Publications

evaluation of chemical disinfectants for aleutian disease virus of mink.	nine chemicals and commercial disinfectants were tested for inactivation of aleutian disease virus of mink. in the presence of distilled water, a commercial disinfectant (o-syl), halogen derivatives (iodophor and sodium hypochlorite), and glutaraldehyde (2.0%) inactivated 4 log10 (based on 0.25 ml) of the virus within 10 minutes at 23 c. formalin (2.0%) and o-syl were slower to inactivate the virus, but achieved a 4 log10 reduction in titer by 30 minutes' contact time. in the presence of 10% bov ...	1981	6266294
detection of antibody in aleutian disease of mink: comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis.	experiments were undertaken to investigate the potential of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) as a screening test for the diagnosis of the 2 known naturally occurring forms of aleutian disease of mink. anti-aleutian disease virus (adv) antibody activity was not detectable in the sera of mink with nonprogressive aleutian disease despite the demonstration of antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) in the same sera. anti-adv antibody was detectable in 93% of sera from mink at v ...	1982	6283966
identification of a nonvirion protein of aleutian disease virus: mink with aleutian disease have antibody to both virion and nonvirion proteins.	we studied aleutian disease virus polypeptides in crandall feline kidney (crfk) cells. when crfk cells labeled with [35s]methionine at 60 h postinfection were studied by immunoprecipitation with sera from infected mink, the major aleutian disease virus virion polypeptides (p85 and p75) were consistently identified, as was a 71,000-dalton nonvirion protein (p71). the peptide maps of p85 and p75 were similar, but the map of p71 was different. p85, p75, and p71 were all precipitated by sera from al ...	1982	6287034
isolation of virus and antibody containing immune complexes from mink with aleutian disease by affinity chromatography of equine complement clq.	affinity chromatography on immobilized equine complement clq was used for the isolation of complement-binding immune complexes in sera of mink infected with aleutian disease virus. immune complexes were isolated and quantitated from 4 of 5 infected mink, as early as 2 weeks after infection and before hypergammaglobulinemia had appeared. the quantity of immunoglobulin g in these immune complexes ranged from 180 to 370 micrograms/ml serum. there were no clq-binding immune complexes found in mink w ...	1983	6297342
characterization of the aleutian disease virus genome and its intracellular forms.	aleutian disease virus (adv) of mink is a nondefective parvovirus with a single-stranded dna genome. we characterized the viral dna forms found in infected cells prepared by a modified hirt extraction procedure. double-stranded dna molecules corresponding in size to 4.8-kilobase-pair duplex monomers and 9.6-kilobase-pair duplex dimers were identified in agarose gels by blot hybridization to 32p-labeled adv dna. a rapidly reannealing adv duplex monomer was isolated on a preparative scale and phys ...	1983	6300467
an easy method for comparing antibody affinities to related antigens.	four different aleutian disease virus (adv) isolates were coated to 1/4" polystyrene balls. the binding capacity of these balls against different mouse hybridoma antibodies prepared against each of the adv isolates was investigated in two ways. the different adv-coated balls were either mixed in a tube (competition between balls for antibody), or they were allowed to react separately with antibody (no competition). the difference in competitive and non-competitive binding values allows a compari ...	1983	6306992
characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid from cells infected with aleutian disease virus.	viral dna was extracted from crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) and labeled with [ 3h ]thymidine. the sedimentation coefficient in alkaline sucrose gradients was 16s corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.5 x 10(6). the buoyant densities of dna from infected and control cells were determined by isopyknic sedimentation in cscl and nai gradients. two additional peaks of [ 3h ]dna were found in infected cells, but not in control cell extracts. fractiona ...	1983	6309040
molecular cloning of the aleutian disease virus genome: expression of aleutian disease virus antigens by a recombinant plasmid.	three nonoverlapping segments representing approximately 80% of the 4.8-kilobase pair aleutian disease virus (adv-g) duplex genome were molecularly cloned into either bacteriophage m13mp9 (m13bm2 = 0.07 to 0.15 map unit; m13bm1 = 0.15 to 0.54 map unit) or plasmid puc8 (pbm1 = 0.54 to 0.88 map units). in addition the 0.54- to 0.88-map unit segment of a danish isolate of adv (dk adv) was also cloned into puc8 (pbm2). the recombinant plasmids pbm1 and pbm2 induced expression of several polypeptides ...	1983	6313959
immunoglobulin classes of aleutian disease virus antibody.	aleutian disease virus (adv) persistently infects mink and causes marked hypergammaglobulinemia. immunoglobulin class-specific antisera were used to define the total immunoglobulin of each class by radial immunodiffusion and the immunoglobulin class of adv-specific antibody by immunofluorescence in experimentally and naturally infected mink. electrophoretic gamma globulin closely reflects the immunoglobulin g (igg) level in mink, and the majority of the increased immunoglobulin and adv antibody ...	1984	6319283
analysis of the quantity of antiviral antibodies from mink infected with different aleutian disease virus strains.	mink persistently infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) develop hypergammaglobulinaemia and immune complex disease. radiolabelled antibodies from mink infected with adv-g, dk, pullman , and utah i strains of adv were reacted against all four adv strains in radioimmunoassay (ria). the amount of anti-adv antibody in two equally hypergammaglobulinaemic serum pools varied from 13% (anti- pullman ) to 57% (anti-utah i). serum pools from two other sources (anti-dk and anti-adv-g), although less h ...	1984	6328641
mink with aleutian disease have high-affinity antiviral antibodies.	mink persistently infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) develop plasmacytosis (hypergammaglobulinaemia) and immune complex disease. mink of different colour phases were infected with different strains of adv and bled at different times after infection. the average antibody affinities (kav) were measured in the sera and found to fall in the range of 2 x 10(9) - 2 x 10(10) m-1, thus indicating good-quality antibodies. in sera of non-aleutian genotype mink a decline in kav during development o ...	1984	6328642
immune complexes in aleutian disease: demonstration of antibody on isolated virus.	the specific binding of staphylococcal protein a for mammalian immunoglobulin g was used to demonstrate igg associated with aleutian disease virus (adv) when isolated from infected mink tissues. protein a specifically bound to mink serum ig with no reaction with other serum or tissue proteins. protein a labeled with 131iodine reacted with crude virus preparations but not with virus that had been purified by freon extraction to the point where it became reactive with antibody by counterimmunoelec ...	1984	6328738
intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue in mink infected with aleutian disease virus.	pulmonary lymphoid tissue was studied histologically in mink infected experimentally and naturally with aleutian disease virus, an infection characterised by systemic lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. lymphoid tissue hyperplasia was observed in the lamina propria of the bronchial tree, in perivascular tissue, in interlobular septae and subpleurally by day 42 after experimental aerosol infection. four forms of pulmonary lymphoid tissue were recognised: lymphoepithelial nodules or bronchus-associated l ...	1982	7079603
inhibition of precipitation in counter current electrophoresis. a sensitive method for detection of mink antibodies to aleutian disease virus.	inhibition of precipitation in counter current electrophoresis was at least 32 more sensitive when compared to the normal counter current electrophoresis for the demonstration of mink antibodies against aleutian disease virus (adv). adv antigen can be produced from mink organs or in cell culture. the reactivity of the two types of antigen in the two kinds of counter current electrophoresis methods is described in this report. when 22 mink sera were titrated in normal counter current electrophore ...	1982	7080835
ocular lesions in mink affected with aleutian disease.	uveitis, characterized by infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells, was the principal ocular lesion in 122 sapphire and pastel mink affected with experimental aleutian disease. it was present to various degrees in all but five mink examined five to 164 weeks after inoculation (intraperitoneal or intranasal) with any of four north american strains of aleutian disease virus. the uveitis, mostly iridocyclitis, was accompanied often by protein-rich fluid in the anterior chamber and less often by ...	1982	7200277
purification and characterization of the major nonstructural protein (ns-1) of aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	we have previously described the expression of the major nonstructural protein (ns-1) of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) in insect cells by using a baculovirus vector (j. christensen, t. storgaard, b. bloch, s. alexandersen, and b. aasted, j. virol. 67:229-238, 1993). to study its biochemical properties, adv ns-1 was expressed in sf9 insect cells and purified to apparent homogeneity with a combination of nuclear extraction, zn2+ ion chromatography, and immunoaffinity chromatography on mon ...	1995	7853520
aleutian mink disease: puzzles and paradigms.	aleutian mink disease (ad) is a naturally occurring persistent virus infection of mink caused by the aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). the classical form of ad, which occurs in adult mink, is notable for high titers of antiviral antibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, plasmacytosis, and immune complex disease. in addition, there is a progressive renal disease characterized by mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and severe interstitial nephritis. development of ad depends on both host an ...	1994	7889316
sequence comparison of the non-structural genes of four different types of aleutian mink disease parvovirus indicates an unusual degree of variability.	the present work shows that at least four different sequence types of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) are present in adv isolates from mink. we here report the nucleotide sequences of these four types of adv from nucleotide 123 to 2208 (map unit 3 to 46). this part of the genome encodes three non-structural (ns) proteins of adv. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of these ns proteins showed that the adv proteins are much less conserved than the ns proteins from other members o ...	1994	7998830
expression of aleutian mink disease parvovirus capsid proteins in a baculovirus expression system for potential diagnostic use.	a 2.3-kb cdna clone encoding aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) structural proteins vp1 and vp2 was inserted into the polyhedron gene of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) and expressed by the recombinant virus, acadv-1, in spodoptera frugiperda-9 cells. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western immunoblot analysis (wia) indicated that synthesis of both vp1 and vp2 was being directed by acadv-1. fluorescence microscopic examination of acadv- ...	1994	8011776
nursing disease in mink: clinical and postmortem findings.	one hundred fifty lactating mink on one ranch in southern ontario were monitored over the lactation period in 1989 for evidence of clinical disease, and serial blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. antemortem blood samples were collected and necropsies performed on the 17 females that developed nursing disease and on 17 controls matched to the same stage of lactation and on ten nonlactating controls. twenty-two additional nursing disease cases were selected from seven ranches in ...	1993	8116144
role of alveolar type ii cells and of surfactant-associated protein c mrna levels in the pathogenesis of respiratory distress in mink kits infected with aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	neonatal mink kits infected with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) develop an acute interstitial pneumonia with clinical symptoms and pathological lesions that resemble those seen in preterm human infants with respiratory distress syndrome and in human adults with adult respiratory distress syndrome. we have previously suggested that adv replicates in the alveolar type ii epithelial cells of the lung. by using double in situ hybridization, with the simultaneous use of a probe to detect adv ...	1994	8139047
acute interstitial pneumonia in mink kits inoculated with defined isolates of aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	the present study addressed the causal role of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) in acute interstitial pneumonia in mink kits. all the examined isolates of adv caused interstitial pneumonia in newborn kits, although the severity of disease and the mortality varied. these findings indicate that adv is the direct causal agent of this disease in mink kits and that cofactors, which could have been present in the original adv-k isolate, do not play a role. acute interstitial pneumonia characteri ...	1994	8203085
interstitial nephritis in aleutian mink disease. possible role of cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected tubular epithelial cells.	aleutian mink disease (ad) has been characterized by immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with persistent infection of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). histopathological examination of kidneys from adv-infected mink in this study revealed that interstitial nephritis characterized by prominent damage of renal tubuli and lymphocyte infiltration was also common in ad along with glomerulonephritis. by using strand-specific in situ molecular hybridization technique, replication of adv ...	1994	8203470
aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection of mink macrophages and human macrophage cell line u937: demonstration of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) infects macrophages in adult mink. the virulent adv-utah i strain, but not the cell culture-adapted adv-g strain, infects mink peritoneal macrophage cultures and the human macrophage cell line u937 in vitro. however, preincubation of adv-g with adv-infected mink serum enhanced its infectivity for u937 cells. the enhancing activity was present in the protein a-binding immunoglobulin g fraction in the serum, but f(ab')2 fragments failed to enhance the infecti ...	1993	8230426
pathogenesis of aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection: effects of suppression of antibody response on viral mrna levels and on development of acute disease.	we suppressed the b-cell development and antibody response in mink by using treatment with polyclonal anti-immunoglobulin m (anti-igm) to study the effects of antiviral antibodies on development of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv)-induced disease in more detail. newborn mink kits were injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg of either anti-igm or a control preparation three times a week for 30 to 34 days. at 21 days after birth, groups of mink kits were infected with the highly virulent united ...	1994	8289377
expression of aleutian mink disease parvovirus proteins in a baculovirus vector system.	we have previously published a detailed transcription map of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) and proposed a model for the translation of the two virion structural proteins (vp1 and vp2) and three nonstructural proteins (ns-1, ns-2, and ns-3) (s. alexandersen, m. e. bloom, and s. perryman, j. virol. 62:3684-3994, 1988). to verify and further characterize this model, we cloned the predicted open reading frames for ns-1, ns-2, ns-3, vp1-vp2, and vp2 alone into a recombinant baculovirus and e ...	1993	8380073
comparison of promoter activity in aleutian mink disease parvovirus, minute virus of mice, and canine parvovirus: possible role of weak promoters in the pathogenesis of aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) infection causes both acute and chronic disease in mink, and we have previously shown that it is the level of viral gene expression that determines the disease pattern. to study the gene regulation of adv, we have cloned the p3 adv and p36 adv promoters in front of a reporter gene, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene, and analyzed these constructs by transient transfection in a feline kidney cell line and mouse nih 3t3 cells. the genes for adv ...	1993	8383215
cis-acting sequences in the aleutian mink disease parvovirus late promoter important for transcription: comparison to the canine parvovirus and minute virus of mice.	we are currently investigating the regulation of transcription of the aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). adv causes a chronic immune complex-mediated condition known as classical aleutian disease, characterized by slow viral replication. this slow replication is an intrinsic property of adv and distinguishes it from the more prototypic parvoviruses such as minute virus of mice (mvm) and canine parvovirus (cpv). we have previously suggested a role for the weak adv promoters in the slow repli ...	1993	8383216
aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection of mink peritoneal macrophages and human macrophage cell lines.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) mrnas are found in macrophages in lymph nodes and peritoneal exudate cells from adv-infected mink. therefore, we developed an in vitro infection system for adv by using primary cultures of mink macrophages or macrophage cell lines. in peritoneal macrophage cultures from adult mink, virulent adv-utah i strain showed nuclear expression of viral antigens with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled adv-infected mink serum, but delineation of specific viral proteins ...	1993	8383229
characterization of chimeric full-length molecular clones of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv): identification of a determinant governing replication of adv in cell culture.	the adv-g strain of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is nonpathogenic for mink but replicates permissively in cell culture, whereas the adv-utah 1 strain is highly pathogenic for mink but replicates poorly in cell culture. in order to relate these phenotypic differences to primary genomic features, we constructed a series of chimeric plasmids between a full-length replication-competent molecular clone of adv-g and subgenomic clones of adv-utah 1 representing map units (mu) 15 to 88. after ...	1993	8396664
the relationship between capsid protein (vp2) sequence and pathogenicity of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv): a possible role for raccoons in the transmission of adv infections.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) dna was identified by pcr in samples from mink and raccoons on commercial ranches during an outbreak of aleutian disease (ad). comparison of dna sequences of the hypervariable portion of vp2, the major capsid protein of adv, indicated that both mink and raccoons were infected by a new isolate of adv, designated adv-tr. because the capsid proteins of other parvoviruses play a prominent role in the determination of viral pathogenicity and host range, we decid ...	1996	8551624
investigation of the pathogenesis of transplacental transmission of aleutian mink disease parvovirus in experimentally infected mink.	the transplacental transmission of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) was studied in experimental infection of 1-year-old female non-aleutian mink. the adv-seronegative female mink were inoculated with adv prior to mating or after the expected implantation of the embryos during pregnancy. a group of uninfected females served as a control group. animals from each group were killed prior to or shortly after parturition. the in situ hybridization technique with radiolabeled strand-specific rna ...	1996	8627663
subcellular localization of aleutian mink disease parvovirus proteins and dna during permissive infection of crandell feline kidney cells.	confocal microscopy allowed us to localize viral nonstructural (ns) and capsid (vp) proteins and dna simultaneously in cells permissively infected with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). early after infection, ns proteins colocalized with viral dna to form intranuclear inclusions, whereas vp proteins formed hollow intranuclear shells around the inclusions. later, nuclei had irregular outlines and were virtually free of adv products. in these cells, inclusions of viral dna with or without as ...	1996	8627805
clusters of lymphoma in ferrets.	cluster outbreaks of lymphoma and leukemia have been associated with viral infections in many species including humans, cattle, and cats. this study describes epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of cluster outbreaks of lymphoma in multiferret households and examines and compares the aleutian disease virus (adv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) status of cases, ferrets at risk, and controls. three ferret groups with 21 cases of histologically diagnosed lymphoma (12.6% cumulative ...	1996	8630683
identification of a dna segment in ferret aleutian disease virus similar to a hypervariable capsid region of mink aleutian disease parvovirus.	a 401bp dna fragment of ferret aleutian disease virus (adv) was amplified using pcr primers spanning a hypervariable region of mink adv capsid sequence. the amplified fragment was 88-89% homologous to the same region of previously known sequence of three different strains of mink adv, however, as low as 54% homology was observed when compared with a 39bp segment known as hypervariable region. within the predicted 13 amino acid hypervariable region, the ferret adv sequence differed at 6 positions ...	1996	8774691
a cluster of cases of juvenile mediastinal lymphoma in a ferret colony.	three cases of juvenile mediastinal lymphoma developed in a laboratory colony of ferrets. two ferrets became acutely moribund, and one was found dead with no preceding signs of illness. splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and a large thoracic mass were the primary features in each case. all three ferrets had multiorgan metastasis of the tumor. two ferrets were tested for feline leukemia virus and aleutian disease virus with negative results.	1996	8799931
investigation of an outbreak of aleutian disease on a commercial mink ranch.	to determine the modes of transmission of aleutian mink disease in a natural outbreak.	1996	8950422
expression of aleutian mink disease parvovirus capsid proteins in defined segments: localization of immunoreactive sites and neutralizing epitopes to specific regions.	the capsid proteins of the adv-g isolate of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) were expressed in 10 nonoverlapping segments as fusions with maltose-binding protein in pmal-c2 (pvp1, pvp2a through pvp2i). the constructs were designed to capture the vp1 unique sequence and the portions analogous to the four variable surface loops of canine parvovirus (cpv) in individual fragments (pvp2b, pvp2d, pvp2e, and pvp2g, respectively). the panel of fusion proteins was immunoblotted with sera from mink ...	1997	8985402
s-phase-dependent cell cycle disturbances caused by aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	we examined replication of the autonomous parvovirus aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) in relation to cell cycle progression of permissive crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells. flow cytometric analysis showed that adv caused a composite, binary pattern of cell cycle arrest. adv-induced cell cycle arrest occurred exclusively in cells containing de novo-synthesized viral nonstructural (ns) proteins. production of adv ns proteins, indicative of adv replication, was triggered during s-phase trav ...	1997	8995664
aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection of k562 cells is antibody-dependent and is mediated via an fc(gamma)rii receptor.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) infects macrophages but infection is restricted. using the human macrophage cell line u937, we reported infection to be antibody-dependent [22,23]. recently, we learned that the u937 cells were contaminated with the human cell line, k562 [12]. to clarify which cell line actually supported adv infection, we studied the antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) of adv infection in pure lines of u937 and k562. after infection with adv complexed with mink anti-adv a ...	1997	9125049
two parvoviruses that cause different diseases in mink have different transcription patterns: transcription analysis of mink enteritis virus and aleutian mink disease parvovirus in the same cell line.	the two parvoviruses of mink cause very different diseases. mink enteritis virus (mev) is associated with rapid, high-level viral replication and acute disease. in contrast, infection with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is associated with persistent, low-level viral replication and chronic severe immune dysregulation. in the present report, we have compared viral transcription in synchronized crfk cells infected with either mev or adv using a nonradioactive rnase protection assay. the ov ...	1997	9188563
analyses of leucocytes in blood and lymphoid tissues from mink infected with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (amdv).	mink were infected with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (amdv) and sacrificed at monthly intervals after infection. during this time humoral immune responses and leucocyte numbers in blood, mesenteric lymph node, spleen and thymus were monitored. serum hypergammaglobulinaemia was observed together with elevated antibody responses to amdv ns1 and vp1/2 proteins. in blood, a highly significant increase in cd8+ lymphocytes was observed. however, (presumed)cd4+ cells defined as cd3+cd8- cells, and ...	1998	9656422
vaccination with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (amdv) capsid proteins enhances disease, while vaccination with the major non-structural amdv protein causes partial protection from disease.	vaccination studies were performed with partially purified recombinant amdv vp1/2 capsids as well as with the major amdv non-structural protein (ns1). all vaccine constructs induced an antibody response, but did not prevent infection upon challenge with amdv. the severity of aleutian disease (ad) was judged by the serum gammaglobulin level, the quantity of peripheral blood cd8 lymphocytes, antibody titers to vp1/2 and ns1 proteins and mink death rates. the vp1/2 vaccine constructs enhanced the d ...	1998	9682374
a comparison between permissive and restricted infections with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv): characterization of the viral protein composition at nuclear sites of virus replication.	we used three-color fluorescent labeling and confocal microscopy to compare the permissive and the antibody-mediated, restricted replication of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). in both permissive (crfk cells) and restricted (k562 cells) situations, both adv non-structural proteins (ns1 and ns2) concentrated at focal sites in the nucleus, which also contained viral dna. bromodeoxyuridine labeling demonstrated that these sites also supported active adv single-strand dna synthesis, indicatin ...	1998	9784064
construction of pathogenic molecular clones of aleutian mink disease parvovirus that replicate both in vivo and in vitro.	the adv-g isolate of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) replicates permissively in crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells but is nonpathogenic for mink, whereas the highly pathogenic adv-utah isolate is nonviable in crfk cells. to assign control of host range in crfk cells and pathogenicity to specific regions of the adv genome, we constructed a full-length molecular clone chimeric between adv-g and adv-utah. if either the map unit (mu) 54-65 (clone g/u-5) or mu 65-88 (clone g/u-7) sections wer ...	1998	9837793
identification of a cell surface protein from crandell feline kidney cells that specifically binds aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is the etiological agent of aleutian disease of mink. the acute disease caused by adv consists of permissive infection of alveolar type ii cells that results in interstitial pneumonitis. the permissive infection is experimentally modeled in vitro by infecting crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells with a tissue culture-adapted isolate of adv, adv-g. adv-g vp2 empty virions expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system were analyzed for the ability to bind to t ...	1999	10196278
epitope mapping of aleutian mink disease parvovirus virion protein vp1 and 2.	six overlapping fragments of the aleutian mink disease parvovirus (amdv) virion protein vp1 and 2 (vp1/2) gene were inserted into the expression vector pmal-c2. four of the clones carried large overlapping fragments covering the entire vp1/2 gene. the remaining two clones covered specifically chosen regions within the vp1/2 gene. using a western blotting detection system, sera from amdv-infected mink were tested against the recombinant polypeptides. these studies showed reactions primarily direc ...	1999	10219758
three-dimensional structure of aleutian mink disease parvovirus: implications for disease pathogenicity.	the three-dimensional structure of expressed vp2 capsids of aleutian mink disease parvovirus strain g (advg-vp2) has been determined to 22 a resolution by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction techniques. a structure-based sequence alignment of the vp2 capsid protein of canine parvovirus (cpv) provided a means to construct an atomic model of the advg-vp2 capsid. the advg-vp2 reconstruction reveals a capsid structure with a mean external radius of 128 a and several surface features si ...	1999	10400786
replication of aleutian mink disease parvovirus in vivo is influenced by residues in the vp2 protein.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is the etiological agent of aleutian disease of mink. several adv isolates have been identified which vary in the severity of the disease they elicit. the isolate adv-utah replicates to high levels in mink, causing severe aleutian disease that results in death within 6 to 8 weeks, but does not replicate in crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells. in contrast, adv-g replicates in crfk cells but does not replicate in mink. the ability of the virus to replicate in ...	1999	10482625
molecular and structural basis of the evolution of parvovirus tropism.	parvoviruses have small genomes and, consequently, are highly dependent on their host for various functions in their reproduction. since these viruses generally use ubiquitous receptors, restrictions are usually intracellularly regulated. a lack of mitosis, and hence absence of enzymes required for dna replication, is a powerful block of virus infection. allotropic determinants have been identified for several parvoviruses: porcine parvovirus, canine parvovirus (cpv), feline parvovirus (feline p ...	1999	10497831
unusual, high genetic diversity of aleutian mink disease virus.	the genetic diversity of aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) was examined. sequences obtained from 35 clinical samples were compared with five published sequences. an unusual, high genetic variability was revealed. three phylogenetic subgroups of amdv were identified, and the presence of more than one genotype at some farms was detected.	1999	10565948
replication of aleutian mink disease parvovirus in mink lymph node histocultures.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv), causes an immune disorder with a persistent infection of lymphoid organs in adult mink. we studied replication of adv in gel-supported histocultures prepared from adult mink mesenteric lymph node (mln). evidence of virus replication in the histocultures was first observed by indirect immunofluorescence 72 h after incubation with virus. cells resembling lymphocytes and macrophages contained both adv capsid (vp2) and nonstructural (ns1 and ns2) proteins, and ...	2000	10644831
nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis associated with aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection in ranch mink.	severe nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis associated with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) infection was observed in adult ranch mink. brain lesions included severe, locally extensive to coalescing lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with accompanying gliosis, satellitosis, and mild extension of inflammation into the leptomeninges. adv was identified in mesenteric lymph node, spleen, brain, and liver of affected mink by polymerase chain reaction techniques. sequences of the adv isolate ( ...	2000	10730948
aleutian mink disease parvovirus in wild riparian carnivores in spain.	serious declines in populations of native european mink (mustela lutreola) have occurred in europe. one responsible factor may be infectious diseases introduced by exotic american mink (mustela vison). in order to investigate a possible role for aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv), we surveyed native riparian carnivores and feral american mink. when serum samples from 12 free-ranging european and 16 feral american mink were tested, antibodies to adv were detected from three of nine european m ...	2001	11272488
[dynamic of dnase activity induction in serum of normal animals after heterogeneous dna injection and in hereditary pathology].	studies of reactions in animals with hereditary diseases (sapphire minks highly sensitive to aleutian disease virus, adv; cba mice with 60-70% incidence of tumors; akr mice with 90% incidence of leukemia) showed that serum dnase activity in these animals dropped after injection of a foreign heterogeneous dna and remained decreased during 72 h. by contrast, serum dnase activity considerably and persistently increased after injection of dna in standard minks resistant to adv, c57bi/6j mice with 1% ...	2001	11392967
nucleotide sequence and polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of aleutian disease virus in ferrets in japan.	two ferrets with spontaneous aleutian disease (ad) were found in japan. the diagnosis was verified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of part of the capsid gene specific to ad virus (adv). the nucleotide sequences (365 bp in length) of the amplified fragments from the 2 ferrets differed by a single nucleotide, producing an amino acid alteration. compared with other types of adv, these isolates had 96% sequence similarity to a published ferret adv (fadv) in contrast to <91% homology ...	2001	11478607
identification of aleutian mink disease parvovirus capsid sequences mediating antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, virus neutralization, and immune complex formation.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) causes a persistent infection associated with circulating immune complexes, immune complex disease, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high levels of antiviral antibody. although antibody can neutralize adv infectivity in crandell feline kidney cells in vitro, virus is not cleared in vivo, and capsid-based vaccines have proven uniformly ineffective. antiviral antibody also enables adv to infect macrophages, the target cells for persistent infection, by fc-receptor ...	2001	11602751
caspase activation is required for permissive replication of aleutian mink disease parvovirus in vitro.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is distinct among the parvoviruses as infection in vivo is persistent, restricted, and noncytopathic. in contrast, infections with other more prototypic parvoviruses, like mink enteritis virus (mev), are acute, cytopathic, and characterized by permissive replication in vivo. although apoptosis results in the death of cells acutely infected by parvoviruses, the role of apoptosis in adv infections is unknown. permissive infection of adv resulted in apoptosis ...	2002	11878925
caspase cleavage of the nonstructural protein ns1 mediates replication of aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	virus-induced apoptosis of infected cells can limit both the time and the cellular machinery available for virus replication. hence, many viruses have evolved strategies to specifically inhibit apoptosis. however, aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is the first example of a dna virus that not only induces apoptosis but also utilizes caspase activity to facilitate virus replication. to determine the function of caspase activity during adv replication, virus-infected cell lysates or purified a ...	2003	12692232
cytokine profiles in adult mink infected with aleutian mink disease parvovirus.	the aim of this study was to examine the levels of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-, interleukin 4 (il-4)-, and il-8-producing cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from mink infected with the aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). as expected, adv-infected mink developed high plasma gamma globulin values (hypergammaglobulinemia) and enhanced quantities of cd8-positive (cd8(+)) cells in the blood during the infection. we quantified the percentages of ifn-gamma- and il-4-positive lymphocytes ...	2003	12805443
metabolism and function of gamma globulin in aleutian disease of mink.	aleutian disease-affected mink, which are markedly hypergammaglobulinemic, show a decreased half-life of the serum gamma globulin indicating that the hyperglobulinemia is due to increased production. no evidence that the gamma globulin was antibody to the infectious agent, to autologous or isologous tissues, or to antigens the animal was responding to prior to development of the disease was obtained. the increased gamma globulin was found to be of the 6.4s variety, and gamma globulin containing ...	1965	14319405
structure of adeno-associated virus serotype 5.	adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (aav5) requires sialic acid on host cells to bind and infect. other parvoviruses, including aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv), canine parvovirus (cpv), minute virus of mice, and bovine parvovirus, also bind sialic acid. hence, structural homology may explain this functional homology. the amino acids required for cpv sialic acid binding map to a site at the icosahedral twofold axes of the capsid. in contrast to aav5, aav2 does not bind sialic acid, but rathe ...	2004	15016858
antibodies to aleutian mink disease parvovirus in free-ranging european mink (mustela lutreola) and other small carnivores from southwestern france.	owing to the rapid decline of the european mink (mustela lutreola) in france, a national conservation action plan has been initiated, in which scientific research to improve understanding of the causes of the decline is one of the primary objectives. in order to investigate the possible role of aleutian disease parvovirus (adv) in decline of the species, a serologic survey was conducted from march 1996 to march 2002 in 420 free-ranging individuals of six species of small carnivores distributed i ...	2004	15465705
dna vaccination with the aleutian mink disease virus ns1 gene confers partial protection against disease.	aleutian disease virus (adv) causes severe losses in mink. this happens in nature as well as in farms. in spite of several attempts to provide an efficient protective protein based vaccine, experiments have failed so far. only partial protection has been obtained. the aim of this work was to construct and test a protective dna vaccine based on the gene encoding for the adv non-structural protein 1 (ns1) and to test this construct as a potential vaccine candidate against adv infection or disease. ...	2005	15652664
structure of adeno-associated virus type 4.	adeno-associated virus (aav) is a member of the parvoviridae, belonging to the dependovirus genus. currently, several distinct isolates of aav are in development for use in human gene therapy applications due to their ability to transduce different target cells. the need to manipulate aav capsids for specific tissue delivery has generated interest in understanding their capsid structures. the structure of aav type 4 (aav4), one of the most antigenically distinct serotypes, was determined to 13-a ...	2005	15795290
two mink parvoviruses use different cellular receptors for entry into crfk cells.	mink enteritis virus (mev) and aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) are two mink parvoviruses that replicate permissively in crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells. we have used this cell model to examine if these two mink parvoviruses use the same cellular receptor. whereas the cellular receptor for mev is expected to be the transferrin receptor (tfr), the cellular receptor for adv has not been clearly identified. we used short hairpin rnas (shrnas) produced from plasmids to trigger rna interfer ...	2005	16040076
pathogenesis of aleutian mink disease parvovirus and similarities to b19 infection.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) is an unusual member of the autonomous parvoviruses in both its replication and pathogenesis. infection of newborn mink kits results in an acute disease typified by virus replication in type ii pneumocytes in the lung. this replication is permissive and cytopathic, characterized by the production of high levels of viral replicative intermediates and infectious progeny. however, infection of adult aleutian mink leads to a chronic form of the disease termed a ...	2005	16316395
the transcription profile of aleutian mink disease virus in crfk cells is generated by alternative processing of pre-mrnas produced from a single promoter.	a reevaluation of the transcription profile of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (amdv)-infected crfk cells at either 32 degrees c or 37 degrees c has determined that strain amdv-g encodes six species of mrnas produced by alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation of a pre-mrna generated by a single promoter at the left end of the genome. three different splicing patterns are used, and each type is found polyadenylated at either the 3' end of the genome (the distal site) or at a site in ...	2006	16378968
persistent viral shedding during asymptomatic aleutian mink disease parvoviral infection in a ferret.	a 2-year-old domestic ferret that appeared clinically healthy was repeatedly seropositive for aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) over a 2-year observation period. antibody titers, determined by counter-immunoelectrophoresis, ranged from 1024 to 4096. viral dna also was identified in serum, urine, feces, and blood cell fractions by polymerase chain reaction analysis. ultimately, dna in situ hybridization revealed adv dna in histologic sections of various tissues and organs. these data indicat ...	2005	16475522
the abundant r2 mrna generated by aleutian mink disease parvovirus is tricistronic, encoding ns2, vp1, and vp2.	the abundant r2 mrna encoded by the single left-end promoter of aleutian mink disease parvovirus is tricistronic; it not only expresses the capsid proteins vp1 and vp2 but is also the major source for the nonstructural protein ns2. a cis-acting sequence within the ns2 gene was shown to be required for efficient capsid protein production, and its effect displayed a distinct location dependence. ribosome transit through the upstream ns2 gene region was necessary for efficient vp1 and vp2 expressio ...	2007	17428872
[genetic analysis of aleutian mink disease virus isolated in the primorye territory].	the nucleotide sequence of the vp2 gene for aleutian mink disease virus isolated in the fur farms in the primorye territory (russia) was determined. the isolated strain was shown to be genetically close to highly pathogenetic american strains of the utah group. an intraspecific classification of adv is proposed.	2007	17601051
aleutian disease in two domestic striped skunks (mephitis mephitis).	this report describes the use of polymerase chain reaction and dna in situ hybridization to diagnose aleutian mink disease parvovirus dna in various tissue specimens from 2 companion striped skunks. clinical, laboratory, and microscopic findings also support a clinical diagnosis of aleutian disease in these mink.	2007	17846242
[prokaryotic expression and detective application of the main antigenic region of vp2 protein of aleutian mink disease parvovirus].	to research safer diagnosis antigen for adv, the main antigenic region vp2a and vp2b gene of adv were obtained by restriction digestion of the recombinant plasmids pmd-vp2a and pmd-vp2b. then the genes were respectively cloned into pmal-c2 to get two prokaryotic recombinant plasmids pmal-vpa and pmal-vpb. the target genes were successfully expressed in the host cell tb1 when induced by iptg. the western blot analysis proved the recombinant proteins have good antigenic. the recombinant proteins w ...	2007	18271270
infection with aleutian disease virus-like virus in a captive striped skunk.	a 5-month-old captive female striped skunk (mephitis mephitis) was evaluated because of lethargy, signs of depression, azotemia, and erythema of the skin around the eyes.	2008	18312184
molecular epidemiology of aleutian mink disease virus in finland.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is a parvovirus that causes an immune complex-mediated disease in minks. to gain a more detailed view of the molecular epidemiology of mink amdv in finland, we phylogenetically analysed 14 new finnish strains from 5 farms and all 40 strains with corresponding sequences available in genbank. a part of the major non-structural (ns1) protein gene was amplified and analysed phylogenetically. a rooted nucleotide tree was constructed using the maximum parsimony metho ...	2009	18799272
aleutian disease serology, protein electrophoresis, and pathology of the european mink (mustela lutreola) from navarra, spain.	the european mink, mustela lutreola, has suffered a dramatic decline in europe during the 20th century and is one of the most endangered carnivores in the world. the subpopulation of european mink from navarra, spain, estimated to number approximately 420, represents approximately two thirds of the total number of mink in spain. aleutian disease virus (adv) is a parvovirus with a high degree of variability that can infect a broad range of mustelid hosts. the pathogenesis of this virus in small c ...	2008	18816991
development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant vp2 capsids for the detection of antibodies to aleutian mink disease virus.	aleutian disease (ad), a common infectious disease in farmed minks worldwide, is caused by aleutian mink disease virus (amdv). serodiagnosis of ad in minks has been based on detection of amdv antibodies by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) since the 1980s. the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on recombinant virus-like particles (vlps) for identifying amdv antibodies from mink sera. amdv capsid protein (vp2) of a finnish wild-type s ...	2009	19641102
aleutian mink disease virus and humans.	reports of a possible relationship between aleutian mink disease parvovirus (amdv) and human infection are rare. however, 2 mink farmers with vascular disease and microangiopathy similar to that in mink with aleutian disease were found to have amdv-specific antibodies and amdv dna. these findings raise the suspicion that amdv may play a role in human disease.	2009	19961696
the capsid proteins of aleutian mink disease virus activate caspases and are specifically cleaved during infection.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is currently the only known member of the genus amdovirus in the family parvoviridae. it is the etiological agent of aleutian disease of mink. we have previously shown that a small protein with a molecular mass of approximately 26 kda was present during amdv infection and following transfection of capsid expression constructs (j. qiu, f. cheng, l. r. burger, and d. pintel, j. virol. 80:654-662, 2006). in this study, we report that the capsid proteins were speci ...	2010	20042496
neuropathologic features of aleutian disease in farmed mink in ireland and molecular characterization of aleutian mink disease virus detected in brain tissues.	a neuropathologic survey was conducted on mink brains from the 5 licensed mink farms in ireland. the survey was part of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy surveillance study. aleutian disease (ad) was present on 4 of the 5 farms (80%). neuropathologic features of nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis were common in mink from the 4 affected farms but were absent in the mink from the fifth farm, which was free of ad. the meningoencephalitis was characterized by infiltrates of lymphocytes and p ...	2010	20093694
a survey of aleutian mink disease virus infection of feral american mink in nova scotia.	spleen samples from 14 mink that were trapped in 4 counties of nova scotia were tested for the presence of the aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) by polymerase chain reaction. viral dna was not detected in samples from kings county (n = 2), but was detected in all the mink sampled from colchester (n = 2) and halifax (n = 6) counties, and 3 of 4 mink from yarmouth county. the high level of amdv-infected mink in colchester and halifax counties may pose a serious threat to the captive mink and wild ...	2010	20357945
implementation and validation of a sensitive pcr detection method in the eradication campaign against aleutian mink disease virus.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is a severe progressive disease causing multiple different clinical syndromes in mink. in denmark, the disease is notifiable and under official control. the control programme, based on serological screening, has confined successfully amdv to the northern part of denmark. however, re-infections and new introductions of virus into farms require a confirmatory virological test to verify the positive test results of single animals and ultimately to investigate dise ...	2010	20951744
diversity and stability of aleutian mink disease virus during bottleneck transitions resulting from eradication in domestic mink in denmark.	aleutian mink disease (plasmacytosis) virus (amdv) in domestic mink (neovison vison) has been subject to eradication in denmark since 1976. in 2001, approximately 5% of danish mink farms were still infected and all were located in the northern part of the peninsula of jutland. in the present study a total of 274 danish isolates of amdv collected during the two seasons of 2004 and 2005 were characterized by partial sequencing of the coding region of the non-structural (ns) proteins. older amdv is ...	2010	21112164
histopathologic and immunohistochemical lesions in liver of mink infected with aleutian disease virus.	parvovirus of aleutian disease causes mainly damage to kidneys, but immune complexes deposition and damage may occur also in other organs. in mink farms of latvia the liver dystrophy or hepatic lipidosis of mink is widely distributed. the goal of this study was to examine probability of liver damage and regeneration of mink infected with aleutian disease virus. liver injury was assessed histologically. the mink liver demonstrated inflammation of liver parenchyma and foci of fatty liver. in immun ...	2011	21528714
persistent spatial clusters of plasmacytosis among danish mink farms.	aleutian disease (plasmacytosis) is caused by the aleutian mink disease virus (amdv), an autonomous parvovirus and affects many mustelid species, including the american mink (neovisonvison). in denmark, an eradication program reduced the prevalence of test-positive farms from 100% in 1976 to 15% in 1996. nevertheless, the disease persists in the vendsyssel district of northern jutland, despite the eradication efforts. in this study, we used spatial epidemiological analysis to test for spatial au ...	2011	21788091
Novel amdovirus in gray foxes.	We used viral metagenomics to identify a novel parvovirus in tissues of a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Nearly full genome characterization and phylogenetic analyses showed this parvovirus (provisionally named gray fox amdovirus) to be distantly related to Aleutian mink disease virus, representing the second viral species in the Amdovirus genus.	2011	22000359
internal polyadenylation of parvoviral precursor mrna limits progeny virus production.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is the only virus in the genus amdovirus of family parvoviridae. in adult mink, amdv causes a persistent infection associated with severe dysfunction of the immune system. cleavage of amdv capsid proteins has been previously shown to play a role in regulating progeny virus production (fang cheng et al., j. virol. 84:2687-2696, 2010). the present study shows that amdv has evolved a second strategy to limit expression of capsid proteins by preventing processing o ...	2012	22361476
naturally occurring influenza a virus subtype h1n2 infection in a midwest united states mink (mustela vison) ranch.	influenza a virus (fluav) causes acute respiratory disease in humans and a variety of animal species. the virus tends to remain within the species of origin; nonetheless, naturally occurring cross-species transmission of fluav has been periodically documented. multiple cross-species transmissions of fluav have been reported from companion animals and captive wild animals, neither of which is historically considered as natural hosts of fluav. in the fall of 2010, mink (mustela vison) inhabiting a ...	2011	22362526
genetic characterization of aleutian mink disease viruses isolated in china.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is a parvovirus that causes an immune complex mediated disease in minks. to understand the genetic characterization of amdv in china, the genomic sequences of three isolates, adv-ln1, adv-ln2, and adv-ln3, from different farms in the northern china were analyzed. the results showed that the lengths of genomic sequences of three isolates were 4,543, 4,566, and 4,566 bp, respectively. they shared only 95.5-96.3 % nucleotide identity with each other. the nucleotid ...	2012	22415541
phylogenetic analysis of the vp2 gene of aleutian mink disease parvoviruses isolated from 2009 to 2011 in china.	aleutian mink disease parvovirus (amdv) is a non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded dna genome that causes a fatal, usually persistent immune complex disease in minks. in this study, a total of 18,654 serum samples were collected from minks that were farmed in china from 2009 to 2011. after testing by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (cie), the seroprevalence of amdv was found to be 68.67 %. the results show that there is a serious epidemic among chinese minks used for breeding. to gain ...	2012	22415542
high prevalence of aleutian mink disease virus in free-ranging mink on a remote danish island.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) causes severe disease in farmed mink (neovison vison) worldwide. in denmark, amdv in farmed mink has been confined to the northern part of the mainland since 2002. from 1998 to 2009, samples from 396 free-ranging mink were collected from mainland denmark, and a low amdv antibody prevalence (3% of 296) was found using countercurrent immune electrophoresis. however, on the island of bornholm in the baltic sea, a high prevalence (45% of 142 mink) was detected in t ...	2012	22493130
prevalence of the aleutian mink disease virus infection in nova scotia, canada.	despite many years of testing mink for serum antibodies against the aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) and elimination of reactors, this virus has remained the number one disease threat for the mink industry in nova scotia (ns). the objective of this study was to analyze ciep test results to determine the success of the amdv-control strategy in ns. a total of 2,964,920 ciep test results from 82 ranches, spanning an eight-year period between 1998 and 2005, w ...	2012	22497690
identification of biosecurity measures and spatial variables as potential risk factors for aleutian disease in danish mink farms.	eradication of aleutian disease was initiated in denmark in 1976. the prevalence of positive farms has since then been reduced from 100% to only being continuously present in the region of vendsyssel, northern denmark since 2004. in this study, we attempted to identify risk factors for the infection in this region based on logistic regression of spatial (environmental, neighbourhood) variables and biosecurity measures. information on potential biosecurity (management) risk factors in the region ...	2012	22717327
detection of mink enteritis virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp).	loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method was discovered in the last decade but only used for the first time in the diagnosis of mink enteritis virus (mev) infection in this study. the amplification could be completed within 60 min, under isothermal condition at 65°c, by employing a set of four primers targeting the vp2 gene of mev. the lamp was more sensitive than the conventional pcr, with a detection limit of 10(-1) median tissue culture infective doses (tcid(50))/ml per reaction, ...	2013	23183142
aleutian mink disease virus in furbearing mammals in nova scotia, canada.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is widespread among ranched and free-ranging american mink in canada, but there is no information on its prevalence in other wild animal species. this paper describes the prevalence of amdv of 12 furbearing species in nova scotia (ns), canada.	2013	23394546
evaluation of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of aleutian mink disease virus infection in mink.	aleutian disease in mink is caused by infection with aleutian mink disease virus (amdv). in sweden, the infection most commonly causes classical aleutian disease in which the immune system fails to neutralize the virus and the infection becomes persistent. diagnosis of amdv infection is based on serological methods that detect virus-specific antibodies. traditionally counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) has been the preferred method, but in order to enable automation interest has been paid to oth ...	2013	24274663
monitoring chronic infection with a field strain of aleutian mink disease virus.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) readily spread within farmed mink and causes chronic infections with significant impacts for welfare and economy. in the present study a currently circulating danish amdv strain was used to induce chronic experimental infection of farmed mink. pcr was used to detect viral dna in full blood, organs, faeces and oro-nasal swabs weekly for the first 8 weeks and then biweekly for another 16 weeks after amdv challenge inoculation of wild type mink. the mink (n=29) wa ...	2014	24389253
diagnosing aleutian mink disease infection by a new fully automated elisa or by counter current immunoelectrophoresis: a comparison of sensitivity and specificity.	aleutian disease (ad) is a severe disease characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia causing multiple symptoms such as acute renal failure, arteritis, reduced reproductive performance and pneumonia in mink. ad is caused by the parvovirus aleutian mink disease virus (adv) and diagnosed primarily based on adv serology sometimes supplemented by organ pcr analysis. in denmark, approximately 3.5-4 million serum samples are tested every year for the presence of anti adv antibodies as part of a national e ...	2014	24462658
molecular epidemiology of aleutian mink disease virus in china.	aleutian mink disease (mink plasmacytosis) is a very severe immune-complex-mediated disease affecting minks. it is caused by the aleutian mink disease virus (amdv). to obtain a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of amdv in china, a total of 420 samples were collected from mink farms in five major mink-farming provinces in china. after testing serum antibodies using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep), 23 of the 340 positive samples were randomly selected and analyzed. the full le ...	2014	24561116
molecular characterization of the small nonstructural proteins of parvovirus aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) during infection.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is the only member in genus amdovirus of the family parvoviridae. during amdv infection, six species of viral transcripts are generated from one precursor mrna through alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation. in addition to the large non-structural protein ns1, two small non-structural proteins, ns2 and ns3, are putatively encoded (qiu j, et al., 2006. j. virol. 80 654-662). however, these two proteins have not been experimentally demonstrated duri ...	2014	24606679