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the influence of lasius neoniger (hymenoptera: formicidae) on population growth and biomass of aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae) in soybeans.in the united states, the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), are often tended by the aphid-tending ant, lasius neoniger emery (hymenoptera: formicidae). in this study, we examined the effects of tending by ants on the density and biomass of soybean aphids on soybeans in kentucky. we performed cage studies that limited access by ants and/or natural enemies. we used a split-plot design with natural enemy access as the main plot and ant attendance as the sub plot. we f ...201022182543
optimal control of soybean aphid in the presence of natural enemies and the implied value of their ecosystem services.by suppressing pest populations, natural enemies provide an important ecosystem service that maintains the stability of agricultural ecosystems systems and potentially mitigates producers' pest control costs. integrating natural control services into decisions about pesticide-based control has the potential to significantly improve the economic efficiency of pesticide use, with socially desirable outcomes. two gaps have hindered the incorporation of natural enemies into pest management decision ...201222208393
impacts of thiamethoxam seed treatment and host plant resistance on the soybean aphid fungal pathogen, pandora neoaphidis.since the introduction of soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura, from asia, insecticide use in soybean has increased substantially in the north central united states. insecticide seed treatments and aphid resistant soybean varieties are management tactics that may reduce reliance on foliar applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. exploring potential nontarget impacts of these technologies will be an important step in incorporating them into aphid management programs. we investigated impact ...201122299341
electrical penetration graph analysis of the feeding behavior of soybean aphids on soybean cultivars with antibiosis.the soybean aphid, aphis glycine matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), is a major pest of soybean. in the current study, we used the electrical penetration graph technique to study feeding behavior of soybean aphids on antibiotic-resistant soybean lines ks1621, ks1613, and ks1642, and a susceptible soybean line, ks4202. we observed that soybean aphids spent significantly shorter periods of time in the sieve element phase but slightly more times in nonprobing phases in all three resistant lines than ...201122299372
soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) development on soybean with rag1 alone, rag2 alone, and both genes combined.aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae) can reduce the yield of aphid-susceptible soybean (glycine max (l.) merrill) cultivars. the rag1 and rag2 genes conferresistance to some biotypes of a. glycines. these genes individually can limit population growth of a. glycines and prevent yield loss. the impact of these genes when combined is not known. we compared the development of a. glycines on soybean with rag1 alone (r1/s2), rag2 alone (s1/r2), both genes combined (r1/r2), or neither gene ...201222420278
spatial distribution of aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae): a summary of the suction trap network.the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), is an economically important pest of soybean, glycine max (l.) merrill, in the united states. phenological information of a. glycines is limited; specifically, little is known about factors guiding migrating aphids and potential impacts of long distance flights on local population dynamics. increasing our understanding of a. glycines population dynamics may improve predictions of a. glycines outbreaks and improve management effo ...201222420279
impact of rag1 aphid resistant soybeans on binodoxys communis (hymenoptera: braconidae), a parasitoid of soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae).multiple strategies are being developed for pest management of the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura; however, there has been little published research thus far to determine how such strategies may influence each other, thereby complicating their potential effectiveness. a susceptible soybean (glycine max l.) variety without the rag1 gene and a near isogenic resistant soybean variety with the rag1 gene were evaluated in the laboratory for their effects on the fitness of the soybean aphid p ...201222507000
soybean cyst nematode effects on soybean aphid preference and performance in the laboratory.herbivores on plants frequently interact via shared resources. studies that have examined performance of herbivores in the presence of other herbivores, however, have often focused on above-ground feeding guilds and relatively less research has examined interactions between below- and above-ground consumers. we examine how soybean aphid, aphis glycines (matsumura) an above-ground phloem-feeding herbivore, interacts with a below-ground plant parasite, soybean cyst nematode, heterodera glycines (i ...201022546453
development and parasitism by aphelinus certus (hymenoptera: aphelinidae), a parasitoid of aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae).since its introduction in 2000, the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) has been a serious pest of soybean in north america. currently, insecticide application is the only recommended control method. however, a number of natural enemies have the potential to regulate soybean aphid populations. in 2007, aphelinus certus yasnosh, a soybean aphid parasitoid native to asia, was found in commercial soybean fields in ontario. this is the first record of this species in north america. to evaluate ...201022546454
maintaining genetic diversity and population panmixia through dispersal and not gene flow in a holocyclic heteroecious aphid species.heteroecious holocyclic aphids exhibit both sexual and asexual reproduction and alternate among primary and secondary hosts. most of these aphids can feed on several related hosts, and invasions to new habitats may limit the number of suitable hosts. for example, the aphid specialist aphis glycines survives only on the primary host buckthorn (rhamnus spp.) and the secondary host soybean (glycine max) in north america where it is invasive. owing to this specialization and sparse primary host dist ...201222549514
field and laboratory evaluations of soybean lines against soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae).the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), is a major pest of soybean, glycine max (l.). merr., that significantly reduces yield in northern production areas of north america. insecticides are widely used to control soybean aphid outbreaks, but efforts are underway to develop host plant resistance as an effective alternative management strategy. here, previously identified resistant lines were evaluated in laboratory tests against field-collected populations of soybean a ...201222606833
effect of soybean varieties on survival and fecundity of western corn rootworm.the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), is a major pest of corn (zea mays l.) in north america and has evolved resistance to crop rotation by ovipositing in alternate crops such as soybeans [glycine max (l.) merr.]. through experiments with plants grown in the greenhouse and the field, we tested whether soybeans with resistance to the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), affected survival, fecundity, and consumptio ...201222606835
pan trapping soybean aphids (hemiptera: aphididae) using attractants.since its introduction into the united states in the past 10 yr, soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), has been a damaging pest to soybean, glycine max (l.) merrill. during 2008 and 2009, fields in central and north central iowa experienced pockets of high soybean aphid populations. electroantennograms have shown that soybean aphid alatae are capable of detecting host plant volatiles and sex pheromones. here, we evaluated baited pan traps as a potential soybean aphid at ...201222812127
validation of reference genes for gene expression studies in aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae).quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) is a common and robust tool for accurate quantification of mrna transcripts. to normalize results, a housekeeping gene ([hkg], reference gene or endogenous control gene) is mandatory. soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), is a significant soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., pest, yet gene expression and functional genomics studies are hindered by a lack of stable hkgs. we evaluated seven potential hkgs (sdfs, succi ...201222928326
deep sequencing of the transcriptomes of soybean aphid and associated endosymbionts.the soybean aphid has significantly impacted soybean production in the u.s. transcriptomic analyses were conducted for further insight into leads for potential novel management strategies.201222984624
multiple phytohormone signals control the transcriptional response to soybean aphid infestation in susceptible and resistant soybean plants.the soybean aphid (aphis glycines) is a major phloem-feeding pest of soybean (glycine max). a. glycines feeding can cause the diversion of photosynthates and transmission of plant viruses, resulting in significant yield losses. in this study, we used oligonucleotide microarrays to characterize the long-term transcriptional response to soybean aphid colonization of two related soybean cultivars, one with the rag1 aphid-resistance gene and one aphid-susceptible cultivar (without rag1). transcripto ...201322992001
characterization of a chitin synthase encoding gene and effect of diflubenzuron in soybean aphid, aphis glycines.chitin synthases are critical enzymes for synthesis of chitin and thus for subsequent growth and development in insects. we identified the cdna of chitin synthase gene (chs) in aphis glycines, the soybean aphid, which is a serious pest of soybean. the full-length cdna of chs in a. glycines (aychs) was 5802 bp long with an open reading frame of 4704 bp that encoded for a 1567 amino acid residues protein. the predicted aychs protein had a molecular mass of 180.05 kda and its amino acid sequence co ...201223139631
measuring the benefit of biological control for single gene and pyramided host plant resistance for aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae) management.the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), is an economically important pest in the north central united states. in the state of iowa, economically damaging populations occurred in seven of 11 growing seasons from 2001 to 2011. the high frequency and economic impact of the soybean aphid makes it an ideal candidate for management by using host plant resistance. we compared an aphid-susceptible line to near-isolines that contain rag1 and rag2, both alone and pyramided toge ...201223156184
factors contributing to the poor performance of a soybean aphid parasitoid binodoxys communis (hymenoptera: braconidae) on an herbivore resistant soybean cultivar.host plant resistance and biological control are important components of integrated pest management programs. however, plants expressing resistance to herbivores may also have direct or indirect negative effects on natural enemies simultaneously providing pest suppression. soybean aphids (aphis glycines matsumura) are invasive and serious pests of soybean (glycine max l.) in the united states. several soybean lines with aphid resistance have been identified, but the long-term impact of these res ...201223321088
rag1 aphid resistant soybeans alter the movement and distribution of soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae).herbivorous insects often move and distribute according to the quality of the plant they are on, and this behavior could influence interactions with plants bred for herbivore resistance. however, when an insect is normally considered sedentary, less is known about the potential importance of movement. we performed experiments to determine if a resistant soybean variety alters the movement and distribution, both within and between plants, of the soybean aphid aphis glycines matsumura. we did this ...201223321089
the response of natural enemies to selective insecticides applied to soybean.natural enemies of the invasive pest aphis glycines matsumura can prevent its establishment and population growth. however, current a. glycines management practices include the application of broad-spectrum insecticides that affect pests and natural enemies that are present in the field at the time of application. an alternative is the use of selective insecticides that affect the targeted pest species, although having a reduced impact on the natural enemies. we tested the effects of esfenvalera ...201223321105
a multi-approach study to delineate interactions between carabid beetles and soybean aphids.in recent years, the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura, has become the most important exotic pest of soybean, glycine max (l.) merrill, in north america. given the significant yield losses that are reported, considerable effort has been expended to characterize the natural enemy community associated with this pest. several indigenous and naturalized predators have been identified as potential biological control agents, and these include carabid beetles, an abundant and important family of ...201323339789
inheritance of resistance to aphis glycines in soybean p746 from china.the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) is one of the most serious pests of soybean (glycine max [l.] merrill) worldwide. aphid resistance genes have been identified. however, little is known about genes for resistance to chinese soybean aphid strains. the objective of this study was to identify the type of aphid resistance in the soybean cultivar p746 and to determine the inheritance of the resistance. in choice and no-choice tests, significant differences in the average number of aphids a ...201223356083
core rnai machinery and sid1, a component for systemic rnai, in the hemipteran insect, aphis glycines.rna interference (rnai) offers a novel tool to manage hemipteran pests. for the success of rnai based pest control in the field, a robust and systemic rnai response is a prerequisite. we identified and characterized major genes of the rnai machinery, dicer2 (dcr2), argonaute2 (ago2), and r2d2 in aphis glycines, a serious pest of soybean. the a. glycines genome encodes for at least one copy of dcr2, r2d2 and ago2. comparative and molecular evolution analyses (dn/ds) showed that domain regions of ...201323396108
within-plant bottom-up effects mediate non-consumptive impacts of top-down control of soybean aphids.there is increasing evidence that top-down controls have strong non-consumptive effects on herbivore populations. however, little is known about how these non-consumptive effects relate to bottom-up influences. using a series of field trials, we tested how changes in top-down and bottom-up controls at the within-plant scale interact to increase herbivore suppression. in the first experiment, we manipulated access of natural populations of predators (primarily lady beetles) to controlled numbers ...201323431373
molecular characterization and expression analysis of soluble trehalase gene in aphis glycines, a migratory pest of soybean.in insects, the enzyme trehalase plays a crucial role in energy metabolism, chitin synthesis and possibly during plant-insect interactions. we have characterized a soluble trehalase gene (tre-1) from cdna of aphis glycines, a serious migratory pest of soybean. the full-length cdna of tre-1 in a. glycines (aytre-1) was 2550 bp long with an open reading frame of 1770 bp that encoded for a 589 amino acid residues protein. sequence assessment and phylogenetic analysis of the putative protein suggest ...201323445549
lysiphlebus orientalis (hymenoptera, braconidae), a new invasive aphid parasitoid in europe - evidence from molecular markers.we report the occurrence of lysiphlebus orientalis in serbia, an aphid parasitoid from the far east that is new to europe and has the potential to become invasive. our finding based on morphological characters is confirmed by analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i sequences. an increase in number and an expansion of the host range were observed during field studies over the past two years, and it is determined that the current host range encompasses nine aphid hosts on 12 differe ...201323448286
genetic mapping of three quantitative trait loci for soybean aphid resistance in pi 567324.host-plant resistance is an effective method for controlling soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura), the most damaging insect pest of soybean (glycine max (l.) merr.) in north america. recently, resistant soybean lines have been discovered and at least four aphid resistance genes (rag1, rag2, rag3 and rag4) have been mapped on different soybean chromosomes. however, the evolution of new soybean aphid biotypes capable of defeating host-plant resistance conferred by most single genes demonstrate ...201323486080
the endosymbiont arsenophonus is widespread in soybean aphid, aphis glycines, but does not provide protection from parasitoids or a fungal pathogen.aphids commonly harbor bacterial facultative symbionts that have a variety of effects upon their aphid hosts, including defense against hymenopteran parasitoids and fungal pathogens. the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), is infected with the symbiont arsenophonus sp., which has an unknown role in its aphid host. our research goals were to document the infection frequency and diversity of the symbiont in field-collected soybean aphids, and to determine whether arseno ...201323614027
mapping soybean aphid resistance genes in pi 567598b.the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) has been a major pest of soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] in north america since it was first reported in 2000. our previous study revealed that the strong aphid resistance of plant introduction (pi) 567598b was controlled by two recessive genes. the objective of this study was to locate these two genes on the soybean genetic linkage map using molecular markers. a mapping population of 282 f4:5 lines derived from ia2070 × e06902 was evaluated for aphi ...201323689742
genetic mapping of a novel gene for soybean aphid resistance in soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) line p203 from china.the soybean aphid (sa: aphis glycines matsumura) is a worldwide pest of soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.). the objectives of this study were to identify the type of aphid resistance and the resistance phenotype in soybean line 'p203', and to map the relative position of the gene involved. compared with cultivars 'p746' and 'dongnong 47', p203 was demonstrated to possess antixenosis resistance. p203 prevented aphids from reproducing in a choice test, but the resistance level decreased significantl ...201323754637
evaluation of late vegetative and reproductive stage soybeans for resistance to soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae).the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura, has become the most significant soybean [glycine max (l.) merrill] insect pest in the north central soybean production region of north america. the objectives of this research were to measure selected genotypes for resistance to the soybean aphid in the later vegetative and reproductive stages under field conditions, and confirm the presence of tolerance in ks4202. the results from 2007 to 2011 indicate that ks4202 can support aphid populations with m ...201323786098
soybean aphid (aphididae: hemiptera) population growth as affected by host plant resistance and an insecticidal seed treatment.the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae) is a significant soybean pest in the north central united states. insecticidal seed treatments and host plant resistance are two commercially available management tools. here we investigate the efficacy of both management tools throughout the season. soybean lines containing the soybean aphid resistance genes rag1, rag2, or both rag1 + rag2 were compared with a near-isogenic aphid-susceptible line. each line was grown in field pl ...201323865195
identification of novel sources of host plant resistance to known soybean aphid biotypes.while soybean cultivars with resistance to the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) have been commercially released, the presence of virulent biotypes capable of overcoming plant resistance threatens the durability of host plant resistance as a stable management tactic. novel sources of host plant resistance are needed to combat rapid biotype evolution. in this study, we screened 1,061 soybean plant introductions (pis) for resistance to three known biotypes of a. glycines. based on a series ...201323865217
population genetic structure and genetic diversity of soybean aphid collections from the usa, south korea, and japan.following its recent invasion of north america, the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) has become the number one insect pest of soybean (glycine max l. merr.) in the north central states of the usa. a few studies have been conducted on the population genetic structure and genetic diversity of the soybean aphid and the source of its invasion in north america. molecular markers, such as simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are very useful in the evaluation of population structure and genetic diver ...201323957674
environmental consequences of invasive species: greenhouse gas emissions of insecticide use and the role of biological control in reducing emissions.greenhouse gas emissions associated with pesticide applications against invasive species constitute an environmental cost of species invasions that has remained largely unrecognized. here we calculate greenhouse gas emissions associated with the invasion of an agricultural pest from asia to north america. the soybean aphid, aphis glycines, was first discovered in north america in 2000, and has led to a substantial increase in insecticide use in soybeans. we estimate that the manufacture, transpo ...201323977273
inheritance of soybean aphid resistance in 21 soybean plant introductions.the rag2 region was frequently identified among 21 f 2 populations evaluated for soybean aphid resistance, and dominant gene action and single-gene resistance were also commonly identified. the soybean aphid [aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae)] is one of the most important insect pests of soybean [glycine max (l.) merr] in the northern usa and southern canada, and four resistance loci (rag1-rag4) have been discovered since the pest was identified in the usa in 2000. the objective of ...201424072206
comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of five aphid species (hemiptera: aphididae) and phylogenetic implications.insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are of great interest in exploring molecular evolution, phylogenetics and population genetics. only two mitogenomes have been previously released in the insect group aphididae, which consists of about 5,000 known species including some agricultural, forestry and horticultural pests. here we report the complete 16,317 bp mitogenome of cavariella salicicola and two nearly complete mitogenomes of aphis glycines and pterocomma pilosum. we also present a fir ...201324147014
implementing an evolutionary framework for understanding genetic relationships of phenotypically defined insect biotypes in the invasive soybean aphid (aphis glycines).adaptive evolution of pest insects in response to the introduction of resistant cultivars is well documented and commonly results in virulent (i.e., capable of feeding upon resistant cultivars) insect populations being labeled as distinct biotypes. phenotypically defined, biotypes frequently remain evolutionarily indistinct, resulting in ineffective application of virulence control measures and shorter durability of resistant cultivars. here, we utilize an evolutionary framework to discern the g ...201324187586
incorporating natural enemy units into a dynamic action threshold for the soybean aphid, aphis glycines (homoptera: aphididae).recommended action thresholds for soybean aphid, aphis glycines, do not adjust for natural enemy impact, although natural enemies contribute important biological control services. because individual natural enemy species have varied impacts on pest population dynamics, incorporating the impact of a diverse predator guild into an action threshold can be cumbersome.201424214819
feeding behavior comparison of soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes on different soybean genotypes.soybean aphids have become a serious pest of soybean, glycine max l. (merrill), since they were first detected in north america in 2000. three soybean aphid biotypes have been documented in the united states in the last 10 yr, but few studies have been done on their feeding behavior in the united states the electrical penetration graph is a convenient and successful tool to study the feeding behavior of piercing and sucking insects. this is the first attempt to study the feeding behavior differe ...201324224269
graph and circuit theory connectivity models of conservation biological control agents.the control of agricultural pests is an important ecosystem service provided by predacious insects. in midwestern usa, areas of remnant tallgrass prairie and prairie restorations may serve as relatively undisturbed sources of natural predators, and smaller areas of non-crop habitats such as seminatural areas and conservation plantings (cp) may serve as stepping stones across landscapes dominated by intensive agriculture. however, little is known about the flow of beneficial insects across large ...201324261040
toxin delivery by the coat protein of an aphid-vectored plant virus provides plant resistance to aphids.the sap-sucking insects (order hemiptera), including aphids, planthoppers, whiteflies and stink bugs, present one of the greatest challenges for pest management in global agriculture. insect neurotoxins offer an alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling these pests, but require delivery into the insect hemocoel. here we use the coat protein of a luteovirus, an aphid-vectored plant virus, to deliver a spider-derived, insect-specific toxin that acts within the hemocoel. the luteovirid c ...201424316580
application of dna barcoding to the identification of hymenoptera parasitoids from the soybean aphid (aphis glycines) in china.aphis glycines matsumura is an important pest of soybean in asia and north america. hymenoptera parasitoids play a key role in the control of the soybean aphid. the correct identification of parasitoids is a critical step that precedes the assessment of their potential biological control agents. accurate identification of the majority of the species attacking the soybean aphid often requires elaborate specimen preparation and expert taxonomic knowledge. in this study, we facilitated the identifi ...201424339363
seasonal occurrence of aphis glycines and physiological responses of soybean plants to its feeding.the soybean aphid aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae) is an important pest of soybean in china. to monitor and manage this pest effectively it is necessary to understand its population dynamics and demographics, as well as the physiological responses of soybean plants to its feeding. in this study, using field surveying and suction-trap monitoring, we investigated the population dynamics of the soybean aphid in xiuyan county, liaoning province in northeastern china during 2009-2012. ...201424376198
sirna machinery in whitefly (bemisia tabaci).rna interference has been emerged as an utmost tool for the control of sap sucking insect pests. systemic response is necessary to control them in field condition. whitefly is observed to be more prone to sirna in recent studies, however the sirna machinery and mechanism is not well established.201324391810
plant dependence on rhizobia for nitrogen influences induced plant defenses and herbivore performance.symbiotic rhizobia induce many changes in legumes that could affect aboveground interactions with herbivores. we explored how changing the intensity of bradyrhizobium japonicum, as modulated by soil nitrogen (n) levels, influenced the interaction between soybean (glycine max) and herbivores of different feeding guilds. when we employed a range of fertilizer applications to manipulate soil n, plants primarily dependent on rhizobia for n exhibited increased root nodulation and higher levels of fol ...201424451132
dl-β-aminobutyric acid-induced resistance in soybean against aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae).priming can improve plant innate capability to deal with the stresses caused by both biotic and abiotic factors. in this study, the effect of dl-β-amino-n-butyric acid (baba) against aphis glycines matsumura, the soybean aphid (sa) was evaluated. we found that 25 mm baba as a root drench had minimal adverse impact on plant growth and also efficiently protected soybean from sa infestation. in both choice and non-choice tests, sa number was significantly decreased to a low level in soybean seedlin ...201424454805
aboveground feeding by soybean aphid, aphis glycines, affects soybean cyst nematode, heterodera glycines, reproduction belowground.heterodera glycines is a cyst nematode that causes significant lost soybean yield in the u.s. recent studies observed the aphid aphis glycines and h. glycines interacting via their shared host, soybean, glycine max. a greenhouse experiment was conducted to discern the effect of a. glycines feeding on h. glycines reproduction. an h. glycines-susceptible cultivar, kenwood 94, and a resistant cultivar, dekalb 27-52, were grown in h. glycines-infested soil for 30 and 60 d. ten days after planting, p ...201424466080
soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) response to soybean plant defense: stress levels, tradeoffs, and cross-virulence.a variety of management methods to control the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) have been investigated since its invasion into north america in 2000, among them plant resistance has emerged as a viable option for reducing aphid damage to soybeans and preventing outbreaks. plant resistance methods often use natural soybean plant defenses that impose stress on aphids by reducing fitness and altering behavior. research efforts have heavily focused on identification and development of aphid ...201424472201
effects of thiamethoxam seed treatments on soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) feeding behavior.since its discovery in north america in 2000, the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), has rapidly become an important pest of soybean [glycine max (l.) merrill], sometimes resulting in significant yield losses. previous research has documented the toxicity of neonicotinoid seed treatments to soybean aphids, but control under field conditions has been inconsistent. imidacloprid, a popular neonicotinoid insecticide, has been shown to exhibit antifeedant effects on aphid ...201324498738
effects of rag1 on the preference and performance of soybean defoliators.the rag1 gene confers antibiotic resistance to soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), and in 2010, varieties expressing rag1 were released for commercial use in the united states. we do not know how rag1 varieties will influence the broader community of defoliating insects that inhabit soybean fields. in 2010 and 2011, the preference and performance of pest insects that defoliate soybeans [glycines max (l.) merr] were tested using rag1 and aphid-susceptible varieties. th ...201324498760
comparative metabolite profiling of foxglove aphids (aulacorthum solani kaltenbach) on leaves of resistant and susceptible soybean strains.aphid infestations can cause severe decreases in soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) yield. since planting aphid-resistant soybean strains is a promising approach for pest control, understanding the resistance mechanisms employed by aphids is of considerable importance. we compared aphid resistance in seven soybean strains and found that strain tohoku149 was the most resistant to the foxglove aphid, aulacorthum solani kaltenbach. we subsequently analyzed the metabolite profiles of aphids cultured o ...201424514152
microbiome diversity of aphis glycines with extensive superinfection in native and invasive populations.associations among insects and microbes can lead to beneficial or parasitic interactions. using 454 sequencing of 16s rna genes, we compared microbiome diversity and abundance among field-collected (f) and laboratory-reared (l) populations of the invasive soybean aphid (aphis glycines), a pest of soybean. additionally, we screened a. glycines populations from native (japan, south korea and china) and invasive regions (north america) to broadly determine the microbiome diversity. our results sugg ...201424596263
reduction in fecundity and shifts in cellular processes by a native virus on an invasive insect.pathogens and their vectors have coevolutionary histories that are intricately intertwined with their ecologies, environments, and genetic interactions. the soybean aphid, aphis glycines, is native to east asia but has quickly become one of the most important aphid pests in soybean-growing regions of north america. in this study, we used bioassays to examine the effects of feeding on soybean infected with a virus it vectors (soybean mosaic virus [smv]) and a virus it does not vector (bean pod mo ...201424682151
identification and molecular mapping of two soybean aphid resistance genes in soybean pi 587732.soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] continues to be plagued by the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura: sa) in north america. new soybean resistance sources are needed to combat the four identified sa biotypes. the objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of sa resistance in pi 587732 and to map resistance gene(s). for this study, 323 f2 and 214 f3 plants developed from crossing pi 587732 to two susceptible genotypes were challenged with three sa biotypes and evaluated with ge ...201424705575
inventory and assessment of foliar natural enemies of the soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) in south dakota.soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) (hemiptera: aphididae) is a major pest of soybean in northern production regions of north america, and insecticides have been the primary management approach while alternative methods are developed. knowledge of arthropod natural enemies and their impact on soybean aphid is critical for developing biological control as a management tool. soybean is a major field crop in south dakota, but information about its natural enemies and their impact on soybean ap ...201424874151
composition of the essential oil of cynanchum mongolicum (asclepiadaceae) and insecticidal activities against aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphidiae).farmers have applied cynanchum mongolicum (maxim) to control crop pests. the aim of this study was to analyze composition of essential oil from c. mongolicum, evaluate insecticidal activities against aphis glycines, and lethal doses.201424914292
egg load dynamics and the risk of egg and time limitation experienced by an aphid parasitoid in the field.insect parasitoids and herbivores must balance the risk of egg limitation and time limitation in order to maximize reproductive success. egg and time limitation are mediated by oviposition and egg maturation rates as well as by starvation risk and other determinants of adult lifespan. here, we assessed egg load and nutritional state in the soybean aphid parasitoid binodoxys communis under field conditions to estimate its risk of becoming either egg- or time-limited. the majority of female b. com ...201424963373
design, synthesis and aphicidal activity of n-terminal modified insect kinin analogs.the insect kinins are a class of multifunctional insect neuropeptides present in a diverse variety of insects. insect kinin analogs showed multiple bioactivities, especially, the aphicidal activity. to find a biostable and bioactive insecticide candidate with simplified structure, a series of n-terminal modified insect kinin analogs was designed and synthesized based on the lead compound [aib]-phe-phe-[aib]-trp-gly-nh2. their aphicidal activity against the soybean aphid aphis glycines was evalua ...201525116632
soybean aphid intrabiotype variability based on colonization of specific soybean genotypes.the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), is one of the most destructive insect pests on soybeans in the united states. one method for managing this pest is through host plant resistance. since its arrival in 2000, 4 aphid biotypes have been identified that are able to overcome soybean aphid resistance (rag) genes. a soybean aphid isolate collected from moline, illinois readily colonized soybean plants with the soybean aphid resistance gene rag2, unlike biotypes 1 and 2 ...201525183413
susceptibility of aphelinus certus (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) to neonicotinoid seed treatments used for soybean pest management.soybean aphid is an economic pest of soybean in north america. currently, management of soybean aphid is achieved through the use of foliar- and seed-applied insecticides. however, natural enemies play an important role in regulating soybean aphid populations, and may be adversely affected by insecticides. the effects of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam seed treatments on the soybean aphid parasitoid, aphelinus certus yasnosh, were examined using a tritrophic bioassay. a. certus was able to parasit ...201425195435
the use of refuge in host plant resistance systems for the control of virulent biotype adaptation in the soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae.host plant resistant (hpr) crop varieties offer control of many insect pest species. however, the evolution of virulent biotypes capable of overcoming plant resistance poses challenges for the implementation of hpr. widespread planting of hpr crops further reduces hpr efficacy by increasing selection pressure on pests, favoring the rapid proliferation of virulence. an analogous situation occurs in managing insect resistance to transgenic bt crops, where planting of susceptible refuges effectivel ...201425195453
one gene versus two: a regional study on the efficacy of single gene versus pyramided resistance for soybean aphid management.the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) is a threat to soybean production in the midwestern united states. varieties containing the rag1 soybean aphid resistance gene have been released with limited success in reducing aphid populations. furthermore, virulent biotypes occur within north america and challenge the durability of single-gene resistance. pyramiding resistance genes has the potential to improve aphid population suppression and increase resistance gene durability. our goal was to ...201425195462
the impact of prairie strips on aphidophagous predator abundance and soybean aphid predation in agricultural catchments.reconstructing prairie vegetation in row crop-dominated agricultural landscapes may contribute to several ecosystem services, including the biological control of insect pests, such as the soybean aphid aphis glycines matsumura. the influence of the amount and configuration of reconstructed prairie vegetation on the delivery of ecosystem services was investigated in several small catchments at neal smith national wildlife refuge in iowa. treatments include catchments entirely in row crops under a ...201425199149
rna-seq reveals a xenobiotic stress response in the soybean aphid, aphis glycines, when fed aphid-resistant soybean.while much recent research has expanded our understanding of the molecular interactions between aphids and their host plants, it is lacking for the soybean aphid, aphis glycines. since its north american invasion, a. glycines has become one of the most damaging insect pests on this important crop. five soybean genes for host plant resistance to a. glycines have been identified, but populations of a. glycines have already adapted to overcome these resistance genes. understanding the molecular int ...201425399334
a cryptic species of aphis gossypii (hemiptera: aphididae) complex revealed by genetic divergence and different host plant association.three cryptic species, aphis gossypii, aphis glycines, and aphis rhamnicola sp. nov., are recognized as sharing buckthorn plant, rhamnus spp. as primary hosts. these aphid species have morphological similarities; however, there are significant genetic differences between the three cryptic species. based on the high level of genetic divergence and the different secondary host association, we described a new species, aphis rhamnicola sp. nov., for apterous and alate vivipara, fundatrix, ovipara, a ...201525413997
sublethal and hormesis effects of imidacloprid on the soybean aphid aphis glycines.the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura, is a major pest in soybean crop. current management of this pest relies mainly on insecticides applications, and the neonicotinoid imidacloprid has been proposed as an effective insecticide to control a. glycines in soybean field. imidacloprid at lethal concentrations not only exerts acute toxicity to a. glycines, but also cause various biological changes when aphids are chronically exposed to lower concentrations. in this study, we assessed the effec ...201525492586
mapping an aphid resistance gene in soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] p746.soybean aphid (sa: aphis glycines matsumura) is one of the most serious pests of soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] worldwide. a single dominant gene was found to control sa resistance in soybean line p746, which exhibits antibiosis resistance. this study aimed to define the location of the sa resistance gene in p746. a f2:3 mapping population, including 312 individuals, was created based on the cross of p746 and 'dongnong 47'. combined with bulked segregant analysis, all of the 1015 simple sequen ...201425501137
abiotic and biotic stressors causing equivalent mortality induce highly variable transcriptional responses in the soybean aphid.environmental stress affects basic organismal functioning and can cause physiological, developmental, and reproductive impairment. however, in many nonmodel organisms, the core molecular stress response remains poorly characterized and the extent to which stress-induced transcriptional changes differ across qualitatively different stress types is largely unexplored. the current study examines the molecular stress response of the soybean aphid (aphis glycines) using rna sequencing and compares tr ...201425538100
elevated expression of esterase and cytochrome p450 are related with lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and lead to cross resistance in aphis glycines matsumura.a resistant strain of the aphis glycines matsumura (crr) has developed 76.67-fold resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin compared with the susceptible (css) strain. synergists piperonyl butoxide (pbo), s,s,s-tributyltrithiophosphate (def) and triphenyl phosphate (tpp) dramatically increased the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin to the resistant strain. bioassay results indicated that the crr strain had developed high levels of cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos (11.66-fold), acephate (8.20-fold), cypermeth ...201525752434
shifts in buchnera aphidicola density in soybean aphids (aphis glycines) feeding on virus-infected soybean.vertically transmitted bacterial symbionts are common in arthropods. aphids undergo an obligate symbiosis with buchnera aphidicola, which provides essential amino acids to its host and contributes directly to nymph growth and reproduction. we previously found that newly adult aphis glycines feeding on soybean infected with the beetle-transmitted bean pod mottle virus (bpmv) had significantly reduced fecundity. we hypothesized that the reduced fecundity was attributable to detrimental impacts of ...201525845267
eco-friendly insecticide discovery via peptidomimetics: design, synthesis, and aphicidal activity of novel insect kinin analogues.insect kinin neuropeptides are pleiotropic peptides that are involved in the regulation of hindgut contraction, diuresis, and digestive enzyme release. they share a common c-terminal pentapeptide sequence of phe(1)-xaa(2)-yaa(3)-trp(4)-gly(5)-nh2 (where xaa(2) = his, asn, phe, ser, or tyr; yaa(3) = pro, ser, or ala). recently, the aphicidal activity of insect kinin analogues has attracted the attention of researchers. our previous work demonstrated that the sequence-simplified insect kinin penta ...201525912216
investigation of the chemical interface in the soybean-aphid and rice-bacteria interactions using maldi-mass spectrometry imaging.mass spectrometry imaging (msi) is an emerging technology for high-resolution plant biology. it has been utilized to study plant-pest interactions, but limited to the surface interfaces. here we expand the technology to explore the chemical interactions occurring inside the plant tissues. two sample preparation methods, imprinting and fracturing, were developed and applied, for the first time, to visualize internal metabolites of leaves in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (maldi)-msi. ...201525914940
trophic cascades in agricultural landscapes: indirect effects of landscape composition on crop yield.the strength and prevalence of trophic cascades, defined as positive, indirect effects of natural enemies (predatory and parasitic arthropods) on plants, is highly variable in agroecosystems. this variation may in part be due to the spatial or landscape context in which hese trophic cascades occur. in 2011 and 2012, we conducted a natural enemy exclusion experiment in soybean fields along a gradient of landscape composition across southern wisconsin and michigan, usa. we used structural equation ...201526214911
recommended reference genes for quantitative pcr analysis in soybean have variable stabilities during diverse biotic stresses.for real-time reverse transcription-pcr (qrt-pcr) in soybean, reference genes in different tissues, developmental stages, various cultivars, and under stress conditions have been suggested but their usefulness for research on soybean under various biotic stresses occurring in north-central u.s. is not known. here, we investigated the expression stabilities of ten previously recommended reference genes (abct, cyp, ef1a, fbox, gpdh, rpl30, tua4, tub4, tua5, and unk2) in soybean under biotic stress ...201526244340
characterization of peroxidase changes in tolerant and susceptible soybeans challenged by soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae).changes in protein content, peroxidase activity, and isozyme profiles in response to soybean aphid feeding were documented at v1 (fully developed leaves at unifoliate node, first trifoliate leaf unrolled) and v3 (fully developed leaf at second trifoliate node, third trifoliate leaf unrolled) stages of soybean aphid-tolerant (ks4202) and -susceptible (sd76r) soybeans. protein content was similar between infested and control v1 and v3 stage plants for both ks4202 and sd76r at 6, 16, and 22 d after ...201426309290
potential overwintering locations of soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) colonizing soybean in ohio and wisconsin.soybean aphids, aphis glycines matsumura, depend on long-distance, wind-aided dispersal to complete their life cycle. despite our general understanding of soybean aphid biology, little is explicitly known about dispersal of soybean aphids between winter and summer hosts in north america. this study compared genotypic diversity of soybean aphids sampled from several overwintering locations in the midwest and soybean fields in ohio and wisconsin to test the hypothesis that these overwintering loca ...201526313174
the endosymbiont arsenophonus provides a general benefit to soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) regardless of host plant resistance (rag).soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), invokes substantial chemical treatment and economic cost in north america. resistant soybean genotypes hold promise as a low-impact control methodology, but soybean aphid "biotypes" capable of development on resistant soy cast doubt on the durability of soy resistance. we hypothesized that variation in soybean aphid ability to colonize resistant soy is partially attributable to a bacterial symbiont of soybean aphid, arsenophonus. we ...201526313962
an induced susceptibility response in soybean promotes avirulent aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae) populations on resistant soybean.observations of virulent aphis glycines matsumura populations on resistant soybean in north america occurred prior to the commercial release of rag genes. laboratory assays confirmed the presence of four a. glycines biotypes in north america defined by their virulence to the rag1 and rag2 genes. avirulent and virulent biotypes can co-occur and potentially interact on soybean, which may result in induced susceptibility. we conducted a series of experiments to determine if the survival of avirulen ...201526313972
identification of soybean proteins and genes differentially regulated in near isogenic lines differing in resistance to aphid infestation.soybean aphid is an important pest causing significant yield losses. the rag2 locus confers resistance to soybean aphid biotypes 1 and 2. transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were done over a 48 h period after aphid infestation using near isogenic lines (nils) differing at the rag2 locus. comparing the rag2 and/or rag2 lines identified 3445 proteins, of which 396 were differentially regulated between the two lines, including proteins involved in cell wall metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, an ...201526350764
reduced fitness of virulent aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes may influence the longevity of resistance genes in soybean.sustainable use of insect resistance in crops require insect resistance management plans that may include a refuge to limit the spread of virulence to this resistance. however, without a loss of fitness associated with virulence, a refuge may not prevent virulence from becoming fixed within a population of parthenogenetically reproducing insects like aphids. aphid-resistance in soybeans (i.e., rag genes) prevent outbreaks of soybean aphid (aphis glycines), yet four biotypes defined by their capa ...201526372106
uptake and translocation of imidacloprid, clothianidin and flupyradifurone in seed-treated soybeans.seed treatment insecticides have become a popular management option for early-season insect control. this study investigated the total uptake and translocation of seed-applied [(14) c]imidacloprid, [(14) c]clothianidin and [(14) c]flupyradifurone into different plant parts in three soybean vegetative stages (vc, v1 and v2). the effects of soil moisture stress on insecticide uptake and translocation were also assessed among treatments. we hypothesized that (1) uptake and translocation would be di ...201626373258
lady beetle (coleoptera: coccinellidae) communities in soybean and maize.coccinellids provide the most effective natural control of soybean aphid, but outbreaks remain common. previous work suggests that native coccinellids are rare in soybean, potentially limiting soybean aphid control. we compared the coccinellid community in soybean with that of maize to identify differences in how coccinellid species use these habitats. as maize has long been used by coccinellids in the americas, we hypothesized that coccinellids native to the americas would use maize habitats, w ...201626396229
rag virulence among soybean aphids (hemiptera: aphididae) in wisconsin.soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura, a pest of soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., and native of asia, invaded north america sometime before 2000 and rapidly became the most significant insect pest of soybean in the upper midwest. plant resistance, a key component of integrated pest management, has received significant attention in the past decade, and several resistance (rag) genes have been identified. however, the efficacy of rag (resistance to aphis glycines) genes in suppressing aphid abun ...201526470137
comparison of relative bias, precision, and efficiency of sampling methods for natural enemies of soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae).generalist natural enemies play an important role in controlling soybean aphid, aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae), in north america. several sampling methods are used to monitor natural enemy populations in soybean, but there has been little work investigating their relative bias, precision, and efficiency. we compare five sampling methods: quadrats, whole-plant counts, sweep-netting, walking transects, and yellow sticky cards to determine the most practical methods for sampling the three mo ...201526470267
soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) affects soybean spectral reflectance.soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), is the most economically important insect pest of soybean in the north central united states. scouting-based integrated pest management (ipm) programs could become more efficient and more widely adopted by using plant spectral reflectance to estimate soybean aphid injury. our objective was to determine whether plant spectral reflectance is affected by soybean aphid feeding. field trials were conducted in 2013 and 2014 using caged pl ...201526470392
the effect of an interspersed refuge on aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae), their natural enemies, and biological control.soybean production in the north central united states has relied heavily on the use of foliar and seed applied insecticides to manage aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae). an additional management strategy is the use soybean cultivars containing a. glycines resistance genes (rag). previous research has demonstrated that rag cultivars are capable of preventing yield loss equivalent to the use of foliar and seed-applied insecticides.however, the presence of virulent biotypes in north america has ...201626476557
whole genome sequence of the soybean aphid endosymbiont buchnera aphidicola and genetic differentiation among biotype-specific strains.endosymbiosis with microorganisms is common in insects, with more than 10% of species requiring the metabolic capabilities of intracellular bacteria for their nutrient acquisition. aphids harbor an obligate mutualism with the vertically transferred endosymbiont, buchnera aphidicola, which produces key nutrients lacking in the aphid's phloem-based diet that are necessary for normal development and reproduction. it is thought that, in some groups of insects, bacterial symbionts may play key roles ...201526516375
feeding behavior of soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype 2 on resistant and susceptible soybean.host plant resistance to the soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura, is an effective means of controlling populations of this introduced pest species in the united states. rag (resistance to aphis glycines) genes identified in soybean germplasm have been incorporated into commercial cultivars, but differential responses by soybean aphid biotypes to the rag genes have made understanding mechanisms underlying resistance associated with rag genes increasingly important. we compared the behavior of ...201626578627
shifts in dynamic regime of an invasive lady beetle are linked to the invasion and insecticidal management of its prey.the spread and impact of invasive species may vary over time in relation to changes in the species itself, the biological community of which it is part, or external controls on the system. we investigate whether there have been changes in dynamic regimes over the last 20 years of two invasive species in the midwestern united states, the multicolored asian lady beetle harmonia axyridis and the soybean aphid aphis glycines. we show by model selection that after its 1993 invasion into the american ...201526591447
soybean aphid infestation induces changes in fatty acid metabolism in soybean.the soybean aphid (aphis glycines matsumura) is one of the most important insect pests of soybeans in the north-central region of the us. it has been hypothesized that aphids avoid effective defenses by inhibition of jasmonate-regulated plant responses. given the role fatty acids play in jasmonate-induced plant defenses, we analyzed the fatty acid profile of soybean leaves and seeds from aphid-infested plants. aphid infestation reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in leaves with a conco ...201526684003
genome-wide identification of calcium-dependent protein kinases in soybean and analyses of their transcriptional responses to insect herbivory and drought stress.calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) are plant-specific calcium sensors that play important roles in various aspects of plant physiology. here, we investigated phylogenic relationships, chromosomal locations, gene structures, and tissue-specific, herbivory- and drought-induced expression profiles of soybean (glycine max) gmcdpks. fifty gmcdpk genes were identified, which phylogenetically grouped into 4 distinct clusters and distributed across 13 sub-clusters. individual classes of gmcdpks h ...201626733237
stress-induced changes in abundance differ among obligate and facultative endosymbionts of the soybean aphid.bacterial endosymbionts can drive evolutionary novelty by conferring adaptive benefits under adverse environmental conditions. among aphid species there is growing evidence that symbionts influence tolerance to various forms of stress. however, the extent to which stress inflicted on the aphid host has cascading effects on symbiont community dynamics remains poorly understood. here we simultaneously quantified the effect of host-plant induced and xenobiotic stress on soybean aphid (aphis glycine ...201626865969
population dynamics of the soybean aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) in quebec (canada).the population dynamics of the soybean aphid (aphis glycinesmatsumura) was studied over a 12-yr period (2004-2015) from archive and field data collected in the montérégie area of quebec (canada). as observed in the united states, a 2-yr oscillation cycle was observed from 2005 to 2011 in quebec, with high infestations during odd years, while the opposite was found in 2014 and 2015. a broader pattern could also be observed, with high infestation in two consecutive years every 10 yr. in addition, ...201627016599
differential reactions of soybean isolines with combinations of aphid resistance genes rag1, rag2, and rag3 to four soybean aphid biotypes.with the discovery of the soybean aphid (aphis glycinesmatsumura) as a devastating insect pest of soybean (glycine max(l.) merr.) in the united states, host resistance was recognized as an important management option. however, the identification of soybean aphid isolates exhibiting strong virulence against aphid resistance genes (raggenes) has highlighted the need for pyramiding genes to help ensure the durability of host resistance as a control strategy. in this study, soybean isolines with all ...201627018437
evidence for compensatory photosynthetic and yield response of soybeans to aphid herbivory.the soybean aphid,aphis glycinesmatsumura, an exotic species in north america that has been detected in 21 u.s. states and canada, is a major pest for soybean that can reduce maximum photosynthetic capacity and yields. our existing knowledge is based on relatively few studies that do not span a wide variety of environmental conditions, and often focus on relatively high and damaging population pressure. we examined the effects of varied populations and duration of soybean aphids on soybean photo ...201627076674
water stress modulates soybean aphid performance, feeding behavior, and virus transmission in soybean.little is known about how water stress including drought and flooding modifies the ability of plants to resist simultaneous attack by insect feeding and transmission of insect-vectored pathogen. we analyzed insect population growth, feeding behaviors, virus transmission, and plant amino acid profiles and defense gene expression to characterize mechanisms underlying the interaction between water stress, soybean aphid and aphid-transmitted, soybean mosaic virus, on soybean plants. population growt ...201627200027
comparative proteomic analysis in aphis glycines mutsumura under lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide stress.lambda-cyhalothrin is now widely used in china to control the soybean aphid aphis glycines. to dissect the resistance mechanism, a laboratory-selected resistant soybean aphid strain (crr) was established with a 43.42-fold resistance ratio to λ-cyhalothrin than the susceptible strain (css) in adult aphids. in this study, a comparative proteomic analysis between the crr and css strains revealed important differences between the susceptible and resistant strains of soybean aphids for λ-cyhalothrin. ...201627395796
potential for sulfoxaflor to improve conservation biological control of aphis glycines (hemiptera: aphididae) in soybean.soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura, is one of the most important insect pests of soybean in the north central united states. management of a. glycines currently relies on applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. however, broad-spectrum insecticides can negatively impact the natural enemies associated with aphids. selective insecticides, on the other hand, are promising control tactics for reducing the negative impact of insecticide applications. here, we compared the effects of sulfoxaf ...201627535848
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