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zika virus infections imported to italy: clinical, immunological and virological findings, and public health implications.we report the first two cases of laboratory confirmed zika virus (zikv) infections imported into italy from french polynesia. both patients presented with low grade fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, myalgia, arthralgia, ankle oedema, and axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy. one patient showed leukopenia with relative monocytosis and thrombocytopenia. the diagnosis was based on zikv seroconversion in both cases and on zikv rna detection in one patient from acute serum sample. sera from both patie ...201525600600
usutu virus: an emerging flavivirus in europe.usutu virus (usuv) is an african mosquito-borne flavivirus belonging to the japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex. usuv is closely related to murray valley encephalitis virus, japanese encephalitis virus, and west nile virus. usuv was discovered in south africa in 1959. in europe, the first true demonstration of circulation of usuv was reported in austria in 2001 with a significant die-off of eurasian blackbirds. in the subsequent years, usuv expanded to neighboring countries, including italy, ...201525606971
co-infection with zika and dengue viruses in 2 patients, new caledonia, 2014. 025625687
potential sexual transmission of zika virus.in december 2013, during a zika virus (zikv) outbreak in french polynesia, a patient in tahiti sought treatment for hematospermia, and zikv was isolated from his semen. zikv transmission by sexual intercourse has been previously suspected. this observation supports the possibility that zikv could be transmitted sexually.025625872
viral exanthems.determining the viral cause of a rash presents significant diagnostic challenges. we review contemporary literature on viral exanthems and suggest a structured approach to aid diagnosis.201525706914
risk assessment for yellow fever in western and north-western provinces of zambia.north-western and western provinces of zambia were reclassified as low-risk areas for yellow fever (yf). however, the current potential for yf transmission in these areas is unclear.025722614
zika virus infection, philippines, 2012. 025811410
chikungunya outbreak, french polynesia, 2014. 025811534
assessment of climate-sensitive infectious diseases in the federated states of micronesia.the health impacts of climate change are an issue of growing concern in the pacific region. prior to 2010, no formal, structured, evidence-based approach had been used to identify the most significant health risks posed by climate change in pacific island countries. during 2010 and 2011, the world health organization supported the federated states of micronesia (fsm) in performing a climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessment. this paper summarizes the priority climate-sens ...201425859151
neglected tropical diseases among the association of southeast asian nations (asean): overview and update.the ten member states of the association of southeast asian nations (asean) constitute an economic powerhouse, yet these countries also harbor a mostly hidden burden of poverty and neglected tropical diseases (ntds). almost 200 million people live in extreme poverty in asean countries, mostly in the low or lower middle-income countries of indonesia, the philippines, myanmar, viet nam, and cambodia, and many of them are affected by at least one ntd. however, ntds are prevalent even among upper mi ...201525880767
invasion of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) into central africa: what consequences for emerging diseases?aedes albopictus, a mosquito native to asia, has invaded all five continents during the past three decades. it was reported in central africa in the 2000s, first in cameroon, and, since then, has colonised almost all countries of the region. the species, originally considered a secondary vector of dengue viruses, has been showed to play a major role in transmission of chikungunya virus in numerous countries, including in the central african region. we review the current spread of ae. albopictus ...201525885461
acute zika virus infection after travel to malaysian borneo, september 2014. 025898277
zika virus in an american recreational traveler.we report the case of a 48-year-old american traveler who presented to our clinic with diffuse rash, malaise, fatigue, fever, arthralgia, low back pain, and bilateral exudative conjunctivitis. the patient had an extensive vaccination and travel history: most notable for prior receipt of yellow fever vaccine; extensive travel or residence in areas endemic for dengue, chikungunya, and west nile virus; and recent travel to french polynesia. clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with zika ...201525996909
factors responsible for the emergence of arboviruses; strategies, challenges and limitations for their control.slave trading of africans to the americas, during the 16th to the 19th century was responsible for the first recorded emergence in the new world of two arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), yellow fever virus and dengue virus. many other arboviruses have since emerged from their sylvatic reservoirs and dispersed globally due to evolving factors that include anthropological behaviour, commercial transportation and land-remediation. here, we outline some characteristics of these highly divergent ...201526038768
first report of autochthonous transmission of zika virus in brazil.in the early 2015, several cases of patients presenting symptoms of mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis and arthralgia were reported in the northeastern brazil. although all patients lived in a dengue endemic area, molecular and serological diagnosis for dengue resulted negative. chikungunya virus infection was also discarded. subsequently, zika virus (zikv) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from the sera of eight patients and the result was confirmed by dna sequencing ...201526061233
detection of zika virus in saliva.during the largest zika virus (zikv) outbreak ever reported that occurred from october 2013 to march 2014 in french polynesia, we observed that several patients presenting the symptoms of acute phase zika fever were tested negative in blood by zikv real-time pcr (rt-pcr).201526071336
recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid diagnostics of dengue infection.over 2.5 billion people are exposed to the risk of contracting dengue fever (df). early diagnosis of df helps to diminish its burden on public health. real-time reverse transcription polymerase amplification assays (rt-pcr) are the standard method for molecular detection of the dengue virus (denv). real-time rt-pcr analysis is not suitable for on-site screening since mobile devices are large, expensive, and complex. in this study, two rt-recombinase polymerase amplification (rt-rpa) assays were ...201526075598
zika virus infection in a traveller returning to europe from brazil, march 2015.we report a case of laboratory-confirmed zika virus infection imported into europe from the americas. the patient developed fever, rash, and oedema of hands and feet after returning to italy from brazil in late march 2015. the case highlights that, together with chikungunya virus and dengue virus, three major arboviruses are now co-circulating in brazil. these arboviruses represent a burden for the healthcare systems in brazil and other countries where competent mosquito vectors are present.201526084316
biology of zika virus infection in human skin cells.zika virus (zikv) is an emerging arbovirus of the flaviviridae family, which includes dengue, west nile, yellow fever, and japanese encephalitis viruses, that causes a mosquito-borne disease transmitted by the aedes genus, with recent outbreaks in the south pacific. here we examine the importance of human skin in the entry of zikv and its contribution to the induction of antiviral immune responses. we show that human dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and immature dendritic cells are p ...201526085147
detection of entebbe bat virus after 54 years.entebbe bat virus (entv; flaviviridae: flavivirus), closely related to yellow fever virus, was first isolated from a little free-tailed bat (chaerephon pumilus) in uganda in 1957, but was not detected after that initial isolation. in 2011, we isolated entv from a little free-tailed bat captured from the attic of a house near where it had originally been found. infectious virus was recovered from the spleen and lung, and the viral rna was sequenced and compared with that of the original isolate. ...201526101270
detection of zika virus infection in thailand, 2012-2014.zika virus (zikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen with reported cases in africa, asia, and large outbreaks in the pacific. no autochthonous zikv infections have been confirmed in thailand. however, there have been several cases reported in travelers returning from thailand. here we report seven cases of acute zikv infection in thai residents across the country confirmed by molecular or serological testing including sequence data. these endemic cases, combined with previous reports in trav ...201526101272
current status of invasive mosquito surveillance in the uk.non-native invasive mosquitoes have for many years made incursions into europe, and are now established in many european countries. the continued european importation of potential vectors and their expansion within europe increases their potential for importation and establishment in the uk. coupled with increasing numbers of returning dengue and chikungunya infected travellers, the potential exists for transmission of vector borne disease in new regions.201526122427
targeting transmission pathways for emerging zoonotic disease surveillance and control.we used literature searches and a database of all reported emerging infectious diseases (eids) to analyze the most important transmission pathways (e.g., vector-borne, aerosol droplet transmitted) for emerging zoonoses. our results suggest that at the broad scale, the likelihood of transmission occurring through any one pathway is approximately equal. however, the major transmission pathways for zoonoses differ widely according to the specific underlying drivers of eid events (e.g., land-use cha ...026186515
zika virus: following the path of dengue and chikungunya? 201526194519
biocontrol evaluation of extracts and a major component, clusianone, from clusia fluminensis planch. & triana against aedes aegypti.studies evaluated the effects of hexanic extracts from the fruits and flowers of clusia fluminensis and the main component of the flower extract, a purified benzophenone (clusianone), against aedes aegypti. the treatment of larvae with the crude fruit or flower extracts from c. fluminensis did not affect the survival ofae. aegypti (50 mg/l), however, the flower extracts significantly delayed development of ae. aegypti. in contrast, the clusianone (50 mg/l) isolate from the flower extract, repres ...201526200711
the usual suspects: comparison of the relative roles of potential urban chikungunya virus vectors in australia.the global re-emergence of chikungunya virus (chikv) over the last decade presents a serious public health risk to australia. an increasing number of imported cases further underline the potential for local transmission to occur if local mosquitoes bite an infected traveller. laboratory experiments have identified a number of competent australian mosquito species, including the primary vectors of chikv abroad, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, and local endemic species aedes vigilax and aedes ...201526247366
inactivation of zika virus in plasma with amotosalen and ultraviolet a illumination.zika virus (zikv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by mosquitoes. the potential for zikv transmission through blood transfusion was demonstrated during the zikv outbreak that occurred in french polynesia from october 2013 to april 2014. pathogen inactivation of blood products is a proactive strategy that provides the potential to reduce transfusion-transmitted diseases. inactivation of arboviruses by amotosalen and ultraviolet a (uva) illumination was previously demonstrated f ...201626283013
development and validation of an elisa kit (yf mac-hd) to detect igm to yellow fever virus.yellow fever virus (yfv) is endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, with around 180,000 human infections a year occurring in africa. serologic testing is the chief laboratory diagnostic means of identifying an outbreak and to inform the decision to commence a vaccination campaign. the world health organization disseminates the reagents for yfv testing to african reference laboratories, and the us centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) is charged with producing and pr ...201526342907
studies on the species composition and relative abundance of mosquitoes of mpigi district, central uganda.prediction of arboviral disease outbreaks and planning for appropriate control interventions require knowledge of the mosquito vectors involved. although mosquito surveys have been conducted in different regions of uganda since the mid 30's such studies have not been carried out in mpigi district. in october 2011, we conducted mosquito collections in mpigi district to determine species composition and relative abundance of the different species. the survey was conducted in four villages, njeru, ...026346305
ecuador paraiso escondido virus, a new flavivirus isolated from new world sand flies in ecuador, is the first representative of a novel clade in the genus flavivirus.a new flavivirus, ecuador paraiso escondido virus (epev), named after the village where it was discovered, was isolated from sand flies (psathyromyia abonnenci, formerly lutzomyia abonnenci) that are unique to the new world. this represents the first sand fly-borne flavivirus identified in the new world. epev exhibited a typical flavivirus genome organization. nevertheless, the maximum pairwise amino acid sequence identity with currently recognized flaviviruses was 52.8%. phylogenetic analysis o ...201526355096
syndromic approach to arboviral diagnostics for global travelers as a basis for infectious disease surveillance.arboviruses have overlapping geographical distributions and can cause symptoms that coincide with more common infections. therefore, arbovirus infections are often neglected by travel diagnostics. here, we assessed the potential of syndrome-based approaches for diagnosis and surveillance of neglected arboviral diseases in returning travelers.201526372010
zika virus outbreak, bahia, brazil. 026401719
zika virus transmission from french polynesia to brazil. 026403318
value of routine dengue diagnostic tests in urine and saliva specimens.dengue laboratory diagnosis is essentially based on detection of the virus, its components or antibodies directed against the virus in blood samples. blood, however, may be difficult to draw in some patients, especially in children, and sampling during outbreak investigations or epidemiological studies may face logistical challenges or limited compliance to invasive procedures from subjects. the aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using saliva and urine samples instead of blood fo ...201526406240
epidemiological scenario of dengue in brazil.dengue is the most important reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. it is caused by any of four dengue virus types or serotypes (denv-1 to denv-4) and is transmitted by mosquitoes from the genus aedes. ecological changes have favored the geographic expansion of the vector and, since the dengue pandemic in the asian and pacific regions, the infection became widely distributed worldwide, reaching brazil in 1845. the incidence of dengue in brazil has been frequently high, and the number ...201526413514
chikungunya virus infections among patients with dengue-like illness at a tertiary care hospital in the philippines, 2012-2013.chikungunya virus (chikv) often co-circulates with dengue virus (denv). a cross-sectional surveillance study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in manila, philippines, to describe the prevalence and characteristics of denv and chikv infections among patients seeking care for dengue-like illness. acute blood samples from patients ≥ 6 months of age clinically diagnosed with dengue from november 2012 to december 2013 underwent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to detect den ...201526416109
virology, epidemiology and pathology of glossina hytrosavirus, and its control prospects in laboratory colonies of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes (diptera; glossinidae).the glossina hytrosavirus (family hytrosaviridae) is a double-stranded dna virus with rod-shaped, enveloped virions. its 190 kbp genome encodes 160 putative open reading frames. the virus replicates in the nucleus, and acquires a fragile envelope in the cell cytoplasm. glossina hytrosavirus was first isolated from hypertrophied salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes austen (diptera; glossinidae) collected in kenya in 1986. a certain proportion of laboratory g. pallidipes flies in ...201326462422
aedes aegypti control strategies in brazil: incorporation of new technologies to overcome the persistence of dengue epidemics.dengue is considered to be the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. the aedes aegypti mosquito, its vector, is highly anthropophilic and is very well adapted to urban environments. although several vaccine candidates are in advanced stages of development no licensed dengue vaccine is yet available. as a result, controlling the spread of dengue still requires that mosquitoes be targeted directly. we review the current methods of dengue vector control focusing on recent techni ...201526463204
the phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine receptor cd300a binds dengue virus and enhances infection.dengue virus (denv) is the etiological agent of the major human arboviral disease. we previously demonstrated that the tim and tam families of phosphatidylserine (ptdser) receptors involved in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells mediate denv entry into target cells. we show here that human cd300a, a recently identified phospholipid receptor, also binds directly denv particles and enhances viral entry. cd300a facilitates infection of the four denv serotypes, as well as of other mosquito-borne vir ...201526468529
seroprevalence of arboviruses among blood donors in french polynesia, 2011-2013.french polynesia is a high epidemic/endemic area for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). we recently reported the silent circulation of ross river virus and absence of active transmission of chikungunya virus (chikv) among blood donors sampled before the emergence of zika virus (zikv) and chikv in french polynesia. in this study, the prevalence of the four serotypes of dengue virus (denv) and the occurrence of circulation of other arboviruses were investigated in blood donors in french polyne ...201526482390
preparing for the next epidemic with basic virology. 201526492495
zika virus infection in australia following a monkey bite in indonesia.a traveller returning to australia developed zika virus infection, with fever, rash and conjunctivitis, with onset five days after a monkey bite in bali, indonesia. flavivirus rna detected on pcr from a nasopharyngeal swab was sequenced and identified as zika virus. although mosquito-borne transmission is also possible, we propose the bite as a plausible route of transmission. the literature for non-vector transmissions of zika virus and other flaviviruses is reviewed.201526521519
one-step real-time rt-pcr assays for serotyping dengue virus in clinical samples.dengue is one of the leading causes of morbidity in tropical and subtropical regions and infection with any of the four dengue virus serotypes (denv1-4) result in a wide range of clinical manifestations. given the geographic expansion of denv1-4, assays for serotyping are needed to be able to perform surveillance and epidemiological studies. in this study, we describe the design and validation of one-step real-time serotype-specific denv rt-pcr assays.201526527283
potential of selected senegalese aedes spp. mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to transmit zika virus.zika virus (zikv; genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae) is an emerging virus of medical importance maintained in a zoonotic cycle between arboreal aedes spp. mosquitoes and nonhuman primates in african and asian forests. serological evidence and virus isolations have demonstrated widespread distribution of the virus in senegal. several mosquito species have been found naturally infected by zikv but little is known about their vector competence.201526527535
zika virus outbreaks in the americas. 201526552108
molecular characterisation of chikungunya virus infections in trinidad and comparison of clinical and laboratory features with dengue and other acute febrile cases.local transmission of chikungunya virus (chikv) was first documented in trinidad and tobago (t&t) in july 2014 preceding a large epidemic. at initial presentation, it is difficult to distinguish chikungunya fever (chikf) from other acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses (aufis), including life-threatening dengue disease. we characterised and compared dengue virus (denv) and chikv infections in 158 patients presenting with suspected dengue fever (df) and chikf at a major hospital in t&t, and pe ...201526580074
outbreak of exanthematous illness associated with zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses, salvador, brazil. 026584464
a report on the outbreak of zika virus on easter island, south pacific, 2014.zika virus (zikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus circulating in asia and africa. in 2013, a large outbreak was reported on the archipelago of french polynesia. in this study, we report the detection and molecular characterization of zika virus for the first time in chile from an outbreak among the inhabitants of easter island. a total of 89 samples from patients suspected of having zikv infection were collected between the period from january to may, 2014. molecular diagnosis of the vi ...201626611910
first detection of autochthonous zika virus transmission in a hiv-infected patient in rio de janeiro, brazil.since may 2015, brazil's ministry of health has reported autochthonous transmission of zika virus (zikv) in some states of the country. simultaneous circulation of dengue, chikungunya and zikv in the country hinder both the diagnosis and the therapeutic approach of patients seeking care with acute febrile illnesses especially in patients with comorbidities. the association between hiv infection and endemic diseases has been described especially in tropical regions with varying levels of complica ...201626615388
socio-economic and climate factors associated with dengue fever spatial heterogeneity: a worked example in new caledonia.understanding the factors underlying the spatio-temporal distribution of infectious diseases provides useful information regarding their prevention and control. dengue fever spatio-temporal patterns result from complex interactions between the virus, the host, and the vector. these interactions can be influenced by environmental conditions. our objectives were to analyse dengue fever spatial distribution over new caledonia during epidemic years, to identify some of the main underlying factors, a ...201526624008
entry routes for zika virus in brazil after 2014 world cup: new possibilities. 201626627575
establishment of an algorithm using prm/e- and ns1-specific igm antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in diagnosis of japanese encephalitis virus and west nile virus infections in humans.the front-line assay for the presumptive serodiagnosis of acute japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and west nile virus (wnv) infections is the premembrane/envelope (prm/e)-specific igm antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa). due to antibody cross-reactivity, mac-elisa-positive samples may be confirmed with a time-consuming plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt). in the present study, we applied a previously developed anti-nonstructural protein 1 (ns1)-specific mac-eli ...201526659204
climate change and health in pacific island states. 026668431
blood safety and zoonotic emerging pathogens: now it's the turn of zika virus! 201526674809
zika virus and the never-ending story of emerging pathogens and transfusion medicine.in the last few years, the transfusion medicine community has been paying special attention to emerging vector-borne diseases transmitted by arboviruses. zika virus is the latest of these pathogens and is responsible for major outbreaks in africa, asia and, more recently, in previously infection-naïve territories of the pacific area. many issues regarding this emerging pathogen remain unclear and require further investigation. national health authorities have adopted different prevention strateg ...201526674815
zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the americas.zika virus (family flaviviridae) is an emerging arbovirus. spread by aedes mosquitoes, it was first discovered in uganda in 1947, and later in humans elsewhere in sub-saharan africa, arriving in south-east asia at latest by the mid-twentieth century. in the twenty-first century, it spread across the pacific islands reaching south america around 2014. since then it has spread rapidly northwards reaching mexico in november 2015. its clinical profile is that of a dengue-like febrile illness, but as ...201626684466
zika virus in brazil and the danger of infestation by aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes.zika virus, already widely distributed in africa and asia, was recently reported in two northeastern brazilian: state of bahia and state of rio grande do norte, and one southeastern: state of são paulo. this finding adds a potentially noxious virus to a list of several other viruses that are widely transmitted by aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus in brazil. the pathology and epidemiology, including the distribution and vectors associated with zika virus, are reviewed. th ...201626689277
international health regulations, ebola, and emerging infectious diseases in latin america and the caribbean.the world health organization's determination of the ebola virus disease outbreak as a public health event of international concern prompted nonaffected countries to implement measures to prevent, detect, and manage the introduction of the virus in their territories. the outbreak provided an opportunity to assess the operational implementation of the international health regulations' core capacities and health systems' preparedness to handle a potential or confirmed case of ebola virus disease. ...201526691130
zika virus outbreaks in asia and south america. 201626696621
zika virus spreads across americas as concerns mount over birth defects. 201526698165
cytokine kinetics of zika virus-infected patients from acute to reconvalescent phase.zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus currently causing large epidemics in the pacific ocean region and brazil. clinically, zika fever resembles dengue fever, but is less severe. whereas the clinical syndrome and laboratory diagnostic procedures have been described, little attention was paid to the immunology of the disease and its possible use for clinical follow-up of patients. here, we investigate the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of zika fever in travelers returning fro ...201526702627
[zika virus: another emerging arbovirus in venezuela?].current health conditions of venezuela, together with the tropical proliferation of different types of aedes (aegypti and albopictus), suggest the arrival to this country of zika virus (zikv). the pan american health organization urges latin american countries to take measures to prevent the zikv entry and advises that these measures must be designed to detect the introduction of zikv in an area, track its spread and actively monitor the disease. in venezuela and other latin-american countries, ...201526710538
zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? 201626731034
zika virus in the americas--yet another arbovirus threat. 201626761185
first us case of zika virus infection is identified in texas. 201626762624
autophagy and viral diseases transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.despite a long battle that was started by oswaldo cruz more than a century ago, in 1903, brazil still struggles to fight aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, the mosquito vectors of dengue virus (denv), chikungynya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv). dengue fever has been a serious public health problem in brazil for decades, with recurrent epidemic outbreaks occurring during summers. in 2015, until november, 1,534,932 possible cases were reported to the ministry of healthv. more recently, the l ...201626774331
zika virus genome from the americas. 201626775124
zika virus in brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. 201626775125
anticipating the international spread of zika virus from brazil. 201626777915
zika fever imported from thailand to japan, and diagnosed by pcr in the urines.in july 2014, a japanese traveller returning from thailand was investigated for fever, headache, rash and conjunctivitis. zika virus rna was detected in his urine sample by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. serological tests showed cross reactivity of igm against the dengue virus. zika fever could be misdiagnosed or missed and should be considered in febrile patients with a rash, especially those returning from thailand.201626782128
zika virus outbreak prompts us to issue travel alert to pregnant women. 201626783242
mayaro virus and dengue virus 1 and 4 natural infection in culicids from cuiabá, state of mato grosso, brazil.this study aimed to verify the diversity of culicidae species and their frequency of infection with flaviviruses and alphaviruses in cuiabá, state of mato grosso, brazil. mosquitoes were captured with nasci aspirators and hand net in 200 census tracts, identified alive at species level and pooled in one-20 (11,090 mosquitoes, 14 species). female pools (n = 610) were subjected to multiplex seminested-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for 11 flavivirus and five alphavirus. p ...026784852
[what's new in clinical dermatology?].significant advances have been performed in cutaneous adverse reactions leading to primary prevention strategy and implication of new signaling pathways. histological features of dress and methotrexate toxicity are detailed. new emerging infectious agents are reported including zika virus, an arbovirus which can be confused with dengue or chikungunya, a new cowpox virus transmitted by domestic cat leading to lymphadenitis, spirurina type x larva transmitted in japan by eating raw squid or fish. ...201526792410
zika virus infection in a traveller returning from the maldives, june 2015.we report a zika virus (zikv) infection in a patient with fever and rash after returning to finland from maldives, june 2015. the patient had dengue virus (denv) igg and igm antibodies but pan-flavivirus rt-pcr and subsequent sequencing showed presence of zikv rna in urine. recent association of zikv with microcephaly highlights the need for laboratory differentiation of zikv from denv infection and the circulation of zikv in areas outside its currently known distribution range.201626794427
interim guidelines for pregnant women during a zika virus outbreak--united states, 2016.cdc has developed interim guidelines for health care providers in the united states caring for pregnant women during a zika virus outbreak. these guidelines include recommendations for pregnant women considering travel to an area with zika virus transmission and recommendations for screening, testing, and management of pregnant returning travelers. updates on areas with ongoing zika virus transmission are available online (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/). health care providers should ask a ...201626796813
jamaica advises women to avoid pregnancy as zika virus approaches. 201626796917
sixty seconds on . . . zika virus. 201626812929
zika virus outbreaks prompt warnings to pregnant women. 201626813766
zika virus spreads to new areas - region of the americas, may 2015-january 2016.zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first identified in uganda in 1947 (1). before 2007, only sporadic human disease cases were reported from countries in africa and asia. in 2007, the first documented outbreak of zika virus disease was reported in yap state, federated states of micronesia; 73% of the population aged ≥3 years is estimated to have been infected (2). subsequent outbreaks occurred in southeast asia and the western pacific (3). in may 2015, the world health organizati ...201626820163
possible association between zika virus infection and microcephaly - brazil, 2015.in early 2015, an outbreak of zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted by aedes mosquitoes, was identified in northeast brazil, an area where dengue virus was also circulating. by september, reports of an increase in the number of infants born with microcephaly in zika virus-affected areas began to emerge, and zika virus rna was identified in the amniotic fluid of two women whose fetuses had been found to have microcephaly by prenatal ultrasound. the brazil ministry of health (moh) established a tas ...201626820244
interim guidelines for the evaluation and testing of infants with possible congenital zika virus infection - united states, 2016.cdc has developed interim guidelines for health care providers in the united states who are caring for infants born to mothers who traveled to or resided in an area with zika virus transmission during pregnancy. these guidelines include recommendations for the testing and management of these infants. guidance is subject to change as more information becomes available; the latest information, including answers to commonly asked questions, can be found online (http://www.cdc.gov/zika). pediatric h ...201626820387
larvicidal potential of the halogenated sesquiterpene (+)-obtusol, isolated from the alga laurencia dendroidea j. agardh (ceramiales: rhodomelaceae), against the dengue vector mosquito aedes aegypti (linnaeus) (diptera: culicidae).dengue is considered a serious public health problem in many tropical regions of the world including brazil. at the moment, there is no viable alternative to reduce dengue infections other than controlling the insect vector, aedes aegypti linnaeus. in the continuing search for new sources of chemicals targeted at vector control, natural products are a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides. in our work, we investigated the toxicity of a bioactive compound extracted from the red alga laure ...201626821032
frozen funding on firearm research: "doing nothing is no longer an acceptable solution". 201626823941
zika virus: emergence and emergency. 201626824625
zika virus: rapid spread in the western hemisphere. 201626832396
reconstruction of the evolutionary history and dispersal of usutu virus, a neglected emerging arbovirus in europe and africa.usutu virus (usuv), one of the most neglected old world encephalitic flaviviruses, causes epizootics among wild and captive birds and sporadic infection in humans. the dynamics of usuv spread and evolution in its natural hosts are unknown. here, we present the phylogeny and evolutionary history of all available usuv strains, including 77 newly sequenced complete genomes from a variety of host species at a temporal and spatial scaled resolution. the results showed that usuv can be classified into ...201626838717
questions your patients may have about zika virus. 201626839177
zika virus is a global public health emergency, declares who. 201626839247
trouble in paradise. 201426839785
ophthalmological findings in infants with microcephaly and presumable intra-uterus zika virus infection.in 2015, a twenty-fold increase in the prevalence of microcephaly in brazil was reported, and the ministry of health associated this abnormal prevalence with the maternal-fetal zika virus (zikv) transmission.201626840156
zika virus-related hypertensive iridocyclitis. 201626840174
zika virus: a new global threat for 2016. 201626841979
zika virus: brazil's surge in small-headed babies questioned by report. 201626842033
uk is safe from zika virus and is helping towards a vaccine, mps hear. 201626842604
zika virus was transmitted by sexual contact in texas, health officials report. 201626848011
zika virus outbreak in the americas: the need for novel mosquito control methods. 201626848089
zika virus: a new chapter in the history of medicine. 201626849748
[zika virus: a review to clinicians].zika virus is a flavivirus related to dengue virus, yellow fever virus and west nile virus. it is considered an emerging arbovirus transmitted by mosquitos of the genus aedes. its first description took place in 1947 in the zika forest in uganda, isolated on rhesus monkey used as bait to study the yellow fever virus. sporadic cases have been detected in african countries and at the end of the 70's in indonesia. in 2007, epidemics were described in micronesia and other islands in the pacific ocea ...201626849762
kissing-loop interaction between 5' and 3' ends of tick-borne langat virus genome 'bridges the gap' between mosquito- and tick-borne flaviviruses in mechanisms of viral rna cyclization: applications for virus attenuation and vaccine development.insertion of microrna target sequences into the flavivirus genome results in selective tissue-specific attenuation and host-range restriction of live attenuated vaccine viruses. however, previous strategies for mirna-targeting did not incorporate a mechanism to prevent target elimination under mirna-mediated selective pressure, restricting their use in vaccine development. to overcome this limitation, we developed a new approach for mirna-targeting of tick-borne flavivirus (langat virus, lgtv) i ...201626850640
el niño and climate change--contributing factors in the dispersal of zika virus in the americas? 201626850984
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