Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| delayed post-traumatic saccular aneurysm of pica in an adolescent. | delayed traumatic intracranial aneurysms of the posterior circulation caused by nonpenetrating head injury are rare, especially in pediatric patients. the true incidence and natural history of these aneurysms are poorly understood. we report a case of a 15-year-old boy who initially presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage of the posterior fossa without any evidence of associated aneurysm. on a routine computed tomography of the head, however, he was found to have a saccular aneurysm of the proxim ... | 2009 | 19396391 |
| low west nile virus circulation in wild birds in an area of recurring outbreaks in southern france. | west nile virus (wnv) has a history of irregular but recurrent epizootics in countries of mediterranean and of central and eastern europe. we have investigated the temporal enzootic activity of wnv in free-ranging birds over a 3-year period in an area with sporadic occurrences of wnv outbreaks in southern france. we conducted an intensive serologic survey on several wild bird populations (>4000 serum samples collected from 3300 birds) selected as potential indicators of the wnv circulation. wnv ... | 2009 | 19402766 |
| a novel conceptual framework for understanding the mechanism of adherence to long term therapies. | the world health organization claimed recently that improving patient adherence to long term therapies would be more beneficial than any biomedical progress. first, however, we must understand its mechanisms. in this paper i propose a novel approach using concepts elaborated in a field rarely explored in medicine, the philosophy of mind. while conventional psychological models (eg, the health belief model) provide explanations and predictions which have only a statistical value, the philosophica ... | 2008 | 19920939 |
| west nile virus transmission in 2008 in north-eastern italy. | after 10 years, west nile virus (wnv) re-emerged in italy in august 2008. as on 31 december 2008, the infection affected eight provinces in three regions (emilia romagna, veneto, lombardy), where a total of 794 cases of wnv infection in 251 equine stables were detected on the basis of the clinical signs and as a result of a serological screening in horses living in the area. only 4.0% (32/794) of the serologically positive animals showed clinical signs, and the 32 clinical cases were reported in ... | 2010 | 20042066 |
| a conceptual framework for the colonisation of urban areas: the blackbird turdus merula as a case study. | despite increasing interest in urban ecology the factors limiting the colonisation of towns and cities by species from rural areas are poorly understood. this is largely due to the lack of a detailed conceptual framework for this urbanisation process, and of sufficient case studies. here, we develop such a framework. this draws upon a wide range of ecological and evolutionary theory and the increasing number of studies of how the markedly divergent conditions in urban and rural areas influence t ... | 2010 | 20128785 |
| feather microstructure of the black-billed magpie (pica pica sericea) and jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos). | the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) distribution stretches from eastern eurasia continent to southeastern asia. the distribution of the black-billed magpie (pica pica sericea) stretches from korea and china to the kyushu area in japan. they are both in the family, corvidae, and have iridescent feather colors, but the iridescent feather color of the black-billed magpie is more remarkable than that of the jungle crow. we observed the feather microstructure of these birds using electron microsco ... | 2010 | 20224241 |
| cadmium accumulation, metallothionein and glutathione levels, and histopathological changes in the kidneys and liver of magpie (pica pica) from a zinc smelter area. | the objective of this study was to examine a relationship between cadmium (cd) accumulation and histopathological changes in the kidneys and liver of magpies (pica pica) from a zinc smelter area. the concentrations of metallothionein (mt) and glutathione (gsh) that are linked to a protective effect against cd toxicity were also determined. there was a positive correlation between the concentration of cd (2.2-17.9 microg/g) and histopathological changes (interstitial inflammation and tubular cell ... | 2010 | 20349132 |
| the susceptibility of magpies to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1. | korean wild magpies (pica pica sericea) were intranasally inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza (a/chicken/korea/es/03 virus) (h5n1), which was classified as clade 2.5. we estimated viral replication, death after infection, and histology and immunohistochemistry. this species was highly susceptible to severe infection; 100% of birds died within 5 to 8 d. the virus was detected from oropharyngeal (1 to 5 d postinfection) and cloacal (3 to 5 d postinfection) swabs from infected magpies ... | 2010 | 20460661 |
| epidemiology of west nile in europe and in the mediterranean basin. | in the last 30 years several cases of west nile (wn) virus infection were reported in horses and humans in europe and in the mediterranean basin. most of them were determined by strains of the lineage 1 included in the european mediterranean/kenyan cluster. strains of this cluster are characterised by a moderate pathogenicity for horses and humans and limited or no pathogenicity for birds. in recent years, however, wn cases determined by strains grouped in the israeli/american cluster of lineage ... | 2010 | 20517490 |
| vertebral artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass using a radial artery graft for hemorrhagic dissecting vertebral artery aneurysms: surgical technique and report of 2 cases. | endovascular occlusion of hemorrhagic dissecting aneurysms of the vertebral artery (va) is not possible when the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) originates from the dissecting aneurysm or when the contralateral va provides inadequate collateral blood flow to the distal basilar circulation. the authors introduce a va-pica bypass with radial artery interposition graft and aneurysm trapping as an alternative approach and describe 2 cases in which this bypass was used to treat hemorrhagi ... | 2011 | 20540594 |
| redescription of sphaerirostris picae (acanthocephala: centrorhynchidae) from magpie, pica pica, in northern iran, with special reference to unusual receptacle structures and notes on histopathology. | adults of sphaerirostris picae (rudolphi, 1819) golvan, 1956 are described from european magpie, pica pica linnaeus (corvidae), collected in 2008 from wooded areas near the northern iranian town of tonekabon by the southern shores of the caspian sea. other specimens also were collected from corvus cornix linnaeus, corvus corone linnaeus, and corvus frugilegus linnaeus (corvidae) in the same location, as well as from some of these hosts in other locations. our specimens had 31-38 proboscis hook r ... | 2010 | 20557203 |
| corvid birds (corvidae) act as definitive hosts for sarcocystis ovalis in moose (alces alces). | epidemiological data and a unique phylogenetic position had suggested that sarcocystis ovalis in moose and red deer might use a definitive host other than canids, felids, or humans. corvid birds and rats were therefore evaluated as potential definitive hosts for this species in a small pilot study. four laboratory rats were each inoculated with 10 or 25 sarcocysts of s. ovalis isolated from moose, but no sarcocystis oocysts were detected in their intestinal mucosa upon euthanasia 2 to 3 weeks la ... | 2010 | 20697910 |
| immunohistochemical analysis of pyloric gland adenomas using a series of mucin 2, mucin 5ac, mucin 6, cd10, ki67 and p53. | a pyloric gland adenoma (pga) of the stomach was first described in a book chapter in 1976 by kurt elster and has been rarely reported in the literature. we expanded the current immunohistochemical data of these adenomas in a detailed series to further analyse the immunhistochemical status of pga. from 60 patients with pga with and without adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, an immunhistochemical panel of mucin 2, mucin 5ac, mucin 6, cd10, ki67 and p53 was used to define the expressio ... | 2010 | 20827489 |
| operative nuances of side-to-side in situ posterior inferior cerebellar artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass procedure. | an intracranial posterior circulation revascularization procedure in the form of a side-to-side in situ posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica)-pica bypass operation was introduced in 1991. this elegant and apparently low-risk operation is performed infrequently. thus, the operative nuances used in this procedure have not been well reported, limiting the scope of treatment modalities of vertebral artery-pica aneurysms and vertebral dissections. | 2010 | 21099574 |
| evolution of tolerance by magpies to brood parasitism by great spotted cuckoos. | hosts may use two different strategies to ameliorate negative effects of a given parasite burden: resistance or tolerance. although both resistance and tolerance of parasitism should evolve as a consequence of selection pressures owing to parasitism, the study of evolutionary patterns of tolerance has traditionally been neglected by animal biologists. here, we explore geographical covariation between tolerance of magpies (pica pica) and brood parasitism by the great spotted cuckoo (clamator glan ... | 2011 | 21123258 |
| magpies can use local cues to retrieve their food caches. | much importance has been placed on the use of spatial cues by food-hoarding birds in the retrieval of their caches. in this study, we investigate whether food-hoarding birds can be trained to use local cues ("beacons") in their cache retrieval. we test magpies (pica pica) in an active hoarding-retrieval paradigm, where local cues are always reliable, while spatial cues are not. our results show that the birds use the local cues to retrieve their caches, even when occasionally contradicting spati ... | 2011 | 21132448 |
| benefits associated with escalated begging behaviour of black-billed magpie nestlings overcompensate the associated energetic costs. | several experimental results support the existence of costs associated with exaggerated begging behaviour, which are assumed by some theoretical models of honest signalling in parent-offspring communication. however, to understand how honest begging behaviour is evolutionarily maintained in nature, the long-term cost-benefit output associated with exaggerated signals should also be estimated. as far as we know, the net cost-benefit balance of begging display has not previously been explored. her ... | 2011 | 21490255 |
| cryptosporidium spp. in pet birds: genetic diversity and potential public health significance. | to characterize the prevalence and assess the zoonotic transmission burden of cryptosporidium species/genotypes in pet birds in henan, china, 434 fecal samples were acquired from 14 families of birds in pet shops. the overall prevalence of cryptopsoridium was 8.1% (35/434) by the sheather's sugar flotation technique. the cryptosporidium-positive samples were analyzed by dna sequence analysis of the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. three cryptosporidium species and two genotypes were identified, in ... | 2011 | 21557938 |
| isolation, characterization and chromosome locations of polymorphic black-billed magpie pica pica (corvidae, aves) microsatellite loci. | one-hundred and two unique loci were isolated from a microsatellite-enriched black-billed magpie pica pica genomic library. sixteen of these new loci, along with 148 existing microsatellite passerine loci, were tested for polymorphism in four unrelated black-billed magpies. we identified a total of 43 unique polymorphic loci (10 and 33 respectively) that we characterized in 24 unrelated individuals from a population in guadix, spain. the putative chromosomal locations of loci polymorphic in blac ... | 2009 | 21564946 |
| wild birds recognize individual humans: experiments on magpies, pica pica. | the ability to distinguish among heterospecific individuals has been reported in only a few animal species. humans can be viewed as a special type of heterospecifics because individuals differ widely in behavior, ranging from non-threatening to very threatening toward animals. in this study, we asked whether wild magpies can recognize individual humans who had accessed their nests. we compared the behavior of breeding pairs toward individual humans before and after the humans climbed up to the b ... | 2011 | 21614521 |
| presence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum dna in the brain of wild birds. | toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in many avian species and can cause mortality in some bird hosts. although t. gondii has been isolated from various species of birds, the role of many different species of wild birds in the epidemiology of t. gondii remains unknown. neospora caninum, a closely related parasite to t. gondii, has been recently confirmed to infect domestic chickens and wild birds such as house sparrows (passer domesticus). the present study reports the presence of t. gondi ... | 2011 | 21831525 |
| [peculiarities of the contour feather microstructure in the corvidae family]. | the results of comparative electron microscope study of the fine structure of the definitive contour feathers often crows species (perisoreus infaustus, garrulus glandarius, cyanopica cyanus, pica pica, podoceus panderi, nucifraga caryocatactes, corvus monedula, c. frugilegus, c. cornix, c. corax) are presented. the results of the research allowed us to conclude that crows, along with the traditional elements of feather architectonics, have a number of species-specific microstructure characteris ... | 2016 | 21870493 |
| mineral- und heilwässer in sachsen - eine isotopenanalytische charakterisierung. | abstract the groundwaters studied and labelled as mineral water were "natural mineral waters" for bottled waters and "natural curative waters" for heal therapeutical applications. they were characterized either by a specific mineralization or their suitability for balneology. to reveal the actual hydrological situation isotope investigations using (2)h, (18)o, (3)h, (12)c and (14)c (dic) and (34)s (sulphate) were included in a study describing samples of 24 mineral water deposits in saxonia. the ... | 1996 | 21892868 |
| gross anatomical and scanning electron microscopic studies of the oropharyngeal cavity in the european magpie (pica pica) and the common raven (corvus corax). | there is no descriptive information about morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity including tongue, palate, and laryngeal region in corvidae family. this study not only presents the first definitive anatomical description of the structures in the oropharyngeal cavity of magpie and raven but also reviews and compares the scattered information on the morphology of the other avian species available in the literature. in this study, the organs of four birds (two magpies and two ravens) were used. the ... | 2012 | 21898667 |
| reassortant h9n2 influenza viruses containing h5n1-like pb1 genes isolated from black-billed magpies in southern china. | h9n2 influenza a viruses have become endemic in different types of terrestrial poultry and wild birds in asia, and are occasionally transmitted to humans and pigs. to evaluate the role of black-billed magpies (pica pica) in the evolution of influenza a virus, we conducted two epidemic surveys on avian influenza viruses in wild black-billed magpies in guangxi, china in 2005 and characterized three isolated black-billed magpie h9n2 viruses (bbm viruses). phylogenetic analysis indicated that three ... | 2011 | 21980538 |
| [avian diversity and bird strike risk at fuyang airport]. | from june 2008 to january 2010, a survey of avian communities was conducted in five habitats (grassland, farmland, town, wetland, and woodland) at fuyang airport and its surrounding areas, with the diversity indices in different seasons and different habitats analyzed. a total of 122 avian species belonging to 15 orders and 40 families were recorded. at fuyang airport, the avian species number was significantly higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring, the avian density was the high ... | 2011 | 22007473 |
| gastrointestinal helminths of magpies (pica pica), rooks (corvus frugilegus) and carrion crows (corvus corone) in mazandaran province, north of iran. | corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine birds including crows, rooks, magpies, jays, chough, and ravens. these birds are migratory species, especially in the shortage of foods, so they can act like vectors for a wide range of microorganisms. they live generally in temperate climates and in a very close contact with human residential areas as well as poultry farms. there is no available information in the literature concerning the parasitic infections of these three species of corvidae in maz ... | 2011 | 22347286 |
| corticosterone levels in host and parasite nestlings: is brood parasitism a hormonal stressor? | parasite chicks from non-evictor species usually try to monopolize host parental care, thereby increasing considerably the level of food competition in the nest. here, we propose that brood parasitism is an important stressor for host and parasite nestlings and explore this hypothesis in the non-evictor great spotted cuckoo (clamator glandarius) and its main hosts, the same-sized black-billed magpie (pica pica) and the larger carrion crow (corvus corone). we experimentally created 3-nestling bro ... | 2012 | 22366505 |
| oxidative stress mediates physiological costs of begging in magpie (pica pica) nestlings. | theoretical models predict that a cost is necessary to guarantee honesty in begging displays given by offspring to solicit food from their parents. there is evidence for begging costs in the form of a reduced growth rate and immunocompetence. moreover, begging implies vigorous physical activity and attentiveness, which should increase metabolism and thus the releasing of pro-oxidant substances. consequently, we predict that soliciting offspring incur a cost in terms of oxidative stress, and grow ... | 2012 | 22808144 |
| comparative phylogeography of two widespread magpies: importance of habitat preference and breeding behavior on genetic structure in china. | historical geological events and climatic changes are believed to have played important roles in shaping the current distribution of species. however, sympatric species may have responded in different ways to such climatic fluctuations. here we compared genetic structures of two corvid species, the azure-winged magpie cyanopica cyanus and the eurasian magpie pica pica, both widespread but with different habitat dependence and some aspects of breeding behavior. three mitochondrial genes and two n ... | 2012 | 22842292 |
| genetic composition of communal roosts of the eurasian magpie (pica pica) inferred from non-invasive samples. | many animal species form communal roosts in which they aggregate and sleep together. several benefits of communal roost have been suggested, but due to lack of data on relatedness among group members, it is unknown whether these benefits can be amplified by the formation of kin-based communal roosts. we investigate the genetic composition of two winter roosts of eurasian magpies (pica pica), using microsatellite markers on non-invasive samples. using permutation tests by reshuffling the alleles ... | 2012 | 23106562 |
| direct look from a predator shortens the risk-assessment time by prey. | decision making process is an important component of information use by animals and has already been studied in natural situations. decision making takes time, which is expressed as a cost in evolutionary explanations of decision making abilities of animals. however, the duration of information assessment and decision making process has not been measured in a natural situation. here, we use responses of wild magpies (pica pica) to predictably approaching humans to demonstrate that, regardless of ... | 2013 | 23755164 |
| brood parasitism correlates with the strength of spatial autocorrelation of life history and defensive traits in magpies. | environmental characteristics of neighboring locations are generally more similar than those of distant locations. selection pressures due to parasitism and other environmental conditions shape life history traits of hosts; thus, the probability of parasitism should be associated with the strength of spatial autocorrelation in life history and defensive traits of their hosts. here we test this hypothesis in three different subpopulations of magpie (pica pica) parasitized by the great spotted cuc ... | 2013 | 23923497 |
| recent circulation of west nile virus and potentially other closely related flaviviruses in southern france. | in recent years, the number of west nile virus (wnv) cases reported in horses and humans has increased dramatically throughout the mediterranean basin. furthermore, the emergence of usutu virus (usuv) in austria in 2001, and its subsequent expansion to hungary, spain, italy, switzerland, the united kingdom, and germany, has given added cause for concern regarding the impact of the spread of flaviviruses on human and animal health in western europe. despite frequent detection of wnv and usuv case ... | 2013 | 23930977 |
| how i do it: side to side posterior inferior cerebellar artery – posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass procedure. | an intracranial in situ side to side posterior circulation procedure is performed infrequently. the scope of treatment modalities of vertebral artery-pica aneurysms and vertebral dissections is limited due to the lack of many representations of this procedure's technical nuances. | 2013 | 24022600 |
| do climatic conditions affect host and parasite phenotypes differentially? a case study of magpies and great spotted cuckoos. | climatic conditions, through their effects on resource availability, may affect important life history strategies and trade-offs in animals, as well as their interactions with other organisms such as parasites. this impact may depend on species-specific pathways of development that differ even among species with similar resource requirements (e.g., avian brood parasites and their hosts). here we explore the degree of covariation between environmental-climatic conditions and nestling phenotypes ( ... | 2014 | 24078079 |
| foramen magnum size and involvement of its intraoccipital synchondroses in crouzon syndrome. | cranial sutures and synchondroses tend to close prematurely in patients with crouzon syndrome. this influences their skull vault and skull base development and may involve in common disturbances such as increased intracranial pressure and cerebellar tonsillar herniation. the authors' hypothesis was that crouzon patients patients have a smaller foramen magnum than controls because of premature fusion of the intraoccipital synchondroses, putting them at risk for cerebellar tonsillar herniation. th ... | 2013 | 24281646 |
| mirror-mark tests performed on jackdaws reveal potential methodological problems in the use of stickers in avian mark-test studies. | some animals are capable of recognizing themselves in a mirror, which is considered to be demonstrated by passing the mark test. mirror self-recognition capacity has been found in just a few mammals having very large brains and only in one bird, the magpie (pica pica). the results obtained in magpies have enormous biological and cognitive implications because the fact that magpies were able to pass the mark test meant that this species is at the same cognitive level with great apes, that mirror ... | 2014 | 24475085 |
| flow-based evaluation of cerebral revascularization using near-infrared indocyanine green videoangiography. | indocyanine green (icg) videoangiography has been established as a noninvasive technique to gauge the patency of a bypass graft; however, intraoperative graft patency may not always correlate with graft flow. altered flow through the bypass graft may directly cause delayed graft occlusion. here, the authors report on 3 types of flow that were observed through cerebral revascularization procedures. | 2014 | 24484252 |
| eavesdropping cuckoos: further insights on great spotted cuckoo preference by magpie nests and egg colour. | reproductive success of brood parasites largely depends on appropriate host selection and, although the use of inadvertent social information emitted by hosts may be of selective advantage for cuckoos, this possibility has rarely been experimentally tested. here, we manipulated nest size and clutch colouration of magpies (pica pica), the main host of great spotted cuckoos (clamator glandarius). these phenotypic traits may potentially reveal information about magpie territory and/or parental qual ... | 2014 | 24556949 |
| recognizing odd smells and ejection of brood parasitic eggs. an experimental test in magpies of a novel defensive trait against brood parasitism. | one of the most important defensive host traits against brood parasitism is the detection and ejection of parasitic eggs from their nests. here, we explore the possible role of olfaction in this defensive behaviour. we performed egg-recognition tests in magpie pica pica nests with model eggs resembling those of parasitic great spotted cuckoos clamator glandarius. in one of the experiment, experimental model eggs were exposed to strong or moderate smell of tobacco smoke, whereas those of a third ... | 2014 | 24725170 |
| cuckoo hosts shift from accepting to rejecting parasitic eggs across their lifetime. | one of the best-known outcomes of coevolution between species is the rejection of mimetic parasite eggs by avian hosts, which has evolved to reduce costly cuckoo parasitism. how this behavioral adaptation varies along the life of individual hosts remains poorly understood. here, we identify for the first time, lifetime patterns of egg rejection in a parasitized long-lived bird, the magpie pica pica and show that, during the years they were studied, some females accept, others reject, and some ot ... | 2014 | 24916150 |
| three new species of the genus passeroptes fain (astigmata: dermationidae) from china. | three new species of the genus passeroptes (acariformes: dermationidae) are described from passerine birds (passeriformes) in china: passeroptes formosus sp. nov. from garrulax formosus formosus (verreaux) (guizhou), p. poecilorhynchus sp. nov. from garrulax poecilorhynchus berthemyi (david and oustalet) (guizhou), and p. picae sp. nov. from pica pica sericea gould (henan). passeroptes garrulax is redescribed from garrulax poecilorhynchus berthemyi in guizhou. | 2014 | 25081760 |
| effect of incubation on bacterial communities of eggshells in a temperate bird, the eurasian magpie (pica pica). | inhibitory effect of incubation on microbial growth has extensively been studied in wild bird populations using culture-based methods and conflicting results exist on whether incubation selectively affects the growth of microbes on the egg surface. in this study, we employed culture-independent methods, quantitative pcr and 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing, to elucidate the effect of incubation on the bacterial abundance and bacterial community composition on the eggshells of the eurasian magpie (pi ... | 2014 | 25089821 |
| sex-specific differences in offspring personalities across the laying order in magpies pica pica. | maternal effects provide an important mechanism for mothers to create variation in offspring personality, and to potentially influence offspring life history strategies e.g. creating more/less dispersive phenotypes. however, within-clutch maternal effects often vary and hence there is potential for within-clutch variation in personality. we studied the effects of hatching order on explorative and neophobic behaviour of the magpies pica pica in relation to sex using novel environment and novel ob ... | 2014 | 25111085 |
| 'the thieving magpie'? no evidence for attraction to shiny objects. | it is widely accepted in european culture that magpies (pica pica) are unconditionally attracted to shiny objects and routinely steal small trinkets such as jewellery, almost as a compulsion. despite the long history of this folklore, published accounts of magpies collecting shiny objects are rare and empirical evidence for the behaviour is lacking. the latter is surprising considering that an attraction to bright objects is well documented in some bird species. the present study aims to clarify ... | 2015 | 25123853 |
| pattern of visuospatial lateralization in two corvid species, black-billed magpies and clark's nutcrackers. | cerebral lateralization is widespread amongst vertebrate species suggesting advantages are gained by having one of the brain's hemispheres exert dominant control over certain cognitive functions. a recently devised task for assessing lateralization of visuospatial attention by birds (diekamp et al., 2005) has allowed researchers to suggest the corpus callosum may not be necessary for the emergence of such asymmetries. more recently, this task has been adopted to examine the embryonic development ... | 2014 | 25130753 |
| genetic characterization of oropharyngeal trichomonad isolates from wild birds indicates that genotype is associated with host species, diet and presence of pathognomonic lesions. | oropharyngeal trichomonad isolates of wild birds from spain were studied. a total of 1688 samples (1214 of predator birds and 474 of prey species) from wildlife recovery centres and scientific bird-ringing campaigns were analysed from 2011 to 2013. the overall infection prevalence was 20.3% (11.4% in predator birds and 43.3% in prey species). pathognomonic lesions were present in 26% of the infected birds (57.3% in predator birds and 4.9% in prey species). the most commonly parasitized species w ... | 2014 | 25262786 |
| great spotted cuckoo fledglings often receive feedings from other magpie adults than their foster parents: which magpies accept to feed foreign cuckoo fledglings? | natural selection penalizes individuals that provide costly parental care to non-relatives. however, feedings to brood-parasitic fledglings by individuals other than their foster parents, although anecdotic, have been commonly observed, also in the great spotted cuckoo (clamator glandarius)--magpie (pica pica) system, but this behaviour has never been studied in depth. in a first experiment, we here show that great spotted cuckoo fledglings that were translocated to a distant territory managed t ... | 2014 | 25272009 |
| do characteristics of dissection differ between the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and the vertebral artery? | the purpose of this study was to clarify the features of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) dissection. | 2016 | 25280821 |
| morphologic and molecular study of hemoparasites in wild corvids and evidence of sequence identity with plasmodium dna detected in captive black-footed penguins (spheniscus demersus). | a morphologic and molecular epidemiologic investigation was conducted on a captive african black-footed penguin (spheniscus demersus) colony with a history of plasmodium infections at la palmyre zoo (france). each penguin received 12.5 mg of pyrimethamine twice a week as a prophylaxis every year from april to november. although plasmodium parasites were not detected in blood smears and tissues collected from the penguins, various blood parasites were recorded in blood smears from wild eurasian m ... | 2014 | 25314825 |
| a transitional model for the evaluation of west nile virus transmission in italy. | in august 2008, after 10 years of apparent silence, west nile virus (wnv) infection re-emerged in northern italy, spreading through the territories of three regions. in the following years, new cases occurred in the same area and additional foci of infection were observed in central and southern italy, involving also sicily and sardinia islands. the italian ministry of health ordered to test by rt-pcr all blood and organ donors from 15th june to 15th november of each year in the infected areas. ... | 2016 | 25382294 |
| combined microsurgical pica-pica bypass and endovascular parent artery occlusion for a ruptured dissecting vertebral artery aneurysm. | dissecting vertebral artery (va) aneurysms are difficult to obliterate when the parent artery cannot be safely occluded. in this video, we demonstrate a combined microsurgical and endovascular treatment technique for a ruptured, dissecting va aneurysm incorporating the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica). we first performed a pica-pica side-to-side bypass to preserve flow through the right pica. an endovascular approach was then utilized to embolize the proximal portion of ... | 2015 | 25554844 |
| occurrence of giardia and cryptosporidium in wild birds in galicia (northwest spain). | faecal samples were obtained from 433 wild birds being treated in wildlife recovery centres in galicia (northwest spain), between february 2007 and september 2009. the birds belonged to 64 species representing 17 different orders. giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts were detected by an immunofluorescence antibody test and identified at the molecular level by established pcr-sequencing methods. the overall prevalence of giardia was 2·1% and that of cryptosporidium, 8·3%. to our knowledge, t ... | 2015 | 25669618 |
| host preferences of ornithophilic biting midges of the genus culicoides in the eastern balkans. | many biting midges of the genus culicoides latreille, 1809 (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are competent vectors of a diverse number of pathogens. the identification of their feeding behaviour and of vector-host associations is essential for understanding their transmission capacity. by applying two different nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays, of which one targeted the avian cyt b gene and the other targeted the coi gene of a wide range of vertebrates, we identified the blood hosts of six ... | 2015 | 25689114 |
| mortality associated with avian reovirus infection in a free-living magpie (pica pica) in great britain. | avian reoviruses (arvs) cause a range of disease presentations in domestic, captive and free-living bird species. arvs have been reported as a cause of significant disease and mortality in free-living corvid species in north america and continental europe. until this report, there have been no confirmed cases of arv-associated disease in british wild birds. | 2015 | 25880683 |
| understanding west nile virus ecology in europe: culex pipiens host feeding preference in a hotspot of virus emergence. | understanding wildlife disease ecology is becoming an urgent need due to the continuous emergence and spread of several wildlife zoonotic diseases. west nile virus (wnv) is the most widespread arthropod-borne virus in the world, and in recent decades there has been an increase both in geographic range, and in the frequency of symptomatic infections in humans and wildlife. the principal vector for wnv in europe is the common house culex pipiens mosquito, which feeds on a wide variety of vertebrat ... | 2015 | 25888754 |
| on the partiality of procreative beneficence: a critical note. | the aim of this paper is to criticise the well-discussed principle of procreative beneficence (pb) lately refined by julian savulescu and guy kahane. first, it is argued that advocates of pb leave us with an implausible justification for the moral partiality towards the child (or children) which reproducers decide to bring into existence as compared with all other individuals. this is implausible because the reasons given in favour of the partiality of pb, which are based on practical reason and ... | 2015 | 25907895 |
| laying date, incubation and egg breakage as determinants of bacterial load on bird eggshells: experimental evidence. | exploring factors guiding interactions of bacterial communities with animals has become of primary importance for ecologists and evolutionary biologists during the last years because of their likely central role in the evolution of animal life history traits. we explored the association between laying date and eggshell bacterial load (mesophilic bacteria, enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, and enterococci) in natural and artificial magpie (pica pica) nests containing fresh commercial quail (cotu ... | 2015 | 25912895 |
| telomere dynamics in parasitic great spotted cuckoos and their magpie hosts. | although little is known on the impact of environment on telomere length dynamics, it has been suggested to be affected by stress, lifestyle and/or life-history strategies of animals. we here compared telomere dynamics in erythrocytes of hatchlings and fledglings of the brood parasite great spotted cuckoos (clamator glandarius) and of magpies (pica pica), their main host in europe. in magpie chicks, telomere length decreased from hatching to fledging, whereas no significant change in telomere le ... | 2015 | 26109322 |
| intracranial-to-intracranial bypass for posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: options, technical challenges, and results in 35 patients. | object intracranial-to-intracranial (ic-ic) bypasses are alternatives to traditional extracranial-to-intracranial (ec-ic) bypasses to reanastomose parent arteries, reimplant efferent branches, revascularize branches with in situ donor arteries, and reconstruct bifurcations with interposition grafts that are entirely intracranial. these bypasses represent an evolution in bypass surgery from using scalp arteries and remote donor sites toward a more local and reconstructive approach. ic-ic bypass c ... | 2016 | 26566199 |
| tailored pica revascularization for unusual ruptured fusiform vertebro-pica origin aneurysms: rationale and case illustrations. | ruptured fusiform aneurysms of the vertebral artery involving posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) origin are difficult to manage without sacrificing pica. in this report, two very unusual cases are described which highlight different revascularization strategies that may be required. the first case initially appeared to be a small saccular pica origin aneurysm, but detailed angiography showed a serpentine recanalization of a fusiform aneurysm. this was treated with pica-pica anastomosis ... | 2015 | 26623241 |
| generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to avian influenza h5n1 hemagglutinin protein. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus has in the past breached the species barrier from infected domestic poultry to humans in close contact. although human-to-human transmission has previously not been reported, hpai h5n1 virus has pandemic potential owing to gain of function mutation(s) and/or genetic reassortment with human influenza a viruses. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have been used for diagnosis as well as specific therapeutic candidates in several disease conditions inclu ... | 2015 | 26683184 |
| concentrations of metals in feathers of magpie (pica pica) from aran-o-bidgol city in central iran. | the present study aims to measure zn, cu, pb and cd concentrations in feathers of magpies in urban areas to investigate the possibility of using magpies to monitor metal contamination in urban areas. a total of 15 bird samples were collected in october 2013 from aran-o-bidgol city, in central iran and the concentration of metals were measured using a perkinelmer icp-oes. the average concentrations of zn, cu, pb and cd in the feathers were 167.16, 26.74, 9.29 and 1.583 µg/g dw, respectively. ther ... | 2016 | 26781634 |
| thermal emissivity of avian eggshells. | the hypothesis has been tested that evolution has resulted in lower thermal emissivity of eggs of birds breeding openly in cold climates than of eggs of birds that nest under protective covering or in warmer climates. directional thermal emissivity has been estimated from directional-hemispherical reflectance spectra. due to several methodological difficulties the absolute emissivity is not accurately determined, but differences between species are obvious. most notably, small waders of the genu ... | 2016 | 27033033 |
| perfluoroalkyl acids in aqueous samples from germany and kenya. | continuous monitoring of chemicals in the environment is important to control their fate and to protect human health, flora, and fauna. perfluoroalkyl acids (pfaas) have been detected frequently in different environmental compartments during the last 15 years and have drawn much attention because of their environmental persistence, omnipresence, and bioaccumulation potential. water is an important source of their transport. in the present study, distributions of pfaas in river water, wastewater ... | 2017 | 27335016 |
| human foramen magnum area and posterior cranial fossa volume growth in relation to cranial base synchondrosis closure in the course of child development. | to date, no study has compared the evolution of the foramen magnum area (fma) and the posterior cranial fossa volume (pcfv) with the degree of cranial base synchondrosis ossification. | 2016 | 27341342 |
| facing a clever predator demands clever responses - red-backed shrikes (lanius collurio) vs. eurasian magpies (pica pica). | red-backed shrikes (lanius collurio) behave quite differently towards two common nest predators. while the european jay (garrulus glandarius) is commonly attacked, in the presence of the eurasian magpie (pica pica), shrikes stay fully passive. we tested the hypotheses that this passive response to the magpie is an alternative defense strategy. nesting shrikes were exposed to the commonly attacked european kestrel (falco tinnunculus) in a situation in which i) a harmless domestic pigeon, ii) a co ... | 2016 | 27454122 |
| abstract-concept learning in black-billed magpies (pica hudsonia). | relational concepts depend upon relationships between stimuli (e.g., same vs. different) and transcend features of the training stimuli. recent evidence shows that learning abstract concepts is shared across a variety species including birds. our recent work with a highly-skilled food-storing bird, clark's nutcracker, revealed superior same/different abstract-concept learning compared to rhesus monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and pigeons. here we test a more social, but less reliant on food-storing, ... | 2017 | 27503195 |
| corvids outperform pigeons and primates in learning a basic concept. | corvids (birds of the family corvidae) display intelligent behavior previously ascribed only to primates, but such feats are not directly comparable across species. to make direct species comparisons, we used a same/different task in the laboratory to assess abstract-concept learning in black-billed magpies ( pica hudsonia). concept learning was tested with novel pictures after training. concept learning improved with training-set size, and test accuracy eventually matched training accuracy-full ... | 2017 | 28151701 |
| effective nut dispersal by magpies (pica pica l.) in a mediterranean agroecosystem. | scatter-hoarding animals such as corvids play a crucial role in the dispersal of nut-producing tree species. this interaction is well known for some corvids, but remains elusive for other species such as the magpie (pica pica), an abundant corvid in agroecosystems and open landscapes of the palearctic region. in addition, the establishment of the individual dispersed seeds-a prerequisite for determining seed-dispersal effectiveness-has never before been documented for the interaction between cor ... | 2017 | 28303393 |
| micro-evolutionary change and population dynamics of a brood parasite and its primary host: the intermittent arms race hypothesis. | a long-term study of the interactions between a brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo clamator glandarius, and its primary host the magpie pica pica, demonstrated local changes in the distribution of both magpies and cuckoos and a rapid increase of rejection of both mimetic and non-mimetic model eggs by the host. in rich areas, magpies improved three of their defensive mechanisms: nest density and breeding synchrony increased dramatically and rejection rate of cuckoo eggs increased more slowl ... | 1998 | 28307917 |
| growth and sex ratio of nestlings in two species of crows: how important is hatching asynchrony? | in experimental studies of avian hatching paterns offspring sex has been neglected. this may be a problem if nestling growth and mortality is sex biased, and if this bias is influenced by hatching spread. in a field study of two crow species, the magpie pica pica and the hooded crow corvus corone cornix, we manipulated hatching spread. both species have asynchronous hatching, and adult males are larger than females by 12-14%. the sex ratios obtained from the different experimental groups on day ... | 1992 | 28312269 |
| great spotted cuckoo nestlings have no antipredatory effect on magpie or carrion crow host nests in southern spain. | host defences against cuckoo parasitism and cuckoo trickeries to overcome them are a classic example of antagonistic coevolution. recently it has been reported that this relationship may turn to be mutualistic in the case of the carrion crow (corvus corone) and its brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo (clamator glandarius), given that experimentally and naturally parasitized nests were depredated at a lower rate than non-parasitized nests. this result was interpreted as a consequence of the ... | 2017 | 28422953 |
| pica practices among apparently healthy women and their young children in ghana. | pica is an increased appetite/craving for food or non-food substances like clay, and chalk, and is strongly associated with iron deficiency (id) anemia. this study assessed pica practices among non-pregnant mothers and their children, 12-to-59 months, in an anaemia endemic population in ghana. | 2017 | 28442334 |
| stress induced by heavy metals on breeding of magpie (pica pica) from central iran. | the aim of this study was to address the impacts of some heavy metals (cd, pb, zn, ni and cu) contamination on laying behavior, egg quality and breeding performance of pica pica in north of isfahan province, iran. during the breeding season of 2013, magpie's egg content and eggshell as well as nestling excrements and feathers were collected and total concentrations of heavy metals were measured by icp-oes. except for zn in nestling feathers, the significantly higher concentrations of heavy metal ... | 2017 | 28499128 |
| risk assessment of hemorrhage of posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms in posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations. | posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations (avms) are associated with increased risk of rupture and severe consequences from such rupture. the hemorrhagic risk of prenidal aneurysms (anr) on the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) may exceed that of the avm in posterior fossa avms fed by pica (pica-avm). | 2017 | 28520943 |
| management of a ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) aneurysm with pica-pica in situ bypass and trapping: 3-dimensional operative video. | 2017 | 28521356 | |
| brood-parasite interactions between great spotted cuckoos and magpies: a model system for studying coevolutionary relationships. | brood parasitism is one of the systems where coevolutionary processes have received the most research. here, we review experiments that suggest a coevolutionary process between the great spotted cuckoo (clamator glandarius) and its magpie (pica pica) host. we focus on different stages of establishment of the relationship, from cuckoos selecting individual hosts and hosts defending their nests from adult cuckoos, to the ability of magpies to detect cuckoo eggs in their nests. novel coevolutionary ... | 2000 | 28547325 |
| magpie host manipulation by great spotted cuckoos: evidence for an avian mafia? | why should the hosts of brood parasites accept and raise parasitic offspring that differ dramatically in appearance from their own? there are two solutions to this evolutionary enigma. (1) hosts may not yet have evolved the capability to discriminate against the parasite, or (2) parasite-host systems have reached an evolutionary equilibrium. avian brood parasites may either gain renesting opportunities or force their hosts to raise parasitic offspring by destroying or preying upon host eggs or n ... | 1995 | 28565143 |
| comparative population structure and gene flow of a brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo (clamator glandarius), and its primary host, the magpie (pica pica). | the amount of gene flow is an important determinant of population structure and therefore of central importance for understanding coevolutionary processes. we used microsatellite markers to estimate population structure and gene flow rates of the great spotted cuckoo (clamator glandarius) and its main host in europe, the magpie (pica pica), in a number of populations (seven and 15, respectively) across their distribution range in europe. the genetic analysis shows that there exists a pattern of ... | 1999 | 28565191 |
| genetic and geographic variation in rejection behavior of cuckoo eggs by european magpie populations: an experimental test of rejecter-gene flow. | host responses toward brood parasitism have been shown to differ among populations depending on the duration of sympatry between host and parasite, although populations not currently parasitized show rejection behavior against parasitic eggs. the persistence of rejection behavior in unparasitized host populations and rapid increases of rejection rate in parasitized ones have sometimes been explained as the result of gene flow of rejecter genes from sympatry to allopatry (rejecter-gene flow hypot ... | 1999 | 28565625 |
| deep phylogeographic breaks in magpie pica pica across the holarctic: concordance with bioacoustics and phenotypes. | we examined sequences of the mitochondrial control region in magpies (pica pica) from the entire distribution range and found deep genetic splits into four major lineages: (1) group west (europe-siberia), (2) group east (southern far east), (3) p. p. mauritanica (north africa), and (4) p. p. hudsonia (north america). these lineages show a geographic pattern corresponding to known subspecies or subspecies groups. genetic variation within the widely-distributed group west is low and neutrality tes ... | 2017 | 28589845 |
| an experimental test of host's life history traits modulation in response to cuckoo parasitism risk. | hosts can counteract parasites through defences based on resistance and/or tolerance. the mechanistic basis of tolerance, which involve defensive mechanisms minimizing parasite damage after a successful parasitic attack, remains poorly explored in the study of cuckoo-host interactions. here, we experimentally explore the possibility that the risk of great spotted cuckoo clamator glandarius parasitism may induce tolerance defences in magpie pica pica hosts through plasticity in life-history trait ... | 2017 | 28658287 |
| ecological role of vertebrate scavengers in urban ecosystems in the uk. | recent research has demonstrated how scavenging, the act of consuming dead animals, plays a key role in ecosystem structure, functioning, and stability. a growing number of studies suggest that vertebrate scavengers also provide key ecosystem services, the benefits humans gain from the natural world, particularly in the removal of carcasses from the environment. an increasing proportion of the human population is now residing in cities and towns, many of which, despite being highly altered envir ... | 2016 | 28725378 |
| accuracy estimation of an indirect elisa for the detection of west nile virus antibodies in wild birds using a latent class model. | west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv), genus flavivirus, are members of the japanese encephalitis virus antigenic complex, and are maintained primarily in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds. wnv is zoonotic, and poses a threat to public health, especially in relation to blood transfusion. serosurveillance of wild birds is suitable for early detection of wnv circulation, although concerns remain to be addressed as regards i) the type of test used, whether elisa, virus neutraliz ... | 2017 | 28756236 |
| carrion crows (corvus corone) of southwest germany: important hosts for haemosporidian parasites. | avian malaria parasites (plasmodium spp.) and other haemosporida (haemoproteus and leucocytozoon spp.) form a diverse group of vector-transmitted blood parasites that are abundant in many bird families. recent studies have suggested that corvids may be an important host for plasmodium spp. and leucocytozoon spp. | 2017 | 28899382 |
| microbial abundance on the eggs of a passerine bird and related fitness consequences between urban and rural habitats. | urban environments present novel and challenging habitats to wildlife. in addition to well-known difference in abiotic factors between rural and urban environments, the biotic environment, including microbial fauna, may also differ significantly. in this study, we aimed to compare the change in microbial abundance on eggshells during incubation between urban and rural populations of a passerine bird, the eurasian magpie (pica pica), and examine the consequences of any differences in microbial ab ... | 2017 | 28953940 |
| decision making in surgery for nonsaccular posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms with special reference to intraoperative assessment of collateral blood flow and neurophysiological function. | posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) aneurysms represent a challenging pathology. pica sacrifice is often necessary, due to the high proportion of nonsaccular aneurysms that can be found in this location. several treatments are available, but the infrequency of these aneurysms and the increasing number of endovascular techniques have limited the development of a standardized algorithm for cases in which open surgery is indicated. | 2018 | 28973400 |
| arsenic concentrations and speciation in wild birds from an abandoned realgar mine in china. | birds are at a higher level in the food chain; however, the potential bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic (as) in birds in as mines has rarely been studied. in this study, four passerine bird species (tree sparrow [passer montanus], light-vented bulbul [pycnonotus sinensis], garrulax canorus [leucodioptron canorus], and magpie [pica pica]) were collected from an abandoned as mine in china. the highest recorded as concentrations were 4.95 mg/kg and 51.65 mg/kg in muscles and feathers ... | 2018 | 29175405 |
| interactions between cleaner-birds and ungulates are personality dependent. | while a growing body of literature explores the ecological implications of consistent individual variation in the behaviour of wildlife, few studies have looked at the reciprocal influences of personality within interspecific interactions, despite the potentially significant impacts on biodiversity. here i used two species involved in cleaner-bird behaviour-black-billed magpies (pica pica) and rocky mountain elk (cervus canadensis)-to show that the exhibition of mutualistic behaviour can depend ... | 2017 | 29187607 |
| high susceptibility of magpie (pica pica) to experimental infection with lineage 1 and 2 west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv), a zoonotic pathogen naturally transmitted by mosquitoes whose natural hosts are birds, has spread worldwide during the last few decades. resident birds play an important role in flavivirus epidemiology, since they can serve as reservoirs and facilitate overwintering of the virus. herein, we report the first experimental infection of magpie (pica pica) with two strains of west nile virus, lineages 1 (ny-99) and 2 (srb novi-sad/12), which are currently circulating in europe. ... | 2018 | 29634743 |
| tissue distribution and oral exposure risk assessment of heavy metals in an urban bird: magpie from central iran. | direct ingestion of soil and/or soil attached to the food items is a potential rout for wildlife exposure to contaminants. in this study, bioaccumulation of five heavy metals (hms) in internal tissues of an urban bird (pica pica) collected from aran-o-bidgol city, central iran and their related soil were investigated. a total of 15 magpie specimens were collected in autumn 2013 and then their internal tissues were digested using a mixture of hno3 and h2o2, and finally, concentrations of hms were ... | 2018 | 29644612 |
| the in situ side-to-side bypass technique: a comprehensive review of the technical characteristics, current anastomosis approaches, and surgical experience. | in situ side-to-side (sts) revascularization is an intracranial-intracranial bypass technique that is increasingly used to treat complex aneurysms and cerebral ischemia. this sophisticated technique involves connecting 2 proximal parallel vessels to create an artificial conduit for blood flow. this study aims to provide a detailed description of the configuration of the sts bypass technique and extensive information regarding its technical characteristics, current anastomosis approaches, and sur ... | 2018 | 29729474 |
| neophobia does not account for motoric self-regulation performance as measured during the detour-reaching cylinder task. | the ability to restrain a prepotent response in favor of a more adaptive behavior, or to exert inhibitory control, has been used as a measure of a species' cognitive abilities. inhibitory control defines a spectrum of behaviors varying in complexity, ranging from self-control to motoric self-regulation. several factors underlying inhibitory control have been identified, however, the influence of neophobia (i.e., aversion to novelty) on inhibitory control has not received much attention. neophobi ... | 2018 | 29774435 |
| intraoperative assessment of cortical perfusion after intracranial-to-intracranial and extracranial-to-intracranial bypass for complex cerebral aneurysms using flow 800. | revascularization strategies for complex cerebral aneurysms are largely based on subjective interpretation of flow demands, or indirect measures of perfusion in at-risk territories. indocyanine green -based flow analyses ((icg-bfa); flow 800, carl zeiss, oberkochen, germany) provide a real-time, semiquantitative measure of intraoperative cortical perfusion during cerebral bypass surgery for complex aneurysms. | 2019 | 29897545 |
| gut microbiota of great spotted cuckoo nestlings is a mixture of those of their foster magpie siblings and of cuckoo adults. | diet and host genetic or evolutionary history are considered the two main factors determining gut microbiota of animals, although studies are scarce in natural populations. the system of great spotted cuckoos (clamatorglandarius) parasitizing magpies (pica pica) is ideal to study both effects since magpie adults feed cuckoo and magpie nestlings with the same diet and, consequently, differences in gut microbiota of nestlings of these two species will mainly reflect the importance of genetic compo ... | 2018 | 30060541 |
| far lateral craniotomy for posterior inferior cerebellar artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass and trapping of posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm: 3-dimensional operative video. | posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) aneurysms account for 3% to 4% of all intracranial aneurysms with an unusually high predilection towards a nonsaccular morphology making microsurgical clipping or endovascular reconstruction of the parent artery difficult. the management of these complicated aneurysms may require revascularization procedures for flow preservation with aneurysm trapping. recently, there is an increasing inclination towards intracranial-intracranial (ic-ic) bypasses over ... | 2019 | 30099556 |
| fusiform vertebral artery aneurysms involving the posterior inferior cerebellar artery origin associated with the sole angiographic anterior spinal artery origin: technical case report and treatment paradigm proposal. | fusiform aneurysms of the vertebral artery (va) involving the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) origin are uncommon and challenging. the anterior spinal artery (asa) commonly originates from a unilateral ramus just distal to the pica. occlusion of an unpaired asa can result in bilateral medial medullary syndrome. the authors propose a treatment paradigm for asa preservation based on the artery's proximity to fusiform va aneurysms, and they present 3 representative cases. in the first c ... | 2018 | 30485231 |
| transcriptome analysis revealed potential mechanisms of differences in physiological stress responses between caged male and female magpies. | under caged conditions, birds are affected more severely by environmental stressors such as dietary structure, activity space, human disturbances, and pathogens, which may be reflected in the gene expression in peripheral blood or other tissues. elucidating the molecular mechanism of these stress responses will help improve animal welfare. | 2019 | 31159743 |