Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| upper airway of the california sea lion: an anesthetist's perspective. | 1981 | 6908776 | |
| edema disease in a california sea lion. | edema disease, similar to that occurring in swine, was diagnosed in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). the prominent features included a thickened, edematous stomach wall and generalized fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles. a beta-hemolytic escherichia coli, serotype 0147:k . :h52, was the predominant organism isolated from the gastrointestinal tract. the organism caused fatal infection when administered orally and intraperitoneally to mice. | 1980 | 7005201 |
| demodex zalophi sp. nov. (acari : demodicidae) from zalophus californianus, the california sea lion. | 1980 | 7211143 | |
| cyclic dermatitis associated with fusarium sp infection in pinnipeds. | dermatitis associated with fusarium sp infection developed in 3 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and 3 gray seals (halichoerus grypus) at the national zoological park in washington dc. the lesions were papular or nodular and were distributed mainly on the face, trunk, and flippers. one sea lion died 6 weeks after extensive cutaneous involvement. the lesions regressed after 1 mild exacerabtion in the other 2 sea lions. in the gray seals, the skin condition appeared to worsen during t ... | 1981 | 7328003 |
| metastatic adenocarcinoma in two california sea lions, zalophus c. californianus. | two california sea lions (zalophus californianus californianus) came to necropsy with morphologically identical metastatic tumors. these were glandular epithelial origin and were widespread throughout the visceral organs. both animals were found beached and dead within two months and were only 220 km apart. | 1980 | 7431526 |
| amino acid composition of pinniped milk. | the total amino acid concentration and the amino acid pattern, i.e. the relative proportion of each amino acid (protein-bound plus free) to the total amino acids, in the milks of the northern elephant seal, antarctic fur seal, california sea lion, and australian sea lion were determined. total amino acid concentration was 10% (w/v) or greater and did not vary significantly among species. the most abundant amino acids in the milks of all species were glutamate, proline and leucine. essential amin ... | 1995 | 7584837 |
| tactile size discrimination by a california sea lion (zalophus californianus) using its mystacial vibrissae. | the capability of a blindfolded california sea lion (zalophus californianus) to discriminate diameter differences of circular discs by means of active touch with its mystacial vibrissae was studied. using a forced choice paradigm the sea lion was required to choose the larger of two simultaneously presented perspex discs. absolute difference thresholds (delta d) were determined for 3 standard discs (1.12 cm phi, 2.52 cm phi, 8.74 cm phi) by the psychophysical method of constants. increasing disc ... | 1994 | 7807420 |
| findings in pinnipeds stranded along the central and northern california coast, 1984-1990. | personnel at the marine mammal center (the center) treated 1,446 stranded marine mammals recovered from the central and northern california (usa) coast from 1984 through 1990, including california sea lions (zalophus californianus), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), and guadalupe fur seals (arctocephalus townsendi). the primary disease findings in st ... | 1993 | 8355344 |
| the bronchial tree and lobular division of the lung of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus), the position of the tracheal bifurcation is fairly cranial compared with those of mammals in general. the right lung has the dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral bronchiole systems. the cranial lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. the middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system. the accessory lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. the caudal ... | 1993 | 8399752 |
| characterization of phocid herpesvirus-1 and -2 as putative alpha- and gammaherpesviruses of north american and european pinnipeds. | to study the relationships between herpesvirus recently isolated from different pinniped species, antigenic and genetic analyses were performed. first, herpesviruses isolated from north american harbour seals (phoca vitulina), a californian sea lion (zalophus californianus) and a european grey seal (halichoerus grypus) were examined in an enzyme immunoassay (eia) with a panel of monoclonal antibodies which had previously been shown to allow typing of herpesviruses from european harbour seals int ... | 1996 | 8558126 |
| metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin in 66 free-living california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 1979 to 1994. | sixty-six (18%) cases of widely metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin were identified in 370 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded alive along the central california (usa) coast, between january 1979 and december 1994. live animals were usually emaciated and anorectic, with perineal edema and occasionally hind-flipper paralysis or paresis. large yellow caseous masses were observed in the sub-lumbar lymph nodes, often extending around the ureters resulting in ... | 1996 | 8722262 |
| the use of data loggers to determine the energetics and physiology of aquatic birds and mammals. | by deploying a data logger specifically designed for the purpose, it was possible to record heart rate, fh (beats/min), from free-ranging gentoo penguins, pygoscelis papua, and antarctic fur seals, arctocephalus gazella, at the british antarctic survey base at bird island. the heart rate data were then converted into oxygen consumption (vo2, mlo2 min-1 kg-1) and/or energy expenditure (w/kg) using equations that had been derived from calibration experiments. in these experiments the relationships ... | 1995 | 8728860 |
| production of chitinase and beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase by intestinal bacteria of pinnipedian animals. | the chitinase- and beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase(glcnacase)-producing ability of intestinal bacteria from pinnipedian animals was determined using fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferone glycosides of n-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides. intestinal microflora of a single cape fur seal, three california sea lions and three south american sea lions were characterized by a predominance of isolates of the bacteroidaceae and enterobacteriaceae families and the genus clostridium. of the 711 isolates tested ... | 1996 | 8987705 |
| heart rate and plasma lactate responses during submerged swimming and trained diving in california sea lions, zalophus californianus. | california sea lions, zalophus californianus, were trained to elicit maximum voluntary breath holds during stationary underwater targeting, submerged swimming, and trained diving. lowest heart rate during rest periods was 57 bpm. the heart rate profiles in all three protocols were dominated by a bradycardia of 20-50 bpm, and demonstrated that otariid diving heart rates were at or below resting heart rate. venous blood samples were collected after submerged swimming periods of 1-3 min. plasma lac ... | 1997 | 9051904 |
| isoflurane anesthesia in free ranging sea lion pups. | california sea lion pups, zalophus californianus, (n = 115), were captured and anesthetized for (mean +/- sd) 17.6 +/- 7.8 min on san miguel island, california (usa) in november of 1992. mask isoflurane anesthesia allowed intubation in 7.1 +/- 2.74 min. pups recovered and walked in 7.32 +/- 4.8 min. mask anesthesia in pups resulted in relaxation in 45 +/- 14 sec. safe, brief anesthesia was delivered in support of weighing, medical evaluation, and short surgical procedures. recovery character of ... | 1997 | 9131549 |
| mental rotation in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | mental rotation is a widely accepted concept that suggests an analogue mode of visual information-processing in certain visuospatial tasks. typically, these tasks demand the discrimination between the image and mirror-image of rotated figures, for which human subjects need an increasing reaction time depending on the angular disparity between the rotated figures. in pigeons, tests of this kind yielded a time-independent rotational invariance, suggested as being the result of a non-analogue infor ... | 1997 | 9172417 |
| leptospirosis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded along the central california coast, 1981-1994. | prevalence of leptospirosis was determined in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded live along the central california (usa) coast between january 1981 and december 1994. clinical signs of renal disease were seen in 764 (33%) of 2338 animals examined; 545 (71%) of these 764 animals died, with similar gross lesions of nephritis. in silver impregnation stains of sections of formalin-fixed kidney, numerous loosely coiled spiral organisms were observed. leptospira pomona kenniwicki w ... | 1996 | 9359054 |
| coccidioidomycosis in free-living california sea lions (zalophus californianus) in central california. | coccidioidomycosis is described in seven california sea lions (zalophus californianus) admitted to the marine mammal center, sausalito, california (usa), between january 1986 and december 1994. diagnoses were confirmed by histology in all seven cases, culture in three cases, and serology in one case. these are believed to be the first published cases of coccidioidomycosis in free-ranging california sea lions. | 1996 | 9359077 |
| uncinariasis in northern fur seal and california sea lion pups from california. | northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) (n = 25) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) (n = 53) pups, found dead on rookeries on san miguel island (california, usa), were examined for adult uncinaria spp. prevalence of these nematodes was 96% in fur seal pups and 100% in sea lion pups. mean intensity of uncinaria spp. per infected pup was 643 in fur seals and 1,284 in sea lions. eggs of uncinaria spp. from dead sea lion pups underwent embryonation in an incubator; development to the f ... | 1997 | 9391970 |
| sequence and characterization of phocine interleukin 2. | to improve assessment of cellular immune responses in seals, northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) interleukin 2 (il-2) has been characterized. the gene was cloned and sequenced from a 658 base pair (bp) cdna generated from total rna by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the sequence encoded a 154 amino acid (aa) polypeptide that included a 20 aa putative signal peptide. seal il-2 was found to share considerable identity with published sequences. nucleotide sequ ... | 1998 | 9476229 |
| low-frequency amphibious hearing in pinnipeds: methods, measurements, noise, and ecology. | aerial low-frequency (100-6400 hz) hearing thresholds were obtained for one california sea lion (zalophus californianus), one harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and one northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris). underwater thresholds over a similar frequency range (75-6300 or 6400 hz) were obtained for these three animals in addition to another california sea lion. such data are critical, not only for understanding mechanisms about amphibious hearing and relating them to pinniped ecology and e ... | 1998 | 9566340 |
| plasma angiotensin ii, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide in free ranging and captive seals and sea lions. | we used radioimmunoassay methods to quantify arginine vasopressin (avp), atrial natriuretic peptide (anp), and angiotensin ii (ang ii) in plasma samples from harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii), weddell seals (leptonychotes weddellii), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), ringed seals (phoca hispida), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). plasma concentrations of avp, anp, and ang ii in these pinniped species were within the ... | 1998 | 9568367 |
| dermatitis caused by malassezia pachydermatis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | 1998 | 9569500 | |
| leptospirosis in rehabilitated pacific harbor seals from california. | renal disease was observed in two rehabilitated pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii) from a facility in california (usa). the seals had leukocytosis and high serum phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. a retrospective study of leptospiral antibody serum titers indicated both seals had elevated titers to leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa. a third seal, which died about the time when the index cases occurred, also had elevated titers to l. interrogan ... | 1998 | 9577797 |
| functional equivalence in a california sea lion: relevance to animal social and communicative interactions. | laboratory investigations into equivalence class formation suggest how animals in social and communicative contexts learn to place dissimilar individuals, signals, responses and social reinforcers into the same functional class. kastak & schusterman (1994, anim. learn. behav., 22, 427-435) demonstrated that a california sea lion performed generalized identity matching-to-sample; that is, it chose visual stimulus a conditionally upon an identical sample a (aa matching), chose stimulus b condition ... | 1998 | 9632496 |
| isolation of reptilian calicivirus crotalus type 1 from feral pinnipeds. | ten virus isolates were obtained from three species of marine mammals sampled on san miguel island (california, usa) and 1,200 km north on rogue reef (oregon, usa) during tagging operations in 1986-87. seven of these 10 were derived from 30 sampled steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus pups, while two of 10 were isolated from one of 19 sampled california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus pups, and the remaining isolate was derived from 30 sampled northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinu ... | 1998 | 9706554 |
| coccidioidomycosis in a bottlenose dolphin. | a stranded bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus gilli) succumbed to a pulmonary infection of coccidioides immitis. the dolphin initially presented with mild inspiratory dyspnea that rapidly worsened over 48 hr to include buoyancy abnormalities and finally death. at necropsy, caseous nodules were observed throughout the lungs and perihilar lymph nodes. on histological examination of tissues, double walled organisms containing endospores characteristic of c. immitis were observed in lung, perihi ... | 1998 | 9706575 |
| bacterial isolates from california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central california coast, 1994-1995. | in 2 yr of bacteriologic culturing of 297 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 154 harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and 89 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded alive along the california coast, the most frequent isolates from inflammatory lesions in live animals were escherichia coli, streptococcus viridans, listeria ivanovii, beta-hemolytic streptococcus spp., and enterococcus spp. this is the first report of l. ivanovii isolation from a marine mammal. the common i ... | 1998 | 9732032 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from pinnipeds stranded in central and northern california. | over a 2-yr period (1994-1995), the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 129 bacterial isolates recovered from live stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) were studied. nineteen genera of bacteria were isolated from various sites of inflammation; abscesses and umbilici were the most common sites. seventy-two percent of the bacterial isolated were gram negative, and the enterobacteriaceae (escherich ... | 1998 | 9809600 |
| antibodies against leptospira interrogans in california sea lion pups from gulf of california. | one hundred and twenty-five serum samples from california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus) pups, and one from an adult female from eight reproductive rookeries located in seven islands in the gulf of california (mexico), were collected during the 1994-96 reproductive seasons. these were tested for antibodies to 19 serovars of leptospira interrogans using a microscopic agglutination test (mat). forty-one samples (32%) had antibody levels from 1:20 to 1:320 to one or more serovars. ... | 1999 | 10073358 |
| phycotoxins. | the 1997-1998 period brought many new developments to the phycotoxin field. there were several reviews on phycotoxins in general, on their toxicological evaluation, and on their analysis. the ecophysiology, biosynthesis, and metabolism of polyether toxins and paralytic shellfish poisoning (psp) toxins were also reviewed. the proceedings of the eighth international conference on harmful algae (vigo, spain, june 25-29, 1997) have been published and provide an excellent source of information on phy ... | 1999 | 10367395 |
| underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped. | pure-tone sound detection thresholds were obtained in water for one harbor seal (phoca vitulina), two california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and one northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) before and immediately following exposure to octave-band noise. additional thresholds were obtained following a 24-h recovery period. test frequencies ranged from 100 hz to 2000 hz and octave-band exposure levels were approximately 60-75 db sl (sensation level at center frequency). each subjec ... | 1999 | 10462817 |
| hepatic carcinoma with spleen metastasis in a california sea lion from the gulf of california. | a primary hepatic carcinoma with a neuroendocrine pattern was detected in an adult female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) found dead on granito island in the gulf of california (mexico) in january 1996. at necropsy, several light yellow nodules of different sizes were observed on the entire surface of the liver and spleen. microscopic examination of these nodules using routine haematoxylin-eosin stain, revealed cubic, polyhedral and pleomorphic cells with three to four bizarre mitot ... | 1999 | 10479092 |
| mortality of sea lions along the central california coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. | over 400 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) died and many others displayed signs of neurological dysfunction along the central california coast during may and june 1998. a bloom of pseudo-nitzschia australis (diatom) was observed in the monterey bay region during the same period. this bloom was associated with production of domoic acid (da), a neurotoxin that was also detected in planktivorous fish, including the northern anchovy (engraulis mordax), and in sea lion body fluids. these ... | 2000 | 10638756 |
| detection of domoic acid in northern anchovies and california sea lions associated with an unusual mortality event. | the occurrence of an unusual mortality event involving california sea lions (zalophus californianus) along the central california coast in may 1998 was recently reported. the potent neurotoxin domoic acid (da), produced naturally by the diatom pseudo-nitzschia australis and transmitted to the sea lions via planktivorous northern anchovies (engraulis mordax), was identified as the probable causative agent. details of da analyses for anchovy tissues and sea lion feces are described. domoic acid le ... | 1999 | 10647509 |
| immobilization of california sea lions using medetomidine plus ketamine with and without isoflurane and reversal with atipamezole. | the use of medetomidine and ketamine, alone and in combination with isoflurane, with atipamezole reversal was evaluated for immobilizing 51 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) for a variety of medical procedures at a rehabilitation center in northern california (usa) between may 1997 and august 1998. animals were given 140 microg/kg medetomidine with 2.5 mg/kg ketamine intramuscularly. mean (+/-sd) time to maximal effect was 8+/-5 min. at the end of the procedure, animals were given 20 ... | 2000 | 10682753 |
| hydrodynamic drag in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | drag forces acting on steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were investigated from 'deceleration during glide' measurements. a total of 66 glides from six juvenile sea lions yielded a mean drag coefficient (referenced to total wetted surface area) of 0.0056 at a mean reynolds number of 5.5x10(6). the drag values indicate that the boundary layer is largely turbulent for steller sea lions swimming at these reynolds numbers, which are past the point of expected transition from laminar to turbulent ... | 2000 | 10821748 |
| first findings of cryptosporidium and giardia in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | we report the detection and identification of cryptosporidium and giardia from 1 of 3 species of pinnipeds. fecal samples were collected from pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) in the northern california coastal area. by means of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies, cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 samples from california sea lions, 1 of which also contained giardia c ... | 2000 | 10864244 |
| epizootic vesicular disease in captive california sea lions. | an epizootic of vesicular disease occurred in a group of semi-domesticated california sea lions (zalophus californianus) during the months of april and may 1997. ten castrated mature male sea lions, ages 12 to 19 yr, were housed in three adjacent open-ocean net enclosures in san diego bay (california, usa). four animals (40%) developed oral and extremity vesicles, anorexia, and were reluctant to perform learned behaviors. one animal developed vesicles but maintained a normal appetite and behavio ... | 2000 | 10941736 |
| disseminated blastomycosis in two california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | two captive california sea lions (zalophus californianus) from different facilities were diagnosed with disseminated blastomycosis. the first, a 12-yr-old male, died after a 3-wk history of progressive anorexia and lethargy. gross examination revealed acute jejunitis with focal perforation and associated peritonitis, along with severe purulent bronchopneumonia. the second, a 15-yr-old female, was euthanized after a 2-wk history of severe cutaneous ulceration and declining clinical condition. gro ... | 2000 | 10982135 |
| masking in three pinnipeds: underwater, low-frequency critical ratios. | behavioral techniques were used to determine underwater masked hearing thresholds for a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). octave-band white noise maskers were centered at five test frequencies ranging from 200 to 2500 hz; a slightly wider noise band was used for testing at 100 hz. critical ratios were calculated at one masking noise level for each test frequency. above 200 hz, critical ratios incr ... | 2000 | 11008832 |
| common metastatic carcinoma of california sea lions (zalophus californianus): evidence of genital origin and association with novel gammaherpesvirus. | tissues from 10 adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus, seven females and three males) that had metastatic carcinoma in sublumbar area lymph nodes were examined histologically. a distinctive epithelial proliferative lesion interpreted as intraepithelial neoplasia was found in genital tracts of all ten animals; in vagina (5/7), cervix (7/7), uterus (3/7), penis (3/3) and prepuce (3/3). intraepithelial neoplasia closely resembled metastatic carcinomas and was directly contiguous with i ... | 2000 | 11105950 |
| molecular and morphometric evidence for separate species of uncinaria (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) in california sea lions and northern fur seals: hypothesis testing supplants verification. | california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) are each believed to host distinct hookworm species (uncinaria spp.). however, a recent morphometric analysis suggested that a single species parasitizes multiple pinniped hosts, and that the observed differences are host-induced. to explore the systematics of these hookworms and test these competing hypotheses, we obtained nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal dna (d2/d3 28s, d18/d19 28s, and internal ... | 2000 | 11128487 |
| comparative biology of uncinaria spp. in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and the northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) in california. | studies on several aspects of the life cycle of hookworms (uncinaria spp.) in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) were conducted on material collected on san miguel island (smi), california and at the marine mammal center, sausalito, california in 1997, 1998, and 1999. examination of z. californianus intestines for adult hookworms and feces for eggs revealed that longevity of these parasites in pups is about 6-8 mo, and infections are prob ... | 2000 | 11191915 |
| characterization of otostrongylus circumlitus from pacific harbor and northern elephant seals. | otostrongylus circumlitus (railliet, 1899) from pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi) and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) were examined using morphological and molecular methods to determine whether northern elephant seals along the central california coast are infected by the same species of otostrongylus as are pacific harbor seals in the same area. fixed nematodes were examined and measured using light microscopy. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to amp ... | 2001 | 11227905 |
| mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (orcinus orca), false killer whales (pseudorca crassidens) and california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | dolphins (tursiops truncatus) and their relatives might be expected to show mirror-induced contingency checking, a prerequisite to self-recognition, because of their high brain development, their complex social life and their demonstrated abilities in bodily imitation. a study of killer whales'(orcinus orca) behaviour in front of a mirror is presented, including a mark test. shorter investigations of mirror behaviour are also described in false killer whales (pseudorca crassidens) and california ... | 2001 | 11334706 |
| organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds in blubber and livers of stranded california sea lions, elephant seals, and harbor seals from coastal california, usa. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts (p,p'-dde, p,p'-ddd, p,p'-ddt), chlordanes (chls; cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, and oxychlordane), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (hchs), hexachlorobenzene (hcb), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh), and mono- (mbt), di-(dbt), and tri-butyltin (tbt) were determined in blubber and livers of 15 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 6 northern elephant seals (mirounga augustirost ... | 2001 | 11385594 |
| current prevalence of adult uncinaria spp. in northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups on san miguel island, california, with notes on the biology of these hookworms. | a prevalence survey for hookworms (uncinaria spp.) was done in northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups on san miguel island, ca, in 2000. intestines of dead pups were examined for adult hookworms in july. these parasites were found in 95% of 20 fur seal pups and 100% of 31 sea lion pups. the number of hookworms varied from 4 to 2142 (mean = 760) in fur seal pups and from 20 to 2634 (mean = 612) in sea lion pups. a direct relationship was evid ... | 2001 | 11390084 |
| electrophoretic detection of population variation within contracaecum ogmorhini (nematoda: ascaridoidea: anisakidae). | this study examined genetic variation among specimens of contracaecum ogmorhini from different otariid hosts and geographical origins using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based mutation detection approach. the first (its-1) and second (its-2) internal transcribed spacers (its) of ribosomal dna (rdna) were amplified individually by pcr, scanned for sequence variation by single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp), and samples displaying variable sscp profiles were subjected to cycle sequenc ... | 2001 | 11465491 |
| use of medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine with and without atipamezole reversal to immobilize captive california sea lions. | from june 1998 to august 1999, 39 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) were immobilized at a rehabilitation center in northern california (usa) using medetomidine plus zolazepam and tiletamine (mzt), alone and in combination with isoflurane, with atipamezole reversal. animals were given 70 microg/kg medetomidine with 1 mg/kg of a 1:1 solution of tiletamine and zolazepam intramuscularly. mean (+/-sd) time to maximal effect was 5+/-3 min. at the end of the procedure, animals were given 20 ... | 2001 | 11504231 |
| equivalence classification by california sea lions using class-specific reinforcers. | the ability to group dissimilar stimuli into categories on the basis of common stimulus relations (stimulus equivalence) or common functional relations (functional equivalence) has been convincingly demonstrated in verbally competent subjects. however, there are investigations with verbally limited humans and with nonhuman animals that suggest that the formation and use of classification schemes based on equivalence does not depend on linguistic skills. the present investigation documented the a ... | 2001 | 11599636 |
| standard metabolic rate at the surface and during trained submersions in adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the metabolic rate (mr) of four adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus), two males and two females, was quantified during trained submersion and stationing behavior in laboratory tanks. mr was measured, at rest and for single submersions of increasing duration (1-7 min), by measuring oxygen consumption using open-circuit, indirect calorimetry. standard mr was measured under conditions defined for basal mr and was found to be 1.9 to 3 times that predicted for terrestrial animals of si ... | 2001 | 11606601 |
| diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in california sea lions from coastal california. | the sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic agglutination test (mat) as a method for detection of exposure to leptospira spp. in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) were determined. sera came from individuals that demonstrated clinical signs of renal disease, had lesions suggestive of leptospirosis at necropsy, and had visible leptospires in silver stained kidney sections as positive controls. sera from unexposed captive individuals were used as negative controls. the test was 1 ... | 2002 | 11838231 |
| otarine herpesvirus-1: a novel gammaherpesvirus associated with urogenital carcinoma in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the incidence of neoplasia in california sea lions (csls) is considered to be unusually high. electron microscopic examination of some of these urogenital tumours revealed the presence of virions with typical herpes-like structure. while current attempts to cultivate this virus have not been successful, molecular studies employing dna extracted from tumour tissues allowed both the classification of the agent and its identification in tumours and archived tissue samples. two genome fragments gene ... | 2002 | 11888696 |
| domoic acid toxicity in californian sea lions (zalophus californianus): clinical signs, treatment and survival. | eighty-one californian sea lions (zalophus californianus) with signs of domoic acid toxicity stranded along the coast of california in 1998 when there were blooms of the domoic acid-producing alga pseudonitzschia australis off-shore. in 2000, a further 184 sea lions stranded with similar clinical signs, but the strandings occurred both during detectable algal blooms and after the blooms had subsided. the clinical signs in these 265 californian sea lions included seizures, ataxia, head weaving, d ... | 2002 | 11995679 |
| scanning electron microscopy study of the tongue and lingual papillae of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus). | we observed the three-dimensional structures on the external surface and the connective tissue cores (ctcs) of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus), after exfoliation of the epithelium of the lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae), using scanning electron microscopy (sem) and conventional light microscopy. macroscopically, the tongue was v-shaped and its apex was rounded. at the posterior area of the tongue, five vallate papillae were arranged in a ... | 2002 | 11997883 |
| endocarditis associated with escherichia coli in a sea lion (zalophus californianus). | endocarditis associated with escherichia coli was diagnosed in a 2-year-old male california sea lion (zalophus californianus). the diagnosis was based on light microscopic examination and bacterial isolation from the valvular lesion. this is the first case of bacterial endocarditis reported in a sea lion. | 2002 | 12033687 |
| changes in auditory sensitivity with depth in a free-diving california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | all current data on underwater hearing in pinnipeds are based on tests conducted in small tanks, and may not accurately represent the auditory functioning of free-ranging animals, especially if hearing sensitivity changes with water depth. underwater auditory thresholds were determined for a california sea lion at depths ranging from 10 to 100 meters. the following results were obtained: (1) false alarm probabilities (responding in the absence of a signal) decreased significantly with depth, ind ... | 2002 | 12141359 |
| molecular characterization of expressed dqa and dqb genes in the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus). | to date, there are no published mhc sequences from the california sea lion (zalophus californianus), a thriving species that, by feeding high on the marine food web, could be a sentinel for disturbances in marine and coastal ecosystems. in this study, degenerate primers and race technology were used to amplify near-full-length (mhczaca- dqb) and full-length (mhczaca- dqa) expressed class ii mhc gene products from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of two california sea lions in rehabilitatio ... | 2002 | 12185537 |
| evaluation of mitogen-induced responses in marine mammal and human lymphocytes by in-vitro exposure of butyltins and non-ortho coplanar pcbs. | the effects of exposure to butyltin compounds (bts: tributyltin; tbt, dibutyltin; dbt and monobutyltin; mbt) and non-ortho coplanar pcbs (iupac 77, 126 and 169) on marine mammals and human lymphocyte were evaluated. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) isolated from dall's porpoises (phocoenoides dalli), bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), a california sealion (zalophus californianus), a larga seal (phocoa largha) and humans (homo sapiens) were exposed at varying concentrations of bt ... | 2002 | 12395836 |
| long-term memory for concepts in a california sea lion ( zalophus californianus). | an adult california sea lion ( zalophus californianus) with extensive experience in performing discrimination learning tasks was tested to evaluate her long-term memory for two previously learned concepts. an associative concept, that of equivalence classification, was retested after a retention interval of approximately 1 year. the sea lion had originally shown emergent equivalence classification with nonsimilarity-based classes of stimuli in a simple discrimination repeated-reversal procedure ... | 2002 | 12461600 |
| organochlorine pollutants [corrected] in california sea lions revisited. | dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been banned in most countries, but considerable amounts continue to cycle the ecosphere. top trophic level predators, like sea birds and marine mammals, bioaccumulate these lipophilic compounds, reflecting their presence in the environment. | 2002 | 12479795 |
| sea lions and equivalence: expanding classes by exclusion. | experiments have shown that human and nonhuman subjects are capable of performing new arbitrary stimulus-stimulus relations without error. when subjects that are experienced with matching-to-sample procedures are presented with a novel sample, a novel comparison, and a familiar comparison, most respond by correctly selecting the novel comparison in the presence of the new sample. this exclusion paradigm was expanded with two california sea lions that had previously formed two 10-member equivalen ... | 2002 | 12507014 |
| maneuverability by the sea lion zalophus californianus: turning performance of an unstable body design. | maneuverability is critical to the performance of fast-swimming marine mammals that use rapid turns to catch prey. overhead video recordings were analyzed for two sea lions (zalophus californianus) turning in the horizontal plane. unpowered turns were executed by body flexion in conjunction with use of the pectoral and pelvic flippers, which were used as control surfaces. a 90 degree bank angle was used in the turns to vertically orient the control surfaces. turning radius was dependent on body ... | 2003 | 12517984 |
| lingual squamous cell carcinoma in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a 28-yr-old female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) in a commercial aquarium developed an ulcerated lingual tumor and died. necropsy revealed a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopic studies revealed that the tumor cells were strongly positive with anti-keratin-cytokeratin antibody and had abundant tonofibrils and desmosomes. the neoplasm had metastasized to a mandibular lymph node. | 2002 | 12564535 |
| genetic evidence for two sibling species within contracaecum ogmorhini johnston & mawson, 1941 (nematoda: anisakidae) from otariid seals of boreal and austral regions. | genetic variation of contracaecum ogmorhini (sensu lato) populations from different otariid seals of the northern and southern hemisphere was studied on the basis of 18 enzyme loci as well as preliminary sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cyt b gene (260 bp). samples were collected from zalophus californianus in the boreal region and from arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, a. pusillus doriferus and a. australis from the austral region. marked genetic heterogeneity was found between c. ogmorhin ... | 2003 | 12567006 |
| inbreeding: disease susceptibility in california sea lions. | 2003 | 12621424 | |
| observations in 2001 on hookworms ( uncinaria spp.) in otariid pinnipeds. | uncinaria spp. were recovered from the milk of california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) collected from the: (1) teats of a cow just after parturition (one parasitic third-stage larva, l(3)), (2) stomach of her nursing pup (two l(3)), and (3) stomach of a dead pup about 2 days old (one l(3), one headless, probably l(3), and four l(4)) on san miguel island, california in may 2001. this, in addition to earlier research, indicates transmammary transmission of hookworms in this host. uncinaria ... | 2003 | 12658464 |
| mental rotation of perspective stimuli in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | the time it takes humans to discriminate rotated objects from their mirror images increases linearly with the rotation angle. this phenomenon is probably due to an analogue mode of visual information processing during which an object's mental representation is rotated in a time-consuming process called mental rotation. as the speed of mental rotation in humans depends on rotation axis, we tested the ability of a california sea lion to mentally rotate perspective line drawings of three-dimensiona ... | 2003 | 12660446 |
| characterization and clinical manifestations of arcanobacterium phocae infections in marine mammals stranded along the central california coast. | between 1994 and 2000, 141 arcanobacterium phocae isolates were recovered from marine mammals that stranded along the central california coast (usa). arcanobacterium phocae was cultured from tissue sites with abnormal discharge or evidence of inflammation in 66 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 50 pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii), 19 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), five southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis), and one common dolphin (delphinus d ... | 2003 | 12685077 |
| evidence of leptospira interrogans infection in california sea lion pups from the gulf of california. | forty-two urine and 96 blood and serum samples were obtained from california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups from the gulf of california during the 2000 reproductive season. antibody prevalence to 13 serovars of leptospira interrogans was determined by microagglutination tests (mat); presence of pathogenic leptospires was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). samples with antibody titers > or = 1:25 or 115 bp fragments on ethidium bromidestained 1.5% agarose gels were considered po ... | 2003 | 12685078 |
| two distinct carcinomas of mammary gland origin in a california sea lion. | two histologic types of mammary cancer were encountered in an aged captive california sea lion (zalophus californianus). a cancer with myoepithelial cell proliferation, which had metastasized to distant viscera, was located in the left cranial mammary region. another cancer without myoepithelial cell proliferation was located in the right posterior mammary region, formed secondary nodules, and had metastasized to a regional lymph node. the presence of two different neoplasms in this sea lion is ... | 2003 | 12685092 |
| the corticoids of the adrenal of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | 1961 | 13885607 | |
| [studies on the kidney blood supply in sea-lions (zalophus californianus)]. | 1963 | 14092219 | |
| underwater visual discrimination by the california sea lion. | two captive sea lions (zalophus californianus) presented with a series of size-discrimination tasks showed preferences for the smaller of two targets and gave virtually errorless performances despite changes in the form and relative size of the targets. further tests revealed that they were capable of discriminating a size-difference ratio as small as 1.06:1. | 1965 | 14260381 |
| chronic aortitis in the california sea-lion, zalophus californianus. | 1960 | 14405285 | |
| auditory masking in three pinnipeds: aerial critical ratios and direct critical bandwidth measurements. | this study expands the limited understanding of pinniped aerial auditory masking and includes measurements at some of the relatively low frequencies predominant in many pinniped vocalizations. behavioral techniques were used to obtain aerial critical ratios (crs) within a hemianechoic chamber for a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). simultaneous, octave-band noise maskers centered at seven test fre ... | 2003 | 14514219 |
| auditory and behavioral responses of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) to single underwater impulses from an arc-gap transducer. | a behavioral response paradigm was used to measure underwater hearing thresholds in two california sea lions (zalophus californianus) before and after exposure to underwater impulses from an arc-gap transducer. preexposure and postexposure hearing thresholds were compared to determine if the subjects experienced temporary shifts in their masked hearing thresholds (mtts). hearing thresholds were measured at 1 and 10 khz. exposures consisted of single underwater impulses produced by an arc-gap tra ... | 2003 | 14514220 |
| control of pulmonary surfactant secretion in adult california sea lions. | marine mammals have a spectacular suite of respiratory adaptations to deal with the extreme pressures associated with deep diving. in particular, maintaining a functional pulmonary surfactant system at depth is critical for marine mammals to ensure that inspiration is possible upon re-emergence. pulmonary surfactant is secreted from alveolar type ii (atii) cells and is crucial for normal lung function. it is not known whether atii cells have the ability to continue to secrete pulmonary surfactan ... | 2004 | 14697251 |
| metal concentrations in the liver and kidney of aquatic mammals and penguins. | we determined the hepatic and renal concentrations of cd, pb, zn, cu, and fe in (1) marine mammals (three bottle-nosed dolphins, six california sea lions, and one sea otter), (2) freshwater and brackish-water mammals (one oriental short-clawed otter and four european river otters), and (3) sea birds (three rock-hopper penguins, two king penguins, three humboldt penguins, four macaroni penguins, and four magellanic penguins), all of which were kept in a zoo and an aquarium in japan. we investigat ... | 2004 | 14985624 |
| class ii multiformity generated by variable mhc- drb region configurations in the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus). | in light of the immunological importance of molecules encoded within the major histocompatibility complex ( mhc), there are numerous studies examining the variability of these genes in wildlife populations. an underlying assumption in many of these studies is that mhc diversity invariably arises from a high level of allelic variation at a single gene locus, leading to widespread descriptions of thriving species with apparently limited mhc polymorphism. indeed, in a previous study we failed to fi ... | 2004 | 14997355 |
| acute haemorrhagic leucoencephalitis in a californian sea lion (zalophus californianus). | 2004 | 15029968 | |
| canine distemper virus in a californian sea lion (zalophus californianus). | 2004 | 15068043 | |
| penetration of the small intestine of a california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pup by adult hookworms (uncinaria spp). | during a study on the mortality of california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups born on san miguel island, california in 2002, two adult female hookworms (uncinaria spp) were found penetrating the serosal surface of the intestinal wall and protruding into the peritoneal cavity of one pup. documentation and a description of this unexpected finding and associated lesions are presented here. also, adult hookworms were found in the peritoneal fluid of two other dead z. californianus pups. | 2004 | 15115001 |
| localization of aerial broadband noise by pinnipeds. | although many pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) emit broadband calls on land as part of their communication system, few studies have addressed these animals' ability to localize aerial broadband sounds. in this study, the aerial sound localization acuities of a female northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a male harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) were measured in the horizontal plane. the stimulus was broadband white noise ... | 2004 | 15139647 |
| reversible anesthesia of captive california sea lions (zalophus californianus) with medetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and isoflurane. | two adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus) were effectively anesthetized 13 times with medetomidine (0.010-0.013 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2-0.26 mg/kg), and butorphanol (0.2-0.4 mg/kg) by i.m. hand or pole syringe injection. for each anesthetic event, atropine (0.02 mg/kg, i.m.) was administered 6-20 min after initial injections, and oxygen administration via face mask or nasal insufflation began at the same time. light anesthesia was induced in 8-22 min and lasted 13-78 min. during eig ... | 2004 | 15193076 |
| organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in california sea lions. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts, chlordanes, hchs, hexachlorobenzene (hcb), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh) were measured in the blubber of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) collected in 2000. ddts were the most predominant contaminants, followed by pcbs, chlordanes, tcpme, hchs, tcpmoh, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide. concentrations of pcbs and ddts varied from a few microg/g to s ... | 2004 | 15261406 |
| temporal changes in the prevalence of parasites in two oregon estuary-dwelling fishes. | the parasite faunas of juvenile english sole (parophrys vetulus) in 1971-1972 and staghorn sculpin (leptocottus armatus) in 1971 from yaquina bay, oregon, were compared with faunas found in the same estuary in 1997-2000 (english sole) and 1999-2000 (staghorn sculpin). the 7 most commonly occurring parasites in 1971 were compared with the same species observed during the same month and sampling sites in 1997-2000. multivariate community analysis of juvenile english sole parasites supported the su ... | 2004 | 15270100 |
| use of laser rhinoscopy to treat a nasal obstruction in a captive california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | laser rhinoscopy was used to treat a nasal obstruction in a captive california sea lion (zalophus californianus). the rehabilitated, adult, female sea lion developed mucopurulent, intermittent, bilateral nasal discharge and functional nasal obstruction 20 mo after acquisition by the aquarium of the pacific in long beach, california. a 3-mm-thick soft tissue structure spanning the region between the soft and hard palates, a deviated nasal septum, and several nasopharyngeal polyps were identified. ... | 2004 | 15305521 |
| pcbs and ddt in the serum of juvenile california sea lions: associations with vitamins a and e and thyroid hormones. | top-trophic predators like california sea lions bioaccumulate high levels of persistent fat-soluble pollutants that may provoke physiological impairments such as endocrine or vitamins a and e disruption. we measured circulating levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) in 12 healthy juvenile california sea lions captured on año nuevo island, california, in 2002. we investigated the relationship between the contamination by pcbs and ddt and the circulati ... | 2005 | 15589659 |
| meningoencephalitis in two stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus) caused by aberrant trematode migration. | meningoencephalitis caused by aberrant trematode migration is described in two california sea lions (zalophus californianus) admitted to a rehabilitation hospital between may and august 2001. both animals displayed seizure activity and were euthanized due to poor response to therapy. gross abnormal findings included liver flukes (zalophotrema hepaticum) in the bile ducts and areas of swelling and necrosis in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. histopathology revealed meningoencephalitis wi ... | 2004 | 15650108 |
| an immunogenetic basis for the high prevalence of urogenital cancer in a free-ranging population of california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | in response to an unprecedented prevalence of cancer recently identified in free-ranging populations of california sea lions [(csl) (zalophus californianus], we examined the role of the immunologically important major histocompatibility (mhc) genes in this disease epidemic. associations between mhc genes and cancer have been well established in humans, but have never before been investigated in wildlife. using a previously developed technique employing sequence-specific primer-based pcr with int ... | 2005 | 15650877 |
| the role of organochlorines in cancer-associated mortality in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | wild california sea lions (zalophus californianus) have an unusually high prevalence of neoplasms (18% of stranded dead adults) and high levels of contaminants. the contribution of organochlorine (oc) tissue burdens to the probability of sea lions dying from carcinoma was explored using a logistic regression model. levels of pcbs and ddts were determined in blubber of sea lions diagnosed with metastatic carcinoma and animals that had died from non-carcinoma-related incidents (e.g., gunshot, domo ... | 2005 | 15664031 |
| photomicrographic images of some features of uncinaria spp (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) from otariid pinnipeds. | photomicrographs of several morphologic features of hookworms (uncinaria spp) from northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups are presented. the main purpose is to show and describe some physical characteristics of hookworms from the two hosts; it is not to decide from these attributes whether the uncinaria spp are the same species. the number of species of uncinaria in pinnipeds is uncertain and specimens need to be examined from the various in ... | 2005 | 15719261 |
| pathology of domoic acid toxicity in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | over 100 free-ranging adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and one northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus), predominantly adult females, were intoxicated by domoic acid (da) during three harmful algal blooms between 1998 and 2000 in central and northern california coastal waters. the vector prey item was northern anchovy (engraulis mordax) and the primary da-producing algal diatom was psuedonitzschia australis. postmortem examination revealed gross and histologic findings that wer ... | 2005 | 15753472 |
| seasonal prevalence and intensity of hookworms (uncinaria spp.) in california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups born in 2002 on san miguel island, california. | intestines of california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups (n= 204), born in 2002 on san miguel island, california, were examined for hookworms (uncinaria spp.) as part of a seasonal mortality study from june through december 2002 and january 2003. the investigation was planned to coincide with most of the previously established hookworm infection period of the pups. prevalence of hookworms in dead pups was 100% for each month of the study. the geometric mean intensity of infections per mon ... | 2005 | 15824900 |
| right ear advantage for conspecific calls in adults and subadults, but not infants, california sea lions (zalophus californianus): hemispheric specialization for communication? | this paper explores functional hemispheric asymmetries in the perception of auditory signals in a marine mammal species, the sea lion. using a head-orienting task toward sounds we found a right ear--left hemisphere--advantage for conspecific calls in adult and subadult california sea lions (zalophus californianus) that was absent in infants. non-conspecific sounds did not elicit lateralized reactions in any age group. these findings show that maturational steps regarding communication in the bra ... | 2005 | 15845100 |
| the development of the pulmonary surfactant system in california sea lions. | pulmonary surfactant has previously been shown to change during development, both in composition and function. adult pinnipeds, unlike adult terrestrial mammals, have an altered lung physiology to cope with the high pressures associated with deep diving. here, we investigated how surfactant composition and function develop in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). phosphatidylinositol was the major anionic phospholipid in the newborn, whereas phosphatidylglycerol was increased in the adu ... | 2005 | 15964230 |
| surgical resection of an orbital fat prolapse in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a 23-year-old captive female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) developed an inferiotemporal subconjunctival swelling of the right eye. surgical excision of the mass was performed and a diagnosis of orbital fat prolapse was confirmed histopathologically. there was no recurrence of orbital fat prolapse at 15 months post operatively. this is the first known case of orbital fat prolapse in the california sea lion. | 2005 | 16008709 |
| leptospirosis in northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded along the california coast. | leptospirosis was identified in six northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) that were stranded in 1995 along the coast of california (usa). histologic lesions in all seals included tubulointerstitial nephritis with tubular degeneration and necrosis. infection was confirmed through identification of spirochetes using an immunohistochemical stain for leptospira sp. antigens. one affected seal had an elevated titer to leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. four of the six seals developed ... | 2005 | 16107678 |