Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the long terminal repeat of integrated caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | the nucleotide sequence of the long terminal repeat (ltr) of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), a prototype lentivirus was determined. 6-bp directly repeated host cell sequences flank the 376-bp proviral ltrs. by comparison with other retroviral sequences, the caev ltr likely contains u3, r and u5 regions 207, 86 and 83 base-pairs in length, respectively. sequences conforming to consensus transcriptional promoter sites were identified in the u3 region upstream of a potential transcript ... | 1986 | 3765821 |
| identification of caprine arthritis-encephalitis retrovirus proteins in immunodiffusion precipitin lines. | precipitin lines formed between serum from a goat infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and radiolabelled viral proteins in polyethylene glycol-concentrated culture medium were excised from immunodiffusion (id) plates and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the two major precipitin lines contained the 135 000 mol. wt. glycoprotein (gp 135) and the internal 28 000 mol. wt. structural protein (p28). this method obviates the use of purified proteins or monospecific a ... | 1985 | 3923155 |
| genetic variation among lentiviruses: homology between visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is confined to the 5' gag-pol region and a small portion of the env gene. | visna virus of sheep and arthritis-encephalitis virus of goats are serologically related but genetically distinct retroviruses which cause slowly progressive diseases in their natural hosts. to localize homologous regions of the dnas of these two viruses, we constructed a physical map of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus dna and aligned it with the viral rna. cloned probes of visna virus dna were then used to localize regions of homology with the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus dna. thes ... | 1984 | 6088794 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). short review]. | after a short history, this work shows frequency of the articular form of the disease in france, and isolation of the virus. although related to retrovirus, caev and maedi-visna have some differences: tropism of caev only for goats, low replication and expression in vitro, characteristic differences in protein composition. the virus seems to be transmitted during neonatal life; aerial transmission is still unclear. separation of affected and non-affected goats is the only eradication technique w ... | 1984 | 6091522 |
| highly lytic and persistent lentiviruses naturally present in sheep with progressive pneumonia are genetically distinct. | ovine and caprine lentiviruses share the capacity to induce slowly progressive and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (leukoencephalitis or visna), lungs (progressive pneumonia or maedi), and joints (arthritis) in their natural hosts. studies on their replication indicated that ovine lentiviruses and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) recently isolated in the united states establish persistent infection in ovine and caprine fibroblasts, whereas older prototype ovine len ... | 1984 | 6092689 |
| global survey of serological evidence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. | using caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus antigen in the agar gel immunodiffusion test, 3729 serum samples from goats in over 112 locations around the world were tested for precipitating antibodies. over 90 per cent of the 1265 positive samples came from canada, france, norway, switzerland and the usa, all of which had 65 per cent reactors or greater. fiji, great britain, kenya, mexico, new zealand and peru had fewer than 10 per cent positive samples; the majority of these could be traced to im ... | 1984 | 6097015 |
| a physical map of caprine arthritis-encephalitis provirus. | terminally redundant linear proviral dna of approximately 9.5 kb was the major unintegrated species recovered in the hirt supernatant fraction of caprine synovial membrane cells infected with strain 75-g63 caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. a physical map based on the cleavage sites of 13 restriction endonucleases was deduced for this proviral dna. | 1984 | 6100580 |
| characterization of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: a retrovirus of goats. | a retrovirus isolated from synovial membrane explants of arthritic joints of goats has been characterized with respect to buoyant density. rna-dependent dna polymerase, genome structure and protein composition. | 1981 | 6165338 |
| morphological and immunological comparison of caprine arthritis encephalitis and ovine progressive pneumonia viruses. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) causes a variety of pathological conditions ranging from mild to very severe and from acute to chronic, depending upon the age of initial infection and other variables. although the virus has been reported to have properties of characteristic of retroviruses and to be related to maedi-visna virus (also called progressive pneumonia virus [ppv]), relatively little information about its morphological and immunological characteristics has been reported. we ... | 1981 | 6169845 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is distinct from visna and progressive pneumonia viruses as measured by genome sequence homology. | competitive inhibition of hybridization between (125)i-labeled caprine arthritis-encephalitis viral rna and homologous cdna by heterologous viral rna shows that the caprine retrovirus shares <20% genome sequence homology with visna and progressive pneumonia viruses. these viruses, however, are indistinguishable in immunodiffusion reactions involving the major structural protein (p28). | 1982 | 6183453 |
| immune rabbit sera do not recognize antigenic variants of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus isolated during persistent infection. | isolates of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus recovered 12 to 18 months after infection of goats were tested for neutralization by using rabbit antisera directed to the original inoculum virus. only slight differences in neutralization kinetics between the long-term isolates and the original virus were detected, indicating that heterologous rabbit antisera do not detect antigenic variation of the neutralizing epitopes of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | 1983 | 6196294 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus isolated from michigan goats. | a syncytium-forming agent with reverse transcriptase activity was isolated in cell culture from materials collected from 19 michigan goats and 1 goat recently imported from california. syncytia formation could be maintained by subpassaging cells or filtered supernate from infected cultures with caprine fetal synovial membrane indicator cells. electron microscopy by negative staining with ammonium molybdate revealed 100-nm retrovirus-like particles morphologically identified as caprine arthritis- ... | 1984 | 6208829 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinical features and presence of antibody in selected goat populations. | features of caprine arthritis-encephalitis, a retrovirus disease of domestic goats, were studied in 60 goats over a 10-year period. the rate of progression and the severity of the disease process were highly variable within and among animals, but the most salient features were chronically swollen joints and bursae, lameness, weight loss, poor coat, mineralization of soft tissue, and death. of 1,160 goat serum samples from 24 states tested by the immunodiffusion technique, 81% were positive for a ... | 1981 | 6259112 |
| ultrastructure of arthritis induced by a caprine retrovirus. | the ultrastructure of early retrovirus-induced arthritis was studied sequentially in 20 goat kids inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. synovial lesions began as intercellular edema and collagen fragmentation and continued as progressive mononuclear cell infiltration and lining cell hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and necrosis. at 18 through 45 days after the inoculation, lining cells contained small accumulations of virus-like particles similar to virus seen in infected tissue culture ... | 1982 | 6288054 |
| purification of retrovirus genomic rna suitable for chemical radioiodination. | an efficient method for the purification of genomic rna from the retrovirus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, is described. the method utilizes proteinase k, extraction with sodium perchlorate and chromatography on oligo(dt)-cellulose and results in highly purified rna capable of being chemically iodinated with na125 i to high specific radioactivity. the iodinated rna exhibits 80-90% precipitability in 5% trichloroacetic acid and is greater than or equal to 99% sensitive to hydrolysis by ri ... | 1982 | 6290519 |
| neutralizing antibody response of rabbits and goats to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | rabbits were immunized with purified caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and examined for neutralizing activity. analysis of virus-antiserum interaction at 37 degrees c demonstrated little loss of viral infectivity after incubation with heat-inactivated rabbit antiserum for 60 min. however, sensitization of virus (as assessed by the addition of complement) occurred almost immediately and was 95% complete after 10 min. the complement-dependent neutralizing activity was associated with the immuno ... | 1982 | 6292102 |
| the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is a distinct virus within the lentivirus group. | the genetic relatedness among viral genomes of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, visna virus, and progressive pneumonia virus, was determined. whereas the genomic rnas of two strains of visna virus are indistinguishable as reflected both by their annealing kinetics as well as by the thermal stability of the hybrids, the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and visna virus have only 30% of their nucleic acid sequences in common. furthermore, within the homologous regions of the two viral geno ... | 1983 | 6297154 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinicopathologic study. | chronic arthritis caused by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus was observed after the introduction of new animals into a goat herd. there were high frequency of carpal hygroma and clinical signs of stiffness. the disease was progressive and produced a debilitating lameness among 30% of the affected animals. laboratory findings were limited to alterations in synovial fluid which showed increased numbers of lymphocytes. pathologic changes were observed in the joints, bursae, and adjacent tissues ... | 1982 | 6299137 |
| isolation of a syncytium-forming virus from a goat with polyarthritis. | virus particles, morphologically indistinguishable from maedi-visna virus or caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, were detected in tissue explant cultures prepared post mortem from a goat with joint, lung and kidney lesions similar to those associated with the caprine arthritis-encephalitis complex. serum from this goat and others in its herd of origin gave positive reactions in an agar gel immunodiffusion test for maedi-visna virus antibodies. | 1983 | 6304983 |
| preferential immune response to virion surface glycoproteins by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goats. | six months after inoculation with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, the serum and synovial fluid of virus-infected goats had antibodies to [35s]methionine-labeled viral proteins with apparent molecular weights of 125,000, 90,000, 28,000, and 15,000. the 125,000-, 90,000-, and 15,000-molecular-weight methionine-labeled proteins were identified as virion surface glycoproteins by lactoperoxidase iodination and galactose oxidase-boro[3h]hydride reduction labeling techniques. radioimmunoassay ant ... | 1983 | 6307878 |
| pronounced production of polyclonal immunoglobulin g1 in the synovial fluid of goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. | infection of goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, a lentivirus, resulted in arthritis characterized by the production of intrasynovial immunoglobulin g1 concentrations that were 2 to 5.3 times the serum concentrations in the inoculated carpi at 6 months postinoculation. the intrasynovial immunoglobulin was polyclonal, and its presence was accompanied by increased albumin leakage into the joints. synovial fluid immunoglobulin levels fluctuated temporally but remained elevated compared ... | 1983 | 6307882 |
| susceptibility of blood-derived monocytes and macrophages to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | permissiveness of blood-derived caprine monocytes to infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus increased during in vitro cultivation and differentiation into macrophages, as evidenced by immunofluorescence and release of extracellular infectious virus. the degree of cell susceptibility to virus infection varied among individual goats, independent of age or breed. caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection of macrophages in vitro resulted in no alteration of five characteristic functi ... | 1983 | 6307885 |
| augmented t lymphocyte responses and abnormal b lymphocyte numbers in goats chronically infected with the retrovirus causing caprine arthritis-encephalitis. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis is a retrovirus-induced disease resulting in lymphoproliferative lesions of the cns and joints. peripheral blood leukocytes of chronically infected goats were analyzed for the types of cells present and for their reactivity to viral antigen and polyclonal stimulants. two of 9 infected goats had abnormal numbers of b lymphocytes--one elevated and the other deficient. lymphocyte reactivity to viral antigens was transiently detectable by a lymphoblastogenic assay in 5 ... | 1983 | 6316820 |
| experimental infection of sheep by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and goats by progressive pneumonia virus. | the lentiviruses, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and progressive pneumonia virus (ppv) of sheep, cause major diseases in their respective hosts; however, the infectivity of these viruses for closely related species has not been determined. experiments were conducted to determine whether caev would infect sheep and whether ppv would infect goats. upon inoculation with caev, lambs developed a nonsuppurative arthritis and antibody to caev, and the virus was isolated up to 4 months late ... | 1983 | 6318613 |
| lack of neutralizing antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus in persistently infected goats can be overcome by immunization with inactivated mycobacterium tuberculosis. | the pathogenesis of the persistent progressive diseases of sheep (visna-maedi) and goats (arthritis-encephalitis) is dependent on continuous replication of the causative lentiviruses. one subgroup of these viruses, icelandic visna virus, accomplishes this form of replication by undergoing antigenic mutation. mutant viruses arising late in the infection escape neutralization by antibodies directed to the parental virus. in contrast, we show here that viruses obtained from persistently infected sh ... | 1984 | 6319735 |
| characterisation, experimental infection and serological response to caprine retrovirus. | a virus (151) isolated from synovial membrane explant cultures from a goat with arthritis-synovitis was characterised with respect to cytopathic effect in synovial membrane cell cultures, virus morphology, buoyant density and presence of rna dependent dna polymerase. virus 151 was shown to be a retrovirus with similar properties to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in the united states of america. inoculation of the virus into uninfected goats caused the development of arthritis-synovitis les ... | 1983 | 6320790 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel retrovirus from sheep affected by pulmonary carcinoma. | sheep pulmonary carcinoma (spc) has been shown to be associated in nature with a retrovirus, by electron microscopic, biochemical, and epidemiological criteria and by experimental transmission. in this study, a retrovirus has been isolated from spc tumors which were experimentally induced by inoculation with a cell-free, reverse transcriptase containing fraction from a spontaneous field case of spc, and propagated in culture. this novel virus was shown to be unrelated to murine, avian, and bovin ... | 1984 | 6324472 |
| a sequential study of virus expression in retrovirus-induced arthritis of goats. | persistent infection by the retrovirus caprine arthritis--encephalitis virus (caev) induces arthritis in goats which closely resembles rheumatoid arthritis. to examine the relationship between virus expression and development of clinical disease, ten goat kids were inoculated with caev and examined at successive intervals through 18 months post-infection. virus was monitored in cell-free synovial fluid cells, serum and peripheral blood cells by titration, co-cultivation and immunofluorescent tec ... | 1984 | 6470682 |
| transmission and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus was isolated from goat milk and transmitted most efficiently to kids through both milk and colostrum. in addition, it appeared that transmissions through other secretions of the doe occurred, but were less important than transmission in milk and colostrum. intrauterine infection may have occurred in 2 of 32 cesarean-derived goats, but postpartum horizontal transmission could not be ruled out. transmission by the aerosol route was not demonstrated, and even sh ... | 1983 | 6625321 |
| isolation and preliminary characterization of the jaagsiekte retrovirus (jsrv). | jaagsiekte, or ovine pulmonary adenomatosis, is caused by a recently discovered retrovirus. the virus cannot be cultivated in vitro at present, but a procedure is described for the isolation and purification of small amounts in the form of immune complexes with iga from affected lungs. the virion was shown to possess a 70s rna genome which can be transcribed by an endogenous reverse transcriptase. nine size from 94 000 to 25 000 daltons, were found in purified preparations. using neutralization ... | 1983 | 6676694 |
| activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus expression during maturation of monocytes to macrophages. | lentiviruses, which cause arthritis-encephalitis and maedi-visna in goats and sheep, respectively, cause persistent infections in these animals. the viruses replicate productively at low levels in macrophages in diseased organs such as the "maedi lung" and nonproductively in other cell types such as leukocytes in peripheral blood. nonproductive infections become productive during in vitro cultivation of the cells. this study showed that monocytes were the only cells in the peripheral blood leuko ... | 1983 | 6862634 |
| a pathogenetic study of the early connective tissue lesions of viral caprine arthritis-encephalitis. | experiments were designed to correlate morphologic lesions with the presence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). twenty-one cesarean-derived goat kids were infected with 10(6) to 10(7) tcid50 of virus, killed sequentially, and examined for viral antigens by immunofluorescence, viral infectivity by isolation and titration, and morphologic changes by light microscopy. fluorescent viral antigens were detected from 1 to 10 days postinoculation (dpi) and only in synovial cells. virus was ... | 1980 | 6990770 |
| characterization of the infection of caprine synovial membrane cells by the retrovirus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | 1981 | 7010773 | |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection of caprine monocytes. | 1982 | 7142965 | |
| immune responses of goats persistently infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | eight cesarean-derived goat kids were inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), and proliferative responses of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogens and caev antigen were monitored for 9 months. antibody specific for caev was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. five cesarean-derived noninfected goats were tested simultaneously. significant differences between the infected and control mononuclear cell proliferation reactions to caev began 14 days po ... | 1980 | 7399671 |
| the connective tissue component of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis syndrome. | the gross and microscopic connective tissue lesions in 12 goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) are described, including those from which a virus (caev) was isolated. lesions were most often associated with synovial-lined structures including joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae, and were typified by synovial cell proliferations, subsynovial mononuclear cell infiltration, the presence of fibrin, fibrinous concretions, necrosis, and mineralization. extrasynovial lesions were located in ki ... | 1980 | 7406019 |
| characteristics of ovine and caprine lentivirus infections. | a majority of ovine lentivirus (ovlv) infections seen on farms develop after long incubation and a slow progression of disease to death but in nature they may also have short latency and cause acute leukoencephalitis and/or acute arthritis and pneumonia in young kids or lambs with exceptionally high mortality. histopathologically, ovlv diseases may be characterized by lymphoid infiltration, lymphoid hyperplasia with germinal centers and plasmocytosis in the lungs and/or in the cns, joints and ud ... | 1995 | 7475326 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of caev (caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus) recombinant transmembrane protein. | the env gene fragment of an italian strain of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) coding for the hydrophilic region of transmembrane protein was amplified, cloned and expressed in prokaryotic system as fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase. sequence analysis revealed 63 to 66% amino acid homology, when compared with three ovine lentiviruses and 83% when compared with one caprine lentivirus. the recombinant transmembrane protein was efficiently expressed, purified under denaturing ... | 1995 | 7483249 |
| multiple coding and the evolutionary properties of rna secondary structure. | this article evaluates evolutionary properties of the transition from rna primary sequence to rna secondary structure. it focuses on the restrictions that the conservation of a protein code in an rna sequence puts on its potential to evolve towards a specific secondary structure. restricting the mutations to those that do not affect the coding for a protein restricts both the accessibility and the connectivity of the sequence space. the accessibility is restricted because only certain point muta ... | 1993 | 7507189 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: isolation and identification in rio grande do sul, brazil. | we describe the first report of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) isolation in brazil. in december 1989 a four-year old anglonubian arthritic doe was submitted to euthanasia and its synovial membranes were cultured by explantation. this doe was positive for antibodies to the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). the reverse transcriptase activity detected in culture supernatants, the characteristic cytopathic effect of lentivirus in these cultures, the detection of viral antigen ... | 1993 | 7511015 |
| t and b cell responses to mycobacterial 65-kda heat-shock protein in sheep infected with maedi visna virus. | sheep infected with maedi visna virus were tested for immune reactivity to recombinant hsp65 and tuberculin ppd from mycobacteria. the results showed that both naturally and experimentally infected animals had elevated igm but not igg or iga antibodies to hsp65 from mycobacterium leprae or m. bovis. in experimentally infected animals, the elevated igm antibodies appeared in blood from about 3 to 4 weeks postinfection. increased t cell proliferative responses to hsp65 and ppd were also found in b ... | 1995 | 7532120 |
| bacterial expression of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus gag and env proteins and their use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the core protein and the transmembrane protein, encoded for the structural genes gag and env, respectively, of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus were amplified by use of polymerase chain reaction, cloned into a pgex-2t vector, and expressed in escherichia coli as fusion proteins with the glutathione s-transferase at their c-terminus. the recombinant proteins were purified and evaluated by use of an elisa. sera from 269 goats were tested, and the results were compared with those obtained by us ... | 1995 | 7574148 |
| selected models of hiv-induced neurological disease. | 1995 | 7587361 | |
| glycosylation of igg during potentially arthritogenic lentiviral infections. | agalactosyl igg [gal(0)] was first discovered in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra). however, the proportion of this glycoform is also raised in tuberculosis and leprosy. this has helped reinforce the suggestion that ra may be triggered by a mycobacterium-like slow bacterial infection. on the other hand, arthritis can occur in mycobacterial diseases, so raised gal(0) could be associated with a tendency to arthritis, rather than with a particular type of infection. therefore, we wished to fi ... | 1995 | 7597380 |
| the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus tat gene is dispensable for efficient viral replication in vitro and in vivo. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus closely related to visna virus and more distantly to other lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus. the genomes of visna virus and caev contain a tat gene encoding a protein able to weakly transactivate its own long terminal repeat, suggesting that transactivation may be a dispensable function for viral replication. three different tat gene mutants of an infectious molecular clone of caev were used to study their replication ... | 1995 | 7636990 |
| the tendency of lentiviral open reading frames to become a-rich: constraints imposed by viral genome organization and cellular trna availability. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other lentiviridae demonstrate a strong preference for the a-nucleotide, which can account for up to 40% of the viral rna genome. the biological mechanism responsible for this nucleotide bias is currently unknown. the increased a-content of these viral genomes corresponds to the typical use of synonymous codons by all members of the lentiviral family (hiv, siv, biv, fiv, caev, eiav, visna) and the human spuma retrovirus, but not by other retrovirus ... | 1995 | 7666442 |
| neurotoxicity of peptide analogues of the transactivating protein tat from maedi-visna virus and human immunodeficiency virus. | infection by lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, is associated with a variety of neurological syndromes, but the mechanism by which the damage occurs to the nervous system is not known. the viruses do not infect neurons and so the neurotoxic actions must be mediated indirectly. here we applied synthetic peptide analogues derived from basic regions of maedi-visna virus and human immunodeficiency virus transactivating prote ... | 1993 | 7682293 |
| peripheral blood and synovial fluid mononuclear cell phenotypes in lentivirus induced arthritis. | to identify the phenotypes and activation status of peripheral blood (pb) and synovial fluid (sf) mononuclear cells associated with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) induced arthritis in goats. | 1995 | 7699688 |
| pathogenic mechanisms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) show chronic arthritis and cachexia, which are progressive in nature. the immunopathogenic mechanisms responsible for these progressive clinical symptoms have not been fully elucidated. various haematological and immunological parameters were evaluated in experimentally-infected goats showing typical signs of caev-induced disease. infected goats showed recurrent lymphocytosis that may be due to constant presentation of antigen by in ... | 1994 | 7701786 |
| double-nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus proviral dna in blood, milk, and tissues of infected goats. | a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detecting proviral dna of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in biological samples was developed. primers for both gag and pol sequences of the caev genome were included in a single tube for simultaneous amplification ('double' pcr), and the resulting bands were resolved visually in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. internal gag and pol probes were used to verify the identity of the amplified products by non-radioactive southern hybridiz ... | 1994 | 7714032 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis: detection of specific antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and synovia]. | following transmission studies cerebrospinal fluid and synovia were checked for the presence of specific antibodies from ten seronegative goats derived from seropositive females and from 16 seropositive goats showing typical clinical symptoms. in the samples from the seronegative goats it was not possible to detect any specific antibodies whereas in 14 of the 16 seropositive goats specific antibodies were found in the synovia and in two goats specific antibodies could be found in the cerebrospin ... | 1994 | 7741847 |
| the vif gene is essential for efficient replication of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goat synovial membrane cells and affects the late steps of the virus replication cycle. | complex retrovirus genomes contain a variable number of accessory genes, among which is the vif gene. we investigated in vitro the role of the vif gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) by studying the phenotype of five vif mutants after infection of primary goat synovial membrane (gsm) cells and blood-derived monocytes/macrophages. any deletion introduced into the vif gene resulted in slow and low viral replication and production of virions with an infectious titer lower than that ... | 1995 | 7745671 |
| erratic g-->a hypermutation within a complete caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) provirus. | the complete nucleotide sequence of an integrated provirus of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) has been determined. the provirus was defective due to extensive g-->a hypermutation. rather than being a smooth phenomenon distributed throughout the genome it was highly erratic with hypermutated and normal regions being juxtaposed, probably reflecting local fluctuations in the intracellular dctp pool during reverse transcription of the caev genome. the pattern of sequence variation within ... | 1995 | 7778264 |
| immunopathology of chronic lentivirus-induced arthritis. | this study evaluated histopathology and mononuclear cell phenotypes in synovial lesions of chronic arthritis induced by experimental infection of saanen goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus. histological examination of carpal joint synovium of three infected goats with clinical arthritis revealed progressive lesions consisting of membrane villus hypertrophy with extensive angiogenesis and mononuclear cell infiltration and degenerative changes of membrane villus necrosis associate ... | 1995 | 7778682 |
| genomic heterogeneity in the pol region of ovine lentiviruses obtained from bronchoalveolar cells of infected sheep from france. | in order to determine the genomic heterogeneity of ovine lentiviruses, we analysed eight isolates from naturally infected sheep from one geographical region of france. a 475 nt fragment in the region of the pol gene coding for reverse transcriptase was amplified by rt-pcr from rna directly extracted from uncultured bronchoalveolar lavage cells. the resulting pcr fragments were analysed by restriction enzyme digestion, cloned in a ta vector and sequenced. restriction enzyme analysis showed distin ... | 1995 | 7782784 |
| chemiluminescent detection of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus with a pcr-generated single stranded nonradiolabelled probe. | a 814-bp digoxigenin-labelled single stranded dna probe was produced and utilized in slot-blot hybridization for detection of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in goat synovial membrane (gsm) cell culture infected with caev. the sensitivity of a pcr-generated probe was compared with a random primer labelled probe. the probe with digoxigenin-dutp incorporated in the pcr reaction mixture was more sensitive for rna detection than the random primer probe and it was much simpler to use. the ... | 1995 | 7785189 |
| infection of lactating goats by mammary instillation of cell-borne caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | the possibility of transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus between lactating goats by the transfer of infected cells during milking has been examined experimentally. four virus-free saanen goats were infected, two in full lactation and two during the drying off period, by instillation of infected allogeneic cells into the milk canal of one-half of the udder. all four goats became infected, as shown by the isolation of virus from peripheral blood monocytes, seroconversion, and presen ... | 1995 | 7790575 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) challenge of goats immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing caev surface and transmembrane envelope glycoproteins. | this study evaluated infection and disease following caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) challenge of goats with existent immune response to caev surface and transmembrane envelope glycoproteins. six saanen goats were vaccinated three times with recombinant vaccinia virus rwr63 expressing glycoproteins encoded by the caev-63 envelope gene. two goats were immunized with rwrsc11, a control vaccinia virus derived from the psc11 vaccinia expression plasmid without the caev envelope gene ... | 1994 | 7810058 |
| phosphorothioate oligonucleotides inhibit the replication of lentiviruses and type d retroviruses, but not that of type c retroviruses. | phosphorothioate analogs of oligodeoxynucleotides at a concentration of 2 microm protected himalayan tahr cells from infection by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and equine dermis cells from infection by equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). the characteristics of this inhibition against these lentiviruses are similar to those previously described for the inhibition of hiv-1 in ath8 cells [17]. thus, the 28-mer homo-oligomer of cytidine [s-(dc)28] was at least as effective as three ... | 1994 | 7826217 |
| depressed cd4+ t lymphocyte proliferative response and enhanced antibody response to viral antigen in chronic lentivirus-induced arthritis. | the proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) stimulated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) surface glycoprotein (su) was depressed 4- to 20-fold in saanen goats with chronic caev-induced arthritis compared with asymptomatic goats. phytohemagglutinin-stimulated responses were not depressed. complement depletion of pbmc with anti-cd4 or anti-cd8 monoclonal antibodies identified cd4+ t lymphocytes as the antigen-responsive cells in both high-responder asympt ... | 1995 | 7844368 |
| antibody prevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in goats in turkey. | in this study, a serological survey in goat herds for antibodies against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in turkey is described. 808 serum samples were collected from three state farms and seven private flocks in different regions of turkey. the serologic examination was performed by agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) technique. 16 (1.9%) out of 808 sera deriving from two state farms (n = 14) and one private herd (n = 2) were found to be serologically positive. the findings are discusse ... | 1994 | 7851298 |
| caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection changes caprine blood monocyte responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vitro. | the effects of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) infection on cytokine activity of caprine monocytes stimulated with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) were examined. compared with supernatants from lps-stimulated monocytes of caev-negative goats, supernatants from caev-positive goats stimulated less proliferation of murine thymocytes in the mtt (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, showed about 50% less il-1 activity on the il-1-dependent cell li ... | 1994 | 7856074 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis in algeria]. | during an outbreak of caprine arthritis-encephalitis on an experimental farm, the virus responsible for this disease was isolated from imported animals. a serological survey was then carried out with the purpose of determining the prevalence of the disease among other imported herds of goats, local herds and mixed herds. positive serological results were found at relatively high levels in both imported and mixed herds. all the local herds, however, yielded negative serological results, suggestin ... | 1994 | 7863063 |
| comparative functional analysis of the various lentivirus long terminal repeats in human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and feline renal cell line (crfk cells). | basal promoter activities of various lentiviral long terminal repeats (ltrs) in a human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and a feline renal cell line (crfk cells) were examined by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) assay using the ltr-cat reporter plasmids. in sw480 cells, the basal promoter activities induced by ltrs of visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), and simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) were moderate, and those induced by ltrs of human immunodefi ... | 1994 | 7865591 |
| plasma amino acid dysregulation after lentiviral infection. | the absence of aids-like symptoms in hiv-infected chimpanzees and siv-infected african green monkeys (agms) may provide important clues about the pathogenic mechanism of aids and about mechanisms of resistance. hiv-infected persons and siv-infected rhesus macaques have, on the average, markedly decreased cysteine, cystine, and glutathione levels and elevated plasma glutamate concentrations. glutamate inhibits the membrane transport of cystine and a combination of low plasma glutamate and high cy ... | 1993 | 7903043 |
| antibody reactivity to the immunodominant epitopes of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus gp38 transmembrane protein associates with the development of arthritis. | high titers of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) envelope (env) glycoproteins are found in infected goats developing a progressive arthritis. in order to identify linear b epitopes of the caev env, which may be involved in the immunopathology of arthritis, we constructed a lambda gt11 env expression library. by combining library screening with sera from naturally infected swiss goats with an enzyme immunoassay with overlapping peptides (pepscan), four group-specific epito ... | 1994 | 7933096 |
| characterization of cdnas species encoding the tat protein of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | two distinct species of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) tat cdnas were isolated early after infection of a himalayan tahr cell line. sequence analyses predicted that one cdna (pcev/e1) represented a polycistronic transcript that encodes tat and rev as well as an n-terminally truncated transmembrane protein and a protein, designated x, whose function is unknown; whereas the other cdna (pcev/f1) encodes tat and the env gene products. pcev/e1 trans-activated a caev ltr-chloramphenicol a ... | 1994 | 7941354 |
| streptococcus dysgalactiae polyarthritis in dairy goats. | two saanen does on the same farm developed signs of polyarthritis. streptococcus dysgalactiae was isolated on microbial culture of samples from multiple joints of both goats. antibiotic susceptibility testing of the s dysgalactiae revealed resistance to tetracycline, a commonly used antibiotic to treat arthritis in goats. the isolate was susceptible to penicillin. polyarthritis was clinically diagnosed in 25 saanen goats on this farm over a 2-year period. streptococcus dysgalactiae has been repo ... | 1994 | 7989246 |
| a rev protein is expressed in caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev)-infected cells and is required for efficient viral replication. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus that is closely related to visna virus and more distantly related to the human lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1). like other lentiviruses, the genome of caev contains multiple small orfs that encode viral regulatory proteins. sequence analysis of the caev genome and cdnas generated from mrna in infected cells has suggested that one of these orfs encodes a protein (rev-c) that is analogous to rev of visna virus and hiv. a ... | 1994 | 8009824 |
| the rev protein of visna virus is localized to the nucleus of infected cells. | visna virus is a lentivirus of sheep that is distantly related to the human lentivirus hiv-1. like other lentiviruses, the genome of visna virus contains multiple small open reading frames that encode viral regulatory proteins. the product of one of these regulatory genes is the visna virus rev protein, rev-v. in this report, immunoprecipitation of visna virus-infected cells using a specific anti-rev-v antibody, generated to a synthetic, carboxyl-terminal peptide of rev-v, brings down a 22.5-kda ... | 1994 | 8009861 |
| evaluation of a kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-specific antibodies. | a kinetic indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (k-elisa) was evaluated for detection of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), using sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated caev-63 as antigen. two hundred fifteen caprine sera submitted to the diagnostic laboratory were tested for caev antibody by the k-elisa and by immunoprecipitation of [35s]-methionine-labeled caev. a k-elisa positive cutoff point of 80 yielded a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 100%, as compared with i ... | 1994 | 8011778 |
| characterization of caprine microglial cells and in vitro infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus. | similar to human immunodeficiency virus-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus-1, microglial cells in brain tissue are a major cell target for infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) in vivo. these observations have raised interest in the role of microglial cells in the development of lentivirus-induced neurologic lesions. to initiate in vitro studies into the pathogenesis of encephalomyelitis caused by caev, we characterized primary cultures of caprine microglia, determined ... | 1994 | 8015297 |
| neuropathologic aspects of lentiviral infections. | studies of lentiviral infections of various animals and man have shown that all may invade the cns and induce pathological lesions. this is well established in infections with vv, caev, siv, hiv-1, and fiv. although vv and caev do not cause an overt immunodeficiency, they share several features pertinent for the establishment of neuropathologic lesions with those that induce immunodeficiency. this holds especially true for the initial steps and early cns lesions. 1) infection of the cns is from ... | 1994 | 8030977 |
| study of a prevention programme for caprine arthritis-encephalitis. | a prevention programme for caprine viral arthritis-encephalitis was monitored in 363 goat herds between 1988 and 1990. the level of contamination in the female kids fell from 49.5 to 25% by the end of the 2-yr period during which the programme was applied. some 19% of the female kids that had been substitute colostrum (cow colostrum or goat colostrum heated to 56 degrees c for 1 h) were contaminated compared with 45% of those that had been given raw colostrum. the segregation between the animals ... | 1994 | 8038808 |
| hypothesis for retroviral causation of rheumatoid arthritis. | over the past year, convincing direct evidence that rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a retrovirus has not been presented. strong support for this hypothesis, however, comes from an impressive body of recent work demonstrating that human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i causes a destructive arthropathy that has many of the same features as rheumatoid arthritis. additional strong support for the hypothesis is provided by the resemblance of the arthropathies induced by caprine arthritis encephalit ... | 1994 | 8060765 |
| a dna fingerprinting band associated with the susceptibility to cae virus-induced arthritis in goats. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) virus-induced arthritis can be found in all swiss goat breeds and it has been shown that there is a genetic pre-disposition for this disease. the 10 toggenburg, 32 chamois coloured and 40 saanen goats, specially selected for this study, were naturally infected with cae virus. within each breed there was an equal distribution between clinically healthy animals and animals suffering from arthritis. in the case of the saanen goats, a dna fingerprint band generat ... | 1994 | 8076168 |
| identification of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus rev protein and its cis-acting rev-responsive element. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus closely related to visna virus of sheep and more distantly related to the human lentivirus hiv-1. the genomes of lentiviruses contain additional genes that regulate the lentivirus gene expression; one of these is rev, a protein that regulates the expression of viral proteins via post-transcriptional mechanisms. a cdna clone was isolated from caev infected cells and shown to encode the 18-kda rev protein of caev. antibodies against caev ... | 1994 | 8116254 |
| [clinical aspect of caprine arthritis and encephalitis]. | the symptoms of arthritis and encephalitis of goats (cae) are described following our own observations and with regard to the current literature. cae virus infections can produce a chronic arthritis (especially carpitis), an interstitial mastitis and a subclinical pneumonia. encephalitis in kids caused by caev-infection is very rare in germany. | 1993 | 8122237 |
| evaluation of agar gel immunodiffusion serology using caprine and ovine lentiviral antigens for detection of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | the sensitivity of the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test for the detection of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was investigated with caev or ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) as the source of antigen. a total of 218 goat serum specimens were tested for anti-caev antibody by agid and immunoprecipitation of [35s]methionine-labeled caev. in comparison with that of immunoprecipitation, the sensitivity of the caev agid test was 0.91, and that of the oppv agid test was ... | 1994 | 8126191 |
| detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using recombinant gag proteins. | the coding sequences of the core proteins p17 and p28 of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and cloned into the plasmid expression vector p-gex-2t. both p17 and p28 were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase. the recombinant proteins were affinity purified from induced bacterial lysates using glutathione-agarose beads. the purified proteins were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibod ... | 1994 | 8129621 |
| antibody prevalence of eight ruminant infectious diseases in california mule and black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus). | we tested 276 sera from 18 free-ranging black-tailed and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) herds in california (usa) collected from 1987 to 1991 in five biogeographical habitat types, for antibodies against eight infectious disease agents. overall antibody prevalence was 56% for anaplasma marginale, 31% for borrelia burgdorferi, 16% for bluetongue virus serotype 17, 15% for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, 7% for coxiella burnetii and toxoplasma gondii, respectively, and 0% for bovine leukosis ... | 1994 | 8151824 |
| evaluation of elisa for detection of antibodies to caev in milk. | milk was found to be a suitable alternative specimen for the serological diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) using the elisa. the relative sensitivity and specificity of testing individual milk samples as compared to individual sera was 96.4 and 97.3% respectively. the overall agreement between the testing of milk and sera was 96.9% and the correlation coefficient between testing sera and milk, 0.94%. the testing of bulk milk could be used to predict approximately the preval ... | 1994 | 8160350 |
| the caev tat gene trans-activates the viral ltr and is necessary for efficient viral replication. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus which is closely related by nucleotide sequence and biological properties to visna virus. sequence analysis of the caev genome revealed the presence of a small open reading frame (orf) which shares amino acid identity with the visna virus tat gene. using an infectious molecular clone of caev the role of the tat orf in viral replication was examined. mutations were made in the tat orf that introduced two in frame stop codons six amino ac ... | 1993 | 8212571 |
| cae virus seroprevalence in a mixed goat herd. | 1993 | 8236673 | |
| [viral encephalitis transmitted by arthropods]. | 1993 | 8247314 | |
| detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus by polymerase chain reaction. | detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection in goats is currently limited to serologic testing or cell culture. we developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to detect caev sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), synovial fluid cells (sfc), and milk cells (mc) obtained from infected goats. results were positive for 18 of 20 pbmc, 8 of 8 mc, and 5 of 5 sfc samples from seropositive goats, whereas 3 of 33 pbmc samples and none of 8 mc or 5 sfc samples ... | 1993 | 8263195 |
| delayed seroconversion following naturally acquired caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats. | one hundred eight milking goats from a dairy that had been using a modified caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) eradication program were tested for caev antibodies by serologic methods and for proviral caev dna by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology. all goats were free of clinical symptoms of caev infection. twenty-seven of the 108 goats were considered seropositive, on the basis of elisa results. proviral caev dna was detected, using pcr techniques, in mononuclear leukocy ... | 1993 | 8291763 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. | 1993 | 8307813 | |
| retrovirus infections of the nervous system. | mammalian retroviruses of all three subfamilies infect the nervous system. the leukemia viruses (oncovirinae) and lentiviruses (lentivirinae, eg, human immunodeficiency virus) cause serious disease, while the foamy viruses (spumavirinae) have not yet been shown to cause any disease. this review illustrates these diseases by referring particularly to three viruses: the human and murine leukemia viruses (human t-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type i and murine leukemia virus), and the human immunode ... | 1993 | 8386955 |
| [comparison of various antigens in the diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using the elisa test]. | the most adequate means of diagnosing infections with caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) and maedi-visna (mv) viruses is the demonstration of antibodies to these viruses in milk or in blood serum. various techniques and a range of different antigen preparations can be used for this purpose. we have evaluated two different whole virus antigen preparations derived from lamb synovial cells infected with cae and mv viruses and recombinant antigen containing the capsid protein expressed in e. coli ... | 1993 | 8390123 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus su is the ligand for infection of caprine synovial membrane cells. | infection of goat synovial membrane (gsm) cells by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was inhibited by incubation of cells with caev gp 135 envelope glycoprotein (su) expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus. incubation of cells with protein expressed by a control recombinant vaccinia virus without the caev envelope gene did not inhibit caev infection. removal of recombinant su from blocking medium by adsorption with anti-su igg/protein g-sepharose complexes resulted in loss of caev inhi ... | 1993 | 8390759 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis: trial of an adjuvant vaccine preparation. i. clinical and virological study]. | in purpose to protect goats against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), the first group of kids (i) was inoculated with purified, inactivated and adjuvant-treated virions, the second group (ii) with adjuvant and the third one (iii) with culture medium. 2-4 months later, the three groups were challenged with virulent caev by intraarticular route. on the clinical level, vaccinated and challenged kids show more early and severe arthritis than other groups. on the virological level, isolati ... | 1993 | 8391411 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis: trial of an adjuvant vaccine preparation. ii. study of the antibody response]. | in an experiment of vaccination against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), the antibody response in three groups of young goats was followed by agidt, elisa, seroneutralization, western blot. goats of group i, inoculated with inactivated virus mixed with adjuvant, showed a few weeks after vaccination a high antibody response, clearly enhanced after infectious intraarticular challenge. these antibodies did not protect against arthritis, which appeared more severe in this group. in the o ... | 1993 | 8391412 |
| failure of neutralizing antibody to regulate cae lentivirus expression in vivo. | sequential isolates of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) were obtained from clinically arthritic carpal joints of three saanen goats between 36.4 and 44.9 months after infection with biologically cloned caev isolate 63. these virus isolates and the caev-63 inoculum were evaluated for neutralization by autologous sera. neutralizing antibody to caev-63 persisted throughout the period of virus isolations. five caev isolates from cell-free synovial fluid and six isolates from synovial ... | 1993 | 8396810 |
| effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on milk cell count and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in dairy goats. | bacteriology, somatic cell counts (scc) and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (nagase) activity determinations were conducted on milk samples collected from does in three dairy herds with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection. in two herds, caev-infected does were more likely to have a subclinical bacterial infection of the udder than caev-free does (p < 0.05). does with caev but no bacterial udder infection had significantly greater mean scc and nagase activity than caev-free does w ... | 1993 | 8397230 |
| occurrence of caprine leucocyte class i and ii antigens in saanen goats affected by caprine arthritis (cae). | the distribution of cla class i and ii antigens in cae virus-infected, diseased and healthy saanen goats has been investigated. three class i antigens and two class ii antigens showed a statistically different frequency in the two groups. | 1993 | 8399124 |
| autoimmune diseases in humans, e.g. autoimmune rheumatic diseases. | in spite of increasing evidence that viruses and especially retroviruses could act as etiologic factors in autoimmune and especially autoimmune rheumatic diseases, clear-cut evidence for an involvement of these agents is still missing. findings, which, for example, indirectly support the hypothesis that retroviruses might play a part, are the demonstration of antibodies to the gp24 in sle and sjögren's patients as well as the description of retroviral antigens in the inflamed synovium of rheumat ... | 1993 | 8407245 |
| cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes against antigenic variants of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) specific for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) were characterized using a colorimetric immunocytochemistry assay to measure surviving target cells. peripheral blood lymphocytes from a caev-infected goat were cytotoxic to autologous, caev-infected dermal fibroblast target cells following in vitro stimulation of the lymphocytes with caev antigen. the lymphocytes were not cytotoxic to infected allogeneic target cells or to mock-infected autologous or allogene ... | 1993 | 8409935 |
| activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeat by gamma interferon. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) is a lymphotropic lentivirus whose replication increases during monocyte maturation. we examined gene expression directed by the caev long terminal repeat (ltr) in a promonocytic cell line stimulated with several agents. our results demonstrate that the caev ltr is activated by treatment of immature monocytes with gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) or a phorbol ester but not with tumor necrosis factor alpha or lipopolysaccharide. the cis-acting element in th ... | 1996 | 8523577 |
| replication properties of dutpase-deficient mutants of caprine and ovine lentiviruses. | the virion-associated dutpase activities of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and visna virus were determined by using an assay which measure the actual ability of the dutpase to prevent the dutp misincorporations into cdna during reverse transcription. we showed that the caev molecular clone from the cork isolate was dutpase defective as a result of a single amino acid substitution. using this point mutant and deletion mutants of caev as well as a deletion mutant of visna virus, we de ... | 1996 | 8551582 |