic. methods content analysis of 2374 newsprint articles published in eight uk national newspapers between 1 march 2009 and 28 february 2010. results newsprint coverage of the swine flu epidemic was immense. the threat from swine flu was portrayed as gr ...201021131303
lessons from pandemic h1n1 2009 to improve prevention, detection, and response to influenza pandemics from a one health perspective.in april 2009, a novel influenza a subtype h1n1 triple reassortant virus (novel h1n1 2009), composed of genes from swine, avian, and human influenza a viruses, emerged in humans in the united states and mexico and spread person-to-person around the world to become the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. the virus is believed to have emerged from a reassortment event involving a swine virus some time in the past 10 to 20 years, but pigs, pork, and pork products have not been involved wi ...201021131728
re: respiratory failure in pregnant women infected by swine-origin influenza a (h1n1). 201021133875
the vagaries of public support for government actions in case of a pandemic.government health measures in a pandemic are effective only with strong support and compliance from the public. a survey of 1,583 us adults early in the 2009 h1n1 (swine influenza) pandemic shows surprisingly mixed support for possible government efforts to control the spread of the disease, with strong support for more extreme measures such as closing borders and weak support for more basic, and potentially more effective, policies such as encouraging sick people to stay home from work. the res ...201021134932
new influenza a/h1n1 ("swine flu"): information needs of airport passengers and staff.airports are the entrances of infectious diseases. particularly at the beginning of an outbreak, information and communication play an important role to enable the early detection of signs or symptoms and to encourage passengers to adopt appropriate preventive behaviour to limit the spread of the disease.201021138539
emergency surveillance of influenza during 2009 in the chinese city of qingdao.in april, 2009, a new influenza pandemic caused by a swine-origin h1n1 subtype influenza virus was imminent. we thereby carried out an emergency surveillance study in a chinese city of qingdao.201021138541
attitudes of influenza-vaccinated health care workers toward masks to prevent nosocomial transmission of influenza.influenza viruses are highly contagious. health care workers (hcws) are at risk of occupational exposure to influenza and may transmit the infection to their patients and coworkers.201021138542
evaluating the effects on families of swine flu contingency policies.policies developed to cope with the influenza a (h1n1) pandemic in the winter of 2009 may have conflicted with the philosophy in child health nursing of family-centred care. this article considered the impact of policies adopted by nhs trusts. the author argues that children's nurses should always advocate for the holistic wellbeing of the children, young people and families in their care, and for a change in policy if necessary.201021140890
predicting viruses accurately by a multiplex microfluidic loop-mediated isothermal amplification chip.multiplex gene assay is a valuable molecular tool not only in academic science but also in clinical diagnostics. multiplex pcr assays, dna microarrays, and various nanotechnology-based methods are examples of major techniques developed for analyzing multiple genes; none of these, however, are suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, especially in resource-limited settings. in this report, we describe an octopus-like multiplex microfluidic loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mμlamp) assay for ...201021142070
potent inhibitor design against h1n1 swine influenza: structure-based and molecular dynamics analysis for m2 inhibitors from traditional chinese medicine database.the rapid spread of influenza virus subtype h1n1 poses a great threat to million lives worldwide. to search for new anti-influenza compounds, we performed molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to identify potential traditional chinese medicine (tcm) constituents that could block influenza m2 channel activity. quinic acid, genipin, syringic acid, cucurbitine, fagarine, and methyl isoferulate all have extremely well docking results as compared to control amantadine. further de novo d ...201121142218
swine h1n1 infection in a renal transplant recipient.influenza pandemics have been observed in several periods throughout history. the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century began in mexico in 2009 and has spread rapidly all over the world. swine h1n1 has been officially declared a pandemic by the world health organization in june 2009. as has been observed in previous pandemics, pregnant women, adolescents, and immunosuppressed individuals are affected more severely in this pandemic. despite several reports about the pandemic, there have no ...201021143099
characterization of influenza virus sialic acid receptors in minor poultry species.it is commonly accepted that avian influenza viruses (aivs) bind to terminal α2,3 sialic acid (sa) residues whereas human influenza viruses bind to α2,6 sa residues. by a series of amino acid changes on the ha surface protein, aivs can switch receptor specificity and recognize α2,6 sa positive cells, including human respiratory epithelial cells. animal species, like pigs and japanese quail, that contain both α2,3 and α2,6 sa become ideal environments for receptor switching. here, we describe the ...201021143937
influenza a virus transmission: contributing factors and clinical implications.efficient human-to-human transmission is a necessary property for the generation of a pandemic influenza virus. to date, only influenza a viruses within the h1-h3 subtypes have achieved this capacity. however, sporadic cases of severe disease in individuals following infection with avian influenza a viruses over the past decade, and the emergence of a pandemic h1n1 swine-origin virus in 2009, underscore the need to better understand how influenza viruses acquire the ability to transmit efficient ...201021144091
public perceptions of the transmission of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 from pigs and pork products in australia.a cross-sectional study was conducted at the height of the pandemic influenza h1n1/09 outbreak in australia in 2009. the objectives of the study were to evaluate public perceptions about transmission and prevention of the disease, to understand their concerns and preparedness to cope with the disease, and to investigate drivers influencing their behaviour. a questionnaire was designed and administered to 510 customers visiting 15 butcher shops in the greater sydney region between 26th june and 2 ...201021146879
label-free, arrayed sensing of immune response to influenza antigens.periodic outbreaks of pandemic influenza have been a devastating cause of human mortality over the past century. more recently, an avian influenza strain, designated h5n1, has been identified as having the potential to cause a zoogenic pandemic in humans, and a current outbreak of a new h1n1 influenza variant hypothesized to be of swine origin is of considerable concern. in order to facilitate surveillance and the rapid assessment and comparison of vaccination efforts, a high-throughput assay is ...201021147350
swine outbreak of pandemic influenza a virus on a canadian research farm supports human-to-swine transmission.swine outbreaks of pandemic influenza a (ph1n1) suggest human introduction of the virus into herds. this study investigates a ph1n1 outbreak occurring on a swine research farm with 37 humans and 1300 swine in alberta, canada, from 12 june through 4 july 2009.201121148514
editorial commentary: the problem with pigs: it's not about bacon. 201121148515
immune protection induced on day 10 following administration of the 2009 a/h1n1 pandemic influenza vaccine.the 2009 swine-origin influenza virus (s-oiv) h1n1 pandemic has caused more than 18,000 deaths worldwide. vaccines against the 2009 a/h1n1 influenza virus are useful for preventing infection and controlling the pandemic. the kinetics of the immune response following vaccination with the 2009 a/h1n1 influenza vaccine need further investigation.201021151563
swine influenza viruses isolated in 1983, 2002 and 2009 in sweden exemplify different lineages.swine influenza virus isolates originating from outbreaks in sweden from 1983, 2002 and 2009 were subjected to nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. the aim of the studies was to obtain an overview on their potential relatedness as well as to provide data for broader scale studies on swine influenza epidemiology. nonetheless, analyzing archive isolates is justified by the efforts directed to the comprehension of the appearance of pandemic h1n1 influenza virus. interestingly, this stud ...201021156041
h1n1: viral pneumonia as a cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome.to review the literature on novel swine origin influenza a (h1n1 2009) as a cause of respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards).201121157318
children's fear reactions to the 2009 swine flu pandemic: the role of threat information as provided by parents.the purpose of the present study was to investigate the contribution of threat information as provided by the parents to the development of children's fear within the context of the 2009 swine flu pandemic. normal school children aged 7-12 years (n = 223) and their parents completed questionnaires to measure fear of the swine flu and general fearfulness for medical affairs. children and parents were also asked to indicate to what extent parents had provided children with threat-related informati ...201021159486
seasonal flumist vaccination induces cross-reactive t cell immunity against h1n1 (2009) influenza and secondary bacterial infections.t cell epitopes have been found to be shared by circulating, seasonal influenza virus strains and the novel pandemic h1n1 influenza infection, but the ability of these common epitopes to provide cross-protection is unknown. we have now directly tested this by examining the ability of live seasonal influenza vaccine (flumist) to mediate protection against swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus infection. naive mice demonstrated considerable susceptibility to h1n1 cal/04/09 infection, whereas flumist-v ...201021160043
[pandemic as a communication challenge for the governmental authorities-an overview of the governmental public relations measures for the new influenza ("swine flu"). basic communication features]. 201021161482
the role of swine as "mixing vessel" for interspecies transmission of the influenza a subtype h1n1: a simultaneous bayesian inference of phylogeny and ancestral hosts.condensing the information of a total of 1551 to 469 influenza a h1n1 isolates we investigated the frequency of host shifts among bird, human and swine. phylogenies of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase as well as ancestral host reconstructions were simultaneously inferred in a bayesian framework. the surface proteins had to be analyzed separately because of reassortment. also the different tree topologies indicated the different evolutionary histories of these genes. the majority of interspecies t ...201021163369
impact of information on intentions to vaccinate in a potential epidemic: swine-origin influenza a (h1n1).vaccination campaigns to prevent the spread of epidemics are successful only if the targeted populations subscribe to the recommendations of health authorities. however, because compulsory vaccination is hardly conceivable in modern democracies, governments need to convince their populations through efficient and persuasive information campaigns. in the context of the swine-origin a (h1n1) 2009 pandemic, we use an interactive study among the general public in the south of france, with 175 partic ...201021163566
cytotoxic therapy for severe swine flu a/h1n1. 201021168053
a differential elisa based on recombinant immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene of shv-1 in a baculovirus-insect cell system to discriminate between pigs infected naturally with pseudorabies and vaccinated pigs.in the present study, the fragment corresponding to the immunodominant epitopes of the ge gene (gepi) from the cl15 argentinean strain of pseudorabies virus was expressed successfully in a baculovirus-insect cell system that contained the m6 gene of bluetongue virus, which encodes the ns1 nonstructural protein. this protein has the ability to polymerize into highly immunogenic tubules inside infected cells that can be purified at large quantities by ultracentrifugation. previously, the ns1 prote ...201021168443
pandemic h1n1 2009 ('swine flu'): diagnostic and other challenges.pandemic h1n1 2009 ('swine flu') virus was 'the virus of the year 2009' because it affected the lives of many people in this year. h1n1 was first described in california in april 2009 and spread very rapidly all over the globe. the fast global penetration of the swine flu caused the who in geneva to call the infection with h1n1 a new pandemic with a rapid escalation of the different pandemic phases that ended on 11 june 2009, with the declaration of phase 6 (full-blown pandemic). this had far-re ...201121171919
possible reason for cross-species and cross-subtype reassortment in polymerase basic protein 2 from influenza a virus.the reassortment in proteins from influenza a viruses among human, swine, and eurasian avian strains formed a new influenza a virus leading to the first pandemic in this century, which suggests that the barrier between species and between subtypes would not be strong enough to prevent the cross-species infection and cross-subtype reassortment from occurring. in this study, we intensively used the anova including its model i and model ii to analyze 2430 polymerase basic proteins 2 (pb2) of influe ...201121171947
impact of antigenic and genetic drift on the serologic surveillance of h5n2 avian influenza viruses.serologic surveillance of avian influenza (ai) viruses is carried out by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test using reference reagents. this method is recommended by animal health organizations as a standard test to detect antigenic differences (subtypes) between circulating influenza virus, vaccine- and/or reference- strains. however, significant discrepancies between reference antisera and field isolates have been observed during serosurveillance of influenza a viruses in pig and poultry ...201021172021
only two residues are responsible for the dramatic difference in receptor binding between swine and new pandemic h1 hemagglutinin.in view of its critical role in influenza a virus (iav) tropism and pathogenesis, we evaluated the receptor binding properties of ha proteins of the closely related swine and new pandemic human iavs. we generated recombinant soluble trimeric h1 ectodomains of several iavs and analyzed their sialic acid binding properties using fetuin-binding and glycan array analysis. the results show that closely related swine and new pandemic h1 proteins differ dramatically in their ability to bind these recep ...201021173148
clinical features of the 2009 swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) outbreak in japan.to clarify the clinical symptoms of the influenza a virus during the 2009 pandemic influenza outbreak, we describe the clinical features of outpatients diagnosed with type a influenza by use of the rapid influenza diagnostic test (ridt) from september to december 2009. questionnaires were used to collect prospective data on 1,122 cases with influenza-like illness at our medical institutions. the independent predictors of influenza a virus were identified on the basis of demographic features and ...201021174141
pathology of the swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) flu.pathological studies would aid in finding the real causes of death and in outlining adequate strategies for treatment regarding patients with poor clinical outcome of influenza a h1n1 swine flu. we describe the autopsy findings of six cases of influenza a h1n1 swine flu. the lungs in these cases had an alveolitis with hyaline membranes. immunohistochemistry for influenza was positive only in lungs (in pneumocytes, in macrophages, in some multinucleate cells in alveoli, and in blood vessel walls) ...201021176866
applying social science and public health methods to community-based pandemic planning.pandemic influenza is a unique threat to communities, affecting schools, businesses, health facilities and individuals in ways not seen in other emergency events. this paper aims to outline a local government project which utilised public health and social science research methods to facilitate the creation of an emergency response plan for pandemic influenza coincidental to the early stages of the 2009 h1n1 ('swine flu') outbreak. a multi-disciplinary team coordinated the creation of a pandemic ...201021177224
giraf: robust, computational identification of influenza reassortments via graph mining.reassortments in the influenza virus--a process where strains exchange genetic segments--have been implicated in two out of three pandemics of the 20th century as well as the 2009 h1n1 outbreak. while advances in sequencing have led to an explosion in the number of whole-genome sequences that are available, an understanding of the rate and distribution of reassortments and their role in viral evolution is still lacking. an important factor in this is the paucity of automated tools for confident ...201021177643
genetic and antigenic characterization of h1 influenza viruses from united states swine from 2008.prior to the introduction of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus from humans into pigs, four phylogenetic clusters (α-, β-, γ- and δ) of the haemagglutinin (ha) gene from h1 influenza viruses could be found in us swine. information regarding the antigenic relatedness of the h1 viruses was lacking due to the dynamic and variable nature of swine lineage h1. we characterized 12 h1 isolates from 2008 by using 454 genome-sequencing technology and phylogenetic analysis of all eight gene segments and by serol ...201021177926
organizing pneumonia associated with swine-origin influenza a h1n1 2009 viral infection. 201121178022
update: influenza activity --- united states, october 3-december 11, 2010.during october 3-december 11, 2010, influenza activity remained low in most regions of the united states. influenza viruses characterized thus far in the influenza season are well matched to the strains included in the 2010-11 influenza vaccine. this report summarizes u.s. influenza activity during this period.201021178950
vaccine protection against lethal homologous and heterologous challenge using recombinant aav vectors expressing codon-optimized genes from pandemic swine origin influenza virus (soiv).the recent h1n1 influenza pandemic and the inevitable delay between identification of the virus and production of the specific vaccine have highlighted the urgent need for new generation influenza vaccines that can preemptively induce broad immunity to different strains of the virus. in this study we have produced aav-based vectors expressing the a/mexico/4603/2009 (h1n1) hemagglutinin (ha), nucleocapsid (np) and the matrix protein m1 and have evaluated their ability to induce specific immune re ...201021195079
reassortment between seasonal and swine-origin h1n1 influenza viruses generates viruses with enhanced growth capability in cell culture.one year after the emergence of the 2009 influenza (h1n1) pandemic, most cases have been relatively mild; however, the possibility of enhanced viral growth ability by reassortment with seasonal viruses cannot be overlooked. here, we show that reassortant viruses containing a seasonal h1 ha and swine-origin na and m genes have enhanced virus growth over their wild-type parental viruses. the emergence of such viruses in nature could, therefore, represent a threat.201021195732
effectiveness of the pandemic influenza a/h1n1 2009 monovalent vaccine in korea.the 2009 influenza pandemic was caused by a novel triple-reassortant influenza a/h1n1 virus that was further recombined with a eurasian pig flu virus. vaccination is a key countermeasure for disease; however, little data assessing vaccine effectiveness (ve) against the pandemic h1n1 virus are available. we conducted a matched case-control study to assess effectiveness of the 2009 influenza a/h1n1 monovalent vaccine against laboratory-confirmed, medically attended influenza patients. subjects inc ...201121199701
preclinical and clinical development of plant-made virus-like particle vaccine against avian h5n1 influenza.the recent swine h1n1 influenza outbreak demonstrated that egg-based vaccine manufacturing has an achille's heel: its inability to provide a large number of doses quickly. using a novel manufacturing platform based on transient expression of influenza surface glycoproteins in nicotiana benthamiana, we have recently demonstrated that a candidate virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine can be generated within 3 weeks of release of sequence information. herein we report that alum-adjuvanted plant-made vl ...201021203523
[infection by the pandemic virus (h1n1) 2009 in andalusia].in april 2009, in response to the who's alert due to the existence of human infection cases with a new ah1n1 influenza virus, known as swine flu, andalusian health authorities trigger an specific action plan. the surveillance actions developped provided us with appropriate clinical, epidemiological and virological characteristics of the disease. during the first few days, contingency plans were set up based on epidemiological surveillance and outbreak control measures were adopted through early ...201021203717
return and reformation after a century -- from 1918 to 2009 h1n1. 201021203956
crystal structure of the swine-origin a (h1n1)-2009 influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) reveals similar antigenicity to that of the 1918 pandemic virus.influenza virus is the causative agent of the seasonal and occasional pandemic flu. the current h1n1 influenza pandemic, announced by the who in june 2009, is highly contagious and responsible for global economic losses and fatalities. although the h1n1 gene segments have three origins in terms of host species, the virus has been named swine-origin influenza virus (s-oiv) due to a predominant swine origin. 2009 s-oiv has been shown to highly resemble the 1918 pandemic virus in many aspects. hema ...201021203961
predictive clinicopathological features derived from systematic autopsy examination of patients who died with a/h1n1 influenza infection in the uk 2009-10 pandemic.from april 2009 to january 2010, the pandemic of a/h1n1 influenza affected the uk. there were > 30,000 infections and 457 deaths (all ages). reports from other countries had indicated that certain comorbidities were associated with a higher risk of death from h1n1 infection, and there was a need to identify these factors in the uk population as knowledge of them could lead to improved treatment in the current epidemic and reduced mortality in future epidemics.201021208548
the swine flu triage (swift) study: development and ongoing refinement of a triage tool to provide regular information to guide immediate policy and practice for the use of critical care services during the h1n1 swine influenza pandemic.to use, existing critical care and early pandemic, data to inform care during the pandemic influenza a 2009 (h1n1) pandemic (with a possible use for triage - if the demand for critical care seriously exceeded supply). to monitor the impact of the h1n1 pandemic on critical care services, in real time, with regular feedback to critical care clinicians and other relevant jurisdictions to inform ongoing policy and practice.201021208551
efficacy of vaccination with different combinations of mf59-adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines against pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus infection in ferrets.serum antibodies induced by seasonal influenza or seasonal influenza vaccination exhibit limited or no cross-reactivity against the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza virus of the h1n1 subtype (ph1n1). ferrets immunized once or twice with mf59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine exhibited significantly reduced lung virus titers but no substantial clinical protection against ph1n1-associated disease. however, priming with mf59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine significantly increased the ...201121209108
a complete analysis of ha and na genes of influenza a viruses.more and more nucleotide sequences of type a influenza virus are available in public databases. although these sequences have been the focus of many molecular epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses, most studies only deal with a few representative sequences. in this paper, we present a complete analysis of all haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) gene sequences available to allow large scale analyses of the evolution and epidemiology of type a influenza.201021209922
determinants of adults' intention to vaccinate against pandemic swine flu.vaccination is one of the cornerstones of controlling an influenza pandemic. to optimise vaccination rates in the general population, ways of identifying determinants that influence decisions to have or not to have a vaccination need to be understood. therefore, this study aimed to predict intention to have a swine influenza vaccination in an adult population in the uk. an extension of the theory of planned behaviour provided the theoretical framework for the study.201121211000
the nonadaptive nature of the h1n1 2009 swine flu pandemic contrasts with the adaptive facilitation of transmission to a new host.the emergence of the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic followed a multiple reassortment event from viruses originally circulating in swines and humans, but the adaptive nature of this emergence is poorly understood.201121211019
acceptance of a vaccine against pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus amongst healthcare workers in beijing, china.due to the advent of the new influenza a (h1n1) strain in 2009, many countries introduced mass immunization programs. healthcare workers (hcws) were amongst the key groups targeted for the vaccine in these programs. however, experience with the seasonal influenza vaccine has shown that there are multiple barriers related to the attitudes and perceptions of the population which influence uptake. the aim of this study was to determine pandemic influenza a (h1n1) vaccination rate amongst a group of ...201121211593
ask the doctor. now that the fuss over h1n1 swine flu has died down, do i need to get vaccinated this year? 201021213421
vaccination with a soluble recombinant hemagglutinin trimer protects pigs against a challenge with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza virus.in 2009 a new influenza a/h1n1 virus strain ("pandemic (h1n1) 2009", h1n1v) emerged that rapidly spread around the world. the virus is suspected to have originated in swine through reassortment and to have subsequently crossed the species-barrier towards humans. several cases of reintroduction into pigs have since been reported, which could possibly create a reservoir for human exposure or ultimately become endemic in the pig population with similar clinical disease problems as current swine inf ...201121219983
development and evaluation of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and real-time detection of the swine-origin influenza a h1n1 virus.the recent emergence of the swine-origin influenza a h1n1 virus (s-oiv) poses a serious global health threat. rapid detection and differentiation of s-oiv from seasonal influenza is crucial for patient management and control of the epidemics. a one-step, single-tube accelerated and quantitative s-oiv-specific h1 reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rtlamp) assay for clinical diagnosis of s-oiv by targeting the h1 gene is reported in this article. a comparative evaluation ...201021227400
development of two types of rapid diagnostic test kits to detect the hemagglutinin or nucleoprotein of the swine-origin pandemic influenza a virus h1n1.since its emergence in april 2009, pandemic influenza a virus h1n1 (h1n1 pdm), a new type of influenza a virus with a triple-reassortant genome, has spread throughout the world. initial attempts to diagnose the infection in patients using immunochromatography (ic) relied on test kits developed for seasonal influenza a and b viruses, many of which proved significantly less sensitive to h1n1 pdm. here, we prepared monoclonal antibodies that react with h1n1 pdm but not seasonal influenza a (h1n1 an ...201121228147
sudden death of an immunocompetent young adult caused by novel (swine origin) influenza a/h1n1-associated myocarditis.the main cause of death from novel (swine origin) influenza a/h1n1 infection is acute respiratory distress syndrome. most fatal cases are immunocompromised patients or patients with a severe underlying disease. here, we report a fatal case of acute interstitial myocarditis associated with novel influenza a/h1n1 infection in an immunocompetent young woman. a previously healthy 18-year-old woman experienced malaise, diarrhea, and fever for several days prior to a sudden collapse at home. autopsy r ...201121234762
pandemic h1n1 influenza virus causes a stronger inflammatory response than seasonal h1n1 influenza virus in ferrets.a 2009 h1n1 influenza virus pandemic, which had its origin in swine, caused severe illness and mortality in humans. inflammatory responses may be responsible for pathogenesis caused by infection with influenza viruses. to better understand the pathogenic mechanism, clinical signs and inflammatory responses in ferrets infected with the pandemic h1n1 were compared with those caused by seasonal h1n1 influenza virus. ferrets infected with the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus displayed higher body temperatur ...201121234768
sialic acid recognition of the pandemic influenza 2009 h1n1 virus: binding mechanism between human receptor and influenza hemagglutinin.quantum mechanical fragment molecular orbital calculations have been performed for receptor binding of the hemagglutinin protein of the recently pandemic influenza 2009 h1n1, a/swine/iowa/1930, and a/puerto rico/8/1934 viruses to a2-6 linked sialyloligosaccharides, as analogs of human receptors. the strongest receptor binding affinity was observed for the 2009/h1n1pdm. the inter-fragment interaction energy analysis revealed that the amino acid mutation of 2009/h1n1pdm, ser145lys, was a major cau ...201121235490
rapidstripe h1n1 test for detection of the pandemic swine origin influenza a (h1n1) virus.the rapidstripe h1n1 test, based on a nucleic acid lateral-flow assay, has been developed for diagnosis of a swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus. this test is simple and cost-effective and allows specific detection of the s-oiv a (h1n1) virus from swab sampling to final detection on a lateral-flow stripe within 2 to 3 h.201121248098
nationwide molecular surveillance of pandemic h1n1 influenza a virus genomes: canada, 2009.in april 2009, a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza a h1n1 virus ("a/h1n1pdm"; also known as soiv) was detected and spread globally as the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. sequencing has since been conducted at an unprecedented rate globally in order to monitor the diversification of this emergent virus and to track mutations that may affect virus behavior.201121249207
a reporter system for assaying influenza virus rnp functionality based on secreted gaussia luciferase activity.influenza a virus can infect a wide variety of animal species including humans, pigs, birds and other species. viral ribonucleoprotein (vrnp) was involved in genome replication, transcription and host adaptation. currently, firefly luciferase (fluc) reporter system was used in vrnp functional assay. however, its limitation for the testing by virus infection resulted in an increased need for rapid, sensitive, and biosafe techniques. here, an influenza a virus utr-driven gene reporter for vrnp ass ...201121251302
analytical and clinical validation of novel real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays for the clinical detection of swine-origin h1n1 influenza viruses.during the early stages of the 2009/2010 swine-origin h1n1 influenza a (s-oiv h1n1 flua) outbreak, the development and validation of sensitive and specific detection methods were a priority for rapid and accurate diagnosis. between may and june 2009, 2 real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) assays targeting the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the s-oiv h1n1 flua virus were developed. these assays are highly specific, showing no cross-reactivity against a pan ...201121251560
detection of resistance mutations to antivirals oseltamivir and zanamivir in avian influenza a viruses isolated from wild birds.the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the first-line of defense against potentially fatal variants of influenza a pandemic strains. however, if resistant virus strains start to arise easily or at a high frequency, a new anti-influenza strategy will be necessary. this study aimed to investigate if and to what extent na inhibitor-resistant mutants exist in the wild population of influenza a viruses that inhabit wild birds. na sequences of all na subtypes available from 54 ...201121253602
comparison of two h1n2 swine influenza a viruses from disease outbreaks in pigs in sweden during 2009 and 2010.the influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 are prevalent in pig populations worldwide. in the present study, two relatively uncommon swine influenza virus (siv) h1n2 subtypes, isolated in sweden in 2009 and 2010, were compared regarding their molecular composition and biological characteristics. the differences regarding markers purportedly related to pathogenicity, host adaptation or replication efficiency. they included a truncated pb1-f2 protein in the earlier isolate but a full lengt ...201121253862
infective endocarditis: diagnosis delayed during swine flu pandemic. 201121257998
thoracic radiography as a refinement methodology for the study of h1n1 influenza in cynomologus macaques (macaca fascicularis).recent advances in the technology associated with digital radiography have created new opportunities for biomedical research applications. here we evaluated the use of thoracic radiography as a noninvasive refinement methodology for the cynomologus macaque (macaca fascicularis) model of h1n1 infection. thoracic radiographic evaluations of macaques infected with any of 3 strains of emerging h1n1 swine-associated influenza virus isolated during the recent pandemic were compared with those of macaq ...201021262125
preliminary evaluation of various rapid influenza diagnostic test methods for the detection of the novel influenza a (h1n1) in universiti kebangsaan malaysia medical centre.we evaluated the performance of four rapid influenza diagnostic test methods (ridt) compared to real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr), for the detection of the novel swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus (s-oiv) in august 2009. a total of 270 respiratory specimens were tested with rrt-pcr, where 74 of these were tested by binaxnow (inverness), 80 by quickvue (quidel), 37 by influenza a antigen rapid test (rockeby biomed) and 79 by directigen (bd). the sensitivities ...201021265244
flu factories. 201121265325
plant-based rapid production of recombinant subunit hemagglutinin vaccines targeting h1n1 and h5n1 influenza.in 2009, a novel h1n1 swine influenza virus was isolated from infected humans in mexico and the united states, and rapidly spread around the world. another virus, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the h5n1 subtype, identified by the world health organization as a potential pandemic threat in 1997, continues to be a significant risk. while vaccination is the preferred strategy for the prevention and control of influenza infections, the traditional egg-based approach to producing influe ...201121266846
utility of a panviral microarray for detection of swine respiratory viruses in clinical samples.several factors have recently converged, elevating the need for highly parallel diagnostic platforms that have the ability to detect many known, novel, and emerging pathogenic agents simultaneously. panviral dna microarrays represent the most robust approach for massively parallel viral surveillance and detection. the virochip is a panviral dna microarray that is capable of detecting all known viruses, as well as novel viruses related to known viral families, in a single assay and has been used ...201121270231
using electronic patient records to assess the impact of swine flu (influenza h1n1) on mental health patients.electronic patient records are increasingly used in primary care research, but rarely in psychiatric research. little is known about how people with pre-existing mental illness respond to public health threats.201121271827
identification of novel conserved functional motifs across most influenza a viral strains.influenza a virus poses a continuous threat to global public health. design of novel universal drugs and vaccine requires a careful analysis of different strains of influenza a viral genome from diverse hosts and subtypes. we performed a systematic in silico analysis of influenza a viral segments of all available influenza a viral strains and subtypes and grouped them based on host, subtype, and years isolated, and through multiple sequence alignments we extrapolated conserved regions, motifs, a ...201121272360
clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with influenza a (h1n1) 2009 attended to at the emergency room of a children's hospital.in june 2009, the first influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century, due to the swine origin influenza a (h1n1) 2009 virus, was declared. this study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical features, complications, lethality and risk factors for hospital admission of microbiologically confirmed cases of influenza a (h1n1) 2009 infection seen at the emergency department of a children's hospital. all cases of children with influenza a (h1n1) 2009 viral infection, confirmed microbiolog ...201121274563
an overview of the epidemic of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in egypt: epidemiology and control challenges.emergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus in egypt in mid-february 2006 caused significant losses for the poultry industry and constituted a potential threat to public health. since late 2007, there has been increasing evidence that stable lineages of h5n1 viruses are being established in chickens and humans in egypt. the virus has been detected in wild, feral and zoo birds and recently was found in donkeys and pigs. most of the outbreaks in poultry and humans occurred ...201121281550
optimizing tactics for use of the u.s. antiviral strategic national stockpile for pandemic influenza.in 2009, public health agencies across the globe worked to mitigate the impact of the swine-origin influenza a (ph1n1) virus. these efforts included intensified surveillance, social distancing, hygiene measures, and the targeted use of antiviral medications to prevent infection (prophylaxis). in addition, aggressive antiviral treatment was recommended for certain patient subgroups to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. to assist states and other localities meet these needs, the u.s. go ...201121283514
microneedle vaccination with stabilized recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin induces improved protective immunity.the emergence of the swine-origin 2009 influenza pandemic illustrates the need for improved vaccine production and delivery strategies. skin-based immunization represents an attractive alternative to traditional hypodermic needle vaccination routes. microneedles (mns) can deliver vaccine to the epidermis and dermis, which are rich in antigen-presenting cells (apc) such as langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells. previous studies using coated or dissolvable microneedles emphasized the use of ...201121288996
swine-origin influenza a outbreak 2009 at shinshu university, japan.a worldwide outbreak of swine flu h1n1 pandemic influenza occurred in april 2009. to determine the mechanism underlying the spread of infection, we prospectively evaluated a survey implemented at a local university.201121291570
could some people be wronged by contracting swine flu? a case discussion on the links between the farm animal sector and human disease.this paper uses the imaginary case of gemma, presented initially at the international swine flu conference (london, march 2010), to discuss whether a nurse who disagrees with most ways in which animals are farmed would be wronged if she contracted swine flu. it is argued that the farm animal sector has contributed to the emergence of h1n1 flu, and that the sector in general contributes significantly to the burden of human disease. the aim of this paper is to promote debate on the question as to ...201121292701
evolutionary characterization of human h1n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin genes isolated from 1947 to 2009 in china.objective: our aim was to reveal the molecular characteristics of human h1n1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) genes from 1947 to 2009 in china. methods: 129 ha gene sequences were downloaded from ncbi's genbank and analyzed by dnastar software. additionally, the three-dimensional structure of ha protein was predicted by the swiss-model service. results: first, 2009 chinese ha genes were 99% identical to those of mexican and american ones; their key sites remained highly conserved. second, 50 c ...201121293099
screening from the world's largest tcm database against h1n1 virus.the swine influenza virus (h1n1) 2009 pandemic highlights the importance of having effective anti-viral strategies. recently, oseltamivir (tamiflu) resistant influenza viruses are identified; which further emphasizes the urgency in developing new antiviral agents. in influenza virus replication cycle, viral surface glycoprotein, hemagglutinin, is responsible for viral entry into host cells. hence, a potentially effective antiviral strategy is to inhibit viral entry mechanism. to develop novel an ...201121294588
logistics and safety of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in medical retrieval.this article reviews the logistics and safety of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) medical retrieval in new south wales, australia.201121294633
infective endocarditis mislabelled as "swine influenza". 201121300105
pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 in india: duration of virus shedding in patients under antiviral treatment.national centre for disease control (ncdc), delhi, is a national nodal centre for surveillance of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) in india. the present study was undertaken to see the period of infectivity in positive cases undergoing antiviral therapy.201121304193
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