Publications

explaining bank vole cycles in southern norway 1980-2004 from bilberry reports 1932-1977 and climate.	correlations between mast fruiting of bilberry vaccinium myrtillus and peak levels of clethrionomys-voles have been reported from both norway and finland, but there has been a discussion whether this is a bottom-up or a top-down relationship. in a multiple regression model, 65% of the variation in a bilberry production index calculated from game reports from southern norway 1932-1977 could be explained by the berry index of the two preceding years and climate factors acting during key stages of ...	2006	16344969
cutin composition of five finnish berries.	the raw cutin (i.e., extractive-free isolated cuticular membrane) fraction from finnish berries, sea buckthorn (hippophaë rhamnoides), black currant (ribes nigrum), cranberry (vaccinium oxycoccos), lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea), and bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus), was depolymerized by naome-catalyzed methanolysis. the composition of cutin monomers was determined by gc-(ei)ms analysis either as methyl esters or as tmsi esters, with oh groups derivatized to tmsi ethers. there was a notable d ...	2006	16417304
habitat factors associated with bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) and concomitant hantavirus in northern sweden.	puumala virus (puuv), genus hantavirus, causes nephropathia epidemica, a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. in this study, bank voles, the natural reservoir of puuv, were captured at locations of previous human puuv exposure and paired controls within a region of high incidence in northern sweden. the aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the abundance of bank voles and the occurrence of puuv. the total number of voles and the numbe ...	2005	16417427
the gathering and consumption of wild edible plants in the campoo (cantabria, spain).	this paper discusses the traditional consumption of wild edible plants in the rural communities of the campoo (cantabria), a region in northern spain. through semi-structured interviews with key informants, data on the perception, gathering, preparation and use of 60 edible wild plant species were collected. social, economic and cultural factors need to be taken into account when trying to understand why some wild foods and traditional vegetables continue to be consumed while others are not. wil ...	2005	16503563
age-associated changes in oxidative damage and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rats with inherited overgeneration of free radicals.	reactive oxygen species have been hypothesized to play an important role in the process of aging. to investigate the correlation between oxidative stress and accumulation of protein and dna damage, we have compared the age-dependent levels of protein carbonyl groups and the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cytosol and mitochondrial extracts from liver cells of wistar and oxys rats. the latter strain is characterized by increased sensi ...	2006	16563232
population genetic analysis of phialocephala fortinii s.l. and acephala applanata in two undisturbed forests in switzerland and evidence for new cryptic species.	the genetic structure of the root endophytes phialocephala fortinii s.l. and acephala applanata was analyzed in two undisturbed forests. a total of 606 strains isolated from surface-sterilized, fine roots of picea abies and vaccinium myrtillus were examined. two new cryptic species of p. fortinii were recognized and host specialization of a. applanata was confirmed. this species was almost exclusively isolated from roots of p. abies. the index of association did not deviate significantly from ze ...	2006	16631398
[application of chemiluminescent methods for analysis of the antioxidant activity of herbal extracts].	with help methods chemiluminecent make analysis of the antioxidant activity a series herbal extracts. the herbal e[tractions with distinct antioxidant activity were selected: origanum vulgare ((l.), filipendula ulmaria maxim (l.), thimus serpyllum (l.), chamaenerion angustifolium (l.), ledum palustre (l.), viburnum opulus, salix pentandra (l.), vaccinium myrtillus (l.), flnus incana (l.0, bergenia crassifolia (l.). antioxidant properties of this medicine plants may be used for prophylaxis and me ...	2006	16729755
anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the chemoprotective activity of anthocyanin-rich extracts (ares) from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), chokeberry (aronia meloncarpa e.), and grape (vitis vinifera) by assessing multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in male rats treated with a colon carcinogen, azoxymethane. fischer 344 male rats were fed the ain-93 diet (control) or ain-93 diet supplemented with ares for 14 wk. biomarkers that were evaluated included the number and multiplicity of ...	2006	16800776
use of multiplex terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism for rapid and simultaneous analysis of different components of the soil microbial community.	a multiplex terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (m-trflp) fingerprinting method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of the diversity and community structure of two or more microbial taxa (up to four taxa). the reproducibility and robustness of the method were examined using soil samples collected from different habitats. dna was pcr amplified separately from soil samples using individual taxon-specific primers for bacteria, archaea, and fungi. the same samples wer ...	2006	16936053
bioavailability and tissue distribution of anthocyanins in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract in rats.	to clarify how structural diversity of anthocyanins relates to their in vivo function, bioavailability was precisely studied in rats using bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract (bilberon 25) as an anthocyanin source that contains 15 different anthocyanins. the bilberry extract was orally or intravenously administered to rats, and the plasma levels of each anthocyanin were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. as the result, all anthocyanins except peonidin 3-o-alpha-l-arabino ...	2006	16939312
protective activities of vaccinium antioxidants with potential relevance to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity.	both the neurotransmitter dopamine (da) and a neurotoxic metabolite, 6-hydroxy da, can be oxidized to generate hydrogen peroxide and other reactive species (ros). ros promote oxidative stress and have been implicated in dopaminergic neurodegeneration, e.g., parkinson's disease (pd). there is also evidence for a relation between catecholamine-mediated oxidative damage in dopaminergic neurons and the effects of these neurotransmitters on the redox state of cytochrome c (cytc). in neurons and other ...	2007	16956663
bilberry adulteration using the food dye amaranth.	vaccinium myrtillus or bilberry fruit is a commonly used herbal product. the usual method of determining the anthocyanin content is a single-wavelength spectrophotometric assay. using this method, anthocyanin levels of two extracts were found to be 25% as claimed by the manufacturers. when high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was used, however, one extract was found to contain 9% anthocyanins probably not derived from v. myrtillus but from an adulterant. this adulterant was subsequently ...	2006	16968108
determining diet composition on complex swards using n-alkanes and long-chain fatty alcohols.	we conducted an experiment to quantify the accuracy of methods based on n-alkanes and long-chain fatty alcohols for determining the diet composition of animals grazing complex swards. we cut forage from two indigenous vegetation communities, a molinia caerulea-dominated grassland and a calluna vulgaris-dominated dwarf-shrub community, and offered it to mature ewes in different ratios in a zero-grazing experiment. nine dietary categories were identified within the forage offered: molinia caerulea ...	2006	17069381
variation in transfer factor of radiocaesium in bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) in clear cut and mature forest sites after the chernobyl accident.	bank voles that were collected between 1986 and 2004 at sites in chernobyl fallout areas of northern sweden showed higher (137)cs activity concentrations at the mature forest sites compared to clear cuts. this difference was not attributed to differences in ground deposition between sites but to differences in aggregated transfer rates to voles. differences in transfer between forest types were evident for all years 1986-2004 but the change occurred at different rates in the two habitats. the ap ...	2007	17137685
interactions between gray-sided voles (clethrionomys rufucanus) and bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus), their main winter food plant.	we compared the abundance, population structure and palatability of bilberry ramets on vole-free islands, islands with voles but no predators (predator-free islands) and mainland sites with both voles and predators. as expected, bilberry biomass was strongly correlated with the herbivory pressure exerted by the voles, since it was significantly lower on the mainland, and much (>80%) lower on the predator-free islands, than on the vole-free islands. however, another finding, which conflicts with ...	2007	17287954
opposite effects of antioxidants on anxiety in wistar and oxys rats.	passive behavior in the open field test and high anxiety in an elevated plus-maze develop in oxys rats by the age of 3 months and are regarded as manifestations of early aging. we studied the possibility of preventing these disturbances with vitamin e and whortleberry extract (20 mg/kg for 45 days from the age of 1.5 months). whortleberry extract alone increased horizontal activity and reduced anxiety of oxys rats, while anxiety in wistar rats increased significantly after treatment with both pr ...	2006	17364063
wild vascular plants gathered for consumption in the polish countryside: a review.	this paper is an ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants gathered for consumption from the end of the 18th century to the present day, within the present borders of poland.	2007	17433114
bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) anthocyanins modulate heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione s-transferase-pi expression in arpe-19 cells.	to determine whether anthocyanin-enriched bilberry extracts modulate pre- or posttranslational levels of oxidative stress defense enzymes heme-oxygenase (ho)-1 and glutathione s-transferase-pi (gst-pi) in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) cells.	2007	17460300
[the major sources of daily dietary intake of micronutrients in the adult rural population of the republic of chuvashia].	the paper presents the results of determination of the basic sources of micronutrients in the nutrition of the rural population of the chuvash republic. the importance of foodstuffs, the sources of nutrients, was determined by factor mathematical analysis, by estimating the weight factors. all the products used in the daily ration were studied, which permitted elucidation of the importance of individual russia-specific products. by reason of the uniform pattern of nutrition in chuvashia, virtual ...	2007	17526227
the effect of blueberry extracts on giardia duodenalis viability and spontaneous excystation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, in vitro.	the protozoan parasites giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium parvum are common causes of diarrhoea, worldwide. effective drug treatment is available for g. duodenalis, but with anecdotal evidence of resistance or reduced compliance. there is no effective specific chemotherapeutic intervention for cryptosporidium. recently, there has been renewed interest in the antimicrobial properties of berries and their phenolic compounds but little work has been done on their antiparasitic actions. the eff ...	2007	17560322
protective effect of anthocyanin-rich extract from bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) against myelotoxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil.	the toxicities associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-fu), a potent broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic agent, can not only affect the morbidity and the efficacy of chemotherapy but also limit its clinical use. the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of a commercial anthocyanin-rich extract from bilberry (areb) against 5-fu-induced myelotoxicity in vivo, and against chemosensitivity to 5-fu in vitro. a single injection of 5-fu at 200 mg/kg induced severe peripheral erythrocytopenia, thr ...	2007	17611294
new liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection for analysis of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in vaccinium myrtillus fruit dry extracts and commercial preparations.	the vaccinium myrtillus fruits (bilberry) are a well-known anthocyanins source, and their extracts are widely used in dietary botanicals and pharmaceutical products for the treatment of vascular and vision disorders. different analytical methods used for standardization of the bilberry extracts and their preparations are available from pharmacopeias and from the literature. however, the methods reported in the literature do not allow the detection of free anthocyanidins, which are markers of poo ...	2016	17760327
[analysis of anthocyanin content in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruit crude drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography method].	bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) is rich in flavonoids (major part anthocyanins), tannins, phenolic and organic acids, and other biologically active compounds. anthocianins possess a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. variation in anthocyanin content of bilberry fruit crude drugs is significant in optimizing collection conditions. bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) crude drug samples were collected in july-september of 2006 in natural environment in the territory of lithuania. ultrasonic ...	2007	17768372
the threatened extinction of the box huckleberry, gaylussacia brachycera.		1919	17801660
diversity of fungi in hair roots of ericaceae varies along a vegetation gradient.	ericaceous dwarf shrubs including calluna vulgaris and vaccinium spp. occur both in open heathland communities and in forest ecosystems as understory vegetation. ericaceous shrubs were once thought to form ericoid mycorrhizal associations with a relatively narrow range of ascomycetous fungi closely related to, and including, rhizoscyphus ericae. however, perceptions have recently changed since the realization that a broader range of ascomycete fungi, and in some cases basidiomycete fungi, can al ...	2007	17908212
analysis of anthocyanin variation in wild populations of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) in finland.	the berries of vaccinium myrtillus l. are characterized by 15 anthocyanins. to study the variation in the anthocyanins on a south-north axis of about 1000 km in finland, the berries from 179 individual bilberry plants in 20 populations were analyzed using an optimized rp-hplc-dad method. the mean content of the total anthocyanins was 2878 mg/100 g dry weight. there was extensive variation in the anthocyanin contents within and between the populations, suggesting differences in berry raw material ...	2008	18072741
protective effects of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract on kbro3-induced kidney damage in mice.	potassium bromate (kbro3) is an oxidizing agent used as a food additive which causes kidney damage as a potent nephrotoxic agent, and the mechanism may be explained by the generation of oxygen free radicals. our experiments showed that single intraperitoneal administration of 200 mg/kg kbro3 could induce serious kidney damage, with an increase in serum blood urea nitrogen (bun) and creatinine levels. five-day oral administration of bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract at 50, 100, and 200 m ...	2008	18092757
study of diversity of anthocyanin composition in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruits.	qualitative and quantitative composition of anthocyanins in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruits was assayed. the aim of our study was to evaluate total anthocyanin content and their composition in bilberries collected from various regions and at different time. for the quantification of total anthocyanins in frozen fruits, the spectrophotometrical assay was performed. the highest amount of anthocyanins in bilberry fruits, collected in lithuania, was found in samples from silute (0.399%), th ...	2007	18182842
colonization genetics of an animal-dispersed plant (vaccinium membranaceum) at mount st helens, washington.	population founding and spatial spread may profoundly influence later population genetic structure, but their effects are difficult to quantify when population history is unknown. we examined the genetic effects of founder group formation in a recently founded population of the animal-dispersed vaccinium membranaceum (black huckleberry) on new volcanic deposits at mount st helens (washington, usa) 24 years post-eruption. using amplified fragment length polymorphisms and assignment tests, we dete ...	2008	18194163
berries as chemopreventive dietary constituents--a mechanistic approach with the apcmin/+ mouse.	berries contain a number of compounds that are proposed to have anticarcinogenic properties. we wanted to see if pure ellagic acid, natural ellagitannins and three wild berries have any effect on the adenoma formation in apc- mutated min/+ mice. min/+ mice were fed high-fat ain93-g diets containing 10% (w/w) freeze-dried bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus), lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea), cloudberry (rubus chamaemorus), cloudberry seeds or cloudberry pulp or pure ellagic acid at 1564 mg/kg for 1 ...	2008	18296318
characterization and fate of black currant and bilberry flavonols in enzyme-aided processing.	the fate of black currant ( ribes nigrum l.) and bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) flavonols in enzyme-aided processing was studied. the flavonols were quantified and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector and an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. a tentative identification for 14 black currant and 19 bilberry flavonols is presented representing 11 previously unpublished conjugates. for the first time in any berry, the presence of la ...	2008	18426212
relationships between advance oak regeneration and biotic and abiotic factors.	relationships between advance regeneration of four tree species (red maple (acer rubrum l.), white oak (quercus alba l.), chestnut oak (q. montana willd.) and northern red oak (q. rubra l.)) and biotic (non-tree vegetation and canopy composition) and abiotic (soil series and topographic variables) factors were investigated in 52, mature mixed-oak stands in the central appalachians. aggregate height was used as a composite measure of regeneration abundance. analyses were carried out separately fo ...	2008	18450575
protective effects of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract on restraint stress-induced liver damage in mice.	our experiments showed that 18 h restraint stress could induce serious liver damage, with an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase (alt) level (107.68 +/- 3.19 u/l vs 18.08 +/- 1.46 u/l). meanwhile, we observed increased malondialdehyde (mda) levels and lowered oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac) values in plasma and liver of restraint mice compared with starved mice. bilberry extract (containing 42.04% anthocyanins) was oral administrated to mice at 50, 100, and 200 mg/(kg x day) fo ...	2008	18690680
toxicological assessment of p-9801091 plant mixture extract after chronic administration in cba/hzg mice--a biochemical and histological study.	acute, subchronic and chronic effects of the p-9801091 plant mixture extract at a dose of 20 mg/kg body mass were assessed in serum of healthy cba/hzg mice at 24 hours, 7 days, 3 months and 6 months of treatment (experimental group), and compared with the values obtained in the control group of untreated healthy cba/hzg mice. the p-9801091 plant mixture extract is an antihyperglycemic preparation containing myrtilli folium (vaccinium myrtillus l.), taraxaci radix (taraxacum officinale web.), cic ...	2008	18756913
influence of clonal growth on selfing rate in vaccinium myrtillus l.	clonal growth, which allows the multiplication of flowering shoots of the same genet, can lead to a large floral display and may thus increase the rate of selfing through geitonogamy as a consequence of an increase in the number of successively visited flowers. the aim of the present research was to analyse the combined effect of the diversity and intermingling of clones on the rate of selfing in vaccinium myrtillus. four mother plants were selected within patches characterised by contrasting cl ...	2008	18761502
a comparative ultrastructural study of pit membranes with plasmodesmata associated thickenings in four angiosperm species.	recent micromorphological observations of angiosperm pit membranes have extended the number and range of taxa with pseudo-tori in tracheary elements. this study investigates at ultrastructural level (tem) the development of pseudo-tori in the unrelated malus yunnanensis, ligustrum vulgare, pittosporum tenuifolium, and vaccinium myrtillus in order to determine whether these plasmodesmata associated thickenings have a similar developmental pattern across flowering plants. at early ontogenetic stag ...	2008	18769866
influence of altitudinal variation on the content of phenolic compounds in wild populations of calluna vulgaris, sambucus nigra, and vaccinium myrtillus.	this study deals with the effect of altitudinal variation on the content of phenolic compounds in three traditional herbal plants, which are also consumed as food in central europe. herbs of calluna vulgaris (l.) hull, flowers and fruits of sambucus nigra l., and berries of vaccinium myrtillus l. collected in the naturpark solktaler (austria) were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction (ase). identification and quantification of the constituents in the polar extracts (methanol 80%, v/v) ...	2008	18788745
increasing litter species richness reduces variability in a terrestrial decomposer system.	debate on the relationship between diversity and stability has been driven by the recognition that species loss may influence ecosystem properties and processes. we conducted a litterbag experiment in the scottish highlands, united kingdom, to examine the effects of altering plant litter diversity on decomposition, microbial biomass, and microfaunal abundance. the design of treatments was fully factorial and included five species from an upland plant community (silver birch, betula pendula; scot ...	2008	18831186
vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) extracts reduce angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.	vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) extracts (vme) were tested for effects on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. vme (0.3-30 µg ml(-1)) and gm6001 (0.1-100 µm; a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor) concentration-dependently inhibited both tube formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) induced by vascular endothelial growth factor-a (vegf-a). in addition, vme inhibited vegf-a-induced proliferation of huvecs. vme inhibited vegf-a-induced phosphorylations of extracellula ...	2010	18955266
expression profiling of genes targeted by bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) in macrophages through dna microarray.	to evaluate the anti-inflammatory function and underlying genes targeted by bilberry, gene expression profiling through dna microarray was performed on bilberry extract-treated macrophages. among 22,050 oligonucleotides, the expression levels of 998 genes were increased by > or = twofold in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-activated raw264 cells, 358 gene signals of which were attenuated by bilberry extract (> or = 1.5-fold). expression levels of 2,086 genes were decreased by > or = twofold in lps-activ ...	2008	19003580
interrelation between some butterflies and plant associations (turkey).	the butterfly fauna in ordu province (n-turkey) was determined in this study. their relations with the phytosociological associations found in the zone were evaluated and the lepidoptera taxa in these units were presented. the numbers of determined taxa in each plant association are castanea-carpinus-corylus (23), fagus orientalis, carpinus betulus and picea orientalis mixed forest zone (23), subalpine zone (rhododendron luteum-vaccinium myrtillus) (25), lower alpine zone (festuca lazistanica ss ...	2007	19069995
effects of sampling time and nitrogen fertilization on anthocyanidin levels in vaccinium myrtillus fruits.	vaccinium myrtillus berries (bilberries) contain antioxidants, in particular anthocyanins, which are secondary metabolites that have proven health-promoting effects. bilberries were collected at the svartberget research forest in northern sweden from plots with no, low, and high applications of nh(4)no(3) on three replicated dates in each year from 2005-2007, and their anthocyanidin contents were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. their mean total anthocyanidin contents were 9.0 ...	2009	19368355
bilberry and its main constituents have neuroprotective effects against retinal neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo.	our aim was to determine whether a vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) anthocyanoside (vma) and/or its main anthocyanidin constituents (cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin) can protect retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) against retinal damage in vitro and in vivo. in rgc cultures (rgc-5, a rat ganglion cell-line transformed using e1a virus) in vitro, cell damage and radical activation were induced by 3-(4-morpholinyl) sydnonimine hydrochloride (sin-1, a peroxynitrite donor). cell viability was measured us ...	2009	19415665
effect of vaccinium myrtillus and its polyphenols on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in human endothelial cells.	this study investigates if the connection between vaccinium myrtillus and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) might be an explanation of the pharmacological effects on circulation. cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical veins were incubated with bilberry 25e extract. the main anthocyanidins combined in myrtillin chloride and separately in cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin, respectively, were examined concerning their effects on ace. after 10 min of incubation with bilberry 25e, a sign ...	2009	19441816
effects of a warmer climate on seed germination in the subarctic.	in a future warmer subarctic climate, the soil temperatures experienced by dispersed seeds are likely to increase during summer but may decrease during winter due to expected changes in snow depth, duration and quality. because little is known about the dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of subarctic species, how warming may influence the timing and level of germination in these species was examined.	2009	19443459
effect of ecosystem retrogression on stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes of plants, soils and consumer organisms in boreal forest islands.	in the prolonged absence of catastrophic disturbance, ecosystem retrogression occurs, and this involves increased nutrient limitation, and reduced aboveground and belowground ecosystem processes rates. little is known about how the nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios (delta(15)n and delta(13)c) of plants, soils and consumer organisms respond to retrogression in boreal forests. we investigated a 5000 year chronosequence of forested islands in the boreal zone of northern sweden, for which th ...	2009	19462406
inhibitory actions of bilberry anthocyanidins on angiogenesis.	the aim of this study was to examine the antiangiogenic properties and antioxidant activities (a) of the main anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin and malvidin) found as constituents in vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) anthocyanosides (vma) and (b) of n-acetyl-l-cysteine (nac). each of these anthocyanidins concentration-dependently inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf)-induced tube formation in a co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) and fibroblasts, the effe ...	2010	19496063
bilberry extract reduces uva-induced oxidative stress in hacat keratinocytes: a pilot study.	exposure to uva radiation is known to cause many adverse biological effects by inducing the stricken cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ros). in recent years the use of botanicals has received considerable interest in the skin protection. bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) fruit contains several polyphenols with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. in this study we evaluated potential uva preventive effect of v. myrtillus fruit extract (vme; anthocyanins, 25% w/w) in hacat ...	2008	19509461
bilberry in vitro protocols and analyses of phenolic compounds.	bilberry or european blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) belongs to the most significant family of wild berries in northern europe and is recognized for its bioactive properties. its fruits and leaves are rich with phenolic compounds, in particular flavonoids. their health benefits have received notable attention in recent years. bilberry is one of the richest sources of the anthocyanins, a subclass of flavonoids. the interest in bilberry cultivation is growing because of the high value of the fr ...	2009	19521836
antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of blueberry (vaccinium corymbosum l.) leaf infusions.	antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of leaf infusions prepared from six highbush blueberry cultivars (vaccinium corymbosum l.), one wild lowbush blueberry cultivar (vaccinium myrtillus l.), and one commercially available mix of genotypes were determined. in order to simulate household tea preparation conditions, infusions were prepared in water heated to 95 degrees c. the dynamics of extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants were monitored over the course of 30 minutes. extraction effici ...	2009	19627210
fungal biomass associated with the phyllosphere of bryophytes and vascular plants.	little is known about the amount of fungal biomass in the phyllosphere of bryophytes compared to higher plants. in this study, fungal biomass associated with the phyllosphere of three bryophytes (hylocomium splendens, pleurozium schreberi, polytrichum commune) and three vascular plants (avenella flexuosa, gymnocarpium dryopteris, vaccinium myrtillus) was investigated using ergosterol content as a proxy for fungal biomass. phyllosphere fungi accounted for 0.2-4.0 % of the dry mass of moss gametop ...	2009	19682574
comparative study of anthocyanin composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and blueberry (vaccinium corymbosum l.) fruits.	simultaneous comparison of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and blueberry (vaccinium corymbosum l) fruits for their anthocyanin composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity is reported. the aim of this study was to investigate and to compare anthocyanin composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in bilberry and blueberry fruits and their skins. the investigations revealed that the highest amount of total anthocyanins was observed in fruits skins of blueberry cultivars. the resul ...	2009	19702172
lonicera caerulea and vaccinium myrtillus fruit polyphenols protect hacat keratinocytes against uvb-induced phototoxic stress and dna damage.	sunlight is a very potent environmental factor in skin pathogenesis and can induce skin cancer. uvb irradiation is known to cause oxidative stress, inflammation and especially dna damage. topical application of agents with uv absorbing, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities is a successful strategy in the protection of the skin against uv-caused damage.	2009	19747801
identification of phenolic compounds from lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.), bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and hybrid bilberry (vaccinium x intermedium ruthe l.) leaves.	phenolic compounds from leaves of lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.), bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), and the natural hybrid of bilberry and lingonberry (vaccinium x intermedium ruthe l., hybrid bilberry) were identified using lc/tof-ms and lc/ms/ms after extraction from the plant material in methanol in an ultrasonicator. the phenolic profiles in the plants were compared using the lc/tof-ms responses. this is the first thorough report of phenolic compounds in hybrid bilberry. in total, 5 ...	2009	19788243
distribution of 210pb and 210po concentrations in wild berries and mushrooms in boreal forest ecosystems.	the activity concentrations and distribution of 210pb and 210po in wild berries and edible mushrooms were investigated in finnish forests. the main study areas were located in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) forests in southern and northern finland. the activity concentrations of 210pb and 210po in blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.) samples decreased in the order: stems>leaves>berries (i.e. fruits). the activity ratios of 210po/210pb in the wild berry ...	2009	19800659
sod1-targeted gene disruption in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus oidiodendron maius reduces conidiation and the capacity for mycorrhization.	the genome sequences of mycorrhizal fungi will provide new opportunities for studying the biology and the evolution underlying this symbiotic lifestyle. the generation of null mutants at the wild-type loci is one of the best methods for gene-function assignment in the post-genomic era. to our knowledge, the generation of superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1)-null mutants in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus oidiodendron maius is the first example of a gene-targeted disruption via homologous recombination i ...	2009	19810810
activity of scottish plant, lichen and fungal endophyte extracts against mycobacterium aurum and mycobacterium tuberculosis.	with tuberculosis the leading bacterial killer worldwide and other mycobacterial diseases on the increase, the search for new antimycobacterial agents is timely. in this study, extracts from plants, lichens and fungal endophytes of scottish provenance were screened for activity against mycobacterium aurum and m. tuberculosis h(37)rv. the best activity against m. aurum was observed for extracts of juniperus communis roots and cladonia arbuscula (mic = 4 microg/ml), and a fungal endophyte isolated ...	2010	19827032
changes in antioxidative capacity of saithe (pollachius virens) and shrimp (pandalus borealis) during in vitro digestion.	the health effects of seafood have primarily been linked to eicosapentaenoic acid (epa; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (dha; 22:6n-3). these omega-3 fatty acids are highly susceptible to oxidation. peptides exhibiting antioxidative capacity (aoc) are encrypted in seafood muscle proteins. such components may protect the fatty acids during digestion and uptake, as well as exhibit antioxidative effects in general. the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac) assay and the ferric reducing antiox ...	2009	19845349
protective effect of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) extracts on cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells (hclec).	the use of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) as a food and medicine for improving human vision has a long history all over the world. however, there is lack of convincing evidence from rigorous clinical trials or scientific research. this study investigated the effects of different concentrations of bilberry extracts on the cell viability, cell cycle and the expression of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans of cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells. the data showed that bilberry extra ...	2010	20077406
cytotoxic effects of bilberry extract on mcf7-gfp-tubulin breast cancer cells.	bilberry (european blueberry) has been reported to have many biological effects, including anticancer activity. in this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effects of bilberry extract in relation to its ability to induce apoptosis and affect microtubule assembly and organization in mcf7 human breast cancer cells. we observed that bilberry extract inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent fashion with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.3-0.4 mg/ml, in concert with induct ...	2010	20132040
drought tolerance of juvenile and mature leaves of a deciduous dwarf shrub vaccinium myrtillus l. in a boreal environment.	the difference between drought tolerance of juvenile and mature leaves of the winter-deciduous dwarf shrub bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) from a northern boreal environment was investigated. it was hypothesised that mature leaves are more drought sensitive than juvenile leaves. bilberry plants were allowed to dry out by excluding irrigation when leaves were at juvenile and mature stages. tissue water content decreased at both phenological stages, but the response was more pronounced in the ma ...	2010	20169457
phytotherapeutics: an evaluation of the potential of 1000 plants.	the aim of this review is to evaluate and summarize the available scientific information on the commonest plant extracts marketed in western countries. in view of the intense, ongoing search for new plant extracts with powerful anti-inflammatory activity, we paid particular attention to this topic. the aim is to provide broad coverage of as many potentially useful plants as possible and then to focus on those with the greatest therapeutic potential.	2010	20175810
protective effects of bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract against endotoxin-induced uveitis in mice.	endotoxin-induced uveitis (eiu), a useful animal model of ocular inflammation, is induced by injection of lipopolysacharide (lps). these experiments showed that the nitric oxide (no) level significantly increased in the whole eye homogenate of balb/c mice 24 h after footpad injection of lps at a dosage of 100 mg/mouse. however, the elevated no level was significantly reduced by oral administration of bilberry extract (containing 42.04% anthocyanins) at dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day for 5 ...	2010	20222750
bog bilberry (vaccinium uliginosum l.) extract reduces cultured hep-g2, caco-2, and 3t3-l1 cell viability, affects cell cycle progression, and has variable effects on membrane permeability.	bog bilberry (vaccinium uliginosum l.) is a blue-pigmented edible berry related to bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and the common blueberry (vaccinium corymbosum). the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a bog bilberry anthocyanin extract (bbae) on cell growth, membrane permeability, and cell cycle of 2 malignant cancer cell lines, caco-2 and hep-g2, and a nonmalignant murine 3t3-l1 cell line. bbae contained 3 identified anthocyanins. the most abundant anthocyanin was cyan ...	2010	20492295
impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-arctic heath community.	insulation provided by snow cover and tolerance of freezing by physiological acclimation allows arctic plants to survive cold winter temperatures. however, both the protection mechanisms may be lost with winter climate change, especially during extreme winter warming events where loss of snow cover from snow melt results in exposure of plants to warm temperatures and then returning extreme cold in the absence of insulating snow. these events cause considerable damage to arctic plants, but physio ...	2010	20497369
investigating the interaction between ungulate grazing and resource effects on vaccinium myrtillus populations with integral projection models.	dense ungulate populations in forest accompanied by high grazing intensities have the potential to affect plant population dynamics, and such herbivory effects on populations are hypothesised to differ along environmental gradients. we investigated red deer grazing and resource interaction effects on the performance and dynamics of the functionally important boreal shrub vaccinium myrtillus using integral projection models (ipms). we sampled data from 900 v. myrtillus ramets in 30 plots in two c ...	2010	20499103
vaccinium myrtillus as an antidiabetic medicinal plant--research through the ages.	bilberry leaves (vaccinium myrtillus l.) were one of the most frequently used antidiabetic remedies of plant origin before the discovery of insulin. during the last century, many animal, clinical and phytochemical studies have been undertaken with this plant and its extracts and are summarized here. overall, it must be concluded that the results were more or less disappointing and could not support the traditional use of bilberry leaves against diabetes mellitus which is sometimes recommended ev ...	2010	20503920
a squamosa mads box gene involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in bilberry fruits.	anthocyanins are important health-promoting phytochemicals that are abundant in many fleshy fruits. bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) is one of the best sources of these compounds. here, we report on the expression pattern and functional analysis of a squamosa-class mads box transcription factor, vmtdr4, associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis in bilberry. levels of vmtdr4 expression were spatially and temporally linked with color development and anthocyanin-related gene expression. virus-induced ...	2010	20566708
alleviation of doxorubicin-induced toxicities by anthocyanin-rich bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) extract in rats and mice.	the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (be) with highly antioxidative potential against doxorubicin (dox)-induced toxicity in rat and mouse models. sprague-dawley rats treated with dox (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally) showed marked body weight loss, increased abdominal ascites and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (got) level, serum and cardiac lipid peroxidation, myocardial histopathological damage, and depletion of cardiac glutathion ...	2010	20623509
inhibition activity of wild berry juice fractions against streptococcus pneumoniae binding to human bronchial cells.	bacterial adhesion to the cell surface is a crucial step before infection can take place. inhibition of bacterial binding offers a novel preventive approach against infections. cranberry (vaccinium macrocarpon ait.) juice has been found to have antiadhesive activity against different bacteria. streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen and the most common cause for pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. in this study the inhibitory activity of cranberry (vaccinium oxycoccos l.), bilberr ...	2011	20625989
phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) leaves in northern europe following foliar development and along environmental gradients.	bilberry is a characteristic field layer species in the boreal forests and is an important forage plant for herbivores of the north european ecosystem. bilberry leaves contain high levels of phenolic compounds, especially hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, catechins, and proanthocyanidins. we investigated the phenolic composition of bilberry leaves in two studies, one following foliar development in forest and open areas, and the other along a wide geographical gradient from south to north boreal ...	2010	20721607
pressure and temperature effects on degradation kinetics and storage stability of total anthocyanins in blueberry juice.	the degradation kinetics of total anthocyanins in blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus) juice were studied during thermal processing by treatment at selected temperatures (60-121 °c) and combined high pressure-temperature processing (100-700 mpa, 40-121 °c). anthocyanin stability was also studied for several of these treatments during storage at 4, 25, and 40 °c. both pressure and temperature increased d, the degradation rate of total anthocyanins in blueberry juice, meaning that at constant temperatu ...	2010	20735132
on the bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) as a remedy in typhoid fever and other infectious diseases of the intestine.		1903	20760689
effects of latitude-related factors and geographical origin on anthocyanidin concentrations in fruits of vaccinium myrtillus l. (bilberries).	two data sets are presented to identify the effect of growth location and origin of parental plant on anthocyanidin concentrations in vaccinium myrtillus fruits. bilberries were collected from wild populations growing at different latitudes and from cultivated plants originating from different geographical locations but grown in the same location for over 10 years. high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that anthocyanidin concentrations varied significantly with latitude and with ...	2010	20958057
anthocyanins extracted from chinese blueberry (vaccinium uliginosum l.) and its anticancer effects on dld-1 and colo205 cells.	vaccinium uliginosum l. is a type of blueberry found in the chinese changbai mountains. we extracted vaccinium uliginosum anthocyanins (a(v.uli)) to investigate its bioactivity on suppressing cancer cells.	2010	21034658
long-term effects of single potassium fertilization on 137cs levels in plants and fungi in a boreal forest ecosystem.	we examined the long-term effects of a single application of potassium (k) fertilizer (100 kg k ha(-1)) in 1992 on (137)cs uptake in a forest ecosystem in central sweden. (137)cs activity concentrations were determined in three low-growing perennial shrubs, heather (calluna vulgaris), lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea) and bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus), and in four wild fungal species (cortinarius semisanguineus, lactarius rufus, rozites caperata and suillus variegatus). uptake of (137)cs by p ...	2010	21144627
ericaceous dwarf shrubs affect ectomycorrhizal fungal community of the invasive pinus strobus and native pinus sylvestris in a pot experiment.	this study aimed to elucidate the relationship between ericaceous understorey shrubs and the diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ecmf) associated with the invasive pinus strobus and native pinus sylvestris. seedlings of both pines were grown in mesocosms and subjected to three treatments simulating different forest microhabitats: (a) grown in isolation and grown with (b) vaccinium myrtillus or (c) vaccinium vitis-idaea. ericaceous plants did not act as a species pool of pine mycobi ...	2010	21161550
effects of standardized bilberry fruit extract (mirtoselect®) on resolution of ccl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice.	bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l) has been traditionally used in the treatment of various liver disorders. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bilberry fruit extract (be) on carbon tetrachloride (ccl(4))-induced hepatic fibrosis. male balb/c mice were treated with ccl(4) dissolved in olive oil (20% v/v, 2 ml/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.), twice a week for 7 weeks. be (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) was given to mice for next 15 days, 72 h after the last dose of ccl(4). the ccl(4) administ ...	2010	21163320
vulnerability of black grouse hens to goshawk predation: result of food supply or predation facilitation?	the plant cycle hypothesis says that poor-quality food affects both herbivorous voles (microtinae spp.) and grouse (tetraonidae spp.) in vole decline years, leading to increased foraging effort in female grouse and thus a higher risk of predation by the goshawk accipiter gentilis. poor-quality food (mainly the bilberry vaccinium myrtillus) for these herbivores is induced by seed masting failure in the previous year, when the bilberry is able to allocate resources for chemical defence (the mast d ...	2011	21181416
transfer of elements relevant to radioactive waste from soil to five boreal plant species.	in long-term safety assessment models for radioactive waste disposal, uptake of radionuclides by plants is an important process with possible adverse effects in ecosystems. cobalt-60, (59,63)ni, (93)mo, and (210)pb are examples of long-living radionuclides present in nuclear waste. the soil-to-plant transfer of stable cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and lead and their distribution across plant parts were investigated in blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus), may lily (maianthemum bifolium), narrow buckler ...	2011	21190719
antioxidative protection of dietary bilberry, chokeberry and lactobacillus plantarum heal19 in mice subjected to intestinal oxidative stress by ischemia-reperfusion.	ischemia-reperfusion (i/r) in the intestines is an inflammatory condition which activates leukocytes and reactive oxygen species (ros) and leads to lipid peroxidation and dna damage. bilberry and chokeberry fruits are rich sources of polyphenols which may act as antioxidants and prevent lipid peroxidation. lactic acid bacteria (lab) may improve microbial status in the intestines and increase the metabolic activity towards polyphenolic degradation. the aim of the study was to clarify antioxidativ ...	2011	21272305
the protective effect and action mechanism of vaccinium myrtillus l. on gastric ulcer in mice.	vaccinium myrtillus l. anthocyanoside (vma) is used as a folk medicine to treat diseases related to gastric ulcers in northern europe. however, the effects of vma and its detailed mechanism on gastric ulcer have not been investigated sufficiently. therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of vma on gastric mucosal damage in a murine gastric ulcer model. first the effects of vma on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice were investigated. then, the levels o ...	2011	21290441
phenolic compounds in berries and flowers of a natural hybrid between bilberry and lingonberry (vaccinium × intermedium ruthe).	hybridization between species plays an important role in the evolution of secondary metabolites and in the formation of combinations of existing secondary metabolites in plants. we have investigated the content of phenolic compounds in berries and flowers of vaccinium×intermedium ruthe, which is a rare natural hybrid between bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) and lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea l.). the berries and flowers of the hybrid showed characteristics inherited from both parent species ...	2011	21382629
palaeomagnetic analysis of the sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries.	palaeomagnetic analysis was conducted on speleothems from members 1-5 at sterkfontein cave, south africa. palaeomagnetic analysis of siltstone and speleothem from the bulk of member 4 indicate a reversed magnetic polarity that dates the deposits and its australopithecus africanus fossils to between 2.58 and ~2.16 ma. further confirmation of this age comes in the form of two short normal polarity events correlated to the rèunion (~2.16 ma) and huckleberry ridge (~2.05 ma) events in speleothem cap ...	2011	21392817
protective effect of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus) against doxorubicin-induced oxidative cardiotoxicity in rats.	doxorubicin (dox) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. it is associated with serious dose-limiting cardiotoxicity, which is at least partly caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). supplementations with bilberries were effective in reducing oxidative stress in many tissue injuries due their high content of antioxidants. the present study investigated the potential protective effect of bilberry extract against dox-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.	2011	21455099
honeybees increase fruit set in native plant species important for wildlife conservation.	honeybee colonies are declining in some parts of the world. this may have important consequences for the pollination of crops and native plant species. in spain, as in other parts of europe, land abandonment has led to a decrease in the number of non professional beekeepers, which aggravates the problem of honeybee decline as a result of bee diseases in this study, we investigated the effects of honeybees on the pollination of three native plant species in northern spain, namely wildcherry prunu ...	2011	21519875
bioactive compounds from northern plants.	northern conditions are characterised by long days with much light and low temperatures during the growing season. it has been chimed that herbs and berries grown in the north are stronger tasting compared to those of southern origin. the compounds imparting aroma and color to berries and herbs are secondary metabolites which in plants mostly act as chemical means of defense. recently, the production of secondary metabolites using plant cells has been the subject of expanding research. light int ...	2010	21520706
phenolics in slovenian bilberries ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) and blueberries ( vaccinium corymbosum l.).	phenolics from bilberries ( vaccinium myrtillus l.) sampled from seven different locations and highbush blueberries ( vaccinium corymbosum l.) from one location in slovenia were analyzed. in samples of both species 15 anthocyanins were identified by lc-ms/ms. their contents were expressed as cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents (c3ge); bilberries contained 1210.3 ± 111.5 mg c3ge/100 g fw and blueberries 212.4 ± 14.1 mg c3ge/100 g fw. glycosides of delphinidin and cyanidin were predominant (488.5 vs ...	2011	21574578
a bilberry drink with fermented oatmeal decreases postprandial insulin demand in young healthy adults.	abstract: background, in traditional medicine, blueberries have been used to facilitate blood glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes. recent studies in diabetic mice have indicated facilitated glycaemic regulation following dietary supplementation with extracts from european blueberries, also called bilberries, (vaccinium myrtillus). the purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of fermented oat meal drinks containing bilberries or rosehip (rosa canina) on glycaemic and insulinae ...	2011	21600021
complementarity in mineral nitrogen use among dominant plant species in a subalpine community.	the underlying mechanisms that enable plant species to coexist are poorly understood. complementarity in resource use is among the major mechanisms proposed that could favor species coexistence but is insufficiently documented. in alpine soil, low temperatures are a major constraint for the supply of plant nitrogen. we carried out (15)n labeling of soil mineral n to determine to what extent four major species of a subalpine community compete for n, or develop ionic (nh(4)(+) vs. no(3)(-)) or tem ...	2007	21636372
the ecology of tick-transmitted infections in the redwood chipmunk (tamias ochrogenys).	the redwood chipmunk contributes to the maintenance of tick-borne diseases in northern california. the range of redwood chipmunks overlaps that of western black-legged ticks and tick-borne disease, including granulocytic anaplasmosis and lyme borreliosis. chipmunks have high anaplasma phagocytophilum pcr- and seroprevalence, are infested with a diversity of ixodes spp. ticks, and are reservoir competent for borrelia burgdorferi. we hypothesized that chipmunks could maintain tick-borne disease on ...	2011	21643481
tooth brushing, oil pulling and tissue regeneration: a review of holistic approaches to oral health.	even though dentistry was not a specialized branch of ayurveda, it is included in its shalakya tantra (system of surgery). problems such as deformities of the oral cavity, plaques and infections were managed in ancient india. traditional medicine can treat various infectious and chronic conditions. research has shown that all kinds of chewing sticks described in ancient ayurveda texts have medicinal and anti-cariogenic properties. its oil pulling (kaval, gandush) practice is claimed to cure abou ...	2011	21760690
growth and community responses of alpine dwarf shrubs to in situ co₂ enrichment and soil warming.	• rising co₂ concentrations and the associated global warming are expected to have large impacts on high-elevation ecosystems, yet long-term multifactor experiments in these environments are rare. • we investigated how growth of dominant dwarf shrub species (vaccinium myrtillus, vaccinium gaultherioides and empetrum hermaphroditum) and community composition in the understorey of larch and pine trees responded to 9 yr of co₂ enrichment and 3 yr of soil warming at the treeline in the swiss alps. • ...	2011	21770945
exploring the park-people relation: collection of vaccinium myrtillus l. by local people from kopaonik national park in serbia.	exploitation of certain resources within a protected area on a sustainable basis could contribute to higher living standards of rural people, particularly those in poor countries, and decrease conflicts between these populations and park authorities. this article presents data from a case study of kopaonik national park (np), serbia, which is a park with natural resources, most notably bilberries, which have always been relied on by local people. vaccinium myrtillus traditionally has been collec ...	2011	21800263
absence of snow cover reduces understory plant cover and alters plant community composition in boreal forests.	snow regimes affect biogeochemistry of boreal ecosystems and are altered by climate change. the effects on plant communities, however, are largely unexplored despite their influence on relevant processes. here, the impact of snow cover on understory community composition and below-ground production in a boreal picea abies forest was investigated using a long-term (8-year) snow cover manipulation experiment consisting of the treatments: snow removal, increased insulation (styrofoam pellets), and ...	2012	21850524
Anthocyanins from bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) alleviate pruritus in a mouse model of chronic allergic contact dermatitis.	Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is one of the richest sources of anthocyanins which are known to have anticancer, wound healing and anti-allergic effects. Here, we examined whether bilberry extract (Bilberon-25) alleviates pruritus in a mouse model of chronic allergic contact dermatitis.	2011	22022165
element interactions and soil properties affecting the soil-to-plant transfer of six elements relevant to radioactive waste in boreal forest.	cobalt (co), lead (pb), molybdenum (mo), nickel (ni), uranium (u), and zinc (zn) are among the elements that have radioactive isotopes in radioactive waste. soil-to-plant transfer is a key process for possible adverse effects if these radionuclides are accidentally released into the environment. the present study aimed at investigating factors affecting such transfer in boreal forest. the plant species studied were blueberry (vaccinium myrtillus), may lily (maianthemum bifolium), narrow buckler ...	2012	22130976
Decreased frost hardiness of Vaccinium vitis-idaea in reponse to UV-A radiation.	The aim was to investigate plant frost hardiness responses to UV radiation, since the few results reported are largely contradictory. It was hypothesized that functional adaptation of life forms could explain these contradictions. Dwarf shrubs and tree seedlings, representing both evergreen and deciduous forms, were tested (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. myrtillus, Pinus sylvestris, Betula pubescens, and its red form f. rubra). The research was performed in Sodankylä, Northern Finland (67ºN), with en ...	2011	22182287
guild composition and habitat use of voles in 2 forest landscapes in south-eastern norway.	it is widely believed that intensive forestry has influenced small mammal population dynamics, and thereby the entire mammalian community in fennoscandian boreal forests. the nature of these impacts on the different species is subject to debate. we live-trapped voles between 2006 and 2009 in 2 commercially harvested forests in south-eastern norway. we investigated the variation in vole abundance among habitat types (e.g. mature forest and clear-cut) and the hypothesis that graminivorous species ...	2011	22182322
vole preference of bilberry along gradients of simulated moose density and site productivity.	browsing by large herbivores might either increase or decrease preference for the plant by other herbivores, depending on the plant response. using a cafeteria test, we studied the preference by root voles (microtus oeconomus [pallas, 1776]) for bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.) previously subjected to 4 levels of simulated moose (alces alces [linnaeus, 1758]) density. the different levels of moose density were simulated at population densities relevant for fennoscandian conditions, in exclosure ...	2011	22182326