Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| an emerging avian influenza a virus h5n7 is a genetic reassortant of highly pathogenic genes. | we full genome characterised the newly discovered avian influenza virus h5n7 subtype combination isolated from a stock of danish game ducks to investigate the composition of the genome and possible features of high pathogenicity. it was found that the haemagglutinin and the acidic polymerase genes were closely related to a low pathogenic h5 strain (a/duck/denmark/65047/04 h5n2). the neuraminidase and the non-structural genes were closely related to the highly pathogenic h7n7 strains from the net ... | 2006 | 16814904 |
| resistance of immune-suppressed pigeons to subtypes h5n2 and h6n1 low pathogenic avian influenza virus. | resistance to infection with avian influenza virus (aiv) was studied in healthy and immune-suppressed pigeons, which were treated with the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide (cy) before infection. two subtypes of low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv; ck/tw/h5 and ck/tw/h6) were inoculated via the oculonasal route. nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (nested rt-pcr) and virus isolation were used as detection methods. the cy-treated and -untreated pigeons in both experiments did not shed v ... | 2006 | 16863079 |
| cross-protective immunity in mice induced by live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines against highly pathogenic influenza a (h5n1) viruses. | because of the time required to identify and produce an antigenically well-matched pandemic vaccine, vaccines that offer broader cross-reactive immunity and protection are desirable. we have compared a live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) and inactivated influenza vaccine (iiv) based on a related h5 hemagglutinin (ha) from a nonpathogenic avian influenza virus, a/duck/pottsdam/1042-6/86 (h5n2), for the ability to induce cross-reactive immunity and/or cross-protective efficacy against a conte ... | 2006 | 17030078 |
| characterization of an influenza a h5n2 reassortant as a candidate for live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines against highly pathogenic h5n1 viruses with pandemic potential. | we generated a high-growth 7:1 reassortant (len17/h5) that contained the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from non-pathogenic a/duck/potsdam/1402-6/86 (h5n2) virus and other genes from the cold-adapted (ca) attenuated a/leningrad/134/17/57 (h2h2) strain. len17/h5 demonstrated an attenuated phenotype in mice and did not infect chickens. mice administered len17/h5 either as a live-attenuated intranasal vaccine or as an inactivated intramuscular vaccine were substantially protected from lethal challenge wit ... | 2006 | 17050041 |
| protective avian influenza in ovo vaccination with non-replicating human adenovirus vector. | protective immunity against avian influenza virus was elicited in chickens by single-dose in ovo vaccination with a non-replicating human adenovirus vector encoding an h5n9 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin. vaccinated chickens were protected against both h5n1 (89% hemagglutinin homology; 68% protection) and h5n2 (94% hemagglutinin homology; 100% protection) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenges. this vaccine can be mass-administered using available robotic in ovo injectors which ... | 2007 | 17055126 |
| subtyping of influenza a isolates in taiwan--2003 to 2004. | some isolated influenza strains are untypable. the possibility that a novel and potentially lethal strain, such as h5 virus, might be one of these untypable strains remains a major concern. this study investigated the nature of untypable influenza strains in taiwan. | 2006 | 17098691 |
| genome characterisation of the newly discovered avian influenza a h5n7 virus subtype combination. | in denmark, in 2003, a previously unknown subtype combination of avian influenza a virus, h5n7 (a/mallard/denmark/64650/03), was isolated from a flock of 12,000 mallards. the h5n7 subtype combination might be a reassortant between recent european avian influenza a h5, h7, and a third subtype, possibly an h6. the haemagglutinin and the acidic polymerase genes of the virus were closely related to a low-pathogenic danish h5n2 virus a/duck/denmark/65041/04 (h5n2). the neuraminidase gene and the non- ... | 2007 | 17115305 |
| vaccines developed for h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza in china. | since the first detection of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus from sick goose in guangdong province in china in 1996, scientists in china started to develop vaccines for avian influenza pandemic preparedness. an h5n2 inactivated vaccine was produced from a low pathogenic virus, a/turkey/england/n-28/73, and was used for the buffer zone vaccination in the h5n1 outbreaks in 2004 in china. we also generated a low pathogenic h5n1 reassortant virus a/harbin/re-1/2003 (re-1) that derives i ... | 2006 | 17135510 |
| [h5n1: vaccine solutions for humans and other animals]. | the hypervirulence of h5n1 influenza virus makes it impossible to produce a vaccine traditionally (with egg embryos), but there are alternative solutions. a live recombinant fowl-pox h5 virus is used for avian pathology. an inactivated h5n2 adjuvant vaccine is rendered immunogenic by using hemagglutinin h5 (diva technique). disease prevention strategies differ between european and asian countries. who has opted for a recombinant vaccine based on a non pathogenic virus (pr8) to which modified h5 ... | 2006 | 17195620 |
| effect of gene constellation and postreassortment amino acid change on the phenotypic features of h5 influenza virus reassortants. | reassortants between a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus strain a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 (h5n2) and a high-yield human influenza virus strain a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) were generated, genotyped and analyzed with respect to their yield in embryonated chicken eggs, pathogenicity for mice, and immunogenicity. a reassortant having ha and na genes from a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 virus and 6 genes from a/puerto rico/8/34 virus (6:2 reassortant) replicated efficiently in embryonated chicken eggs, th ... | 2007 | 17294090 |
| [reassortment and gene interactions in the crossing of low-pathogenic avian influenza h5 virus with human influenza virus]. | the reassortants obtained via the crossing of highly productive influenza virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) strain and the low pathogenic avian influenza virus a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 (h5n2) strain were genotyped and characterized. the h5n2 reassortant having 6 genes from a/puerto rico/8/34 virus has the high level of reproduction in chick embryos, while slightly more moderate than in the parent a/puerto rico/8/34 strain. the reproduction of the h5n1 reassortant that had 7 genes from a/puerto ri ... | 2007 | 17338230 |
| detection of h5 avian influenza viruses by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using h5-specific monoclonal antibody. | the unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 in asia and europe is threatening animals and public health systems. effective diagnosis and control management are needed to control the disease. to this end, we developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) and implemented an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) to detect the h5 viral antigen. mice immunized with denatured hemagglutinin (ha) ... | 2007 | 17344345 |
| influenza neuraminidase antibodies provide partial protection for chickens against high pathogenic avian influenza infection. | protection of chickens against avian influenza (ai) is mostly attributed to production of antibodies against the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin, whereas less is known about the protective role of antibodies to the other surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (na). therefore, vaccines encoding na antigen (e.g., dna and alphavirus-based virus like replicon particles (vrp)) or baculovirus-expressed recombinant na (rn2) were tested for their ability to protect against highly pathogenic ai (hpai) in ch ... | 2007 | 17350145 |
| vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in zoos using an adjuvanted inactivated h5n2 vaccine. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. european commission directive 2005/744/ec allowed vaccination in zoos under strict conditions, while reducing confinement measures. vaccination with a commercial h5n2 vaccine with vaccine doses adapted to mean body weight per species was safe, and proved immunogenic throughout the range of species tested, with some variations between and with ... | 2007 | 17403559 |
| the use of vaccination to combat multiple introductions of notifiable avian influenza viruses of the h5 and h7 subtypes between 2000 and 2006 in italy. | since 1999, italy has been challenged by several epidemics of notifiable avian influenza (nai) of the h5 and h7 subtypes, occurring in the densely populated poultry areas of northern part of the country. vaccination with a conventional vaccine containing a seed strain with a different neuraminidase subtype to the field virus was used to complement biosecurity and restriction measures as part of an overall eradication strategy. this vaccination technique, known as the "diva-differentiating infect ... | 2007 | 17418460 |
| summary of avian influenza activity in europe, asia, africa, and australasia, 2002-2006. | between december 2003 and january 2004 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 infections of poultry were declared in china, japan, south korea, laos, thailand, cambodia, vietnam, and indonesia. in 2004 an outbreak was reported in malaysia. in 2005 h5n1 outbreaks were recorded in poultry in russia, kazakhstan, mongolia, romania, turkey, and ukraine, and virus was isolated from swans in croatia. in 2004 hpai h5n1 virus was isolated from smuggled eagles detected at the brussels airport and i ... | 2007 | 17494548 |
| avian influenza in north and south america, 2002-2005. | between 2002 and 2005, three outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) occurred in the americas: one outbreak in chile (h7n3) in 2002, one outbreak in the united states (h5n2) in 2004, and one outbreak in canada (h7n3) in 2004. the outbreak in chile was limited to a large broiler breeder operation and a nearby turkey flock and represented the first outbreak of hpai in that country. the outbreak of hpai in the united states occurred in texas and was limited to one premise where chicke ... | 2007 | 17494549 |
| effect of vaccination on transmission of hpai h5n1: the effect of a single vaccination dose on transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in peking ducks. | the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus is widespread among domestic ducks throughout southeast asia. many aspects of the poultry industry and social habits hinder the containment and eradication of ai. vaccination is often put forward as a tool for the control of ai. however, vaccination will only lead to eradication when it reduces the virus spread to such an extent that herd immunity is obtained. to study the effect of a single vaccination dose on the transmission of h5n1 in domestic ... | 2007 | 17494575 |
| avian influenza in chile: a successful experience. | avian influenza (ai) was diagnosed in may 2002 for the first time in chile and south america. the epidemic was caused by the highly pathogenic ai (hpai) virus subtype h7n3 that emerged from a low pathogenic virus. the index farm was a broiler breeder, located in san antonio, v region, which at the time was a densely populated poultry area. stamping of 465,000 breeders, in 27 sheds, was immediately conducted. surveillance activities detected a second outbreak, 1 wk later, at a turkey breeding far ... | 2007 | 17494584 |
| virologic findings in selected free-range mule duck farms at high risk for avian influenza infection. | prevalence of avian influenza infection in free-range mule ducks (a cross between muscovy [cairina moschata domesticus] and pekin ducks [anas platyrhychos domesticus]) is a matter of concern and deserves particular attention. thus, cloacal swabs were collected blindly from 30 targeted mule flocks at 4, 8, and 12 wk of age between october 2004 and january 2005. they were stored until selection. on the basis of a positive h5 antibody detection at 12 wk of age with the use of four h5 antigens, the ... | 2007 | 17494595 |
| influenza virus surveillance in wild birds in italy: results of laboratory investigations in 2003-2005. | following the avian influenza (ai) epidemics occurring in different areas of the world, a surveillance program funded by the italian ministry of health was implemented. in the framework of this program, an investigation of wild birds was carried out to assess the circulation of ai viruses in their natural reservoir. more than 3000 samples, mainly cloacal swabs, were collected from migratory wild birds belonging to the orders anseriformes and charadriiformes. samples were screened by means of a r ... | 2007 | 17494596 |
| avian influenza virus screening in wild waterfowl in norway, 2005. | the prevalence of influenza a virus infection, and the distribution of different subtypes of the virus, were studied in 604 geese and ducks shot during ordinary hunting 2005. the study was based upon molecular screening of cloacal swabs taken by the hunters. the sampling included the following species: greylag (anser anser), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), wigeon (anas penelope), teal (anas crecca), goosander (mergus merganser), tufted duck (aythya fuligula), common scoter (melanitta nigra), golde ... | 2007 | 17494599 |
| relationship between h5n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and domestic ducks in british columbia, canada. | in the summer of 2005 a canadian national surveillance program for influenza a viruses in wild aquatic birds was initiated. the program involved collaboration between federal and provincial levels of government and was coordinated by the canadian cooperative wildlife health centre. the surveillance plan targeted young-of-the-year mallards along with other duck species at six sampling locations along the major migratory flyways across canada. beginning in early august, cloacal swabs were taken fr ... | 2007 | 17494600 |
| characterization of h5n2 influenza a viruses isolated from chickens in japan. | a low pathogenic avian influenza virus of the h5n2 subtype was isolated for the first time from layer chickens in japan in 2005. surveillance in trading restriction zones and epidemiologically related farms revealed 41 seropositive farms, and 16 h5n2 viruses were isolated and characterized from nine of these farms. that these viruses were genetically and antigenically similar to each other suggested that these isolates were derived from a common origin. complete genomic characterization of all e ... | 2007 | 17494611 |
| efficacy of a fowlpox-vectored avian influenza h5 vaccine against asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge. | a recombinant fowlpox-avian influenza (ai) h5 vaccine (rfp-aiv-hs) expressing the hemagglutinin of the a/turkey/ireland/1378/83 h5n8 ai isolate has been used in central america since 1998 to control h5n2 low pathogenicity ai. previously, this vaccine was shown to induce full protection against a panel of h5 highly pathogenic (hp) ai isolates, including hpai h5n1. here, we evaluate the efficacy of rfp-aiv-h5 against escalating doses of hpai h5n1 a/chicken/ southkorea/es/03 isolate and against the ... | 2007 | 17494618 |
| low pathogenicity h5n2 avian influenza outbreak in japan during the 2005-2006. | at the end of may 2005, a low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus of subtype h5n2 was isolated for the first time from chickens in japan. through active and epidemiological surveillance, 5.78 million chickens on 41 farms were found to be affected and 16 h5n2 viruses were isolated. antigenic analysis revealed antigenic similarity of these isolates. phylogenetic analysis showed that they originated from a common ancestor and clustered with the h5n2 strains prevalent in central america that ... | 2007 | 17524576 |
| preliminary evaluation of diagnostic tests for avian influenza using the markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method in an emergency surveillance. | in june 2005, an outbreak of avian influenza (ai) caused by a low pathogenic h5n2 virus was identified in japan. a serological surveillance was conducted because the infected chickens did not show any clinical signs. the markov chain monte carlo method was used to evaluate the performances of serological hi and agp tests because there was not enough time when the surveillance was initiated to conduct a test evaluation. the sensitivity of the agp test (0.67) was lower than that of the hi test (0. ... | 2007 | 17611370 |
| [the inoculative properties of cold-adapted reassortant a(h5n2) influenza strain during intranasal administration to mice]. | classical genetic reassortant techniques were used to have a cold-adapted (ca) reassortant a/17/duck/potsdam/86/92 (h5n2) that inherited the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from the nonpathogenic avian virus a/duck/potsdam/ 1402-6186 (h5n2) and the genes of neuraminidase (na) and non-glycated proteins from the ca attenuation donor a/leningrad/134/17/57 (h2n2). all experiments were performed under increased biological protection (bsv-3+). the reassortant and parent h5n2 virus were non-pathogenic to balb/ ... | 2007 | 17722607 |
| the cleavage of the hemagglutinin protein of h5n2 avian influenza virus in yeast. | influenza viruses belonging to the orthomyxoviridae family are enveloped viruses with segmented negative sense rna genome surrounded by a helical symmetry shell. influenza viruses, especially the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpai) such as h5 or h7 subtype are important pathogens for the poultry industry. due to genetic reassortments between avian and human influenza viruses, global pandemics may emerge and the naive human immunity could not be ready for them. the full-length ha-encod ... | 2007 | 17727967 |
| epitope mapping of the hemagglutinin molecule of a highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus by using monoclonal antibodies. | we mapped the hemagglutinin (ha) antigenic epitopes of a highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus on the three-dimensional ha structure by characterizing escape mutants of a recombinant virus containing a/vietnam/1203/04 (h5n1) deltaha and neuraminidase genes in the genetic background of a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) virus. the mutants were selected with a panel of eight anti-ha monoclonal antibodies (mabs), seven to a/vietnam/1203/04 (h5n1) virus and one to a/chicken/pennsylvania/8125/83 (h5n2) virus ... | 2007 | 17881439 |
| [tetravaccine--new fundamental approach to prevention of influenza pandemic]. | according to opinion of who's experts, development and use of tetravaccine, which contains both interdemic and pandemic (h5n1) serotypes of influenza viruses, is one of the most promising approaches to control possible influenza pandemic. results of recently obtained data from clinical trials allowed experts from who to make a conclusion that protective immunity against avian influenza virus can be achieved after 2-doses immunization, when the immune system will be primed to hemagglutinin after ... | 2007 | 17882832 |
| detection of a north american lineage h5 avian influenza virus in a south african wild duck. | an h5-coinfection of a sample from wild ducks from which an h3n8 virus was isolated in 2004 was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). sequence analysis of the partial h5 gene revealed that the strain was of low pathogenicity according to the amino acid sequence pqrtglf at the ho cleavage site. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the partial h5 gene sequence fell within the american h5 lineage and shared 99.6% nucleotide sequence identity with the a/mallard duc ... | 2007 | 17883204 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with low virulence for chickens in in vivo tests. | four avian influenza viruses have been recognized that have genetic coding for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, but do not show virulence for chickens. the two different mechanisms that prevent this potential being expressed have been determined for a/chicken/pennsylvania/1/83 (h5n2) and a/goose/guandong/2/96 (h5n1), but neither of these applies to a/turkey/england/87-92bfc/91 (h5n1) or a/chicken/texas/298313/04 (h5n2). | 2007 | 17899457 |
| risk factors for the introduction of avian influenza virus into commercial layer chicken farms during the outbreaks caused by a low-pathogenic h5n2 virus in japan in 2005. | avian influenza outbreaks caused by a low-pathogenic h5n2 virus occurred in japan from june to december 2005. all 41 affected farms housed layer chickens. therefore, we conducted a case-control study targeting all commercial layer chicken farms within the movement restriction areas in ibaraki prefecture, where most outbreaks were detected, to investigate the risk factors for the introduction of avian influenza virus (aiv). four variables were identified as risk factors associated with the introd ... | 2007 | 18035971 |
| pathogenicity and transmission studies of h5n2 parrot avian influenza virus of mexican lineage in different poultry species. | in 2004, a low pathogenic h5n2 influenza virus (a/parrot/ca/6032/04) was identified in a psittacine bird for the first time in the united states. sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene grouped the parrot isolate under the mexican lineage h5n2 viruses (subgroup b) with highest similarity to recent chicken-origin isolates from guatemala. antigenic analysis further confirmed the close relatedness of the parrot isolate to mexican lineage viruses, the highest cross-reactivity be ... | 2008 | 18077111 |
| effect of selection for phagocytosis in dwarf chickens on immune and reproductive characters. | in current study, phagocytosis product (pp) of peripheral blood monocytes was detected among 920 dwarf chickens (460 per sex) at 20 wk of age, and based on discrepancies of pp, the flock was grouped (the highest group, the medium group, and the lowest group). then serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and subpopulations of t-lymphocytes of each group were examined after inoculations of avian influenza virus h5n2 inactivated vaccine (20 wk of age), avian influenza virus h9 inactivated ... | 2008 | 18079448 |
| humoral response to h5n2 vaccination in exotic birds in the united arab emirates. | 2007 | 18156596 | |
| protection and virus shedding of falcons vaccinated against highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus (h5n1). | because fatal infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) virus subtype h5n1 have been reported in birds of prey, we sought to determine detailed information about the birds' susceptibility and protection after vaccination. ten falcons vaccinated with an inactivated influenza virus (h5n2) vaccine seroconverted. we then challenged 5 vaccinated and 5 nonvaccinated falcons with hpai (h5n1). all vaccinated birds survived; all unvaccinated birds died within 5 days. for the nonvaccinate ... | 2007 | 18217549 |
| avian influenza: genetic evolution under vaccination pressure. | antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (aivs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. to evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic aiv under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of aivs isolated from 1994 to 2006. this study demonstrates that mexican low pathogenicity (lp) h5n2-aivs are constan ... | 2008 | 18218105 |
| effects of oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu) in human sera on results of microneutralization and hemagglutinin-inhibition tests for h5n2 avian influenza virus. | to determine the influence of oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu) on the results of microneutralization and hemagglutinin-inhibition (hi) tests in human sera with h5n2 influenza virus, ten volunteers were administered tamiflu and blood samples were collected. in the microneutralization test, no consistent effects were observed. however, in the hi test, specimens from all volunteers taken at 4 and 7 h after drug administration showed a higher titer as compared to 0 and 24 h after administration when ... | 2008 | 18227965 |
| characterization of a newly developed chicken 44k agilent microarray. | the development of microarray technology has greatly enhanced our ability to evaluate gene expression. in theory, the expression of all genes in a given organism can be monitored simultaneously. sequencing of the chicken genome has provided the crucial information for the design of a comprehensive chicken transcriptome microarray. a long oligonucleotide microarray has been manually curated and designed by our group and manufactured using agilent inkjet technology. this provides a flexible and po ... | 2008 | 18237426 |
| molecular characterization of h5n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from south african ostriches in 2006. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2 reemerged in ostriches in south africa during 2006, and a low-pathogenic ai h5n2 virus was also isolated. molecular and phylogenetic characterization was performed to determine whether the outbreak strains were genetically derived from the supposedly eradicated eastern cape ostrich outbreak hpai h5n2 strain of 2004. it was demonstrated that although the 2004 and 2006 south african h5n2 strains shared a common ancestor, the two outbreaks were not rela ... | 2007 | 18251396 |
| [complex of recombinant heat shock protein with lipopolysaccharide induces rapid protection of mice against salmonella typhimurium and avirulent for humans avian influenza virus h5n2]. | protective effect of immunization with heat shock protein (hsp) against bacterial and viral infections in mice was studied. recombinant hsp 70 kda of mycobacterium tuberculosis contaminated with lypopolysaccharide (0.185 mcg/ml) was used for experiments. one intraperitoneal injection of 100 or 400 mcg of hsp induced rapid protection against intraperitoneal challen e with 125 ld50 of salmonella typhimurium (on 3rd-6th day) and against intranasal challenge with 10 ld50 of avirulent for humans avia ... | 2007 | 18283735 |
| protective efficacy of several vaccines against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus under experimental conditions. | although several vaccines have been developed to protect against highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype h5n1 'asia' their efficiency has primarily been assessed individually. thus, a direct comparison of their performance is still lacking. the following study was conducted to compare the protective efficacy of three commercially available inactivated vaccines based on influenza virus strains of subtypes h5n2 (vaccine a), h5n9 (vaccine b), and h5n3 (vaccine c), as well as two hemagglutinin ... | 2008 | 18291561 |
| chitosan as an adjuvant for parenterally administered inactivated influenza vaccines. | the addition of 0.5% of a chitosan derivative to inactivated influenza vaccines injected parenterally resulted in a four or six to tenfold increase in antibody titres after a single-dose or two-dose intramuscular immunization of mice, respectively, in comparison with antibody titres after immunization without chitosan. chitosan-adjuvanted vaccines enhanced antibody titers against drift variants of a- and b-type human influenza viruses four to six times compared with the vaccines without chitosan ... | 2008 | 18297235 |
| development of vaccine strains of h5 and h7 influenza viruses. | to establish vaccine strains of h5 and h7 influenza viruses, a/duck/hokkaido/vac-1/04 (h5n1) [vac-1/04 (h5n1)], a/duck/hokkaido/vac-3/07 (h5n1) [vac-3/07 (h5n1)], and a/duck/hokkaido/ vac-2/04 (h7n7) [vac-2/04 (h7n7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. vac-1/04 (h5n1) and vac-3/07 (h5n1) were generated by genetic reassortment between h5n2 or h5n3 virus as an ha gene provider and h7n1 or h6n1 viruses as an na gene provider. vac-2/04 (h7n7) wa ... | 2008 | 18318111 |
| [optimization of the gene composition of influenza h5 virus hemagglutinin-containing reassortants and their efficacy in immune cross-protection experiments]. | the reassortant described in the authors' previous paper contained 6 genes originating from the high-yield virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) and the genes of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of the low-pathogenic avian influenza a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 (h5n2) (6:2 reassortant). the reassortant was used for the backcrossing with the parent avian virus in order to optimize the gene composition. genotyping of the highest-yield second-generation reassortment indicated that it had obtained t ... | 2008 | 18318131 |
| [analysis of the amino acid changes of the hemagglutinin of h5 avian influenza virus]. | we introduced 38 single-point amino acid changes into the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of the reassortmented a/duck/mongolia/54/01 (h5n2) strain by a pcr random mutation method. the percentage of amino acid changes on the ha domain that did not abrogate hemadsorption activity was calculated to be 89%. changes in the amino acids of the ha2 domain were observed to be about half of those in the ha1 domain of these mutants. we assumed that amino acid changes in the ha1 domain afforded more flexibility ... | 2008 | 18320820 |
| level of protection of chickens against highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus with newcastle disease virus based live attenuated vector vaccine depends on homology of h5 sequence between vaccine and challenge virus. | vaccination of poultry against avian influenza is of high priority, in particular after the dramatic spread of subtype h5n1 in asia, africa and europe. newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been developed as a vector for the expression of the main immunogen of avian influenza virus, hemagglutinin (ha). an ndv vector based vaccine has several advantages. it allows easy serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals by the detection of antibodies against non-ha influenza proteins. ... | 2008 | 18395947 |
| experience in control of avian influenza in the americas. | the outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in canada in 1966, the usa in 1984 and mexico in 1994 led to a clear increase in biosecurity measures and improved intensive poultry production systems. in the past 12 years (1994-2006), there have been four outbreaks of hpai on the american continent: in mexico in 1994 (h5n2), in chile in 2002 (h7n3), in the usa in 2004 (h5n2) and in canada in 2004 (h7n3). in all cases, the control and eradication measures were based on prompt detection, ... | 2007 | 18416017 |
| surveillance of avian influenza viruses in northern pintails (anas acuta) in tohoku district, japan. | among winter migratory waterfowl, northern pintails (anas acuta), in one of the largest flocks in tohoku district, northeast japan, were surveyed for influenza a viruses at five wintering sites in three prefectures, viz., aomori, akita, and miyagi. a total of 38 influenza a viruses were isolated from 2066 fecal samples collected during november 2006 through march 2007. the overall isolation rate was 1.84%. eleven different subtypes were isolated, including nine h5n2, seven h6n8, seven h10n1, fou ... | 2008 | 18459295 |
| h5 antibody detection by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody. | many commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are unable to differentiate antibody responses to different avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes. developing an elisa for specifically detecting the h5 antibody is the purpose of this study. four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised using a/duck/yunlin/04 (h5n2). they were confirmed as being specific to h5. two of these antibodies showed hemagglutination inhibition (hi) activity using the hi test. using immunodot blot assays, three ... | 2008 | 18459308 |
| isolation of influenza a virus, subtype h5n2, and avian paramyxovirus type 1 from a flock of ostriches in europe. | a total of 146 of 506 ostriches (struthio camelus) introduced into a quarantine in denmark died within the first 23 days. the majority of deaths were in young birds up to 10 kg body weight. avian influenza a viruses (aivs) were isolated from 14 pools of organ tissues representing seven groups each of three or four ostriches, which died over the first 3 weeks. the aivs were detected in respiratory tissues, kidneys and intestines. all were subtype h5n2. the intravenous pathogenicity index of each ... | 1998 | 18483960 |
| experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of two avian influenza a h5 viruses in ostrich chicks (struthio camelus) and chickens. | virus excretion, immune response, and, for chickens, deaths were recorded in 3-week-old ostriches and chickens inoculated by either the intramuscular or intranasal route with one of two influenza a viruses of subtype h5. one of the viruses, a/turkey/england/50-92/91 (h5n1) (50/92), was highly pathogenic for chickens causing 5/5 deaths by each route of inoculation. the other virus, a/ostrich/denmark-q/72420/96 (h5n2) (72420/96), isolated from ostriches in quarantine in denmark during 1996, was of ... | 1998 | 18484019 |
| risk factors for seropositivity to h5 avian influenza virus in ostrich farms in the western cape province, south africa. | in a 2005 serological survey, carried out in response to an outbreak of h5n2 avian influenza (ai) in ostriches in the eastern cape province, 16.3% of ostrich farms in the western cape province of south africa were found to be seropositive to h5 ai virus. we subsequently carried out a questionnaire-based census survey on all available registered western cape ostrich farms that still existed at the end of 2005 (367 farms, of which 82 were seropositive), in order to identify risk factors associated ... | 2008 | 18486977 |
| human h5n2 avian influenza infection in japan and the factors associated with high h5n2-neutralizing antibody titer. | h5n2 avian influenza virus infection of humans has not been reported thus far. the first h5n2 avian influenza infection of poultry in japan occurred in ibaraki. | 2008 | 18603824 |
| surveillance of avian and swine influenza in the swine population in taiwan, 2004. | we conducted serological and virological surveillance of pig farms in taiwan from areas epidemic for low pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv), h5n2 subtype, in order to determine the prevalence of aiv and swine influenza virus (siv) in 2004. | 2008 | 18629419 |
| humoral immune response to avian influenza vaccination over a six-month period in different species of captive wild birds. | in december 2005, the four major swiss zoos carried out the vaccination of selected zoo birds with the adjuvant inactivated vaccine h5n2 nobilis influenza. pre- and post-vaccination antibody titers were determined either by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test (non-galliformes) or by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (galliformes) at week 0, 5, 10, and 26 (day 0-1, 35-36, 70-71, and 182 respectively) to determine the humoral immune response to h5 antigen. after the first vaccination, th ... | 2008 | 18646450 |
| efficacy of avridine and liposomes as adjuvants for avian influenza virus antigens in turkeys. | four-week-old turkeys were vaccinated with h4n8, h5n2 and h7n3 inactivated avian influenza viruses (aiv) in one of the following adjuvants: avridine, positively charged liposomal avridine, liposomal avridine with covalent attachment to the aiv antigens and oil-emulsion; and without any adjuvant. two vaccinations were given at a 4-week interval. antibody concentrations in sera and in respiratory lavages were measured over a period of 8 weeks. the turkeys responded with high cumulative geometric m ... | 1992 | 18670935 |
| evidence of infection by h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in healthy wild waterfowl. | the potential existence of a wild bird reservoir for highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) has been recently questioned by the spread and the persisting circulation of h5n1 hpai viruses, responsible for concurrent outbreaks in migratory and domestic birds over asia, europe, and africa. during a large-scale surveillance programme over eastern europe, the middle east, and africa, we detected avian influenza viruses of h5n2 subtype with a highly pathogenic (hp) viral genotype in healthy birds of ... | 2008 | 18704172 |
| experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of eight avian influenza a viruses of h5 subtype for chickens, turkeys, ducks and quail. | clinical signs, death, virus excretion and immune response were measured in 2-week-old chickens, turkeys, quail and ducks infected by intramuscular, intranasal and contact routes with eight influenza viruses of h5 subtype. six of the viruses: a/chicken/scotland/59 (h5n1), ck/scot; a/tern/south africa/61 (h5n3), tern/sa; a/turkey/ontario/ 7732/66 (h5n9); ty/ont; a/chicken/pennsylvania/1370/83 (h5n2); pa/1370; a/turkey/ireland/83 (h5n8); ty/ireland, and a/duck/ireland/ 113/84 (hsn8); dk/ireland, w ... | 1986 | 18766567 |
| protection against mouse and avian influenza a strains via vaccination with a combination of conserved proteins np, m1 and ns1. | experimental data accumulated over more than a decade indicate that cross-strain protection against influenza may be achieved by immunization with conserved influenza proteins. at the same time, the efficacy of immunization schemes designed along these lines and involving internal influenza proteins, mostly np and m1, has not been sufficient. | 2007 | 18784792 |
| h5n1 avian influenza virus induces apoptotic cell death in mammalian airway epithelial cells. | in recent years, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 has raised serious worldwide concern about an influenza pandemic; however, the biology of h5n1 pathogenesis is largely unknown. to elucidate the mechanism of h5n1 pathogenesis, we prepared primary airway epithelial cells from alveolar tissues from 1-year-old pigs and measured the growth kinetics of three avian h5 influenza viruses (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004 [h5n1], a/duck/hong kong/342/78 [h5n2], and a/duck/hong kong/820/80 [h5n3]), th ... | 2008 | 18787012 |
| efficient capture of infectious h5 avian influenza virus utilizing magnetic beads coated with anionic polymer. | the possible emergence of a pandemic influenza virus from the avian influenza virus (aiv) has become a serious threat. the isolation of viruses will be crucial for further virological analysis and the development of vaccines. however, currently, there is no simple method for facilitating the isolation of infectious aiv. here, we have developed a simple method of capturing aiv using anionic magnetic beads. the method employed the capture of aiv (h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3) from liquid samples such as a ... | 2008 | 18823941 |
| transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in pekin ducks is significantly reduced by a genetically distant h5n2 vaccine. | domestic ducks play an important role in the epidemiology of h5n1 avian influenza. although it is known that vaccines that have a high homology with the challenge virus are able to prevent infection in ducks, little is yet known about the ability of genetically more distant vaccines in preventing infection, disease, and transmission. here we study the effect of a widely used h5n2 vaccine (a/chicken/mexico/232/94/cpa) on the transmission of h5n1 virus (a/chicken/china/1204/04) in ducks. the quant ... | 2008 | 18848343 |
| antibodies and cd4(+) t-cells mediate cross-protection against h5n1 influenza virus infection in mice after vaccination with a low pathogenic h5n2 strain. | a h5n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) was isolated from a natural reservoir in bavaria during a routine screen and was used as a vaccine strain to scrutinize the immune response involved in cross-protection after challenge infection with a h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv). the challenge virus was also isolated from a natural reservoir in bavaria. wild type, antibody deficient (mumt), cd4(-/-) and cd8(-/-) mice were infected with the apathogenic h5n2 vaccine stra ... | 2008 | 18848593 |
| antigenic and genetic analysis of h5 influenza viruses isolated from water birds for the purpose of vaccine use. | in order to prepare h5n1 influenza virus vaccine, the hemagglutinins (has) of 14 h5 virus isolates from water birds in asia were antigenically and genetically analyzed. phylogenetic analysis of the h5 ha genes revealed that 13 isolates belong to eurasian and the other one to north american lineages. each of the deduced amino acid sequences of the has indicated a non-pathogenic profile. antigenic analysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies recognizing six different epitopes on the ha of a/duc ... | 2008 | 18932020 |
| post-reassortment amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of a human-avian influenza h5n1 reassortant virus alters its antigenic specificity. | it was shown earlier that the reassortant influenza virus having hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 (h5n2) virus and 7 genes of a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) virus produced low yields in embryonated chicken eggs. we found that a variant reassortant selected by serial passages in eggs produced higher yields than the initial reassortant. the variant reassortant had an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin n244d (h3 numbering). in this report we demonstrated that the post-reass ... | 2008 | 18999893 |
| detection of circulating asian h5n1 viruses by a newly established monoclonal antibody. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recently emerged asian h5n1 virus (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004) were generated. from five anti-hemagglutinin (ha) mabs, four antibodies (3c11, 4c12, 3h12, and 3h4) broadly in vitro recognized and neutralized h5 subtypes, including h5n1. by contrast, the 4g6 mab specifically reacted with h5n1-ha and not with h5n2- or h5n3-has from previous epidemics. the 4g6 mab was useful for immunofluorescence assays but not for immunoblotting, suggesting that this antibody rec ... | 2009 | 19010309 |
| [chitosan as an adjuvant for parenteral inactivated influenza vaccines]. | addition of 0.5% chitosan derivative to parenteral inactivated influenza vaccines increased antibody titers in the single immunization of mice by 4-5 times while double immunization showed 6-to-10-fold increases as compared with immunization without chitosan. moreover, chitosan-containing vaccines induced the generation of antibodies to the drift variants of influenza virus. when the mice were given inactivated influenza virus a/h5n2 vaccine containing chitosan, immunogenicity and protective eff ... | 2008 | 19069787 |
| a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus replicon vaccine protects chickens from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h7n1). | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of subtypes h5 and h7 cause fatal disease in poultry (fowl plague) but also have zoonotic potential. currently commercially available vaccines often do not provide sufficient protection and do not allow easy discrimination between vaccinated and infected birds. therefore, vaccination of domestic poultry against h5 and h7 hpaiv is not allowed in many countries, or is only possible after special permission has been provided. we generated a recombin ... | 2009 | 19135116 |
| protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza is dramatically suppressed by early infection of chickens with reticuloendotheliosis virus. | the present study was conducted to understand epidemiological factors that depress the protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). specific pathogen free chickens were infected at different ages with immunosuppressive reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), then vaccinated with inactivated vaccine h5n2 and challenged with hpai h5n1. compared with control birds, early rev infection significantly inhibited antibody response to h5n2 vaccine and dramatically decre ... | 2009 | 19145513 |
| [distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china]. | to identify the distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china. | 2008 | 19160806 |
| [monitoring influenza a virus and newcastle disease virus in migratory waterfowls in sanjiang natural reserve of heilongjiang province]. | in order to monitor the present situation of avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) in migratory waterfowls effectively, 158 tracheal and cloacal swab samples for wild birds were collected from sanjiang natural reserve during migratory seasons in october 2005, april 2006 and october 2006. | 2008 | 19160826 |
| estimation of transmission parameters of h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens. | despite considerable research efforts, little is yet known about key epidemiological parameters of h5n1 highly pathogenic influenza viruses in their avian hosts. here we show how these parameters can be estimated using a limited number of birds in experimental transmission studies. our quantitative estimates, based on bayesian methods of inference, reveal that (i) the period of latency of h5n1 influenza virus in unvaccinated chickens is short (mean: 0.24 days; 95% credible interval: 0.099-0.48 d ... | 2009 | 19180190 |
| assessment of the pathogenicity of an emu-origin influenza a h5 virus in ostriches (struthio camelus). | ostriches were inoculated with a laboratory-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of emu origin, a/emu/tx/39924/93 (h5n2) clone c1b. the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of this isolate for ostriches and assess the ability of routine virological and serological tests to detect infection. avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from cloacal and tracheal swabs from 2 to 12 days post-infection. aiv was also isolated from brain, thymus, eyelid, spleen, ovary/test ... | 2001 | 19184878 |
| serological survey of avian h5n2-subtype influenza virus infections in human populations. | to investigate the distribution of antibodies against h5n2 influenza virus in humans living in ibaraki prefecture, japan, 266 single serum samples were collected to perform serological tests. results were compared to investigate the relationship between positive results and several factors. the number of positive serum neutralization antibody titers (> or = 40) against avian influenza virus a/h5n2 was significantly greater (p < 0.05) among poultry workers, in comparison to a japanese healthy pop ... | 2009 | 19189196 |
| protection of chickens against avian influenza with nonreplicating adenovirus-vectored vaccine. | protective immunity against avian influenza (ai) virus has been elicited in chickens by single-dose in ovo or i.m. vaccination with a replication-competent adenovirus (ad)-free human ad vector encoding the ai virus a/turkey/wisconsin/68 h5 (adtw68. h5) or the a/chicken/new york/94 h7 (adchny94. h7) hemagglutinin (ha). the adtw68.h5-vaccinated chickens were protected against both h5n1 and h5n2 highly pathogenic ai virus challenges. the adchny94. h7-vaccinated chickens were protected against an h7 ... | 2009 | 19276437 |
| a rapid and sensitive real-time reverse transcription pcr for the pathotyping of south african h5n2 avian influenza viruses. | a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) real-time reverse-transcription (rrt-pcr) assay was developed that distinguishes stains of south african and european highly pathogenic (hpai) from low pathogenicity (lpai) h5 avian influenza viruses in the absence of virus isolation, irrespective of the length of insertion at the hemagglutinin cleavage site (h0). the assay was used to pathotype h5-type viruses detected by rrt-pcr in ostrich tracheal swabs collected during the 2006 hpai h5n2 outbre ... | 2008 | 19294990 |
| acquisition of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site by a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus is not sufficient for immediate transformation into a highly pathogenic strain. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) differ from all other strains by a polybasic cleavage site in their hemagglutinin. all these hpaiv share the h5 or h7 subtype. in order to investigate whether the acquisition of a polybasic cleavage site by an avirulent avian influenza virus strain with a hemagglutinin other than h5 or h7 is sufficient for immediate transformation into an hpaiv, we adapted the hemagglutinin cleavage site of a/duck/ukraine/1/1963 (h3n8) to that of the hpaiv a/chic ... | 2009 | 19297482 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of h5n2 influenza viruses from pigs in korea. | due to dual susceptibility to both human and avian influenza a viruses, pigs are believed to be effective intermediate hosts for the spread and production of new viruses with pandemic potential. in early 2008, two swine h5n2 viruses were isolated from our routine swine surveillance in korea. the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of surface proteins revealed that the sw/korea/c12/08 and sw/korea/c13/08 viruses were derived from avian influenza viruses of the eurasian lineage. however, although ... | 2009 | 19359528 |
| inactivation of avian influenza virus h5n2 in acidified chicken pulp. | 2009 | 19395719 | |
| active surveillance for avian influenza virus infection in wild birds by analysis of avian fecal samples from the environment. | a total of 1991 environmental samples of fresh avian feces and urine from several aquatic bird species in a coastal area of northeast germany were examined for the presence of avian influenza viruses (aiv). by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, specific for an m gene of influenza a viruses, none of 659 duck samples and only 11 (0.9%) of 1,268 geese and swan samples tested positive. two of these were identified as h5n2 viruses of low pathogenicity. conventional cloacal and ... | 2009 | 19395763 |
| sialivac: an intranasal homologous inactivated split virus vaccine containing bacterial sialidase for the control of avian influenza in poultry. | a simple, effective inactivated avian flu vaccine composed of three homologous highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 strains combined with clostridium perfringens type a 107 sialidase/neuramindase and chitosan as a trans epithelial carrier adjuvant applied intranasally to poultry is described. poultry were vaccinated with an inactivated, solvent split, chitosan adjuvanted intranasal (in) vaccine with and without c. perfringens sialidase and the resulting serum igg antibody measured by haemagglutination in ... | 2009 | 19406183 |
| cold oxygen plasma technology efficiency against different airborne respiratory viruses. | respiratory infections caused by viruses are major causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. they account for an important mortality and morbidity worldwide. amongst these viruses, influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses are major pathogens. their transmission is mainly airborne, by direct transmission through droplets from infected cases. | 2009 | 19406687 |
| safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of poxvirus-based vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin gene of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in pigs. | this study investigates the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of different pox-vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin of a highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/chicken/indonesia/7/03) in pigs. pigs were vaccinated twice, with a 4-week interval, with a fowlpox (trovac), a canarypox (alvac), or a vaccinia (nyvac) vector vaccine combined with an oil-in-water adjuvant, with the unadjuvanted nyvac, or left unvaccinated. six weeks after the second vaccination, all pigs w ... | 2009 | 19428840 |
| an inactivated h5n2 vaccine reduces transmission of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus among native chickens. | vaccination against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemically affected areas is a potentially attractive option for local prevention and control. in indonesia the majority of local outbreaks have occurred in back yard flocks with native chickens, and it is therefore of interest to determine whether these birds can be protected against infection by vaccination. to this end two transmission experiments were carried out with h5n1 virus (a/chicken/legok/2003) in vaccinated and unvaccinat ... | 2009 | 19428896 |
| safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza reassortant h5 vaccine (phase i-ii clinical trials). | our studies aimed to evaluate in clinical trials the safety and immunogenicity of an h5 live influenza vaccine candidate obtained using classical reassortment techniques from a low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) a/duck/potsdam/1402-6/86(h5n2) virus and the cold-adapted (ca) donor strain a/leningrad/134/17/57(h2n2). | 2008 | 19453396 |
| association of increased pathogenicity of asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens with highly efficient viral replication accompanied by early destruction of innate immune responses. | the asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses have been increasing in pathogenicity in diverse avian species since 1996 and are now widespread in asian, european, and african countries. to better understand the basis of the increased pathogenicity of recent asian h5n1 hpai viruses in chickens, we compared the fevers and mean death times (mdts) of chickens infected with the asian h5n1 a/chicken/yamaguchi/7/04 (ckym7) strain with those infected with the h5n1 duck/yokohama/aq10/03 ... | 2009 | 19457987 |
| molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, isolated from food products imported into singapore. | we have completed the genetic characterization of all eight gene segments for four low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses. the objective of this study was to detect the presence of novel signatures that may serve as early warning indicators of the conversion of lpai viruses to high pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses. this study included three h5n2 and one h5n3 viruses that were isolated from live poultry imported into singapore as part of the national avian influenza virus (aiv) su ... | 2009 | 19464126 |
| characterisation of a highly pathogenic influenza a virus of subtype h5n2 isolated from ostriches in south africa in 2004. | the hpai h5n2 strain that caused an outbreak in ostriches of the eastern cape province, south africa in 2004 was characterized. | 2009 | 19496843 |
| comparative analysis between a low pathogenic and a high pathogenic influenza h5 hemagglutinin in cell entry. | avian influenza viruses continue to threaten globally with pandemic potential. the first step in a potential pandemic is the ability of the virus to enter human cells which is mediated by the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha). viral entry of influenza is dependent upon the processing of the ha0 polypeptide precursor protein into ha1 and ha2 which is mediated by host cellular proteases. the sequence of the cleavage site which is recognized by host proteases has been linked with pathog ... | 2009 | 19515258 |
| live vaccination with an h5-hemagglutinin-expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombinant protects chickens against different highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the h5 subtype. | recently, we described an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv, gallid herpesvirus 1) recombinant, which had been attenuated by deletion of the viral dutpase gene ul50, and abundantly expressed the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a h5n1 type highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of vietnamese origin. in the present study, efficacy of this vectored vaccine (iltv-deltaul50ih5v) against different h5 hpaiv was evaluated in 6-week-old chickens. after a single ocular immunization all animals ... | 2009 | 19573638 |
| replication and pathogenesis associated with h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks. | a comparative study examining replication and disease pathogenesis associated with low-pathogenic h5n1, h5n2, or h5n3 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection of chickens and ducks was performed. the replication and pathogenesis of highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) has received substantial attention; however, the behavior of low-pathogenic aivs, which serve as precursors to hpaivs, has received less attention. thus, chickens or ducks were inoculated with an isolate from a wild bird [a/mute swan/mi/4510 ... | 2009 | 19575275 |
| genetic analysis of avian influenza a viruses isolated from domestic waterfowl in live-bird markets of hanoi, vietnam, preceding fatal h5n1 human infections in 2004. | the first known cases of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses in vietnam occurred in late 2003. however, hpai h5n1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 and h9n3 viruses were isolated from domestic waterfowl during live-bird market (lbm) surveillance in vietnam in 2001 and 2003. to understand the possible role of these early viruses in the genesis of h5n1 strains infecting people, we performed sequencing and molecular characterization. phylogenetic ... | 2009 | 19578928 |
| vaccination as a tool to combat introductions of notifiable avian influenza viruses in europe, 2000 to 2006. | in late 2000, italy was the first country of the european union (eu) to implement an emergency vaccination programme against notifiable avian influenza. vaccination with a conventional vaccine containing a seed strain with a different neuraminidase subtype from that of the field virus was used to complement biosecurity and restriction measures as part of an overall eradication strategy. this vaccination technique, in line with the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals system (diva), w ... | 2009 | 19618629 |
| avian influenza in mexico. | the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2 in mexico in 1994 led to a clear increase in biosecurity measures and improvement of intensive poultry production systems. the control and eradication measures implemented were based on active surveillance, disease detection, depopulation of infected farms and prevention of possible contacts (identified by epidemiological investigations), improvement of biosecurity measures, and restriction of the movement of live birds, poultry produ ... | 2009 | 19618630 |
| efficacy of a commercial inactivated h5 influenza vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in waterfowl evaluated under field conditions. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) can cause devastating losses in the poultry industry. in addition, several hpaiv exhibit a zooanthroponotic potential and can cause fatal infections in humans. these attributes particularly apply to hpaiv h5n1 of asian origin. due to the absence of overt clinical symptoms, introduction and subsequent spread of hpaiv h5n1 in domestic waterfowl (especially ducks) may occur undetected, which increases the risk of transspecies transmissions to highly v ... | 2009 | 19618632 |
| avian influenza: the canadian experience. | reports of sporadic avian influenza outbreaks involving domestic poultry date back to the 1960s. with the exception of a/turkey/ontario/7732/1966 (h5n9), which was isolated from a turkey breeding establishment, all viruses characterised prior to 2004 fit the criteria of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai). only in retrospect was a/turkey/ontario/7732/1966 shown to meet the criteria of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). in 2004, canada reported its first case of hpai to the world organ ... | 2009 | 19618638 |
| surveillance for high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states, 2006-2007. | in 2006 the u.s. department of agriculture, u.s. department of interior, and cooperating state fish and wildlife agencies began surveillance for high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states. this surveillance effort was highly integrated in california, oregon, washington, idaho, nevada, arizona, utah, and western montana, with collection of samples coordinated with state agencies. sampling focused on live wild birds, hunter-killed ... | 2009 | 19630228 |