Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| persistent infection of neural cell lines by human coronaviruses. | human coronaviruses (hcv) have been associated mainly with infections of the respiratory tract. accumulating evidence from in vitro and in vivo observations is consistent with the neurotropism of these viruses in humans. to verify the possibility of a persistent infection within the central nervous system (cns), various human cell lines of neural origin were tested for their ability to maintain chronic infection by both known strains of hcv, oc43 and 229e. production of infectious progeny virion ... | 1998 | 9782332 |
| processing of the human coronavirus 229e replicase polyproteins by the virus-encoded 3c-like proteinase: identification of proteolytic products and cleavage sites common to pp1a and pp1ab. | replicase gene expression by the human coronavirus 229e involves the synthesis of two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. experimental evidence suggests that these precursor molecules are subject to extensive proteolytic processing. in this study, we show that a chymotrypsin-like enzyme, the virus-encoded 3c-like proteinase (3clpro), cleaves within a common region of pp1a and pp1ab (amino acids 3490 to 4068) at four sites. trans-cleavage assays revealed that polypeptides of 5, 23, 12, and 16 kda ... | 1999 | 9847320 |
| pcr sequencing of the spike genes of geographically and chronologically distinct human coronaviruses 229e. | a reverse transcription nested pcr (rt-pcr) sequencing methodology was developed and used to generate sequence data from the spike genes of three geographically and chronologically distinct human coronaviruses 229e. these three coronaviruses were isolated originally from the usa in the 1960s (human coronavirus 229e strain atcc vr-74), the uk in the 1990s (human coronavirus 229e lri 281) and ghana (human coronavirus 229e a162). upon translation and alignment with the published spike protein seque ... | 1998 | 9870593 |
| isolation of a coronavirus from kidney biopsies of endemic balkan nephropathy patients. | endemic balkan nephropathy (ebn) is a kidney disease of unknown etiology limited to bulgaria, rumania and former yugoslavia. primary kidney tissue cultures were established as explants from tissue obtained at operations from 5 ebn patients with urinary tract tumors. four out of the five biopsy specimens on extended culture incubation at 33 degrees c yielded a coronavirus virus (ebnv) which was cytopathogenic for human fibroblast and vero cells. in cells inoculated with ebnv, cytoplasmic immunofl ... | 1999 | 9933748 |
| characterization of the expression and immunogenicity of the ns4b protein of human coronavirus 229e. | sequencing of complementary dnas prepared from various coronaviruses has revealed open reading frames encoding putative proteins that are yet to be characterized and are so far only described as nonstructural (ns). as a first step in the elucidation of its function, we characterized the expression and immunogenicity of the ns4b gene product from strain 229e of human coronavirus (hcv-229e), a respiratory virus with a neurotropic potential. the gene was cloned and expressed in bacteria. a fusion p ... | 1998 | 9933919 |
| adaptation of human enteric coronavirus to growth in cell lines. | the existence of human enteric coronavirus (hec) has been debated since its first description in stool by electron microscopy (em) in 1975. needed to resolve the issue is its cultivation in readily available cell lines. | 1999 | 10073413 |
| persistent infection of human oligodendrocytic and neuroglial cell lines by human coronavirus 229e. | human coronaviruses (hucv) cause common colds. previous reports suggest that these infectious agents may be neurotropic in humans, as they are for some mammals. with the long-term aim of providing experimental evidence for the neurotropism of hucv and the establishment of persistent infections in the nervous system, we have evaluated the susceptibility of various human neural cell lines to acute and persistent infection by hucv-229e. viral antigen, infectious virus progeny and viral rna were mon ... | 1999 | 10074187 |
| a human rna viral cysteine proteinase that depends upon a unique zn2+-binding finger connecting the two domains of a papain-like fold . | a cysteine proteinase, papain-like proteinase (pl1pro), of the human coronavirus 229e (hcov) regulates the expression of the replicase polyproteins, pp1a and ppa1ab, by cleavage between gly111 and asn112, far upstream of its own catalytic residue cys1054. in this report, using bioinformatics tools, we predict that, unlike its distant cellular homologues, hcov pl1pro and its coronaviral relatives have a poorly conserved zn2+ finger connecting the left and right hand domains of a papain-like fold. ... | 1999 | 10329692 |
| phylogenetic analysis of a highly conserved region of the polymerase gene from 11 coronaviruses and development of a consensus polymerase chain reaction assay. | viruses in the genus coronavirus are currently placed in three groups based on antigenic cross-reactivity and sequence analysis of structural protein genes. consensus polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers were used to obtain cdna, then cloned and sequenced a highly conserved 922 nucleotide region in open reading frame (orf) 1b of the polymerase (pol) gene from eight coronaviruses. these sequences were compared with published sequences for three additional coronaviruses. in this comparison, it ... | 1999 | 10392726 |
| coronaviruses in spinal fluid of patients with acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis. | acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis (amon) may be an initial symptom of multiple sclerosis (ms). coronaviruses have been implicated in the etiology of ms. the objective of the present study was to look for coronaviral rna in amon, which could be present in the initial stages of the development of ms. | 1999 | 10442448 |
| detection of viral, chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children. | a high frequency of virus infections has been recently pointed out in the exacerbations of asthma in children. | 1999 | 10443789 |
| the human coronavirus 229e superfamily 1 helicase has rna and dna duplex-unwinding activities with 5'-to-3' polarity. | the human coronavirus 229e replicase gene encodes a protein, p66hel, that contains a putative zinc finger structure linked to a putative superfamily (sf) 1 helicase. a histidine-tagged form of this protein, hel, was expressed using baculovirus vectors in insect cells. the purified recombinant protein had in vitro atpase activity that was strongly stimulated by poly(u), poly(dt), poly(c), and poly(da), but not by poly(g). the recombinant protein also had both rna and dna duplex-unwinding activiti ... | 2000 | 10917600 |
| neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. | human coronaviruses (hcov) cause common colds but can also infect neural cell cultures. to provide definitive experimental evidence for the neurotropism and neuroinvasion of hcov and its possible association with multiple sclerosis (ms), we have performed an extensive search and characterization of hcov rna in a large panel of human brain autopsy samples. very stringent reverse transcription-pcr with two primer pairs for both viral strains (229e and oc43), combined with southern hybridization, w ... | 2000 | 10982334 |
| human coronavirus 229e infects polarized airway epithelia from the apical surface. | gene transfer to differentiated airway epithelia with existing viral vectors is very inefficient when they are applied to the apical surface. this largely reflects the polarized distribution of receptors on the basolateral surface. to identify new receptor-ligand interactions that might be used to redirect vectors to the apical surface, we investigated the process of infection of airway epithelial cells by human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), a common cause of respiratory tract infections. using ... | 2000 | 10982370 |
| survival of human coronaviruses 229e and oc43 in suspension and after drying onsurfaces: a possible source ofhospital-acquired infections. | strains oc43 and 229e of human coronaviruses (hcov) cause one-third of common colds and hospital-acquired upper respiratory tract hcov infections have been reported in premature newborns. to evaluate possible sources of infection, virus survival was studied in aqueous suspensions and on absorptive and non-absorptive surfaces representative of a hospital environment. virus susceptibility to chemical disinfection with standard products was also characterized. virus survived in saline solution for ... | 2000 | 11023724 |
| infectious rna transcribed in vitro from a cdna copy of the human coronavirus genome cloned in vaccinia virus. | the coronavirus genome is a positive-strand rna of extraordinary size and complexity. it is composed of approximately 30000 nucleotides and it is the largest known autonomously replicating rna. it is also remarkable in that more than two-thirds of the genome is devoted to encoding proteins involved in the replication and transcription of viral rna. here, a reverse-genetic system is described for the generation of recombinant coronaviruses. this system is based upon the in vitro transcription of ... | 2001 | 11369870 |
| viral replicase gene products suffice for coronavirus discontinuous transcription. | we have used vaccinia virus as a vector to clone a 22.5-kbp cdna that represents the 5' and 3' ends of the human coronavirus 229e (hcov 229e) genome, the hcov 229e replicase gene, and a single reporter gene (coding for green fluorescent protein [gfp]) located downstream of a regulatory element for coronavirus mrna transcription. when rna transcribed from this cdna was transfected into bhk-21 cells, a small percentage of cells displayed strong fluorescence. a region of the mrna encoding gfp was a ... | 2001 | 11413334 |
| the autocatalytic release of a putative rna virus transcription factor from its polyprotein precursor involves two paralogous papain-like proteases that cleave the same peptide bond. | the largest replicative protein of coronaviruses is known as p195 in the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and p210 (p240) in the mouse hepatitis virus. it is autocatalytically released from the precursors pp1a and pp1ab by one zinc finger-containing papain-like protease (plpro) in ibv and by two paralogous plpros, pl1pro and pl2pro, in mouse hepatitis virus. the plpro-containing proteins have been recently implicated in the control of coronavirus subgenomic mrna synthesis (transcription). ... | 2001 | 11431476 |
| direct diagnosis of human respiratory coronaviruses 229e and oc43 by the polymerase chain reaction. | an rt-pcr-hybridization was developed that amplified genetic material from the m protein gene of hcov-229e and hcov-oc43. the analytic sensitivity of these original primers were compared with primers defined in the n gene and described previously. the results show that 0.05 tcid50 of hcov-229e and 0.01 tcid50 of hcov-oc43 can be detected by this molecular method using the original method. detection of hcov-229e and hcov-oc43 in clinical specimens is possible using this method: 348 respiratory sp ... | 2001 | 11483217 |
| a model of viral wheeze in nonasthmatic adults: symptoms and physiology. | episodic wheezing associated with viral infections of the upper respiratory tract (urt) is a common problem in young children but also occurs in adults. it is hypothesized that an experimental infection with human coronavirus (hcov), the second most prevalent common cold virus, would cause lower respiratory tract (lrt) changes in adults with a history of viral wheeze. twenty-four viral wheezers (15 atopic) and 19 controls (seven atopic) were inoculated with hcov 229e and monitored for the develo ... | 2001 | 11510797 |
| coronaviruses in brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis. | brain tissue from 25 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (ms) and as controls brain tissue from 36 patients without neurological disease was tested for the presence of human coronaviral rna. four pcr assays with primers specific for n-protein of human coronavirus strain 229e and three pcr assays with primers specific for the nucleocapsid protein of human coronavirus strain oc43 were performed. sporadic positive pcr assays were observed in both patients and controls in some of th ... | 2001 | 11515789 |
| molecular determinants of species specificity in the coronavirus receptor aminopeptidase n (cd13): influence of n-linked glycosylation. | aminopeptidase n (apn), a 150-kda metalloprotease also called cd13, serves as a receptor for serologically related coronaviruses of humans (human coronavirus 229e [hcov-229e]), pigs, and cats. these virus-receptor interactions can be highly species specific; for example, the human coronavirus can use human apn (hapn) but not porcine apn (papn) as its cellular receptor, and porcine coronaviruses can use papn but not hapn. substitution of papn amino acids 283 to 290 into hapn for the corresponding ... | 2001 | 11559807 |
| completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea coronavirus (pedv) genome sequence. | the sequence of the replicase gene of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) has been determined. this completes the sequence of the entire genome of strain cv777, which was found to be 28,033 nucleotides (nt) in length (excluding the poly a-tail). a cloning strategy, which involves primers based on conserved regions in the predicted orf1 products from other coronaviruses whose genome sequence has been determined, was used to amplify the equivalent, but as yet unknown, sequence of pedv. primary ... | 2001 | 11724265 |
| human coronavirus hcov-229e enters susceptible cells via the endocytic pathway. | 2001 | 11774468 | |
| addition of a single glycosylation site to hapn blocks human coronavirus-229e receptor activity. | 2001 | 11774469 | |
| guanosine triphosphatase activity of the human coronavirus helicase. | 2001 | 11774478 | |
| generation from multiple sclerosis patients of long-term t-cell clones that are activated by both human coronavirus and myelin antigens. | 2001 | 11774492 | |
| the effects of coronavirus on human nasal ciliated respiratory epithelium. | human coronavirus (hcov) accounts for 15-30% of common colds, but only one case report has described the effect of a coronavirus infection, that was asymptomatic, on human respiratory epithelium. the authors examined the effects of infection with hcov on ciliary structure and function in healthy volunteers infected by intranasal inoculation with hcov 229e. a further four volunteers were sham infected with ultraviolet-inactivated virus. immediately before inoculation (day 0) and 3 days later (day ... | 2001 | 11829103 |
| [nosocomial infections due to human coronaviruses in the newborn]. | human coronaviruses, with two known serogroups named 229-e and oc-43, are enveloped positive-stranded rna viruses. the large rna is surrounded by a nucleoprotein (protein n). the envelop contains 2 or 3 glycoproteins: spike protein (or protein s), matrix protein (or protein m) and a hemagglutinin (or protein he). their pathogen role remains unclear because their isolation is difficult. reliable and rapid methods as immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies and reverse transcription-polymeras ... | 2002 | 11865552 |
| rhinovirus and coronavirus infection-associated hospitalizations among older adults. | rhinoviruses and coronaviruses are recognized as the major causes of the common cold syndrome. the role of these viruses in more serious respiratory illnesses resulting in hospitalization is less well defined. during a winter when influenza a infection was prevalent, 100 elderly adults hospitalized because of cardiopulmonary illnesses were evaluated for rhinovirus and coronavirus infection. patients who tested negative for influenza or respiratory syncytial virus had nasal swab samples tested fo ... | 2002 | 12001053 |
| identification of a receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein of human coronavirus hcov-229e. | human coronavirus hcov-229e uses human aminopeptidase n (hapn) as its receptor (c. l. yeager et al., nature 357:420-422, 1992). to identify the receptor-binding domain of the viral spike glycoprotein (s), we expressed soluble truncated histidine-tagged s glycoproteins by using baculovirus expression vectors. truncated s proteins purified by nickel affinity chromatography were shown to be glycosylated and to react with polyclonal anti-hcov-229e antibodies and monoclonal antibodies to the viral s ... | 2003 | 12551991 |
| human coronavirus 229e: receptor binding domain and neutralization by soluble receptor at 37 degrees c. | truncated human coronavirus hcov-229e spike glycoproteins containing amino acids 407 to 547 bound to purified, soluble virus receptor, human aminopeptidase n (hapn). soluble hapn neutralized the infectivity of hcov-229e virions at 37 degrees c, but not 4 degrees c. binding of hapn may therefore trigger conformational changes in the viral spike protein at 37 degrees c that facilitate virus entry. | 2003 | 12634402 |
| an outbreak of coronavirus oc43 respiratory infection in normandy, france. | the 2 groups of human coronaviruses (hcovs) represented by the prototype strains hcov 229e and hcov oc43 are mostly known as viruses responsible for common cold syndrome. hcovs are difficult to detect, and epidemiological data are rare. from october 2000 through april 2001, we tested 1803 respiratory samples for hcov by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. from 8 february through 27 march 2001, hcov oc43 was detected in samples obtained from 30 (6%) of 501 patients. the other viruses ... | 2003 | 12684910 |
| the genome sequence of the sars-associated coronavirus. | we sequenced the 29,751-base genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus known as the tor2 isolate. the genome sequence reveals that this coronavirus is only moderately related to other known coronaviruses, including two human coronaviruses, hcov-oc43 and hcov-229e. phylogenetic analysis of the predicted viral proteins indicates that the virus does not closely resemble any of the three previously known groups of coronaviruses. the genome sequence will aid in the ... | 2003 | 12730501 |
| coronavirus main proteinase (3clpro) structure: basis for design of anti-sars drugs. | a novel coronavirus has been identified as the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). the viral main proteinase (mpro, also called 3clpro), which controls the activities of the coronavirus replication complex, is an attractive target for therapy. we determined crystal structures for human coronavirus (strain 229e) mpro and for an inhibitor complex of porcine coronavirus [transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev)] mpro, and we constructed a homology model for sars coronavir ... | 2003 | 12746549 |
| identification of probable genomic packaging signal sequence from sars-cov genome by bioinformatics analysis. | to predict the probable genomic packaging signal of sars-cov by bioinformatics analysis. the derived packaging signal may be used to design antisense rna and rna interfere (rnai) drugs treating sars. | 2003 | 12791173 |
| small envelope protein e of sars: cloning, expression, purification, cd determination, and bioinformatics analysis. | to obtain the pure sample of sars small envelope e protein (sars e protein), study its properties and analyze its possible functions. | 2003 | 12791175 |
| multigene rna vector based on coronavirus transcription. | coronavirus genomes are the largest known autonomously replicating rnas with a size of ca. 30 kb. they are of positive polarity and are translated to produce the viral proteins needed for the assembly of an active replicase-transcriptase complex. in addition to replicating the genomic rna, a key feature of this complex is a unique transcription process that results in the synthesis of a nested set of six to eight subgenomic mrnas. these subgenomic mrnas are produced in constant but nonequimolar ... | 2003 | 12941887 |
| coronavirus 229e-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. | coronaviruses strains 229e and oc43 have been associated with various respiratory illnesses ranging from the self-resolving common cold to severe pneumonia. although chronic underlying conditions are major determinants of severe respiratory virus infections, few data about coronavirus-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients are available. here we report 2 well-documented cases of pneumonia related to coronavirus 229e, each with a different clinical presentation. diagnosis was made on the ... | 2003 | 13130404 |
| relationship of sars-cov to other pathogenic rna viruses explored by tetranucleotide usage profiling. | the exact origin of the cause of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is still an open question. the genomic sequence relationship of sars-cov with 30 different single-stranded rna (ssrna) viruses of various families was studied using two non-standard approaches. both approaches began with the vectorial profiling of the tetra-nucleotide usage pattern v for each virus. in approach one, a distance measure of a vector v, based on correlation coefficient was devised to construct a relationsh ... | 2003 | 14499005 |
| [genomic variations in the locus for aminopeptidase n:a putative cellular receptor for sars-cov spike glycoprotein]. | aminopeptidase n has been identified as the cellular receptor for human coronavirus hcov-229e and was a putative receptor for the spike glycoprotein encoded by the sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). we report here identification of 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in anpep, encoding human aminopeptidase n, in chinese. all anpep exons and their flanking intronic sequences were amplified from unrelated normal individuals by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and screened using denaturing ... | 2003 | 14579541 |
| [detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus rna in autopsy tissues with in situ hybridization]. | to explore the distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) in sars autopsy tissues at the molecular level. | 2003 | 14625166 |
| identification of a putative cellular receptor 150 kda polypeptide for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in porcine enterocytes. | porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes an acute enteritis in pigs of all ages, often fatality for neonates. pedv occupies an intermediate position between two well characterized members of the coronavirus group i, human coronavirus (hcov-229e)and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) which uses aminopeptidase n (apn), a 150 kda protein, as their receptors. however, the receptor of the pedv has not been identified yet. a virus overlay protein binding assay (vopba) was used to identify ... | 2003 | 14685034 |
| simultaneous detection of fourteen respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by two multiplex reverse transcription nested-pcr assays. | there is a need for rapid, sensitive, and accurate diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections in children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients, who are susceptible to serious complications. the multiplex rt-nested pcr assay has been used widely for simultaneous detection of non-related viruses involved in infectious diseases because of its high specificity and sensitivity. a new multiplex rt-pcr assay is described in this report. this approach includes nested primer sets targeted to con ... | 2004 | 14748074 |
| frequent detection of human coronaviruses in clinical specimens from patients with respiratory tract infection by use of a novel real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. | during the past years, human coronaviruses (hcovs) have been increasingly identified as pathogens associated with more-severe respiratory tract infection (rti). diagnostic tests for hcovs are not frequently used in the routine setting. it is likely that, as a result, the precise role that hcovs play in rtis is greatly underestimated. we describe a rapid, sensitive, and highly specific quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the detection of hcov that c ... | 2004 | 14767819 |
| identification of a new human coronavirus. | three human coronaviruses are known to exist: human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), hcov-oc43 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). here we report the identification of a fourth human coronavirus, hcov-nl63, using a new method of virus discovery. the virus was isolated from a 7-month-old child suffering from bronchiolitis and conjunctivitis. the complete genome sequence indicates that this virus is not a recombinant, but rather a new group 1 coronavirus. t ... | 2004 | 15034574 |
| detection of human coronavirus 229e in nasal specimens in large scale studies using an rt-pcr hybridization assay. | a novel human coronavirus (hcov) was this year recognized as the etiological agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome. two other hcov (hcov-229e and hcov-oc43) have been known for 30 years. hcov-229e has been recently involved in nosocomial respiratory viral infections in high-risk children. however, their diagnosis is not routinely performed. currently, reliable immunofluorescence and cell culture methodologies are not available. as part of a four-year epidemiological study in a pediatric ... | 2004 | 15051115 |
| a previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. | the etiology of acute respiratory tract illnesses is sometimes unclear due to limitations of diagnostic tests or the existence of as-yet-unidentified pathogens. here we describe the identification and characterization of a not previously recognized coronavirus obtained from an 8-mo-old boy suffering from pneumonia. this coronavirus replicated efficiently in tertiary monkey kidney cells and vero cells, in contrast to human coronaviruses (hcov) 229e and oc43. the entire cdna genome sequence of the ... | 2004 | 15073334 |
| stability and inactivation of sars coronavirus. | the sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) is a newly emerged, highly pathogenic agent that caused over 8,000 human infections with nearly 800 deaths between november 2002 and september 2003. while direct person-to-person transmission via respiratory droplets accounted for most cases, other modes have not been ruled out. faecal shedding is common and prolonged and has caused an outbreak in hong kong. we studied the stability of sars-cov under different conditions, both in suspension and dried on surfaces, ... | 2005 | 15118911 |
| prediction of amino acid pairs sensitive to mutations in the spike protein from sars related coronavirus. | in this study, we analyzed the amino acid pairs affected by mutations in two spike proteins from human coronavirus strains 229e and oc43 by means of random analysis in order to gain some insight into the possible mutations in the spike protein from sars-cov. the results demonstrate that the randomly unpredictable amino acid pairs are more sensitive to the mutations. the larger is the difference between actual and predicted frequencies, the higher is the chance of mutation occurring. the effect i ... | 2003 | 15127935 |
| t-cell epitopes in severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus spike protein elicit a specific t-cell immune response in patients who recover from sars. | the immunogenicity of hla-a2-restricted t-cell epitopes in the s protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and of human coronavirus strain 229e (hcov-229e) was analyzed for the elicitation of a t-cell immune response in donors who had fully recovered from sars-cov infection. we employed online database analysis to compare the differences in the amino acid sequences of the homologous t epitopes of hcov-229e and sars-cov. the identified t-cell epitope peptides were sy ... | 2004 | 15140958 |
| coronavirus 3clpro proteinase cleavage sites: possible relevance to sars virus pathology. | despite the passing of more than a year since the first outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), efficient counter-measures are still few and many believe that reappearance of sars, or a similar disease caused by a coronavirus, is not unlikely. for other virus families like the picornaviruses it is known that pathology is related to proteolytic cleavage of host proteins by viral proteinases. furthermore, several studies indicate that virus proliferation can be arrested using specifi ... | 2004 | 15180906 |
| molecular dynamics simulations of various coronavirus main proteinases. | in this study, two homology models (denoted as mprost and mprosh) of main proteinase (mpro) from the novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) were constructed based on the crystal structures of mpro from transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) (mprot) and human coronavirus hcov-229e (mproh), respectively. both mprost and mprosh exhibit similar folds as their respective template proteins. these homology models reveal three distinct functional domains ... | 2004 | 15214807 |
| human coronavirus 229e nonstructural protein 13: characterization of duplex-unwinding, nucleoside triphosphatase, and rna 5'-triphosphatase activities. | the human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e) replicase gene-encoded nonstructural protein 13 (nsp13) contains an n-terminal zinc-binding domain and a c-terminal superfamily 1 helicase domain. a histidine-tagged form of nsp13, which was expressed in insect cells and purified, is reported to unwind efficiently both partial-duplex rna and dna of up to several hundred base pairs. characterization of the nsp13-associated nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase) activities revealed that all natural ribonucleotide ... | 2004 | 15220459 |
| identification of six new polymorphisms in the human coronavirus 229e receptor gene (aminopeptidase n/cd13). | human aminopeptidase n (apn/cd13/anpep) has been identified as the receptor for human coronavirus (hcov) 229e. in this study, we analyzed the region of the apn gene that encodes a stretch of amino acid residues, essential for its hcov-229e receptor function (amino acids 260-353). | 2004 | 15234325 |
| human coronavirus 229e binds to cd13 in rafts and enters the cell through caveolae. | cd13, a receptor for human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), was identified as a major component of the triton x-100-resistant membrane microdomain in human fibroblasts. the incubation of living fibroblasts with an anti-cd13 antibody on ice gave punctate labeling that was evenly distributed on the cell surface, but raising the temperature to 37 degrees c before fixation caused aggregation of the labeling. the aggregated labeling of cd13 colocalized with caveolin-1 in most cells. the hcov-229e virus ... | 2004 | 15280478 |
| human respiratory coronavirus oc43: genetic stability and neuroinvasion. | the complete genome sequences of the human coronavirus oc43 (hcov-oc43) laboratory strain from the american type culture collection (atcc), and a hcov-oc43 clinical isolate, designated paris, were obtained. both genomes are 30,713 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(a) tail, and only differ by 6 nucleotides. these six mutations are scattered throughout the genome and give rise to only two amino acid substitutions: one in the spike protein gene (i958f) and the other in the nucleocapsid protein g ... | 2004 | 15280490 |
| major genetic marker of nidoviruses encodes a replicative endoribonuclease. | coronaviruses are important pathogens that cause acute respiratory diseases in humans. replication of the approximately 30-kb positive-strand rna genome of coronaviruses and discontinuous synthesis of an extensive set of subgenome-length rnas (transcription) are mediated by the replicase-transcriptase, a barely characterized protein complex that comprises several cellular proteins and up to 16 viral subunits. the coronavirus replicase-transcriptase was recently predicted to contain rna-processin ... | 2004 | 15304651 |
| the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is cleaved in virus infected vero-e6 cells. | spike protein is one of the major structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. it is essential for the interaction of the virons with host cell receptors and subsequent fusion of the viral envelop with host cell membrane to allow infection. some spike proteins of coronavirus, such as mhv, hcov-oc43, aibv and bcov, are proteolytically cleaved into two subunits, s1 and s2. in contrast, tgv, fipv and hcov-229e are not. many studies have shown that the cleavage of spike prot ... | 2004 | 15450134 |
| testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the sars-associated coronavirus. | the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated corona-virus (sars-cov) is still a matter of speculation, although more than one year has passed since the onset of the sars outbreak. in this study, we implemented a 3-step strategy to test the intriguing hypothesis that sars-cov might have been derived from a recombinant virus. first, we blasted the whole sars-cov genome against a virus database to search viruses of interest. second, we employed 7 recombination detection techniques wel ... | 2005 | 15480857 |
| comprehensive detection and identification of human coronaviruses, including the sars-associated coronavirus, with a single rt-pcr assay. | the sars-associated human coronavirus (sars-hcov) is a newly described, emerging virus conclusively established as the etiologic agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). this study presents a single-tube rt-pcr assay that can detect with high analytical sensitivity the sars-hcov, as well as several other coronaviruses including other known human respiratory coronaviruses (hcov-oc43 and hcov-229e). species identification is provided by sequencing the amplicon, although a rapid scree ... | 2004 | 15488617 |
| laboratory diagnosis and surveillance of human respiratory viruses by pcr in victoria, australia, 2002-2003. | respiratory viruses were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in more than 4,200 specimens collected during 2002 and 2003 in victoria, australia from patients admitted to hospitals or participating in an influenza surveillance program. influenza viruses and picornaviruses were important causes of morbidity in both years. additional testing of picornavirus-positive samples suggested that rhinoviruses but not enteroviruses were more likely to be associated with respiratory symptoms, i ... | 2005 | 15543580 |
| genome structure and transcriptional regulation of human coronavirus nl63. | two human coronaviruses are known since the 1960s: hcov-229e and hcov-oc43. sars-cov was discovered in the early spring of 2003, followed by the identification of hcov-nl63, the fourth member of the coronaviridae family that infects humans. in this study, we describe the genome structure and the transcription strategy of hcov-nl63 by experimental analysis of the viral subgenomic mrnas. | 2004 | 15548333 |
| false-positive results in a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay due to hcov-oc43 and hcov-229e rectified by western blotting with recombinant sars-cov spike polypeptide. | using paired serum samples obtained from patients with illness associated with increases in anti-human coronavirus oc43 (hcov-oc43) or anti-hcov-229e antibodies, we examined the possibility of false-positive results detected in a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid protein immunoglobulin g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). three of the 21 and 1 of the 7 convalescent-phase serum samples from persons with increases in antibod ... | 2004 | 15583332 |
| coronavirus genome structure and replication. | in addition to the sars coronavirus (treated separately elsewhere in this volume), the complete genome sequences of six species in the coronavirus genus of the coronavirus family [avian infectious bronchitis virus-beaudette strain (ibv-beaudette), bovine coronavirus-ent strain (bcov-ent), human coronavirus-229e strain (hcov-229e), murine hepatitis virus-a59 strain (mhv-a59), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis-purdue 115 strain (tgev-purdue 115), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-cv777 strai ... | 2005 | 15609507 |
| reverse genetics of coronaviruses using vaccinia virus vectors. | in this article, we describe the reverse genetic system that is based on the use of vaccinia virus cloning vectors. this system represents a generic approach to coronavirus reverse genetics and was first described for the generation of recombinant human coronavirus 229e representing a group i coronavirus. subsequently, the same approach has been used to generate recombinant avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus and, recently, recombinant mouse hepatitis virus, representing group iii and group ... | 2005 | 15609513 |
| a complex zinc finger controls the enzymatic activities of nidovirus helicases. | nidoviruses (coronaviridae, arteriviridae, and roniviridae) encode a nonstructural protein, called nsp10 in arteriviruses and nsp13 in coronaviruses, that is comprised of a c-terminal superfamily 1 helicase domain and an n-terminal, putative zinc-binding domain (zbd). previously, mutations in the equine arteritis virus (eav) nsp10 zbd were shown to block arterivirus reproduction by disrupting rna synthesis and possibly virion biogenesis. here, we characterized the atpase and helicase activities ... | 2005 | 15613297 |
| biochemical and immunological studies of nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome and 229e human coronaviruses. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a serious health threat and its early diagnosis is important for infection control and potential treatment of the disease. diagnostic tools require rapid and accurate methods, of which a capture elisa method may be useful. toward this goal, we have prepared and characterized soluble full-length nucleocapsid proteins (n protein) from sars and 229e human coronaviruses. n proteins form oligomers, mostly as dimers at low concentration. these two n proteins ... | 2005 | 15759315 |
| cells of human aminopeptidase n (cd13) transgenic mice are infected by human coronavirus-229e in vitro, but not in vivo. | aminopeptidase n, or cd13, is a receptor for serologically related coronaviruses of humans, pigs, and cats. a mouse line transgenic for the receptor of human coronavirus-229e (hcov-229e) was created using human apn (hapn) cdna driven by a hapn promoter. hapn-transgenic mice expressed hapn mrna in the kidney, small intestine, liver, and lung. hapn protein was specifically expressed on epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted renal tubules, bronchi, alveolar sacs, and intestinal villi. the hapn ... | 2005 | 15840518 |
| development of three multiplex rt-pcr assays for the detection of 12 respiratory rna viruses. | three multiplex hemi-nested rt-pcr assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 rna respiratory viruses: influenza viruses a, b and c, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (piv-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus oc43 and 229e (hcov) and rhinovirus (hrv). an internal amplification control was included in one of the rt-pcr assays. the rt-pcr multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 tcid50 of rsv a, respec ... | 2005 | 15847919 |
| comparative host gene transcription by microarray analysis early after infection of the huh7 cell line by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus 229e. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) at the cellular level is unclear. no human cell line was previously known to be susceptible to both sars-cov and other human coronaviruses. huh7 cells were found to be susceptible to both sars-cov, associated with sars, and human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), usually associated with the common cold. highly lytic and productive rates of infections within 48 h of inoculation were reproducible with both viruses. ... | 2005 | 15858003 |
| selective replication of coronavirus genomes that express nucleocapsid protein. | the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein is a structural protein that forms a ribonucleoprotein complex with genomic rna. in addition to its structural role, it has been described as an rna-binding protein that might be involved in coronavirus rna synthesis. here, we report a reverse genetic approach to elucidate the role of n in coronavirus replication and transcription. we found that human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e) vector rnas that lack the n gene were greatly impaired in their ability to r ... | 2005 | 15890900 |
| cinanserin is an inhibitor of the 3c-like proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and strongly reduces virus replication in vitro. | the 3c-like proteinase (3clpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is one of the most promising targets for anti-sars-cov drugs due to its crucial role in the viral life cycle. in this study, a database containing structural information of more than 8,000 existing drugs was virtually screened by a docking approach to identify potential binding molecules of sars-cov 3clpro. as a target for screening, both a homology model and the crystallographic structure of t ... | 2005 | 15890949 |
| human coronavirus nl63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. | coronavirus (cov) infection of humans is usually not associated with severe disease. however, discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) cov revealed that highly pathogenic human covs (hcovs) can evolve. the identification and characterization of new hcovs is, therefore, an important task. recently, a hcov termed nl63 was discovered in patients with respiratory tract illness. here, cell tropism and receptor usage of hcov-nl63 were analyzed. the nl63 spike (s) protein mediated infe ... | 2005 | 15897467 |
| antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus and human coronaviruses 229e and oc43. | cross-reactivity between antibodies to different human coronaviruses (hcovs) has not been systematically studied. by use of western blot analysis, indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and 2 hcovs (229e and oc43) was demonstrated in immunized animals and human serum. in 5 of 11 and 10 of 11 patients with sars, paired serum samples showed ... | 2005 | 15897988 |
| variation analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus putative non-structural protein 2 gene and construction of three-dimensional model. | the rapid transmission and high mortality rate made severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) a global threat for which no efficacious therapy is available now. without sufficient knowledge about the sars coronavirus (sars-cov), it is impossible to define the candidate for the anti-sars targets. the putative non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) (3cl(pro), following the nomenclature by gao et al, also known as nsp5 in snidjer et al) of sars-cov plays an important role in viral transcription and replica ... | 2005 | 15899130 |
| development of a transgenic mouse model susceptible to human coronavirus 229e. | human coronavirus (hcov) 229e is a group 1 coronavirus and is specific to humans. so far, no animal model is available to study the pathogenesis of infection by hcov-229e. we show here that the expression of aminopeptidase n (apn, also termed cd13), the receptor for hcov-229e, is required but not sufficient to confer susceptibility in vivo. hcov-229e infection was facilitated by crossing apn transgenic mice into signal transducers and activators of transcription (stat) 1 null mice and by adaptat ... | 2005 | 15919828 |
| cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis. | the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) remains unclear. macrophages are key sentinel cells in the respiratory system, and it is therefore relevant to compare the responses of human macrophages to infections with the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) and other respiratory viruses. primary human monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with sars-cov in vitro. virus replication was monitored by measuring the levels of positive- and negative-strand rna, by immunofluorescence detect ... | 2005 | 15919935 |
| viral load quantitation of sars-coronavirus rna using a one-step real-time rt-pcr. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease that first occurred in humans in the people's republic of china in november 2002 and has subsequently spread worldwide. a novel virus belonging to the coronaviridae family has been identified as the cause of this pulmonary disease. the severity of the disease combined with its rapid spread requires the development of fast and sensitive diagnostic assays. | 2006 | 16023880 |
| the interaction of the sars coronavirus non-structural protein 10 with the cellular oxido-reductase system causes an extensive cytopathic effect. | the pathological mechanism of sars-cov infection was investigated. the gene for the sars-cov non-structural protein 10, which is located in the open reading frame of pp1a/pp1ab gene, was synthesized and used to screen for the specific cellular gene coding for the protein interacting with this nsp10 protein in a human embryo lung cdna library using a yeast trap method. the results indicated that apart from the two subunits of cellular rna polymerase complex, btf3 and atf5, this nsp10 protein was ... | 2005 | 16157265 |
| adp-ribose-1"-monophosphatase: a conserved coronavirus enzyme that is dispensable for viral replication in tissue culture. | replication of the approximately 30-kb plus-strand rna genome of coronaviruses and synthesis of an extensive set of subgenome-length rnas are mediated by the replicase-transcriptase, a membrane-bound protein complex containing several cellular proteins and up to 16 viral nonstructural proteins (nsps) with multiple enzymatic activities, including protease, polymerase, helicase, methyltransferase, and rnase activities. to get further insight into the replicase gene-encoded functions, we characteri ... | 2005 | 16188975 |
| development of one-step, real-time, quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr assays for absolute quantitation of human coronaviruses oc43 and 229e. | the clinical significance of human coronaviruses in more severe respiratory illnesses has recently been shown to be higher than was previously assumed. rapid and reliable diagnosis of human coronavirus infections therefore becomes indispensable in a routine clinical setting. in this study, we present a very sensitive and specific taqman-based, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr (qrt-pcr) for the rapid detection and quantitation of human coronaviruses (hcovs) oc43 and 229e. absolute ... | 2005 | 16272469 |
| serological responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and cross-reactivity with human coronaviruses 229e, oc43, and nl63. | the serological response profile of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) infection was defined by neutralization tests and subclass-specific immunofluorescent (if) tests using serial sera from 20 patients. sars cov total immunoglobulin (ig) (igg, iga, and igm [iggam]) was the first antibody to be detectable. there was no difference in time to seroconversion between the patients who survived (n = 14) and those who died (n = 6). although sars cov igm was still detectable by i ... | 2005 | 16275947 |
| [caveolar endocytosis and virus entry]. | the endocytic function of caveolae has been controversial for a long time. however, a real-time-imaging analysis of simian virus 40 (sv40) 's entry in cells has indicated the existence of caveolar endocytosis during virus entry. the caveolae engulfed sv40 virions begin budding from plasma membrane depending on dynamin. sv40 enclosed in caveolae vesicles move to the caveosome, then to the endoplasmic reticulum. in addition, it was demonstrated that human coronavirus-229e enters the cell through c ... | 2005 | 16308526 |
| studying human pathogens in animal models: fine tuning the humanized mouse. | humanized mice are crucial tools for studying human pathogens in systemic situations. an animal model of human coronavirus infectious disease has been generated by gene transfer of the human receptor for virus-cell interaction (aminopeptidase n, apn, cd13) into mice. we showed that in vitro and in vivo infections across the species barrier differ in their requirements. transgenic cells were susceptible to human coronavirus hcov-229e infection demonstrating the requirement of hapn for viral cell ... | 2005 | 16315087 |
| history and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. | human coronaviruses, first characterized in the 1960s, are responsible for a substantial proportion of upper respiratory tract infections in children. since 2003, at least 5 new human coronaviruses have been identified, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which caused significant morbidity and mortality. nl63, representing a group of newly identified group i coronaviruses that includes nl and the new haven coronavirus, has been identified worldwide. these viruses are ass ... | 2005 | 16378050 |
| the widening scope of coronaviruses. | in the past 2 years, at least three distinct human coronaviruses have been discovered, including the etiological agent associated with severe acquired respiratory syndrome (sars). these recently discovered viruses, with the exception of the sars associated coronavirus (sars-cov), are likely to be common respiratory viruses and may be responsible for a substantial proportion of respiratory tract disease. | 2006 | 16470161 |
| molecular characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ece) in ferrets. | a novel coronavirus, designated as ferret enteric coronavirus (fecv), was identified in feces of domestic ferrets clinically diagnosed with epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ece). initially, partial sequences of the polymerase, spike, membrane protein, and nucleocapsid genes were generated using coronavirus consensus pcr assays. subsequently, the complete sequences of the nucleocapsid gene and the last two open reading frames at the 3' terminus of the fecv genome were obtained. phylogenetic analyse ... | 2006 | 16499943 |
| [antigenicity analysis of nucleocapsid proteins of 3 human coronaviruses sars-cov, 229e and oc43 with their monoclonal antibodies]. | to prepare and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recombinant nucleocapsid (n) protein of 3 human coronaviruses sars-cov, 229e and oc43 and study the antigenic relationship between the 3 n proteins. | 2006 | 16546729 |
| enhanced identification of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract samples with nucleic acid amplification tests. | the advantages of nucleic acid amplification tests (nat) over conventional methods for the detection of pathogens in lower respiratory tract samples have not been established. nat for respiratory pathogens were performed on 439 endotracheal tube (ett) and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples. a potential pathogen was detected in 87 samples. of 22 samples that tested positive by conventional methods, 15 tested positive for the same pathogen by nat, 1 tested positive for a different pathogen, 2 ha ... | 2006 | 16555283 |
| analysis of human coronavirus 229e spike and nucleoprotein genes demonstrates genetic drift between chronologically distinct strains. | historically, coronaviruses have been recognized as a cause of minor respiratory infections in humans. however, the recent identification of three novel human coronaviruses, one causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), has prompted further examination of these viruses. previous studies of geographically and chronologically distinct human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e) isolates have found only limited variation within s gene nucleotide sequences. in contrast, analysis of the s genes of con ... | 2006 | 16603522 |
| characterization of hcov-229e fusion core: implications for structure basis of coronavirus membrane fusion. | human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), a member of group i coronaviruses, has been identified as one of the major viral agents causing respiratory tract diseases in humans for nearly 40 years. however, the detailed molecular mechanism of the membrane fusion mediated by the spike (s) protein of hcov-229e remains elusive. here, we report, for the first time, a rationally designed fusion core of hcov-229e (hr1-sggrgg-hr2), which was in vitro produced in gst prokaryotic expression system. multiple line ... | 2006 | 16714001 |
| genetic variability of human coronavirus oc43-, 229e-, and nl63-like strains and their association with lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized infants and immunocompromised patients. | in the winter-spring seasons 2003-2004 and 2004-2005, 47 (5.7%) patients with acute respiratory infection associated with human coronavirus (hcov) 229e-, nl63-, and oc43-like strains were identified among 823 (597 immunocompetent and 226 immunocompromised) patients admitted to hospital with acute respiratory syndromes. viral infections were diagnosed by either immunological (monoclonal antibodies) or molecular (rt-pcr) methods. each of two sets of primer pairs developed for detection of all covs ... | 2006 | 16721849 |
| coronavirus hku1 and other coronavirus infections in hong kong. | we have recently described the discovery of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus hku1 (cov-hku1), associated with community-acquired pneumonia. however, the clinical spectrum of disease and the epidemiology of cov-hku1 infections in relation to infections with other respiratory viruses are unknown. in this 12-month prospective study, 4,181 nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with acute respiratory tract infections were subjected to reverse transcription-pcrs specific for cov-hku1 and human corona ... | 2006 | 16757599 |
| antiviral effects of saikosaponins on human coronavirus 229e in vitro. | 1. saikosaponins represent a group of oleanane derivatives, usually as glucosides, that are found in a number of plant families. saikosaponins isolated from medicinal plants such as bupleurum spp., heteromorpha spp. and scrophularia scorodonia have been reported to possess various biological activities, specifically antihepatitis, antinephritis, antihepatoma, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation and antibacterial effects. 2. the aim of the present study was to examine the anticoronaviral activity ... | 2006 | 16789928 |
| hexamethylene amiloride blocks e protein ion channels and inhibits coronavirus replication. | all coronaviruses encode a small hydrophobic envelope (e) protein, which mediates viral assembly and morphogenesis by an unknown mechanism. we have previously shown that the e protein from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) forms cation-selective ion channels in planar lipid bilayers (wilson, l., mckinlay, c., gage, p., ewart, g., 2004. sars coronavirus e protein forms cation-selective ion channels. virology 330(1), 322-331). we now report that three other e proteins also f ... | 2006 | 16815524 |
| peptides derived from hiv-1, hiv-2, ebola virus, sars coronavirus and coronavirus 229e exhibit high affinity binding to the formyl peptide receptor. | peptides derived from the membrane proximal region of fusion proteins of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, coronavirus 229 e, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and ebola virus were all potent antagonists of the formyl peptide receptor expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells. binding of viral peptides was affected by the naturally occurring polymorphisms at residues 190 and 192, which are located at second extracellular loop-transmembrane helix 5 interface. substitution of r190 ... | 2006 | 16842982 |
| synthesis, crystal structure, structure-activity relationships, and antiviral activity of a potent sars coronavirus 3cl protease inhibitor. | a potent sars coronavirus (cov) 3cl protease inhibitor (tg-0205221, ki = 53 nm) has been developed. tg-0205221 showed remarkable activity against sars cov and human coronavirus (hcov) 229e replications by reducing the viral titer by 4.7 log (at 5 microm) for sars cov and 5.2 log (at 1.25 microm) for hcov 229e. the crystal structure of tg-0205221 (resolution = 1.93 a) has revealed a unique binding mode comprising a covalent bond, hydrogen bonds, and numerous hydrophobic interactions. structural c ... | 2006 | 16884309 |
| human coronavirus nl63, a new respiratory virus. | from the mid-1960s onwards, it was believed that only two human coronavirus species infect humans: hcov-229e and hcov-oc43. then, in 2003, a novel member of the coronavirus family was introduced into the human population: sars-cov, causing an aggressive lung disease. fortunately, this virus was soon expelled from the human population, but it quickly became clear that the human coronavirus group contains more members then previously assumed, with hcov-nl63 identified in 2004. despite its recent d ... | 2006 | 16911043 |
| highly conserved regions within the spike proteins of human coronaviruses 229e and nl63 determine recognition of their respective cellular receptors. | we have recently demonstrated that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) also mediates cellular entry of the newly discovered human coronavirus (hcov) nl63. here, we show that expression of dc-sign augments nl63 spike (s)-protein-driven infection of susceptible cells, while only expression of ace2 but not dc-sign is sufficient for entry into nonpermissive cells, indicating that ace2 fulfills the criteria of a bona fide hcov-n ... | 2006 | 16912312 |