Publications

3-deazauridine: inhibition of ribonucleic acid virus-induced cytopathogenic effects in vitro.	3-deazauridine, a synthetic analogue of uridine and a potential antitumor agent, was found to possess antiviral activity against a number of ribonucleic acid-containing animal viruses in mammalian cell culture. inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenic effects by 3-deazauridine was observed in cells infected with rhinovirus types 1a and 13, coxsackievirus type a21, and pr-8 influenza virus, but not in cells infected with poliovirus type 2 or echovirus type 12. the extracellular yield of progeny ...	1972	4799550
poliovirus and echovirus survival in tetrahymena pyriformis culture in vivo.	axenic cultures of tetrahymena pyriformis, strain i mt iv, grown in a defined medium at room temperature, were used to study interactions of these protozoa with vaccination strain l sc 2ab of poliovirus type 1, vaccination strain p 712 of poliovirus type 2 and with type 30 echovirus, strain 480/78. t. pyriformis cultures in media containing 10(3.0) tcd50/1 ml of type poliovirus, 10(3.0) tcd50/1 ml of type 2 poliovirus or 10(2.5) tcd50/1 ml echovirus 30 and in virus-free medium did not differ one ...	1984	6088623
stability of hepatitis a virus.	the stabilities of hepatitis a virus (hav) and of poliovirus type 2 were compared under strictly controlled, identical conditions of ph value, temperature, and salt concentration. although the resistance of the viruses proved to be the same from ph 3 to 11, the temperature at which 50% of poliovirus particles became disintegrated during heating at ph 7.0 for 10 min (t50,10 = 43 degrees) differed significantly from that characteristic for hav (t50,10 = 61 degrees). in the presence of 1 m mgcl2, t ...	1984	6096294
the physicochemical properties of infectious hepatitis a virions.	the propagation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the cell line plc/prf/5 made possible the radiolabelling in vivo of mature, infectious hepatitis a virions and the determination of their physicochemical properties. in contrast to poliovirus type 2 (160s, 1.340 g/ml), hav had a sedimentation coefficient of 156 +/- 2s and a buoyant density of 1.332 g/ml in cscl. the genome of hav consisted of linear single-stranded rna which sedimented at 32.5s under non-denaturing conditions. compared to the size an ...	1981	6172556
restriction map of poliovirus type 2 cdna.	poliovirus type 1 rna was reverse-transcribed into c-dna and inserted at the pst i site of the plasmid vector pbr322 of e. coli. resulting recombinant plasmids were analyzed by hybridization with rnase t1-resistant 32p-labeled oligonucleotides, and by restriction enzyme mapping. all of the genome was cloned in a series overlapping cdna inserts, the longest of which was 3.2 kb. the restriction map of the poliovirus cdna is presented.	1981	6176488
alteration in oligonucleotide fingerprint patterns of the viral genome in poliovirus type 2 isolated from paralytic patients.	a close relationship was demonstrated by oligonucleotide fingerprinting between genomes of the poliovirus type 2 sabin vaccine strain and recent isolates from paralytic cases associated with vaccination in japan. the oligonucleotide maps of isolates from an agammaglobulinemic patient, who continued to excrete poliovirus type 2 for 3.5 years after the administration of oral vaccine, showed that the genomic alteration proceeded gradually, retaining the majority of the oligonucleotides characterist ...	1982	6179881
introduction of cloned human papillomavirus genomes into mouse cells and expression at the rna level.	the entire dna genomes of five different human papillomaviruses (hpvs) were cloned into the bamhi site of pbr322 (hpv-1a, hpv-3, hpv-4, and hpv-9) or the ecori site of pbr325 (hpv-2), using as starting materials virus preparations isolated from papillomas of individual patients. under stringent hybridization conditions (tm-28 degrees), the five cloned hpvs exhibited less than 10% homology with one another. to establish model cell systems that may be useful for the identification of hpv genes and ...	1983	6193636
sequence of picornavirus rnas containing a radioiodinated 5'-linked peptide reveals a conserved 5' sequence.	virion rna (vrna) from poliovirus type 1 (pv1), poliovirus type 2 (pv2), and coxsackie virus b1 (cox b1) were treated with proteinase k to remove all but a small peptide of the covalently attached 5' genome-linked virion protein (vpg). the peptide on these rna molecules was then treated with bolton-hunter 125i reagent, which iodinates primary amine groups, in order to obtain specific 5'-terminal radioactive labeling. sequences of 125i-labeled vrnas were determined by using a set of base-specific ...	1980	6244553
the genome-linked protein of picornaviruses. vi. the 5'-terminal protein of poliovirus type 2rna is covalently linked to a nonanucleotide identical to that of poliovirus type 1 rna.	digestion of poliovirus type 2[32p]-rna with enzymes and analysis of the products by column chromatography and paper electrophoresis provides evidence that the rna is covalently linked to a small, basic protein, vpg, via a 5'-terminal pu residue. digestion of the rna with proteinase k followed by labeling of the peptidyl-rna with the bolton and hunter reagent [iodinated 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid n-hydroxysuccinimide ester] yields 5'-labeled material suitable for rapid sequencing. the 5'- ...	1980	6246035
relationships between environmental factors, bacterial indicators, and the occurrence of enteric viruses in estuarine sediments.	current standards for evaluation of the public health safety of recreational and shellfish-harvesting waters are based upon bacteriological analysis, but do not include an evaluation of the number of viruses. the objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of enteric viruses in estuarine sediments and to find a relationship, if any, between the presence of viruses in seawater or sediment or both and various biological and physicochemical characteristics of the environment. viruses we ...	1980	6247974
anogenital warts contain several distinct species of human papillomavirus.	anogenital warts from 26 patients were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv). although no whole, intact virus could be identified, varying amounts of nonintegrated hpv dna were detected in 18 tissue specimens (70%) by employing both an agarose gel-ethidium bromide staining method and the southern blot hybridization procedure. when hybridization analysis was performed under stringent conditions, six anogenital warts were observed to contain hpv genomic sequences related to eithe ...	1980	6255208
vaccine-associated poliomyelitis in an infant with agammaglobulinemia.	we describe a female infant with agammaglobulinemia who contracted vaccine-associated poliomyelitis. poliovirus type 2 was isolated from the initial stool specimen. in our patient, temporary changes in the cerebrospinal fluid resembled those in patients without immunodeficiencies, although gammaglobulin therapy had not yet been started. pleocytosis was observed for a short time after viremia, but soon there was a return to normal without antibody production.	1980	6255734
identification of papillomaviruses in butchers' warts.	we have studied the papillomaviruses found in the hand warts of 60 butchers, most of them from 2 distant slaughterhouses. warts differing in morphology and location were studied separately. the viruses were identified by molecular hybridization, restriction enzyme analysis and immunofluorescence. four known human papillomaviruses (hpv-1, hpv-2, hpv-3, hpv-4) were detected and one hitherto unknown papillomavirus was identified in 9 butchers. the dna of the latter virus did not anneal with any of ...	1981	6257792
giant cell pneumonia associated with parainfluenza virus type 3 infection.	giant cell pneumonia associated with parainfluenza virus type 3 infection and chronic poliovirus type 2 meningoencephalomyelitis are documented in an infant with combined immunologic deficiency (swiss type). caution should be exercised in attributing cases of giant cell pneumonia to measles virus without serologic or virologic evidence.	1981	6265340
structural proteins of poliovirus type 2 isolates.	seventeen strains of type 2 poliovirus isolated from vaccines and vaccine-contacts in japan were analyzed for viral structural proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. an alteration in electrophoretic mobility of vp1 was observed in most of the strains from paralytic patients and healthy vaccinees. the alteration in vp1 was observed at a high frequency among many strains, but no significant relation between the mobility change of vp1 and antigenic marker or rct/40 m ...	1981	6268945
inactivation of poliovirus by chloramine-t.	since concern has recently been expressed about the presence of genotoxic substances due to chlorination of water and wastewater, chloramine-t (cat) is proposed as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine. the viricidal properties of chlorine and cat were compared. kinetics of inactivation of poliovirus type 2 by chlorine and cat in chlorine demand-free water were investigated by using a kinetic apparatus. inactivation of the virus by chlorine and cat occurred in two steps. the initial linear par ...	1981	6271058
poliovirus adsorption by 34 minerals and soils.	the adsorption of radiolabeled infectious poliovirus type 2 by 34 well-defined soils and mineral substrates was analyzed in a synthetic freshwater medium containing 1 mm cacl(2) and 1.25 mm nahco(3) at ph 7. in a model system, adsorption of poliovirus by ottawa sand was rapid and reached equilibrium within 1 h at 4 degrees c. near saturation, the adsorption could be described by the langmuir equation; the apparent surface saturation was 2.5 x 10(6) plaque-forming units of poliovirus per mg of ot ...	1981	6274259
influence of ph and electrolyte composition on adsorption of poliovirus by soils and minerals.	the ph and the nature an concentration of simple electrolytes influenced the interaction of poliovirus type 2 with three soils, a sand, and a clay mineral. in electrolytes above ph 9 the virus was not adsorbed extensively to the substrates, but below ph 7 almost all virus was bound. for each adsorbent there was a characteristic ph region of transition from strong to weak uptake. differences between the soils in virus uptake were shown to parallel their ph-dependent mineral. in electrolytes above ...	1981	6274260
correlation between human papillomavirus (hpv) type and histology of warts.	forty warts from different patients and of different clinical type were examined histologically and virologically. eight lesions were found to be associated with human papillomavirus type 1 (hpv 1), 15 tumors were induced by hpv 2, hpv 3 was detected 4 times, hpv 4 twice, and hpv 6 eleven times. hpv 3, hpv 4, and hpv 6 induced warts revealed a correlation between histology and virus type. they are characterized by the so called "edematous type clear cells". in hpv 3 associated flat warts pycnoti ...	1982	6276473
viral receptors on isolated murine and human ependymal cells.	viruses that infect ependyma cause ependymitis in humans and hydrocephalus in experimental animals. we report that reovirus type 1 (which induces hydrocephalus in mice) binds to the surface of isolated human and murine ciliated ependymal cells. with the use of recombinant viral clones, the binding property was mapped to the type 1 viral hemagglutinin, which also determines in vivo the affinity of reovirus type 1 for ependyma. mumps virus, measles virus, parainfluenza type 3, and herpes simplex v ...	1982	6276976
excretion of attenuated polioviruses in children vaccinated with live oral poliovirus vaccine.	the excretion of attenuated polioviruses was studied in a group of nursery children vaccinated with 105tcd50 of each type of virus. the primovaccinated children were found to excrete type 1 poliovirus for 8 weeks, type 2 for 11 weeks after the vaccination with the type 1 + 2 bivaccine. poliovirus type 1 as eliminated by 78% and type 2 by 98% of the vaccinees. the separately administered type 3 was detectable for 6 weeks and was isolated from 100% of the vaccinees. the highest per cent of childre ...	1982	6282962
characterization of human parainfluenza viruses. i. the structural proteins of parainfluenza virus 2 and their synthesis in infected cells.	two strains of human parainfluenza virus 2 (hpv2), p2 1972/6 and p2 1980, grow to high titre in mek3 cells, and their structural proteins and virus-induced protein synthesis have been characterized by gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation. purified viruses contain seven polypeptides, including cellular actin: l (175k mol. wt.), hn (72k to 74k), np (66k to 67k), f1 (52k to 58k), p (49k), a (44.5k) and m (39k). virus-induced polypeptide synthesis was first detected at 8 h post-infection with ...	1983	6311949
human papillomaviruses associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. ii. molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of human papillomavirus 3a, 8, 10, and 12 genomes.	the dnas of four human papillomaviruses (hpvs) that were found in the benign lesions of three patients suffering from epidermodysplasia verruciformis have been characterized. the flat wart-like lesions and the macular lesions of patient 1 contained two viruses, hpv-3a and hpv-8, respectively, whose genomes had previously been only partially characterized. the flat wart-like lesions of patient 2 and the macular lesions of patient 3 each contained a virus previously considered as belonging to type ...	1983	6312091
identification of human papillomavirus dna in cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia with molecularly cloned virus-specific dna probes.	the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna was identified in the tissues of cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia by southern blot dna hybridization under conditions of low stringency. the specific types of hpv present in the tissues were identified by using molecularly cloned types 1 through 6 (hpv-1 through hpv-6) hpv dna probes under high-stringency conditions. all tissues of cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia analyzed contained hpv genomes. fifteen of 19 samples (79% ...	1983	6313534
inactivation of hepatitis a virus and indicator organisms in water by free chlorine residuals.	hepatitis a virus (hav) and selected indicator organisms were mixed together in chlorine-demand-free buffers at ph 6, 8, or 10 and exposed to free chlorine residuals, and the survival kinetics of individual organisms were compared. hav was enumerated by a most-probable-number dilution assay, using plc/prf/5 liver cells for propagation of the virus and radioimmunoassay for its detection. at all ph levels, hav was more sensitive than mycobacterium fortuitum, coliphage v1 (representing a type of ph ...	1983	6314894
production of hybrid cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against poliovirus type 2.		1983	6317298
serum antibodies to poliomyelitis in italy.	a seroepidemiological survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the italian nationwide immunization programme against poliomyelitis. over 3800 serum samples were collected from persons, aged between 6 months and 79 years and residing in urban and rural areas with different socioeconomic conditions and geographic locations.a very high level of protection was found in the target population, confirming the almost 100% history of complete immunization. almost all subjects over 30 years of ...	1984	6333296
long-term immunity following vaccination with killed poliovirus vaccine in sweden, a country with no circulating poliovirus.	the long-term immunity following vaccination with killed poliovirus vaccine was analyzed by making repeated antibody surveys. a comparison between the levels of antibody of vaccinated groups of children and young adults in 1968 and 1978 indicated that mean levels of antibody of the age groups that, during the period 1968-1978, had not received any extra booster differed by less than or equal to 0.3 log10. children born in the period 1964-1967 and young adults born in the period 1960-1963 were co ...	1984	6740100
[dual infection of mycobacterium tuberculosis and poliovirus type 2 (author's transl)].		1981	6801154
effect of oral aromatic retinoid (ro 10-9359) on human papilloma virus-2-induced common warts.	persisting human papilloma virus (hpv) 2 induced common warts of a chronic lymphatic leukemia patient were orally treated with aromatic retinoid ro 10-9359 (tigason). clinically, the lesions improved rapidly. virus-specific cytopathogenic effects (cpe), virus particles and viral dna were no longer detectable. therapy was discontinued because of the development of a liposarcoma, which led to a complete relapse of the cutaneous lesions. hpv-2 specific parameters, cpe and viral dna, were restored. ...	1983	6840376
prevention of human poliovirus-induced paralysis and death in mice by the novel antiviral agent arildone.	arildone, a novel antiviral agent which blocks virion uncoating, was assessed for its ability to prevent paralysis and death in mice infected intracerebrally with a lethal dose of human poliovirus type-2 (strain mef). intraperitoneal administration of arildone suspended in gum tragacanth prevented paralysis and death in a dose-dependent manner (minimal inhibitory dose = 32 mg/kg, twice daily) and protected animals from virus challenges in excess of 20 50% lethal doses. oral medication with arild ...	1982	7159068
antiviral activity and mechanism of action of 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-5-nitrobenzonitrile (mdl-860).	a nitrobenzene derivative, mdl-860, was found to inhibit plaque formation, cytopathic effect, or both in 11 of 12 picornaviruses at concentrations which did not affect cell growth. the compound did not directly inactivate the virus. mdl-860 inhibited actinomycin d-resistant [3h]uridine uptake in cells infected with coxsackievirus a21 or rhinovirus 1-a, whereas incorporation into uninfected cells was not inhibited. with three picornaviruses (echovirus type 12, poliovirus type 2, and rhinovirus ty ...	1982	7181474
mouse neuropathogenic poliovirus strains cause damage in the central nervous system distinct from poliomyelitis.	poliomyelitis as a consequence of poliovirus infection is observed only in primates. despite a host range restricted to primates, experimental infection of rodents with certain genetically well defined poliovirus strains produces neurological disease. the outcome of infection of mice with mouse-adapted poliovirus strains has been described previously mainly in terms of paralysis and death, and it was generally assumed that these strains produce the same disease syndromes in normal mice and in mi ...	1995	7476091
effect of chloro-, cyano-, and amidino-substituted flavanoids on enterovirus infection in vitro.	synthetic flavans, isoflavans and isoflavenes substituted with chloro, cyano and amidino groups were tested for their in vitro activity against poliovirus type 2, coxsackie virus b4, echovirus type 6 and enterovirus 71. plaque-reduction assays showed that substituted 3-(2h)-isoflavenes, carrying a double bond in the oxygenated ring, possess antiviral activity higher than that of the corresponding isoflavans. the most effective compounds were 4'-chloro-6-cyanoflavan and 6-chloro-4'-cyanoflavan. s ...	1995	7486950
simultaneous administration of oral rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent (rrv-tv) rotavirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) in thai infants.	rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent (rrv-tv) oral rotavirus vaccine was given at the same time as oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) or inactivated parenteral poliovirus vaccine (ipv) to thai infants at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. sera for rotavirus antibody studies were taken prior to and one month after each vaccination. after the first dose of vaccine at 2 months of age, 37% of the infants receiving rotavirus vaccine with ipv but only 10% of those receiving it with opv showed a seroconversion by ro ...	1995	7625111
[mouse neurovirulence of antigenic chimeras (type i/ii) of polioviruses].	the mouse-adapted lansing strain of poliovirus type 2 pv-2(l) induces fatal poliomyelitis in mice after intracerebral inoculation, while mice inoculated with mahoney strain of poliovirus type 1 pv-1(m) show no signs of disease. previous work had indicated that both the 5' non-translated region of the viral genome and the viral capsid protein, neutralization antigenic site i (n-ag1), were involved in mouse neurovirulence. in order to further explore the role of n-ag1 in mouse neurovirulence, anti ...	1993	7686824
prevalence of antibodies to polioviruses & enteroviruses excreted by healthy children in bombay.	a total of 132 healthy children between the ages one month and 12 yr were surveyed to determine the prevalence of antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes. among infants up to six months of age, 73.2, 85.4 and 56.1 per cent had antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. in children of age groups 7 months to 3 yr and above 3 yr, antibody prevalence to the three poliovirus serotypes was 90.2, 86.9 and 57.4, and 83.3, 96.7 and 76.7 per cent, respectively. immunization coverage wit ...	1995	7729847
5' utr of hepatitis a virus rna: mutations in the 5'-most pyrimidine-rich tract reduce its ability to direct internal initiation of translation.	the 5'-terminal untranslated region (5' utr) of the uncapped hepatitis a virus (hav) rna contains two pyrimidine-rich sequences; one about 20 nucleotides (nt) in length in the vicinity of the aug initiation codon (nt 706-726), and a longer one (about 40 nt) encompassing nt 100 to 140. the latter includes a 13 nt 'core' sequence (positions 126-138 in the hm175 strain) which is 80% identical to the pyrimidine-rich tract of poliovirus type 1 rna (mahoney strain). representative cdnas of the entire ...	1995	7730803
immunity to poliovirus and immunization with inactivated poliovirus vaccine after autologous bone marrow transplantation.	titers of antibody to poliovirus in 102 patients were determined with a sensitive neutralization assay before and 1 year after autologous bone marrow transplantation. at 1 year 14 patients (14%) had lost antibodies to poliovirus type 1 (p < .001), 10 (10%) to poliovirus type 2 (p < .05), and 13 (13%) to poliovirus type 3 (p < .01). twenty-two patients had lost antibodies to at least one type of poliovirus. follow-up of unimmunized patients 2 years (n = 40) and 3 years (n = 23) after transplantat ...	1994	8038308
[typification of a subgroup of cervical papilloma by in situ hybridization. preliminary study].	the purpose of this study was to analyze 19 patients infected with human papilloma virus (hpv), in order to determine the most frequent subtype. subjects were patients of the national institute of perinatology (inper), between 1991-1992. all the patients had positive cytology, cervical biopsy was done through colposcopy control. sample characteristics were: mean age 29 years, married; most of them multiparous (9/19) and 7 were monogamous. six out of 12 cytologies were positive for hpv, 12 out of ...	1994	8056363
[riboprobes: an alternative in the detection of viral sequences].	the use of riboprobes for the detection of rna viral sequences is analyzed. subgenomic fragments of cdna from poliovirus type 2, dengue virus type 4 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, were inserted downstream sp6 and/or t7 promoters in the transcription vectors pgem-4z or psp64. rnas obtained by in vitro transcription in the presence of utp infinity (32p) were used as probes for the detection of rna viral sequences from infected cell lines in slot and northern blot assays. the poliovirus r ...	1994	8073329
cutaneous warts in butchers.	several studies have indicated a high prevalence of hand warts in meat handlers, although the reasons for this are not clear. the high prevalence may be partly due to hpv7, a virus found almost exclusively in meat handlers, but the source of hpv7 is not known. we have carried out a cross-sectional survey of hand warts in male meat workers and controls from other occupational groups, to investigate the reasons for the high prevalence of warts, and particularly of hpv7, in butchers. we studied 240 ...	1994	8305325
common warts from immunocompetent patients show the same distribution of human papillomavirus types as common warts from immunocompromised patients.	we studied the papillomaviruses (hpv) found in 131 common warts from 111 immunocompetent patients by amplification of viral dna sequences with the general-primer-mediated polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the virus types were determined by restriction-enzyme cleavage and reverse-blot analysis. results were confirmed by using the southern blot technique. forty patients harboured hpv 2a, 25 individuals showed hpv 2c and 13 yielded hpv 57. common warts from 16 patients were induced by a variant of h ...	1993	8385983
papillomavirus infection and its pathologic correlate in sexually active adolescents.	we investigated the prevalence of human papillomavirus (hpv) and its pathologic correlation in an adolescent clinic population (13-20 years, mean 16 years) over a 2-year period. 413 cervical specimens were obtained and analyzed cytologically and by a southern blot (sb) method for hpv dna. 277 specimens from 210 patients could be fully analyzed. 23 patients (10.9%) were positive for hpv dna by sb. cytologic findings in these 23 patients demonstrated changes compatible with low-grade squamous intr ...	1993	8390646
sch 38057: a picornavirus capsid-binding molecule with antiviral activity after the initial stage of viral uncoating.	the activity of a new water-soluble molecule, sch 38057, against picornaviruses is described. sch 38057 inhibited plaque formation of selected entero- and rhinoviruses in a range of 10.2 to 29.1 microm (50% endpoint) and had a therapeutic index of 10 against poliovirus type 2 (polio 2) in hela cells. when administered orally or subcutaneously, sch 38057 protected mice infected with either coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) or echovirus-9 from mortality. the molecule provided a low level of protection agai ...	1993	8391247
childhood condyloma acuminatum: association with genital and cutaneous human papillomaviruses.	we studied 25 children, age 7 months to 12 years 6 months, with anogenital warts, and their parents. in most children the warts were localized in the anal area, in 3 of 18 girls perianally and on the vulva, and in 4 girls exclusively on the vulva. southern blot hybridization studies disclosed an association of condylomata with human papillomaviruses (hpv) 6 and 11 in 74% and hpv 2 in 17.4% of patients. the clinical features were similar in warts induced by genital and cutaneous hpvs. even the hp ...	1993	8393994
chiral discrimination and antipicornavirus activity of 6-oxazolinylisoflavan.	racemic 6-oxazolinylisoflavan, a highly effective inhibitor of rhinovirus serotype 1b in vitro, was resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography on a chiral stationary phase in order to study the activity of the enantiomers against picornaviruses. the absolute configuration of the two isomers was determined by circular dichroism curves. the antipicornavirus activity of each isomer, separately collected, was evaluated in vitro against human rhinovirus serotype 1b, enterovirus 71, echovirus ...	1993	8398593
immune responses induced by administration of encapsidated poliovirus replicons which express hiv-1 gag and envelope proteins.	several viruses have been exploited for the development of recombinant vaccine vectors in which to express foreign proteins. recently, we have described a system utilizing the rna virus, poliovirus. we have constructed poliovirus genomes in which regions of the capsid have been substituted with gene fragments of the hiv gag and env genes. a complementation system has been designed to encapsidate defective genomes by providing the capsid protein in trans from a recombinant vaccinia virus (vv-p1). ...	1995	8525684
effect of diarrhea on the humoral response to oral polio vaccination.	the purpose of this study was to measure the effect of concurrent diarrheal illness on seroconversion to trivalent oral polio vaccine (opv).	1996	8852907
[the sorption of poliovirus type 2 by a carbon sorbent].	materials are presented concerning the study of a possibility to use highly active carbon sorbent "dnepr-mh" to liberate the tape water from enteroviruses. investigations were carried out on the model of the vaccine strain of type-ii poliovirus. the sorbent samples, most active in respect of the virus sorption and differing by benzene capacity, were determined. optimal concentration of a sorbent has been established, ph and water temperature were chosen under which the sorption processes are mor ...	1996	9044704
routine immunizations in adult renal transplant recipients.	vaccination guidelines for transplant recipients include regular boosters of tetanus, diphtheria, and inactivated polio vaccine, but there are few published data on the efficacy of these vaccines in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy.	1997	9089223
a new who international reference reagent for use in potency assays of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine.	assays of the potency of inactivated poliovirus vaccine require the use of an appropriate reference reagent. preparation 91/574 was shown by international collaborative study to be suitable for determination of antigenic content and immunogenicity of inactivated poliovirus vaccines by in vitro and in vivo assays, respectively. the reagent is a trivalent blend of formaldehyde-inactivated monovalent pools of poliovirus type 1 (mahoney) poliovirus type 2 (mef-1) and poliovirus type 3 (saukett). stu ...	1997	9167009
polio eradication in the world health organization south-east asia region by the year 2000: midway assessment of progress and future challenges.	in the south-east asia region (sear) of who, paralytic poliomyelitis has decreased from 25,711 cases in 1988 to 3304 cases in 1995, representing an 87% reduction. by 1995, in 6 of 10 member countries--india, bangladesh, myanmar, nepal, indonesia, and democratic people's republic of korea--polio remained endemic. two countries, sri lanka and thailand, appear close to polio eradication, and 2, bhutan and maldives, reported no cases during 1989-1995. although reported rates of acute flaccid paralys ...	1997	9203699
sequential use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by oral poliovirus vaccine in oman.	seroprevalence and geometric mean titers (gmts) were compared at 6 and 10 months after vaccination with monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) at 6 months and trivalent opv at 7 and 9 months. group 1 had received 4 doses of opv, group 2 opv at birth and 3 doses of opv and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv), and group 3 placebo at birth and 3 doses of ipv. a total of 547 infants completed the study. at 10 months, seroprevalence to poliovirus type 1 was 98%, 99%, and 98% in groups 1, 2, ...	1997	9203722
comparison of a monoclonal antibody-based igm capture elisa with a neutralization assay for assessing response to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine.	monoclone-based igm capture elisas were developed for each of the three poliovirus serotypes and compared with a neutralization assay for detecting response to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine among 224 infants. the igm-based response rates were significantly higher than the neutralizing antibody-based rates: 95% versus 83% to poliovirus type 1, 99% versus 94% to poliovirus type 2, and 89% versus 59% to poliovirus type 3. igm responses to the first vaccine dose were significantly associated bet ...	1997	9203727
clinical features and age distribution of patients with hpv 2/27/57-induced common warts.	the morphology of common warts depends on the inducing human papillomavirus (hpv) type. in order to assess the impact of the virus type on wart epidemiology we determined the virus type by pcr and recorded anamnestic data of 238 patients with common warts. warts induced by the related hpv types 2, 27 and 57 predominated in the study population (n = 202). these warts mostly occurred as multiple verrucae vulgares, mosaic warts or endophytic warts. patients aged between 10 and 30 years were most af ...	1997	9209679
structure of poliovirus type 2 lansing complexed with antiviral agent sch48973: comparison of the structural and biological properties of three poliovirus serotypes.	polioviruses are human pathogens and the causative agents of poliomyelitis. polioviruses are icosahedral single-stranded rna viruses, which belong to the picornavirus family, and occur as three distinct serotypes. all three serotypes of poliovirus can infect primates, but only type 2 can infect mice. the crystal structures of a type 1 and a type 3 poliovirus are already known. structural studies of poliovirus type 2 lansing (pv2l) were initiated to try to enhance our understanding of the differe ...	1997	9261087
common association of hpv 2 with anogenital warts in prepubertal children.	anogenital (ag) warts in 31 prepubertal children were hpv typed by nonisotopic in situ hybridization (nish) using digoxigenin-labeled probes for human papilloma virus (hpv) types 1-5, 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33. mode of transmission was determined from historical, clinical, and laboratory data independent of hpv typing. hpv 2 was detected most commonly (13/31 warts) followed by hpv 6 (7/31), hpv 11 (5/31), and hpv 16 (1/31). although not reaching statistical significance, our results suggested th ...	1997	9336800
randomized comparison of early and late vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine after allogeneic bmt.	forty-five adult hla-matched sibling bmt recipients were randomized to receive inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) at 6, 8 and 14 months (early group, n = 23) or at 18, 20 and 26 months after bmt (late group, n = 22). ninety-five percent of the early group patients had protective antibody titres of > or = 4 to poliovirus type 1 (pv1), poliovirus type 2 (pv2) and poliovirus type 3 (pv3) by a microneutralization assay prior to the first vaccination, at 6 months after bmt. the corresponding propor ...	1997	9383230
[squamous intraepithelial lesions in young female university students].	the authors investigated the frequency of squamous intraepithelial lesions (sil) in young women, in particular university students with special attention to morphological signs of the presence of human papilloma virus (hpv) in sil low grade-sil, lg-hpv. as compared with data in the world literature, they revealed a significantly lower rate of sil lg, hpv-2.81% as compared with 5.5% reported in who studies of young women. the authors analyzed the biological behaviour of sil, lg-hpv. as compared w ...	1997	9424253
phylogenetic analysis of the human papillomavirus type 2 (hpv-2), hpv-27, and hpv-57 group, which is associated with common warts.	human papillomavirus types 2 (hpv-2), hpv-27, and hpv-57, are three closely related viruses within the phylogenetic supergroup formed by the remotely related genital papillomaviruses. in contrast to this phylogenetic association, these three viruses are most often found in common warts at nongenital sites, but also occasionally in genital warts and mucosal lesions of the nasopharyngeal cavity. we studied the genomic diversity of hpv sequences in skin warts presumably caused by these viruses. the ...	1997	9434721
use of free-flow electrophoresis for the analysis of cellular uptake of picornaviruses.	free-flow electrophoresis is a powerful tool to separate subcellular vesicles such as early and late endosomes from plasma membranes. using this technique, the intracellular distribution of poliovirus type 2 sabin (pv2) and its derived subviral particles was analyzed upon infection of hela cells. comparison of various infection conditions showed that maximally 30% of total cell associated pv2 was found in endosomal compartments with the remainder being associated with plasma membrane fractions; ...	1997	9527481
inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis a virus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and poliovirus type 2 by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization.	studies were conducted to determine the capability of a hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization process to inactivate several types of viruses. six test agents were used: hiv type 1, human hepatitis a virus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia, herpes simplex virus type 1, and poliovirus type 2.	1998	9584802
detection of human papillomavirus type 2 related sequence in oral papilloma.	oral papilloma is a benign tumourous lesion. part of this lesion is associated with human papillomavirus (hpv) infection. we analysed the genetical and histopathological evidence for hpv type 2 infection in three oral papillomas. southern blot hybridization showed hpv 2a sequence in one lesion. cells of the positive specimen appeared to contain high copy numbers of the viral dna in an episomal state. in situ staining demonstrated virus capsid antigen in koilocytotic cells and surrounding cells i ...	1998	9699941
a putative human papillomavirus type 57 new subtype isolated from plantar epidermoid cysts without intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.	human papillomavirus type 60 (hpv-60) is the only virus type that has been identified in epidermoid cysts. in this study, hpv-57 dna was found in three out of 18 plantar epidermoid cysts with different histological features from hpv-60-associated cysts, using pcr and southern hybridization. the hpv-57-associated cysts had features resembling an hpv-2-specific cytopathic effect. the sequences of two hpv-57 dna clones isolated from two patients were identical, but differed at some positions from t ...	1998	9714246
presence of antibodies to human papillomavirus virus-like particles (vlps) in 11-13-year-old schoolgirls.	to allow meaningful approaches to vaccine development, it is important to know the extent of exposure to human papillomavirus (hpv) within the general population, and particularly the age at which the at risk population is infected. the humoral response to human papillomavirus is directed largely to conformationally-dependent epitopes on the whole virion. virus-like particles (vlps) of hpv types 1, 2, and 16 were produced using a baculovirus expression system, and were used in the intact state a ...	1998	9783687
identification of an alternative open reading frame ("hidden gene"?) stringently required for infectivity of poliovirus cdna clones.	translation of the uncapped poliovirus rna starts at the aug triplet spanning positions 741-743, and proceeds uninterrupted for almost the entire length of the genome. such a cap-independent mechanism of internal initiation of translation determines that a long, extra-cistronic region extends between the 5'-end and the main open reading frame (orf). we have identified 10 short orfs initiated by the alternative translation initiation codons acg, aua, and gug in the 5'-terminal extra-cistronic reg ...	1998	9812311
anti-picornavirus activity of synthetic flavon-3-yl esters.	the in vitro antiviral activity against picornaviruses (rhinovirus serotype 1b and 14, and poliovirus type 2) of new synthetic 3-hydroxyflavones, 3-acetoxyflavones, and substituted cinnamic and benzoic acid flavon-3-yl esters was evaluated. the maximum non-toxic concentration of compounds was determined in a human cell line (hela) suitable for the replication of the three viruses. their antiviral potency was measured by a plaque reduction assay. generally, rhinoviruses exhibited a higher sensiti ...	1998	9865389
direct detection of sabin poliovirus vaccine strains in stool specimens of first-dose vaccinees by a sensitive reverse transcription-pcr method.	a multiplex reverse transcription-pcr method was optimized to monitor the duration of excretion of sabin poliovirus strains in stools of vaccinees following administration of the first dose of the trivalent oral vaccine. the assay detected approximately 1 50% tissue culture infective dose of each poliovirus serotype spiked into cell culture media. although pcr inhibitors were frequently encountered in the stool specimens, a 1:20 dilution of the extracted rna was sufficient to obtain a positive p ...	1999	9889205
isolation and biological characterization of 3(2h)-isoflavene-resistant and -dependent poliovirus type 2 sabin mutants.	poliovirus type 2 sabin mutants were selected for drug resistance and dependence by plating on hela cell monolayers in the presence of 3(2h)-isoflavene, a compound related to dichloroflavan, which prevents the shut-off of host translation and poliovirus rna and protein synthesis. the drug-resistant mutants grew equally well in the presence and in the absence of the drug, while the drug-dependent mutants only grew in the presence of the compound. one dependent and one resistant mutant were charac ...	1999	9934698
evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a new super-oxidized water, sterilox, for the disinfection of endoscopes.	the antimicrobial activity of a new super-oxidized water, sterilox, has been tested against mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, mycobacterium chelonae, escherichia coli (including type o157), enterococcus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacillus subtilis var niger spores, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans, poliovirus type 2 and human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1. under clean conditions, freshly generated sterilox was found to be highly ac ...	1999	9949966
oral wart associated with human papillomavirus type 2.	more than 100 human papillomavirus (hpv) types have been identified to date. of these, 24 types have been described as being associated with oral lesions. hpv-2 has been frequently associated with skin lesions, but the reports of oral lesions as features of mucosal infection are limited. a biopsy specimen of an oral wart on the right palate was taken from a 48-year-old man and examined for the presence of hpv the sections showed papillary growth of the epithelium with hyperkeratosis and parakera ...	1999	10069543
paralytic poliomyelitis associated with live oral poliomyelitis vaccine in child with hiv infection in zimbabwe: case report.	to describe a complication of oral vaccination with live, attenuated poliomyelitis virus in a child infected with hiv.	1999	10092261
serum antibodies to polioviruses in alexandria, egypt.	random sera, in a total of 192, were collected in the fever hospital of alexandria, egypt, and analysed for the presence of antibodies against polioviruses. the results show good antibody levels, only three sera (1.5%) were negative for poliovirus type 1, 5 (2.6%) for poliovirus type 2 and 10 (5.2%) for poliovirus type 3; one subject was completely negative.	1999	10395057
antiviral activity of south brazilian medicinal plant extracts.	brazilian plants are potential sources of useful edible and medicinal plants. hydromethanolic extracts prepared from 54 medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat infections were screened for antiviral properties against five different viruses (hsv-1, hsv-2, poliovirus type 2, adenovirus type 2 and vsv). fifty-two percent of the plant extracts exhibited antiviral against one or more tested viruses. more specifically, 42.6% showed activity against hsv-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1), 42.6% a ...	1999	10439486
'primer alignment-and-extension': a novel mechanism of viral rna recombination responsible for the rescue of inactivated poliovirus cdna clones.	in the course of experiments designed to assess the potential role of alternative open reading frames (orf) present in the 5'-terminal untranslated region (5'-utr) of poliovirus type 1 (mahoney strain) genomic rna, we came across a double mutation that completely abrogated the infectivity of full-length cdna clones. the infectivity was rescued in trans by cotransfecting cos-1 cells with short rna transcripts of the wild-type 5'-utr of poliovirus type 2 lansing, provided a free 3'-oh was availabl ...	1999	10466784
progress toward the global interruption of wild poliovirus type 2 transmission, 1999.	since 1988, when the world health assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally by 2000, substantial progress has been made in attaining this goal: the americas, the pacific rim, europe, and central asia appear to be polio-free. the remaining reservoirs where polio is endemic are confined to india and contiguous countries and to sub-saharan africa. in 1999, the recommended polio eradication strategies (i.e., achieving and maintaining high routine vaccination coverage with oral poliovirus ...	1999	10503575
progress towards global poliomyelitis eradication. the approaching extinction of wild poliovirus type 2.		1999	10511815
epidemiological analysis of immunity to poliovirus after termination of an era of vaccination with opv in germany. an analysis of the german association against viral diseases (dvv).	the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 is an objective of the world health organization (who). since 1998, after a period of 37 years of vaccination using live oral poliovirus vaccine (opv), single use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) has been recommended in germany. the present epidemiological analysis shows the immunity of 3474 patients to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 by using a microneutralization assay. a non-age-specific evaluation of antibodies seroprevalence to pol ...	1999	10603664
inhibition of cap-dependent gene expression induced by protein 2a of hepatitis a virus.	the viral protein 2a of hepatitis a virus (hav) lacks the conserved 18 aa sequence found in other picornavirus proteases; hence, it is unclear whether the induction of cpe by culture-adapted hav strains is due to 2a-mediated activity. moreover, the cleavage sites and actual borders of hav 2a are not known. accordingly, a nested series of cdna sequences encoding the segment of the hav polyprotein (aa 760-1087) were linked to the 5'-utr of poliovirus type 2 (lansing strain) and inserted downstream ...	2000	10769081
influence of environmental factors on virus detection by rt-pcr and cell culture.	the effects of clay, humic acid, u.v. light and shellfish tissue residues on the detection of poliovirus type 2 from environmental samples by culture and rt-pcr were investigated. rt-pcr showed 10-100 times greater sensitivity for pv2 detection in the absence of sample contaminants than did culture by plaque assay in bgm cell monolayers. bentonite clay (100-1000 mg l-1) and shellfish tissue residues reduced virus detection by plaque assay, but the effect of bentonite was mitigated by simple elut ...	2000	10792521
vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in brazil, 1989-1995.	at the present time, the only poliovirus-caused poliomyelitis cases reported in brazil and other countries of the americas are of vaccine etiology. it is important for epidemiological surveillance and immunization programs to evaluate the epidemiological profile of cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) in order to establish criteria for case definition and vaccination strategies. to research vapp in brazil, 30 cases diagnosed and classified as such by the ministry of health ...	2000	10846924
biology and pathological associations of the human papillomaviruses: a review.	historical cottontail rabbit papillomavirus studies raised early indications of a mammalian dna oncogenic virus. today, molecular cloning recognises numerous animal and human papillomaviruses (hpvs) and the development of in vitro transformation assays has escalated oncological research in hpvs. currently, their detection and typing in tissues is usually by southern blotting, in-situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction methods. the complete papillomavirus virion constitutes a protein coa ...	1998	10879257
isolation of polioviruses and other enteroviruses in south greece between 1994 and 1998.	during the five-year period between 1994 and 1998, a total of 217 clinical samples were assessed for the isolation of enteroviruses at the enterovirus reference centre for south greece. fourteen enterovirus strains belonging to different serotypes were isolated. these field strains were detected by cell culture in appropriate cell lines. they were subsequently identified by neutralizing antibodies with the lbm (lim-benyesh melnick) mixed antisera pools up to 1995 and rivm (national institute of ...	2000	10906768
vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a retrospective cohort study of acute flaccid paralyses in brazil.	at the present time, in brazil and other countries in the americas, the only cases of paralytic poliomyelitis due to poliovirus are caused by vaccine strains. the recognition of possible determinants of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) by public health surveillance and immunization programmes is relevant to inform the debate on criteria for case definition and vaccination strategies.	2000	10922356
high level of immunity against poliomyelitis in albanian refugees in southern italy.	the apulia region (southern italy) may be considered a "border region" which, due to its position, has to face daily arrivals of refugees, especially from albania. when the exodus of albanians took place in 1991, a seroepidemiologic study revealed a low seroimmunity to poliomyelitis. in 1996, a large outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in albania. the aim of the study was to evaluate the poliomyelitis immunization level in a sample of albanian refugees who arrived in the apulia region b ...	2000	11179938
circulation of a type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus--egypt, 1982-1993.	in 1988, the world health assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally by 2000. substantial progress has been achieved toward this goal, and with the circulation of wild poliovirus eliminated in most of the world, attention has focused on examining the potential for vaccine-derived poliovirus to circulate where wild poliovirus has disappeared. during 1999, sequences of historic poliovirus isolates were examined. this report summaries the results of that study, which indicate that oral p ...	2001	11215882
apparent global interruption of wild poliovirus type 2 transmission.	in 1988, the world health assembly of the world health organization (who) resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by 2000. since then, the who region of the americas and western pacific region have been certified free of polio, and the european region is approaching 3 years since the last confirmed case of polio. transmission of wild poliovirus types 1 and 3 continues to decline in the other who regions. this report summarizes the evidence, obtained through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis ( ...	2001	11300627
transmission of wild poliovirus type 2--apparent global interruption.		2001	11315462
papillary lesions of the oral cavity: relationship to human papillomaviruses.	human papillomaviruses are a group of genetically related organisms that infect stratified squamous epithelium. unlike many other viruses that infect oral epithelium and induce lysis of the cells they penetrate, hpvs induce proliferative changes in these cells that result in both benign and malignant tumors. the common skin wart (verruca vulgaris) is induced by hpv 2 and 4. genital warts (condylomas) and the common solitary oral papilloma are associated with hpv 6 and 11. either hpv 13 or 32 cau ...	2000	11323946
human papillomavirus infection in netherton's syndrome.	netherton's syndrome (ns) is a hereditary disorder with dermatological signs (e.g. ichthyosis) and a complex immunological dysfunction. in immunodeficient individuals human papillomavirus (hpv) types are associated with carcinomas on non-mucosal sites.	2001	11359395
antibody responses of healthy infants to concurrent administration of a bivalent haemophilus influenzae type b-hepatitis b vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines.	to confirm that children given a bivalent haemophilus influenzae type b-hepatitis b vaccine (bivalent hib-hb vaccine; comvax) concurrently with priming doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (dtp), a booster dose of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (dtap), inactivated or oral polio vaccine (ipv or opv) and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (m-m-r(ii)) have satisfactory antibody responses to all antigens.	2001	11520252
the relationship between poliovirus multiplication, the siga antibody response and the serum neutralizing antibody titers after trivalent oral polio vaccination.	the time kinetics of poliovirus and secretory iga (siga) antibody titers were examined in fecal samples from four vaccinees immunized with two doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine (topv) from 1996 to 2000. poliovirus types 1 and 2 multiplied in the human intestine after the first vaccination, and poliovirus type 3 multiplied after the second vaccination. additionally, poliovirus type 3 multiplied for several days in two cases after the first vaccination, and poliovirus types 1 and 2 multiplied ...	2001	11806137
correlations between nuclear/cytoplasmic area ratio and classification of cervical smears.	the aim of this study was to assess the nuclear/cytoplasmic (n/c) ratio using computerized image analysis of cervical smears with intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) grade i to iii associated or not with cellular changes of human papillomavirus (hpv) in an attempt to determine if this method is more sensitive for the estimation of the grade of cin. one hundred and ten cervical smears from women with a mean age 35.03 years were studied. the cytological diagnosis was as follows: cin i + hpv (11), cin ...	2001	11876540
[relations of human papillomavirus and lesions of the oral mucosa].	recently there has been an increased interest in the possible role that viruses and especially the human papilloma virus (hpv) could play in the etiology of lesions of the oral mucosa. a distinction has to be made between the so-called low-risk types of the virus (hpv-2, 6, 11, 13 and 32) which can be found in benign oral mucosal lesions, and the high-risk type (hpv-16), which predominantly is found in malignant oral mucosal lesions.	1992	11894806
antipoliovirus flavonoids from psiadia dentata.	the search for antiviral agents against vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and poliovirus type 2 in plants extracts, led to the isolation of two antipoliovirus flavonoids from the medicinal plant psiadia dentata (cass.) dc, asteraceae: 3-methylkaempferol and 3,4'-dimethylkaempferol. the antipoliovirus activity of both compounds was estimated by comparison with 3-methylquercetin, guanidine and ro-090179. the most potent inhibitor of poliovirus replication was 3-methylkaempfer ...	2001	11900347
effect of vitamin a administered at expanded program on immunization contacts on antibody response to oral polio vaccine.	vitamin a supplementation to mothers in the postpartum period and to their infants at routine immunization contacts is being considered to reduce vitamin a deficiency in infancy. this study was conducted to determine the impact of maternal and infant vitamin a supplementation on antibody response to oral polio vaccine (opv).	2002	11965508
in vitro antiviral activity of thirty-six plants from la réunion island.	methanol extracts of 36 medicinal plants from la réunion island were evaluated against two viruses: herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) and poliovirus type 2 (pv). five of them showed an effect against hsv-1 and five against pv, senecio ambavilla being inhibitor for both viruses.	2002	12234582
[genetic changes in strains of poliovirus type 2 isolated from patients with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis].	poliomyelitis is currently a rare disease in developed countries, where only vaccinal strains seem to be in circulation, which replace wild poliovirus. nevertheless, it is still a serious disease for children in underdeveloped countries of asia and africa.	2003	12717666
circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in egypt from 1983 to 1993.	from 1988 to 1993, 30 cases of poliomyelitis associated with poliovirus type 2 were found in seven governorates of egypt. because many of the cases were geographically and temporally clustered and because the case isolates differed antigenically from the vaccine strain, it was initially assumed that the cases signaled the continued circulation of wild type 2 poliovirus. however, comparison of sequences encoding the major capsid protein, vp1 (903 nucleotides), revealed that the isolates were rela ...	2003	12857906