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sex and rhythms in sandflies and mosquitoes: an appreciation of the work of alexandre afranio peixoto (1963-2013).i will briefly discuss the work of alexandre a. peixoto on sandflies and mosquitoes, focusing initially on his contributions to the population biology and phylogenetics of brazilian populations of these important hematophagous insects. i shall also review some of his work on the underlying molecular clocks that mediate rhythmic behaviour and physiology in these species.201425046172
malaria vectors in san josé del guaviare, orinoquia, colombia.this study was conducted to determine anopheles species composition and their natural infectivity by human plasmodium in 2 localities with the highest malaria transmission in san jose del guaviare, guaviare, colombia. a total of 1,009 anopheles mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches during 8 months in 2010. anopheles darlingi was the most abundant (83.2%) followed by an. albitarsis s.l. (8.6%), anopheles braziliensis (3.8%), an. oswaldoi s.l. (1%), and an. rangeli (0.3%). anophele ...025102591
the remarkable journey of adaptation of the plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite to new world anopheline mosquitoes.plasmodium falciparum originated in africa, dispersed around the world as a result of human migration and had to adapt to several different indigenous anopheline mosquitoes. anophelines from the new world are evolutionary distant form african ones and this probably resulted in a more stringent selection of plasmodium as it adapted to these vectors. it is thought that plasmodium has been genetically selected by some anopheline species through unknown mechanisms. the mosquito immune system can gre ...025185006
mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review.constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. one of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) is the target of pyrethroids and ddt insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultur ...201425292318
anopheles species composition explains differences in plasmodium transmission in la guajira, northern colombia.malaria in la guajira, the most northern state of colombia, shows two different epidemiological patterns. malaria is endemic in the municipality of dibulla whereas in riohacha it is characterised by sporadic outbreaks. this study aimed to establish whether differences in transmission patterns could be attributed to different vector species. the most abundant adult female species were anopheles aquasalis, exclusive to riohacha, and anopheles darlingi, restricted to dibulla. anopheles mosquitoes w ...025411002
hybrid sterility in crosses between two brazilian sibling species of the anopheles albitarsis complex.complexes of cryptic species are common in several taxa and this is also the case in the anopheles genus, a group including all known human malaria vectors. the anopheles albitarsis complex comprises at least nine cryptic species, some of which are implicated as vectors of human malaria. several different types of data have been generated for this species complex such as cytogenetics, alloenzymes, morphological and feeding behavioral, hybridization experiments, rapd-pcr and rflp and mitochondria ...201425471342
an overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of amazon anopheles vectors.in the americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the amazon forest, which extends across nine countries. one keystone step to understanding the plasmodium life cycle in anopheles species from the amazon region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. several attempts to colonise anopheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. in this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the ...201525742262
a nuclear ribosomal dna pseudogene in triatomines opens a new research field of fundamental and applied implications in chagas disease.a pseudogene, designated as "ps(5.8s+its-2)", paralogous to the 5.8s gene and internal transcribed spacer (its)-2 of the nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna), has been recently found in many triatomine species distributed throughout north america, central america and northern south america. among characteristics used as criteria for pseudogene verification, secondary structures and free energy are highlighted, showing a lower fit between minimum free energy, partition function and centroid structures, a ...201525760450
the influence of the area of the serra da mesa hydroelectric plant, state of goiás, on the frequency and diversity of anophelines (diptera: culicidae): a study on the effect of a reservoir.bioecological aspects of anophelines (diptera: culicidae) near areas under the direct influence of the hydroelectric plant reservoir of serra da mesa in goiás, brazil, were analyzed.201525860461
wing sexual dimorphism of pathogen-vector culicids.sexual dimorphism in animals has been studied from different perspectives for decades. in 1874 darwin hypothesized that it was related to sexual selection, and even after nearly 140 years, when additional empirical data has become available and the subject has been investigated from a contemporary viewpoint, this idea is still supported. although mosquito (culicidae) wings are of great importance as they play a sex-specific role, little is known about wing sexual dimorphism in these pathogen-vec ...201525890192
coffee and its waste repel gravid aedes albopictus females and inhibit the development of their embryos.dengue is a prevalent arboviral disease and the development of insecticide resistance among its vectors impedes endeavors to control it. coffee is drunk by millions of people daily worldwide, which is associated with the discarding of large amounts of waste. coffee and its waste contain large amounts of chemicals many of which are highly toxic and none of which have a history of resistance in mosquitoes. once in solution, coffee is brownish in colour, resembling leaf infusion, which is highly at ...201525966847
establishment of a free-mating, long-standing and highly productive laboratory colony of anopheles darlingi from the peruvian amazon.anopheles darlingi is the main malaria vector in the amazon region and is among the most efficient malaria vectors worldwide. however, due to the lack of a well-established laboratory colony, key control-relevant aspects of the bionomics, behaviour, genetics, and vector-parasite relationships of an. darlingi remain unknown. here, biological parameters that had been successful in initiating other anopheles colonies were optimized and improved for an. darlingi, with the aim of establish a free-mat ...201526024853
seasonal distribution of malaria vectors (diptera: culicidae) in rural localities of porto velho, rondônia, brazilian amazon.we conducted a survey of the malaria vectors in an area where a power line had been constructed, between the municipalities of porto velho and rio branco, in the states of rondônia and acre, respectively. the present paper relates to the results of the survey of anopheles fauna conducted in the state of rondônia. mosquito field collections were performed in six villages along the federal highway br 364 in the municipality of porto velho, namely porto velho, jaci paraná, mutum paraná, vila abunã, ...026200969
purification methodology for viable and infective plasmodium vivax gametocytes that is compatible with transmission-blocking assays.significant progress toward the control of malaria has been achieved, especially regarding plasmodium falciparum infections. however, the unique biology of plasmodium vivax hampers current control strategies. the early appearance of p. vivax gametocytes in the peripheral blood and the impossibility of culturing this parasite are major drawbacks. using blood samples from 40 p. vivax-infected patients, we describe here a methodology to purify viable gametocytes and further infect anophelines. this ...201526239989
diversification of the genus anopheles and a neotropical clade from the late cretaceous.the anopheles genus is a member of the culicidae family and consists of approximately 460 recognized species. the genus is composed of 7 subgenera with diverse geographical distributions. despite its huge medical importance, a consensus has not been reached on the phylogenetic relationships among anopheles subgenera. we assembled a comprehensive dataset comprising the coi, coii and 5.8s rrna genes and used maximum likelihood and bayesian inference to estimate the phylogeny and divergence times o ...201526244561
malaria vectors in south america: current and future scenarios.malaria remains a significant public health issue in south america. future climate change may influence the distribution of the disease, which is dependent on the distribution of those anopheles mosquitoes competent to transmit plasmodium falciparum. herein, predictive niche models of the habitat suitability for p. falciparum, the current primary vector anopheles darlingi and nine other known and/or potential vector species of the neotropical albitarsis complex, were used to document the current ...201526283539
first record of anopheles oryzalimnetes, anopheles argyritarsis, and anopheles sawyeri (diptera: culicidae) in the caatinga biome, semiarid scrubland of sergipe state, brazil.caatinga is one of the least known biomes of brazil in relation to biodiversity. the dry condition of semiarid areas has been associated in the past with low richness of fauna and flora, not encouraging studies in this region. there is a lack of mosquito records including anophelines. thus, to investigate the biodiversity of anopheles mosquitoes in the caatinga biome, we collected immature mosquitoes in aquatic habitats in a conservation reserve located in the northwestern portion of sergipe sta ...201526336257
phenotypic and genotypic variations among three allopatric populations of lutzomyia umbratilis, main vector of leishmania guyanensis.in south america, lutzomyia umbratilis is the main vector of leishmania guyanensis, one of the species involved in the transmission of american tegumentary leishmaniasis. in brazil, l. umbratilis has been recorded in the amazon region, and in the state of pernambuco, northeastern region, where an isolated population has been identified. this study assessed the phylogeographic structure and size and shape differences of the wing of three brazilian populations.201526338469
evidence for temporal population replacement and the signature of ecological adaptation in a major neotropical malaria vector in amazonian peru.the major neotropical malaria vector, anopheles darlingi, was reintroduced into the iquitos, loreto, peru area during the early 1990s, where it displaced other anophelines and caused a major malaria epidemic. since then, case numbers in loreto have fluctuated, but annual increases have been reported since 2012.201526415942
mitochondrial genomes and comparative analyses of culex camposi, culex coronator, culex usquatus and culex usquatissimus (diptera:culicidae), members of the coronator group.the coronator group currently encompasses six morphologically similar species (culex camposi dyar, culex coronator dyar and knab, culex covagarciai forattini, culex usquatus dyar, culex usquatissimus dyar, and culex ousqua dyar). culex coronator has been incriminated as a potential vector of west nile virus (wnv), saint louis encephalitis virus (slev), and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev). the complete mitochondrial genome of cx. coronator, cx. usquatus, cx.usquatissimus, and cx. camp ...201526489754
a historical perspective on malaria control in brazil.malaria has always been an important public health problem in brazil. the early history of brazilian malaria and its control was powered by colonisation by europeans and the forced relocation of africans as slaves. internal migration brought malaria to many regions in brazil where, given suitable anopheles mosquito vectors, it thrived. almost from the start, officials recognised the problem malaria presented to economic development, but early control efforts were hampered by still developing pub ...026517649
new classification of natural breeding habitats for neotropical anophelines in the yanomami indian reserve, amazon region, brazil and a new larval sampling methodology.here we present the first in a series of articles about the ecology of immature stages of anophelines in the brazilian yanomami area. we propose a new larval habitat classification and a new larval sampling methodology. we also report some preliminary results illustrating the applicability of the methodology based on data collected in the brazilian amazon rainforest in a longitudinal study of two remote yanomami communities, parafuri and toototobi. in these areas, we mapped and classified 112 na ...026517655
contribution of fish farming ponds to the production of immature anopheles spp. in a malaria-endemic amazonian town.in the past decade fish farming has become an important economic activity in the occidental brazilian amazon, where the number of new fish farms is rapidly increasing. one of the primary concerns with this phenomenon is the contribution of fishponds to the maintenance and increase of the anopheline mosquito population, and the subsequent increase in human malaria burden. this study reports the results of a 2-year anopheline abundance survey in fishponds and natural water bodies in a malaria-ende ...201526573145
epidemiological and entomological studies of a malaria outbreak among french armed forces deployed at illegal gold mining sites reveal new aspects of the disease's transmission in french guiana.in december 2010, a plasmodium vivax malaria outbreak occurred among french forces involved in a mission to control illegal gold mining in french guiana. the findings of epidemiological and entomological investigations conducted after this outbreak are presented here.201626801629
frequent blood feeding enables insecticide-treated nets to reduce transmission by mosquitoes that bite predominately outdoors.the effectiveness of vector control on malaria transmission by long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) depends on the vectors entering houses to blood feed and rest when people are inside houses. in the solomon islands, significant reductions in malaria have been achieved in the past 20 years with insecticide-treated bed nets, irs, improved diagnosis and treatment with artemisinin combination therapies; despite the preference of the primary vector, anopheles far ...201626969430
comparative studies on the stenogamous and eurygamous behavior of eight anopheles species of the hyrcanus group (diptera: culicidae) in thailand.establishment of laboratory colony is essential for mosquito-borne-disease research. mating behavior of stenogamous anopheles peditaeniatus and seven eurygamous species (anopheles argyropus, anopheles crawfordi, anopheles nigerrimus, anopheles nitidus, anopheles paraliae (=an. lesteri), anopheles pursati and anopheles sinensis), were investigated and compared in this study. the self-mating success of adult mosquitoes in different size cages at two density resting surface (drs) values, 3.6 and 7. ...201627023618
mitochondrial genomes of anopheles (kerteszia) (diptera: culicidae) from the atlantic forest, brazil.mitochondrial genome sequences are widely used as molecular markers for phylogenetic studies of mosquito species complexes, such as the anopheles albitarsis complex. except for a few studies that employed a limited number of nuclear or mitochondrial loci to address the genetic structure and species status of anopheles cruzii, anopheles bellator, and anopheles homunculus, little is known about genetic markers that can be employed in studies focusing on kerteszia species. the complete mitochondria ...201627146682
comparative mt genomics of the tipuloidea (diptera: nematocera: tipulomorpha) and its implications for the phylogeny of the tipulomorpha.a traditionally controversial taxon, the tipulomorpha has been frequently discussed with respect to both its familial composition and relationships with other nematocera. the interpretation of internal relationships within the tipuloidea, which include the tipulidae sensu stricto, cylindrotomidae, pediciidae and limoniidae, is also problematic. we sequenced the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of symplecta hybrida (meigen, 1804), which belongs to the subfamily chioneinae of family limoni ...201627341029
spatial distributions of anopheles species in relation to malaria incidence at 70 localities in the highly endemic northwest and south pacific coast regions of colombia.a proper identification of malaria vectors is essential for any attempt to control this disease. between 40 and 47 anopheles species have been recorded in colombia, and eight species complexes have been identified in the last decade. an update of anopheles species distribution and its relationship with malaria is required, particularly for newly identified members of species complexes.201627515166
filling gaps on ivermectin knowledge: effects on the survival and reproduction of anopheles aquasalis, a latin american malaria vector.strategies designed to advance towards malaria elimination rely on the detection and treatment of infections, rather than fever, and the interruption of malaria transmission between mosquitoes and humans. mass drug administration with anti-malarials directed at eliminating parasites in blood, either to entire populations or targeting only those with malaria infections, are considered useful strategies to progress towards malaria elimination, but may be insufficient if applied on their own. these ...201627660149
the phylogenetic relationships of known mosquito (diptera: culicidae) mitogenomes.the known mosquito mitogenomes, containing a total of 34 species, which belong to five genera, were collected from genbank, and the practicality and effectiveness of the variation in the complete mitochondrial dna genome and portions of mitochondrial coi gene were assessed to reconstruct the phylogeny of mosquitoes. phylogenetic trees were reconstructed on the basis of parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian (bi) methods. it is concluded that: (1) both mitogenomes and coi gene support the mo ...201627731651
an evaluation of the suitability of coi and coii gene variation for reconstructing the phylogeny of, and identifying cryptic species in, anopheline mosquitoes (diptera culicidae).we assessed the practicality and effectiveness of using variation in the mitochondrial coi and coii genes to discriminate species and reconstruct the phylogeny of anophelene mosquitoes. phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily anophelinae were inferred from portions of the mitochondrial coi (92 species) and coii genes (108 species). phylogenetic trees were reconstructed on the basis of parsimony, maximum likelihood and bayesian methods. the suitability of coi and coii gene variation for id ...201627937065
composition of anopheline (diptera: culicidae) community and its seasonal variation in three environments of the city of puerto iguazú, misiones, argentina.in order to extend the knowledge of the composition of the anopheline community and the seasonal variation related to anthropogenic modifications in the city of puerto iguazú, adult females were captured between 2009 and 2012. samples were collected in three environments with different degrees of anthropogenic modification: urban, periurban, and wild. alpha diversity was evaluated as the 'true' diversity of the species in each environment. among environments, range-abundance curves were used to ...201729194513
species diversity and abundance of anopheles (nyssorhynchus) (diptera: culicidae) in cachoeiras de macacu municipality, rio de janeiro state: an area of the atlantic forest receptive and vulnerable to malaria.the present study evaluated the diversity of anopheles meigen, 1818 belonging to the subgenus nyssorhynchus blanchard, 1902 in four areas of cachoeiras de macacu municipality, rio de janeiro, brazil. the immature collections were carried out during a rainy period and a post-rainy season. during the two periods, 3,932 specimens of anopheles (nyssorhynchus) were collected: 562 in the rainy period (14.29%) and 3,370 in the post-rainy period (85.70%). among 3,932 specimens collected during both peri ...201930649408
characterization of the complete mitogenome of anopheles aquasalis, and phylogenetic divergences among anopheles from diverse geographic zones.whole mitogenome sequences (mtdna) have been exploited for insect ecology studies, using them as molecular markers to reconstruct phylogenies, or to infer phylogeographic relationships and gene flow. recent anopheles phylogenomic studies have provided information regarding the time of deep lineage divergences within the genus. here we report the complete 15,393 bp mtdna sequences of anopheles aquasalis, a neotropical human malaria vector. when comparing its structure and base composition with ot ...201931479460
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