Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| demodex bisonianus sp. nov. (acari, demodicidae) a new parasite of the bison (bison bonasus l.). | demodex bisonianus sp. nov. (acari, demodicidae) and its stages of development has been described. it was found in the meibomian glands of the bison bonasus l. from the puszcza białowieska (poland). | 1996 | 8755151 |
| mitochondrial gene sequences and the molecular systematics of the artiodactyl subfamily bovinae. | nucleotide sequence evolution of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii (coii) gene was used to examine the molecular phylogenetics and evolution of the bovinae, a subfamily within the mammalian order artiodactyla. the coii gene was sequenced in representatives of three bovine tribes (bovini, boselaphini, and tragelaphini) and the outgroup taxon capra (subfamily caprinae). although the phylogenetic analyses grouped bison as sister to bos, the genus bison was paraphyletic, with the ame ... | 1996 | 8812311 |
| prevalence of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus in wild and domestic ruminants by competitive-inhibition elisa. | a competitive-inhibition elisa (ci-elisa), based on a monoclonal antibody to an epitope conserved among malignant catarrhal fever virus (mcfv) strains of both wildebeest and sheep origin, was used to determine the prevalence of antibody to mcfv in selected domestic and wild ruminants, both free-ranging and captive, from the usa. we evaluated 2528 sera from 14 species between 1990 and 1995, including 80 pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), 339 bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), 103 biston (b ... | 1996 | 8827669 |
| k-casein gene phylogeny of higher ruminants (pecora, artiodactyla). | to assess phylogenetic relationships among the higher ruminants (infraorder pecora, order artiodactyla), we analyzed k-casein dna sequences, including 434 nucleotides of the fourth exon. the higher ruminant families bovidae, cervidae, giraffidae, and antilocapridae each have monophyletic k-casein sequences. maximum parsimony and distance analyses identify giraffidae as a sister group to either cervidae or a bovidae-cervidae clade and antilocapridae as a sister group to a bovidae-cervidae-giraffi ... | 1996 | 8899730 |
| abortion and placentitis in pregnant bison (bison bison) induced by the vaccine candidate, brucella abortus strain rb51. | to determine the ability of brucella abortus strain rb51 to induce placentitis and abortion in bison after sc vaccination. | 1996 | 8915438 |
| bacterial survival, lymph node pathology, and serological responses of bison (bison bison) vaccinated with brucella abortus strain rb51 or strain 19. | from august 1993 to june 1994, 3 month-old bison (bison bison) were vaccinated with brucella abortus strain rb51 (srb51, n = 6), strain 19 (s19, n = 3), or with saline (n = 1) and serologic responses and persistence of vaccine strains within lymph nodes were monitored. bison vaccinated with s19 had granulomatous lymphadenitis and greater peak numbers of b. abortus than those vaccinated with srb51. bison vaccinated with rb51 had similar histological lesions and b. abortus were still present in ly ... | 1997 | 9027704 |
| genetic characterization of the bovine leukaemia inhibitory factor (lif) gene: isolation and sequencing, chromosome assignment and microsatellite analysis. | the bovine leukaemia inhibitory factor was isolated from a phage library and sequences for the gene, in addition to 1213 bp of 5' and 432 bp of 3' sequences, were obtained and compared with other mammalian leukaemia inhibitory factor genes. comparisons indicated amino acid homologies ranging from 89.6% to 77.2% with the human and mouse homologues, respectively. analysis of 500 bp of 5' regulatory regions indicated homologies ranging from 83.6% to 74.4% with the corresponding human and sheep sequ ... | 1997 | 9124702 |
| serologic survey for infectious pathogens in free-ranging american bison. | from november 1991 through march 1992, we evaluated 101 free-ranging american bison (bison bison) from yellowstone national park, wyoming (usa) for exposure to infectious organisms that commonly infect cattle. no titers were detected for bluetongue virus, bovine leukemia virus, or campylobacter fetus in these 101 bison. detectable antibodies occurred against anaplasma marginale (eight of 76, 11%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (31 of 101, 31%), bovine viral diarrhea (31 of 101, 31%), bovine ... | 1997 | 9131564 |
| microsatellite dna variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of taurine and zebu cattle (bos taurus and bos indicus). | genetic variation at 20 microsatellite loci was surveyed to determine the evolutionary relationships and molecular biogeography of 20 different cattle populations from africa, europe and asia. phylogenetic reconstruction and multivariate analysis highlighted a marked distinction between humpless (taurine) and humped (zebu) cattle, providing strong support for a separate origin for domesticated zebu cattle. a molecular clock calculation using bison (bison sp.) as an outgroup gave an estimated div ... | 1997 | 9215909 |
| the pathogenicity of brucella suis biovar 4 for bison. | the pathogenicity of brucella suis biovar 4 for bison (bison bison) was evaluated by inoculation of 2.1 x 10(7) colony forming units (cfu) in 0.1 ml saline into the conjunctival sac of six pregnant cows. six pregnant bison were inoculated with 1.27 x 10(7) cfu of brucella abortus strain 2308 as a positive control. bison were inoculated on 23 january 1992, and observed until calving or abortion after which they were euthanized, and necropsied. bacteriological and histological examinations were co ... | 1996 | 9359055 |
| [the characteristics of the reproductive capacity of hybrids of the bison (bison bison l.) with the domestic cow (bos (bos) primigenius taurus). the reproductive capacity of hybrid females]. | reproduction ability of hybrid females received in various variants of absorbent and variable crossing of bison and domestic cow has been studied. normal development of genitals, oogenesis, display of sexual activity, as well as fertilization have been found in all females, independently of their blood content. frequent cases of "relative" sterility in some females of the i-iii generations have immunological character and are predominantly caused by the mortality of embryos and fetuses at variou ... | 1997 | 9381557 |
| [the estimation of the degree of genetic divergence in bovidae by dna restrictase analysis]. | restrictase dna analysis was performed in seven species of bovidae family--european (belovezh) bison, belovezh-caucasian bison, european-american bison, mountain caucasian bison, american bison, domestic bull, and domestic sheep. dna was digested with mspi and taqi restriction endonucleases. the products obtained were end-labeled and electrophoretically separated in poliacrilamid gel. dna fragments consisting of highly repetitive genomic sequences were detected as a set of bands corresponding to ... | 1997 | 9411950 |
| a comparative analysis of mhc drb3 polymorphism in the american bison (bison bison). | the degree of genetic polymorphism at the drb3 locus in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) of the north american bison was investigated by pcr and dna sequence analysis. nine different alleles were characterized in a selected sample of 20 animals. the genetic distances between alleles were as large as usually found at highly polymorphic mhc loci in other species. a comparative analysis of the drb3 polymorphism in bison and cattle revealed an extensive sharing of sequence motifs. the resu ... | 1997 | 9419889 |
| [heterochromatin and euchromatin regions in the chromosomes of various representatives of the subfamily bovinae]. | heterochromatin distribution was studied in three species of subfamily bovinae: bison (bison bison), european bison (bison bonasus), and gayal (bos frontalis). in all of the studied species, c- and cma3-banding and in situ hybridization with satellite dnaii (satdnaii) revealed the conservative distribution of heterochromatic regions in autosomes; sex chromosomes did not contain the classical constitutive heterochromatin. the y chromosome was the most variable element of the karyotypes of both bi ... | 1997 | 9445819 |
| characterization of bovine sarcocystis species by analysis of their 18s ribosomal dna sequences. | two sarcocystis hirsuta isolates from 2 cattle (bos taurus), 2 sarcocystis hominis-like isolates from 2 cattle, 1 each sarcocystis hominis-like isolate from a zoo-born dwarf zebu (b. taurus) and from a zoo-born bison (bison bison), and 1 each sarcocystis cruzi isolate from the dwarf zebu and the bison have been characterized by comparing the directly sequenced polymerase chain reaction products of their 18s rrna genes. sequences of 2 different isolates from the same species always showed a very ... | 1998 | 9488337 |
| effectiveness of bovine microsatellites in resolving paternity cases in american bison, bison bison l. | a set of 33 cattle microsatellite primer pairs was tested with the dna of american bison from a captive population in belgium and evaluated for usefulness in parentage testing. two primer sets did not amplify and three were monomorphic. among the polymorphic markers, the number of alleles ranged from two to nine. heterozygosity, polymorphism information content (pic) and probability of exclusion (pe) values were low by comparison with those obtained with the same markers in cattle. two methods o ... | 1998 | 9682442 |
| conservation of germ plasm from bison infected with brucella abortus. | reproductive procedures for cattle were adapted to american bison (bison bison) to evaluate the potential preservation of germ plasm from bison infected with brucella abortus without transmission of the pathogen to the recipient or offspring. two of four experimentally inoculated bison bulls excreted b. abortus in the semen. four healthy calves were produced from non-infected, un-vaccinated bison cows by natural breeding with a bison bull excreting b. abortus in the semen. there was no seroconve ... | 1998 | 9706568 |
| long-term viral serology of semi-free-living and captive ungulates. | between 1973 and 1994, blood samples were collected at whipsnade wild animal park (uk) from three ungulate species kept in enclosures, including 28 european bison (bison bonasus), 37 scimitar-horned oryx (oryx dammah), and 49 père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), and also from 144 semi-free-living chinese water deer (hydropotes inermis). these samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against three bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-like strains, three alpha-herpesvirus strains, enz ... | 1998 | 9732031 |
| pneumonic pasteurellosis associated with pasteurella hemolytica serotype a6 in american bison (bison bison). | 1998 | 9786525 | |
| [malignant catarrhal fever in zoo ruminants]. | an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in indian gauer (bos gaurus gaurus) and javan banteng (bos javanicus javanicus) occurred in the year 1964 and killed almost all animals of the groups of these species kept at the munich zoo at that time. in the consecutive years at highly irregular intervals cases of the head-and-eye-form of mcf occurred sporadically at the zoo in european and american bison (bison bonasus, b. bison' bison, b. bison athabascae), elk (alces alces), red deer (cervus e ... | 1998 | 9810608 |
| safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 in bison. | to determine the safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 (srb51) vaccine in american bison (bison bison), 31 animals from a herd with brucellosis were used. in october 1996, 10 adult bison males and seven calves were vaccinated with the standard calfhood cattle dose of 1.8 x 10(10) colony forming units (cfu) of srb51 subcutaneously while the adult females received the standard adult cattle dose of 1 x 10(9) cfu. western immunoblot indicated the presence of srb51 antibodies following vaccination. ... | 1998 | 9813857 |
| diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever by pcr using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. | a previously described polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay (amplification of a 238-bp fragment of ovine herpesvirus 2 [ohv-2] genomic dna) for diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) was adapted for use on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. variables affecting its use were examined. archived tissues from cattle, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and bison (bison bison) diagnosed with mcf by clinical signs or histologic lesions were obtained from 2 veteri ... | 1999 | 10098680 |
| breeding soundness examination of north american bison bulls. | to evaluate the breeding soundness examination procedure in plains bison bulls. | 1999 | 10212686 |
| demodicosis in an american bison. | an 18-month-old, male american bison (bison bison) was presented with 7- to 9-mm size nodules periorbital, perineal, and on the ventral surface of the tail. demodex spp. were identified from the exudate by microscopic examination. examination 6 mo later revealed that the infestation had nearly cleared without treatment. | 1999 | 10367158 |
| genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations. | there are two recognized subspecies of bison, wood (bison bison athabascae) and plains (bison bison bison) bison. the establishment of most bison populations from a small number of individuals has raised concerns about their genetic variation. to this end, 11 bison populations were surveyed with 11 microsatellite loci in order to calculate genetic variation and genetic distances. mean number of alleles ranged between 3.18 at antelope island state park (utah) and 6.55 at wood buffalo national par ... | 1999 | 10382295 |
| three pcr-rflps in the kappa-casein (csn3) gene in american bison. | 1999 | 10467709 | |
| pasteurellaceae isolated from tonsillar samples of commercially-reared american bison (bison bison). | as commercial producers of american bison (bison bison) become more numerous, concerns relative to bison health management increase. since loss due to respiratory disease associated with pasteurella and related pasteurellaceae is a major concern for cattle producers, a study was conducted to determine what types of pasteurellaceae are carried by bison to evaluate the potential of pneumonic pasteurellosis in bison herds where management practices are comparable to those used for cattle. tonsillar ... | 1999 | 10480456 |
| characterization of putative haemophilus somnus isolates from tonsils of american bison (bison bison). | three haemophilus somnus isolates (2a, 3a, and 27b) and one h. somnus-like (13b) isolate from tonsils of commercially reared american bison were compared with 2 known h. somnus isolates from cattle, namely, 2336, shown to cause respiratory disease, and 129pt, from the prepuce of an asymptomatic bull. all h. somnus isolates, but not the h. somnus-like isolate, required co2 for growth. biochemical utilization profiles were identical for bison and bovine h. somnus isolates with the exception of alp ... | 1999 | 10480457 |
| ophthalmic examination and conjunctival bacteriologic culture results from a herd of north american bison. | to establish ocular characteristics, determine nature and prevalence of ocular lesions, and identify representative bacterial flora from the conjunctiva of north american bison (bison bison). | 1999 | 10530331 |
| nasal zygomycosis and pulmonary aspergillosis in an american bison. | concomitant nasal zygomycosis and pulmonary aspergillosis was diagnosed in a 3-mo-old female american bison calf (bison bison) in pennsylvania (usa). etiologic diagnosis was made by immunohistochemistry using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and heterologously absorbed polyclonal antibodies. in the lungs fungal infection was accompanied by hemorrhage, fibrin exudation, and infiltration with neutrophils. fungi were observed to penetrate apparently normal epithelial lining of the nasal turbinates, ... | 1999 | 10574543 |
| basic hematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity. | analyses of hematological parameters were carried out on eight axis deer (cervus axis), 12 fallow deer (cervus dama), 16 red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus), three sambar (cervus unicolor), nine père david deer (elaphurus davidianus), 20 european bison (bison bonasus), seven nilgai (boselaphus tragocamelus), eight mouflon (ovis musimon), four white-bearded gnu (connochaetes taurinus) and six barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia). the following parameters were determined: packed cell volume, hemogl ... | 1999 | 10629960 |
| rabies in an american bison from north dakota. | in north dakota (usa) during april 1998, a ranched female bison (bison bison) was found dead. at gross necropsy, there was profound hair loss and consolidated lung lobes. intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions suggestive of negri bodies were observed in the brain stem and hippocampus, and a diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test. antigenic typing demonstrated the occurrence of a rabies virus variant associated with skunks from the upper midwestern usa. this case of a ra ... | 2000 | 10682762 |
| [the polymorphism of proteins, rapd-pcr and issr-pcr markers in european and american bison and cattle]. | the comparative analysis of genetic differentiations between three species of bovinae--bos taurus, bison bonasus, bison bison with the use of different types of molecular-genetic markers--genetical-biochemical (35 loci) and dna markers (rapd-pcr, issr-pcr) was carried out. it was shown, that the evaluation of interspecies genetic interrelations was connected more with the determined molecular-genetic markers (loci), included in analysis, than with the marker's belonging to certain type (protein ... | 1999 | 10707408 |
| hormonal control of estrous cyclicity and attempted superovulation in wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | the wood bison (bison bison athabascae) is a threatened canadian species that has faced extinction twice in the last 100 yr. development of assisted reproductive technologies could help ensure the long-term propagation and genetic management of this species. the objectives of this study were to refine estrus synchronization techniques and evaluate superovulatory responses after fsh or ecg administration. in experiment 1, females were fitted with syncro-mate b (smb) implants for 9 d and received ... | 1999 | 10734397 |
| serologic survey for toxoplasma gondii in selected wildlife species from alaska. | blood was collected from selected wildlife species in specific areas of alaska (usa) during 1976-96. a modified agglutination test was used to test sera for evidence of exposure to toxoplasma gondii. serum antibody prevalence was 43% (62 positive of 143 tested) for black bears (ursus americanus), 9% (11/125) for wolves (canis lupus), 7% (22/319) for dall sheep (ovis dalli), 6% (14/241) for caribou (rangifer tarandus), 1% (3/240) for moose (alces alces), and 1% (2/241) for bison (bison bison). a ... | 2000 | 10813602 |
| necrobacillosis in free-living male european bison in poland. | in the bialowieza primeval forest (poland) a chronic disease of the external genital organs has been observed in free-living male european bison (bison bonasus) since 1980. investigations on this disease started in the late 1980s. the most striking findings are necrotic and ulcerative lesions of the prepuce and penis of bison aged from 6 mo to >10 yr. histologic examination of tissue samples from the prepuce of six bison (9-mo- to 8-yr-old), and from the penis of two bison (3- and 8-yr-old), wer ... | 2000 | 10813606 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the tribe bovini using microsatellites. | the objective of the present study was to determine if the generally accepted phylogenetic relationships in the tribe bovini correspond to a phylogenetic scheme derived from polymorphisms at 20 bovine microsatellite loci. this study comprises 17 representative populations: eight bos taurus, two bos indicus, one poëphagus, one bibos, one bison, three bubalus and one syncerus. phylogenetic analyses using (delta mu)2 and chord (dc) distances revealed substantial divergence among species. neighbor-j ... | 2000 | 10895308 |
| squamous cell carcinoma in an american bison (bison bison bison). | the following case report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first documentation of a squamous cell carcinoma in a full-blooded american bison (bison bison bison). this female bison developed an ulcerated lesion on the left flank, at the site of a brand, in the summer of her eighth year. in the winter of her ninth year, as the lesion continued to grow, a biopsy was performed, and a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was made. ultimately, there was metastasis to the liver, a lung, and a pref ... | 2000 | 10896397 |
| validation of the fluorescence polarization assay and comparison to other serological assays for the detection of serum antibodies to brucella abortus in bison. | a number of serological tests were compared for the detection of antibodies to brucella abortus in bison (bison bison). the performance of the fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) in both the preliminary evaluation and a subsequent blind validation indicated that this test was the most suitable for serological diagnosis of brucellosis in bison. the sensitivity and specificity in the preliminary evaluation were 92.1% and 99.4%, respectively. the sensitivity and specificity in a subsequent blind ... | 2000 | 10941731 |
| the pathology of spontaneous paratuberculosis in the north american bison (bison bison). | gross and histopathologic examinations were performed on 70 north american bison (bison bison) from a mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis culture-positive herd. the bison examined were part of a breeding herd totaling 2,800 animals. eight of 70 (11%) animals had gross findings of intestinal mucosal thickening, and 16 of 70 (23%) of the animals had enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. histologic lesions compatible with johne's disease were diagnosed in 30 of 70 (43%) bison on the basis of the demons ... | 2000 | 11055866 |
| host defense function in neutrophils from the american bison (bison bison). | selected host defense functions of neutrophils isolated from american bison (bison bison) were characterized and compared with those of cattle (bos taurus). bison neutrophils had a robust chemotactic response to both il-8 and ltb(4), with maximal responses occurring at 10(-7) m (il-8) and 10(-8) m (ltb(4)). the magnitude of the chemotactic response to il-8 was similar in bison and bovine neutrophils (except at 10(-7) m il-8, where bison had a stronger response). in response to ltb(4), bison neut ... | 2000 | 11064290 |
| [dna fingerprinting and genetic diversity of the european bison (bison bonasus), american bison (bison bison), and gray ukrainian cattle (bos taurus)]. | to describe genetic variability and population diversity in domesticated populations of american bison (bison bison), aurochs (bison bonasus), and gray ukrainian cattle (bos taurus) different variants of dna fingerprinting technique (utilizing the m13 phage dna, (ttaggg)4 synthetic oligonucleotide, and three arbitrary primers as hybridization probes) were used. several parameters characterizing polymorphism and genetic diversity levels in each population (species) were evaluated on the basis of ... | 2000 | 11094772 |
| the histopathologic diagnosis of subclinical johne's disease in north american bison (bison bison). | the morphologic changes of subclinical johne's disease in north american bison (bison bison) are characterized by microgranulomas composed of epithelioid macrophages and individual multinucleate giant cells of langhans'-type occasionally containing individual cytoplasmic acid-fast bacilli compatible with mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. the microgranulomas are best visualized in the mesenteric lymph nodes of infected subclinical animals. macrophages that can be confused with infection-assoc ... | 2000 | 11118717 |
| validation of 15 microsatellites for parentage testing in north american bison, bison bison and domestic cattle. | fifteen bovine microsatellites were evaluated for use in parentage testing in 725 bison from 14 public populations, 178 bison from two private ranches and 107 domestic cattle from five different breeds. the number of alleles per locus ranged from five to 16 in bison and from five to 13 in cattle. on average, expected heterozygosity, polymorphism information content (pic) and probability of exclusion values were slightly lower in bison than in cattle. a core set of 12 loci was further refined to ... | 2000 | 11167522 |
| a new subspecies of the european bison, bison bonasus montanus ssp. nov. (bovidae, artiodactyla). | 2000 | 11211514 | |
| seasonal incidence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pasteurellaceae isolated from american bison (bison bison). | ninety pharyngeal tonsils were collected from 2-year-old american bison (bison bison) bulls and sampled for members of the pasteurellaceae family. particular attention was paid to seasonal incidence and antimicrobial resistance in serotypes and biovariants. multiple strains of pasteurella haemolytica (39%), p. trehalosi (68%), p. multocida (34%) and haemophilus somnus (13%) were cultured from 86 out of the 90 (96%) tonsil samples. pasteurella trehalosi was the most common and evenly distributed ... | 2001 | 11227200 |
| pathology of brucellosis in bison from yellowstone national park. | between february 1995 and june 1999, specimens from seven aborted bison (bison bison) fetuses or stillborn calves and their placentas, two additional placentas, three dead neonates, one 2-wk-old calf, and 35 juvenile and adult female bison from yellowstone national park (usa) were submitted for bacteriologic and histopathologic examination. one adult animal with a retained placenta had recently aborted. serum samples from the 35 juvenile and adult bison were tested for brucella spp. antibodies. ... | 2001 | 11272483 |
| mycobacterium bovis in free-living and captive wildlife, including farmed deer. | mycobacterium bovis has been isolated from a wide range of wildlife species, in addition to domestic animals. this review examines the role played by various species in the maintenance of m. bovis in wildlife communities and the spread to domestic animals. badgers (meles meles), brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula), deer (odocoileus virginianus), bison (bison bison) and african buffalo (syncerus caffer) are examples of wildlife that are maintenance hosts of m. bovis. the importance of these ... | 2001 | 11288522 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in domestic bison herds in northwestern alberta. | a fecal survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth eggs found in 431 domestic bison from 22 herds. eggs detected (percent of herds affected in parentheses) were: strongyle-type (100%), capillaria sp. (63.6%), moniezia sp. (54.6%), nematodirus sp. (50%), trichuris sp. (40.9%), and strongyloides sp. (9.1%). | 2001 | 11326634 |
| typing of is 1311 polymorphisms confirms that bison (bison bison) with paratuberculosis in montana are infected with a strain of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis distinct from that occurring in cattle and other domesticated livestock. | isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from nine bison (bison bison) from montana, united states of america, were compared with those from other species from the united states of america. all 16 isolates had a novel is 1311 genotype in which all copies of the element possessed a thymidine-cytosine nucleotide variation at base position 223. isolates from bison were termed b strain. thirteen isolates from cattle and goats were polymorphic at this locus, a status previously recogni ... | 2001 | 11352594 |
| differential introgression of uniparentally inherited markers in bison populations with hybrid ancestries. | historical hybridization between bison bison (bison) and bos taurus (cattle) has been well documented and resulted in cattle mitochondrial dna (mtdna) introgression, previously identified in six different bison populations. in order to examine y chromosome introgression, a microsatellite marker (bym-1) with non-overlapping allele size distributions in bison and cattle was isolated from a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone, and was physically assigned to the y chromosome by fluorescence ... | 2001 | 11421943 |
| experimental infection of nontarget species of rodents and birds with brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine. | the brucella abortus vaccine strain rb51 (srb51) is being considered for use in the management of bnucellosis in wild bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) populations in the greater yellowstone area (usa). evaluation of the vaccines safety in non-target species was considered necessary prior to field use. between june 1998 and december 1999, ground squirrels (spermophilus richardsonii, n = 21), deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus, n = 14), prairie voles (microtus ochrogaster, n = 21), and ... | 2001 | 11504226 |
| safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 in deer mice. | brucella abortus strain rb51 is an approved brucellosis vaccine for use in cattle that may have potential as an oral vaccine for use in elk (cervus elaphus) and/or bison (bison bison). this study was designed to determine effects of strain rb51 on deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), a nontarget species that could have access to treated baits in a field situation. in february 1994, 90 mice were orally dosed or intraperitoneally injected with 1 x 10(8) colony forming units strain rb51 and 77 contr ... | 2001 | 11504238 |
| haemophilus somnus bronchopneumonia in american bison (bison bison). | immunoperoxidase assays were performed on 21 archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from from american bison (bison bison) with bronchopneumonia. seven of the 21 bison had positive staining for haemophilus somnus in alveolar exudate, visceral pleura, lung parenchyma, and chronic necrotic lesions, and h. somnus was isolated from tissues from 1 of these 7 animals. results suggest that h. somnus is a respiratory pathogen in bison. | 2001 | 11580065 |
| synlophe in ostertagia cf. kasakhstanica (nematoda: ostertagiinae), the minor morphotype of o. bisonis from western north america. | ostertagia cf. kasakhstanica, the putative minor morphotype of the polymorphic ostertagiine o. bisonis, is reported in bison bison from south dakota. descriptions of the synlophe and details of other diagnostic characters useful in identification and differentiation of this minor morphotype from other ostertagiines in wild and domestic ruminants from western north america are presented. laterally, the cervical synlophe is consistent with type ib pattern among ostertagiines and is within the rang ... | 2001 | 11695392 |
| duration of bluetongue viremia in experimentally infected american bison. | six yearling american bison (bison bison bison) bulls and one yearling ewe (ovis aries) were inoculated intradermally and subcutaneously with 2 x 10(5) plaque forming units (pfu) of bluetongue (bt) virus serotype 11. two uninoculated yearling bison bulls served as negative controls. blood samples were collected for serology and virus isolation on 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) and every 2 wk thereafter to 127 dpi. every 4 wk a new ewe was inoculated with a pooled sample of whole ... | 2001 | 11763735 |
| brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccination in elk. i. efficacy of reduced dosage. | bovine brucellosis is a serious zoonotic disease affecting some populations of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area, usa. the fear that elk and/or bison may spread brucella abortus to livestock has prompted efforts to reduce or eliminate the disease in wildlife. brucella abortus strain rb51 (rb51) vaccine has recently been approved for use in cattle. unlike strain 19 vaccine, rb51 does not cause false positive reactions on standard b ... | 2002 | 11838212 |
| evaluation of a forage allocation model for theodore roosevelt national park. | we developed a forage allocation model using a deterministic, linear optimization module in a commercially available spreadsheet package to help resource managers in theodore roosevelt national park (trnp), north dakota determine optimum numbers of four ungulate species, bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and feral horses, in the park. trnp staff actively managed bison, elk, and feral horse numbers within bounds suggested by our model from 1983 to 1996. d ... | 2002 | 11995238 |
| [dna fingerprinting of individual species and intergeneric and interspecific hybrids of genera bos and bison, subfamily bovinae]. | genome fingerprinting with a hypervariable minisatellite sequence of phage m13 dna was used to study the genetic variation in individual species of the genera bos and bison (subfamily bovinae) and in their interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. dna fingerprints were obtained for domestic cow bos taurus primigenius, vatussy bos taurus macroceros, banteng bos javanicus, gaur bos gaurus, wisent bison bonasus, bison bison bison, and for the interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. compared with the ... | 2002 | 12018169 |
| malignant catarrhal fever in a bison (bison bison) feedlot, 1993-2000. | a fatal enteric syndrome was identified in american bison (bison bison) at a large feedlot in the american midwest in early 1998. an estimated 150 bison died of the syndrome between january 1998 and december 1999. the syndrome was identified as malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), primarily the alimentary form. clinical onset was acute, and most affected bison died within 1-3 days; none recovered. consistent lesions were hemorrhagic cystitis, ulcerative enterotyphlocolitis, and arteritis-phlebitis. ... | 2002 | 12033673 |
| serum antibody prevalence of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in seven wildlife species from alaska. | blood samples were collected from seven species of free-ranging ungulates in alaska. sera were tested for evidence of exposure to malignant catarrhal fever viruses (mcfv) by means of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antibody prevalences were as follows: muskox (ovibos moschatus) 100 positive samples of 104 tested (96%); dall sheep (ovis dalli) 212 of 222 (95%); elk (cervus elaphus) 14 of 51 (27%); bison (bison bison) 34 of 197 (17%); caribou (rangifer tarandus) nine of 232 (4%); ... | 2002 | 12238366 |
| virologic investigations of free-living european bison (bison bonasus) from the bialowieza primeval forest, poland. | we conducted virologic investigations on postmortem specimens from 261 free-living european bison (bison bonasus) from the bialowieza primeval forest, poland collected between 1990 and 2000. fifty-four of 94 males had balanoposthitis; none of the 167 female bison examined had reproductive tract lesions. peripheral blood, swabs, and various tissues were analyzed for bovine viruses as well as for viral dna by bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) and bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4) specific polymerase chain ... | 2002 | 12238370 |
| safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in non-target ungulates and coyotes. | brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area (gya; usa). it is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the gya to reduce disease transmission. should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. to assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis; n = 10), pronghorn (antilocapra americana; n = 9), mule ... | 2002 | 12238372 |
| epididymal cysts in european bison. | we describe gross and histopathology of cysts found in the epididymis of the european bison (bison bonasus). the material was collected from 107, 3 mo to 20 yr old, free-ranging, culled males from the białowieza primeval forest (poland). epididymal cysts were observed in 65 (61%) of bison of varying ages. they were primarily in the head of epididymis and less often in the corpus or tail. the cysts contained opalescent fluid devoid of spermatozoa. they were lined by epithelium resembling that of ... | 2002 | 12238388 |
| mycotic rumenitis in american bison (bison bison). | necropsies were performed on 2 american bison (bison bison) cows, i of which died acutely and the other that died after a week of illness. gross and microscopic lesions were consistent with severe mycotic infection of the forestomachs. both animals had been abruptly placed on a breeder ration 1 month after calving, and had developed acidosis and subsequent fungal invasion of tissues. history and lesions in this case indicate that bison are susceptible to rumen acidosis and its sequelae. | 2002 | 12296395 |
| early diagnosis of johne's disease in the american bison by monoclonal antibodies directed against antigen 85. | several monoclonal antibodies derived from hybridomas from mice that had been immunized with recombinant mycobacterium bovis antigen 85 (ag85) were tested for reactivity against antigen 85 (ag85) from m. bovis and against sera from 100 bison inoculated with m. paratuberculosis and from 100 control bison from a disease-free herd. monoclonal antibodies mab85.1, mab85.44.1, mab85.44.9, and mab85.96 reacted against three or four 30-33-kda bands of the ag85 complex of m. bovis. importantly, these mab ... | 2002 | 12381565 |
| the hook lake wood bison recovery project: can a disease-free captive wood bison herd be recovered from a wild population infected with bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis? | the hook lake wood bison recovery project (hlwbrp) is a wildlife conservation project aimed at recovering a captive, disease-free herd of wood bison (bison bison athabascae) from a wild herd infected with bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) and brucellosis (brucella abortus). the disease eradication protocol that we have used involves a combination of techniques, including (1) orphaning of newborn wild-caught calves to minimize exposure to b. abortus and m. bovis, (2) testing calves for ma ... | 2002 | 12381597 |
| liver histological structure in adult european bison. bison bonasus (linnaeus, 1758). | the histological structure of the liver in 12 european bison, 2-8 years old, was presented. the study of the hepatic lobule showed that in bison bonasus there were no connective septa around the hepatic lobules. on the hepatic lobule territory, solitary bile ducts, respectively solitary arterioles, were sometimes observed. every one of these vessels was isolated from the hepatic parenchyma by thick coats of collagen. in the adventitia of the hepatic sublobar vessels, capillaries of the vasa vaso ... | 2002 | 12416928 |
| hepatic lipidosis in pregnant captive american bison (bison bison). | hepatic lipidosis, a hallmark lesion of lipid mobilization disorders in ruminants, was noted in four 3-year-old, pregnant bison (bison bison) after periods of anorexia that progressed to recumbency and death. the affected bison were part of a herd at the national animal disease center (nadc) that was used for brucellosis vaccine research. microscopically, the liver contained swollen hepatocytes with numerous, variably sized, round, smoothly contoured vacuoles that displaced cytoplasmic structure ... | 2002 | 12423037 |
| immune responses of bison to ballistic or hand vaccination with brucella abortus strain rb51. | from january through july of 2000, a study was conducted to evaluate clearance, immunologic responses, and potential shedding of brucella abortus strain rb51 (srb51) following ballistic or subcutaneous (sq) vaccination of 7 mo old bison (bison bison) calves. ten bison calves were vaccinated sq with 1.4 x 10(10) colony-forming units (cfu) of srb51 and five calves were inoculated sq with sterile 0.15 m sodium chloride. an additional 10 bison calves were ballistically inoculated in the rear leg mus ... | 2002 | 12528440 |
| immune responses of elk to vaccination with brucella abortus strain rb51. | in a study conducted from january to august 2000, elk (cervus elaphus) were vaccinated with brucella abortus strain rb51 (srb51, n = 6) or injected with 0.15 m nacl solution (n = 3) at approximately 6 mo of age. beginning at 2 wk and continuing to 25 wk after vaccination, srb51-vaccinated elk had greater antibody responses (p < 0.05) to srb51 when compared to nonvaccinated elk. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from srb51-vaccinated elk had greater (p < 0.05) proliferative responses to s ... | 2002 | 12528441 |
| antibodies against mycoplasma bovigenitalium in free-living european bison (bison bonasus) with balanoposthitis. | since 1980 severe chronic balanoposthitis has been observed in free-living european bison (bison bonasus) in the białowieza primeval forest (poland). sera of 50 bison with balanoposthitis and 48 clinically healthy male and 49 female bison were investigated for antibodies against mycoplasma bovis and m. bovigenitalium by western blot analysis. prevalence of antibodies against m. bovigenitalium was significantly higher in bison with balanoposthitis than in unaffected male bison. mycoplasma bovigen ... | 2002 | 12528443 |
| persistent right aortic arch in a yearling captive wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | an undersized, 16-mo-old, captive wood bison (bison bison athabascae) was observed with dysphagia and postprandial regurgitation. the animal died shortly after anesthesia was initiated for diagnostic purposes. at necropsy, a persistent right aortic arch and aberrant left subclavian artery were diagnosed. the vascular ring structure around the esophagus and the trachea caused a megaesophagus with complete esophageal obstipation and ulcerative esophagitis. the aberrant left subclavian artery did n ... | 2002 | 12564539 |
| foraging ecology of bison at the landscape and plant community levels: the applicability of energy maximization principles. | predictions of animal distribution and resource use require multi-scale consideration because animals can use different sets of selection criteria at different scales. we investigated whether patterns of distribution and resource use by free-ranging bison (bison bison) in prince albert national park, saskatchewan, follow rules of energy maximization that hold across multiple scales. optimality theory predicts specialization on carex atherodes and frequency-independent selection among plant speci ... | 2003 | 12647163 |
| phylogenetic relationships of northeast asian cattle to other cattle populations determined using mitochondrial dna d-loop sequence polymorphism. | phylogenetic relationships of northeast asian cattle to various other cattle breeds including bos taurus, bos indicus, and bison bison were assessed using mtdna d-loop sequences. a neighbor-joining tree was constructed using sequences determined for 4 cheju black, 4 cheju yellow, 4 korean yellow cattle (bos taurus), and 2 american brahman cattle (bos indicus), and also published sequences for 31 japanese black cattle, 45 european breed cattle, 6 african zebus, 2 african taurines, and 6 indian ze ... | 2003 | 12670023 |
| polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing for detection of ovine herpesvirus 2 in american bison (bison bison). | serum samples were collected at slaughter from 226 24-30-month-old ranch-raised, clinically normal american bison (bison bison) bulls from north dakota, minnesota, kansas, and manitoba to assess the presence of antibodies to ovine herpesvirus 2 (ohv-2). antibodies to ohv-2 were detected by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 10 of 226 (4.40%) samples. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of sera positive for ohv-2 dna demonstrated a 238 kilobase fragment. the nucleoti ... | 2002 | 12680642 |
| seroprevalence of ohv-2, bvdv, bhv-1, and brsv in ranch-raised bison (bison bison). | serum samples were collected at slaughter from 226 24-30-month-old american bison (bison bison) bulls from kansas, minnesota, north dakota, and manitoba and assayed for antibodies to ovine herpesvirus type-2 (ohv-2), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine herpesvirus type-1 (bhv-1), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). antibodies were detected by serum neutralization for bvdv, bhv-1, and brsv, while antibodies to ohv-2 were detected by competitive inhibition-elisa (ci-elisa). detec ... | 2002 | 12680649 |
| chronic otitis externa/media with total ear canal ablation and bulla curettage in a north american bison (bison bison). | an adult female north american bison (bison bison) with a chronic otitis externa/media of the right ear was examined because of a 4-mo history of intermittent anorexia, apparent painful behavior, and auricular discharge from the right ear. computerized tomography (ct) demonstrated osteolysis of the tympanic, petrous, and squamous aspects of the temporal bone with soft tissue replacement and sclerosis of the right bulla. a total ear canal ablation with bulla curettage was performed, and cefazolin ... | 2001 | 12785693 |
| reproductive success of bison bulls (bison bison bison) in semi-natural conditions. | sexual size dimorphism has been related to a high variance in male reproductive success. research on american bison (bison bison bison), a species that shows moderate sexual dimorphism, has put forward the assumption that under wild conditions the largest part of the female herd is bred by a limited number of males. thus far, this hypothesis has never been supported by genetic data. the aim of this study is therefore to test the hypothesis of extreme male reproductive variance among bison throug ... | 2003 | 12853177 |
| characterization of anaplasma marginale isolated from north american bison. | anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. although serologic tests have identified american bison, bison bison, as being infected with a. marginale, the present study was undertaken to confirm a. marginale infection and to characterize isolates obtained from naturally infected bison in the united states and canada. major surface protein (msp1a and msp4) sequences of bison isolates were chara ... | 2003 | 12902301 |
| normal anatomical and histochemical characteristics of the lacrimal glands in the american bison and cattle. | dorsal lacrimal glands, superior glands of the third eyelid and harderian glands (deep gland of the third eyelid) from 19 bison and 18 cattle free of apparent ocular disease were examined to compare the normal anatomical properties of these glands. all glands were characterized and measured (length and width). the gross anatomy of the dorsal lacrimal glands was similar, with the exception of a bipartite gland in cattle. the bison's superior gland of the third eyelid and harderian gland was longe ... | 2003 | 12969024 |
| [helminths in bison (bison bonasus l.) in poland]. | 1958 | 13604245 | |
| cranial injuries in the american buffalo (b. bison). method used by indians in the slaughter of animals injured in buffalo jumps. | 1961 | 13881790 | |
| regulation of blood pressure in the european bison, bison bonasus (l.). | 1961 | 13898600 | |
| haemoglobin and transferrin types in the american buffalo. | 1963 | 14014858 | |
| eructation, regurgitation, and reticuloruminal contraction in the american bison. | 1965 | 14259971 | |
| paternally inherited markers in bovine hybrid populations. | the genetic integrity of crossfertile bovine- or cattle-like species may be endangered by species hybridization. previously, amplified fragment length polymorphism, satellite fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite assays have been used to analyze the species composition of nuclear dna in taurine cattle, zebu, banteng and bison populations, while mitochondrial dna reveals the origin of the maternal lineages. here, we describe species-specific markers of the paternally transmitted y-chrom ... | 2003 | 14508501 |
| immune responses after oral inoculation of weanling bison or beef calves with a bison or cattle isolate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | paratuberculosis is endemic in domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. we designed the following study to compare host immune responses and pathologic changes in beef calves and bison calves after challenge with either a cattle or bison (bison bison) strain of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. in the first part of the study, six bison and six beef calves were orally inoculated with a cattle isolate of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis over a 2 wk period. in the second part, an additiona ... | 2003 | 14567215 |
| relationships among ecology, demography and diseases of european bison (bison bonasus). | the bison population in the bialowieza forest in poland has now grown to approximately 300, while the herds in the belarusian part of the forest total about 240 bison. the first signs of a health problem in these herds appeared in 1980, when two cases of balanoposthitis were detected in two bulls (2 and 5 years of age). since 1980 research has been conducted to explain the cause of diseases, particularly balanoposthitis, and to monitor the health of bison in bialowieza forest. a total number of ... | 2003 | 14703870 |
| safety of revaccination of pregnant bison with brucella abortus strain rb51. | from december 1998 through february 1999, a study was conducted in a brucella-infected bison herd to evaluate the safety of booster vaccination of adult bison (bison bison) with 6 x 10(9) colony forming units (cfu) of brucella abortus strain rb51 (srb51) that had previously been vaccinated as yearlings with 1 x 10(10) cfu of srb51. abortions or other adverse effects were not observed after srb51 booster vaccination. at 10 wk after adult vaccination, pregnant and nonpregnant bison (n = 65) were r ... | 2003 | 14733277 |
| maternal and paternal lineages in cross-breeding bovine species. has wisent a hybrid origin? | the tribe bovini comprises cattle and cattle-like species. reconstructions of their phylogeny have so far been incomplete and have yielded conflicting conclusions about the relationship of american bison and wisent (european bison). we have compared the sequences of three mitochondrial and two y-chromosomal dna segments. mitochondrial dna indicates that four distinct maternal lineages diverged after an early split-off of the buffalo species, leading to (1) taurine cattle and zebu, (2) wisent, (3 ... | 2004 | 14739241 |
| development of a linkage map and qtl scan for growth traits in north american bison. | pcr protocols incorporating fluorescently labeled multiplexed primer combinations were developed to produce a linkage map for bison. three hundred fifty eight microsatellite loci spanning all 29 autosomes were genotyped via 83 pcr multiplexes and nine individual amplifications. a total of 292 markers were integrated into an autosomal linkage map for bison. the sex averaged bison map (2,647 cm) was approximately 9% longer than the corresponding usda marc map, which covered 2,415 cm. utilizing wea ... | 2003 | 14970680 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine milk and feces by a combination of immunomagnetic bead separation-conventional pcr and real-time pcr. | immunomagnetic bead separation coupled with bead beating and real-time pcr was found to be a very effective procedure for the isolation, separation, and detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from milk and/or fecal samples from cattle and american bison. samples were spiked with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms, which bound to immunomagnetic beads and were subsequently lysed by bead beating; then protein and cellular contaminants were removed by phenol-chloroform-isop ... | 2004 | 15004056 |
| [genetic characteristics and prognosis of the existence of the european bison free-living population created in the "orlovsky poles'e" national park]. | we present preliminary data on genetic aspects of preserving viability of the free-living population of european bison (bison bonasus l.) created in the orlovskoe poles'e national park. | 2004 | 15125253 |
| experimental brucella abortus infection in wolves. | four juvenile male wolves (canis lupus) each received an oral dose of 1.6-1.7 x 10(12) colony-forming units of brucella abortus biovar 1 isolated from a bison (bison bison) in wood buffalo national park (canada), and two others served as negative controls. infected wolves did not show clinical signs of disease but did develop high brucella antibody titers. small numbers of b. abortus were excreted sporadically in feces until day 50 postinoculation (pi). very small numbers of the bacterium were i ... | 2004 | 15137489 |
| parasitemia in a neonatal bison calf. | a 3-day old female bison calf (bison bison) was presented in lateral recumbency to the université de montréal veterinary teaching hospital. the animal was severely depressed and dehydrated (10%) and died a few hours after admission. prior to death, blood samples were obtained for cbc, clinical chemistry, and serology tests. abnormal cbc findings included thrombocytopenia, lymphocytosis, mild monocytosis, and a toxic left shift. abnormal serum clinical chemistry findings included marked azotemia, ... | 2004 | 15334355 |
| brucellosis in captive rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) caused by brucella abortus biovar 4. | nine (four female, five male) captive adult rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) contracted brucellosis caused by brucella abortus biovar 4 as a result of natural exposure to an aborted elk (cervus elaphus) fetus. clinical signs of infection were orchitis and epididymitis in males and lymphadenitis and placentitis with abortion in females. gross pathologic findings included enlargement of the testes or epididymides, or both, and yellow caseous abscesses and pyogranulomas of the same. b ... | 2004 | 15362833 |
| fecal androgens of bison bulls during the rut. | the influence of sex hormones is a key proximate factor underlying male reproductive behavior in mammals. effective conservation policies for the remaining purebred plains bison (bison bison bison) herds require knowledge of the physiology underlying bison reproductive biology. we used fecal steroid analysis to characterize androgen levels in adult bison bulls before, during, and after the rut, and to examine androgen levels of bulls differing in reproductive status, age, and mating success. fie ... | 2004 | 15465524 |
| molecular phylogeny of the tribe bovini (bovidae, bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the kouprey, bos sauveli urbain 1937. | the kouprey is a very rare bovid species of the indochinese peninsula, and no living specimen has been described for a long time, suggesting that it is possibly extinct. its systematic position within the tribe bovini remains confused since the analyses of morphological characters have led to several conflicting hypotheses. some authors have also suggested that it could be a hybrid species produced by the crossing of the banteng with gaur, zebu, or water buffalo. here we performed a molecular ph ... | 2004 | 15522811 |
| identification of bovine and novel interferon-tau alleles in the american plains bison (bison bison) by analysis of hybrid cattle x bison blastocysts. | the objective of this study was to generate bison x cattle hybrid embryos by in vitro fertilization, to assess their developmental potential, to determine the pattern of secretion of the embryonic signaling molecule interferon-tau (ifn-tau), and to identify novel ifn-tau mrna polymorphism in the american plains bison. a total of 600 bovine oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed bison semen. of these, 40.7% cleaved and 14.8% proceeded to the blastocyst stage. individual blastocysts were cult ... | 2005 | 15570611 |