Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| a complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the western lowland gorilla. | the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecule of the gorilla was sequenced. the entire sequence, 16,412 nucleotides, was determined by analysis of natural (not polymerase chain reaction) restriction fragments covering the whole molecule. the sequence was established from one individual and thus nonchimeric. after comparison with the coii gene of gorilla specimens with known geographical origin, the sequence was identified as characteristic of the western lowland gorilla, gorilla gorilla gorill ... | 1996 | 8676744 |
| rapid allelic diversification and intensified selection at antigen recognition sites of the mhc class ii dpb1 locus during hominoid evolution. | the evolution of polymorphism at the mhc class ii dpb1 locus was studied by comparison of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and human dpb1 alleles. extensive polymorphism was found in all hominoids. the clustering of sequences in the phylogenetic tree is consistent with rapid generation of the dpb1 polymorphism. analysis of the substitution pattern for human alleles shows an excess of non-synonymous changes to synonymous changes at antigen r ... | 1996 | 8740771 |
| alveolar hydatidosis in a gorilla and a ring-tailed lemur in japan. | alveolar hydatidosis by echinococcus multilocularis (em) infection occurred on a 22-year-old (approx.) male gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and a 4-year-old female ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta) in a zoo, in hokkaido, japan. case 1: the gorilla presented neurologic signs in course of nine months and died. pathologically, alveolar hydatid lesions were found in the liver, the liver-associated lymph nodes, the cerebrum, and the lungs. a protoscolex was found only in one hepatic cyst. case 2: in the lemu ... | 1996 | 8741606 |
| regional localization of human m-bcr gene to chromosome 23 band q11 in the great apes. | we hybridized a human m-bcr dna probe to the chromosomes of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by fish-technique. the human m-bcr gene was localized to chromosome 23 band q11 (23q11), which is equivalent to the human chromosome 22 band q11 in all three species. the conservation of m-bcr gene in higher primates at the corresponding human chromosome locus provides phylogenetic clues concerning the evolution of genes. | 1996 | 8765683 |
| a comparison of tspy genes from y-chromosomal dna of the great apes and humans: sequence, evolution, and phylogeny. | the genes for testis-specific protein y (tspy) were sequenced from chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and baboon (papio hamadryas). the sequences were compared with each other and with the published human sequence. substitutions were detected at 144 of the 755 nucleotide positions compared. in overviewing five sequences, one deletion in human, four successive nucleotide insertions in orangutan, and seven deletions/insertions in baboon sequence we ... | 1996 | 8798990 |
| mitochondrial dna diversity in gorillas. | a highly variable portion of the mitochondrial dna control region was sequenced in 63 free-living and captive gorillas including representatives of the three recognized subspecies. this region has proven useful for evaluation of relative levels of genetic variability in populations, for clarification of the subspecies identity of a wild population, and for examination of the phylogenetic relationships of the three subspecies. the eastern lowland (gorilla gorilla graueri) and mountain gorilla (go ... | 1996 | 8812304 |
| assignment of human mycn proto-oncogene to chromosome band 12q24 in higher primates. | controversies concerning the reduction of chromosome number from 48 to 46 in humans by putative fusion of two ape chromosomes still persist. nevertheless, abundant evidence suggests that human chromosome 2 was derived by fusion. consequently, the recent availability of the human mycn gene probe which was localized to 2p24.3 facilitated our search for its location in the human equivalent chromosome(s) of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). in al ... | 1996 | 8921863 |
| interspecific variation at the y-linked rps4y locus in hominoids: implications for phylogeny. | within- and between-species variation in restriction endonuclease recognition sites was examined at the y-linked rps4y locus of six hominoid species: human (homo sapiens), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), bonobo (pan paniscus), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and gibbon (hylobates lar). rps4y is an expressed gene that maps to the non-recombining region of the y chromosome. an approximately 1,490 base pair fragment of the rps4y gene, including all of intron 3, was amplified by ... | 1996 | 8922180 |
| ontogeny of body size variation in african apes. | size variation in african apes (gorilla gorilla [gorilla], pan paniscus [pygmy chimpanzee], and pan troglodytes ["common" chimpanzee]) is substantial, both within and between species. we investigate the possible evolutionary significance of this variation through an analysis of the ontogeny of size variation in this group. in addition, we highlight possible areas of future endocrinological research, and evaluate recently proposed alternative models that attempt to account for ontogenetic variati ... | 1996 | 8928723 |
| strategies for ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval in the lowland gorilla. | ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval were performed in a lowland gorilla in an attempt to propagate and potentially cryopreserve embryos from an infertile animal and to advance techniques to help preserve this endangered species. | 1997 | 9048241 |
| birth of a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. | a 21-year-old multiparous female exhibiting 31-41 day menstrual cycles was given hfsh (225 iu/day, metrodin 75, from cycle day 3 through 9 (menses = day 1) and hcg (10,000 iu, profasi, on day 10 to stimulate follicular development. at 35 h after hcg, under isoflurane (aerrane) anesthesia, follicles were aspirated by controlled suction under transvaginal ultrasound guidance. metaphase ii oocytes (n = 11) were placed in modified human tubal fluid (mhtf, 100 microliters) medium under oil at 37 degr ... | 1997 | 9057968 |
| fatal infections with balamuthia mandrillaris (a free-living amoeba) in gorillas and other old world primates. | balamuthia mandrillaris is a newly described free-living amoeba capable of causing fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. because the number of human cases is rapidly increasing, this infection is now considered an important emerging disease by the medical community. a retrospective review of the pathology database for the zoological society of san diego (the san diego zoo and san diego wild animal park) for the period july 1965 through december 1994 revealed five cases of amoebic meni ... | 1997 | 9150541 |
| relative growth, ontogeny, and sexual dimorphism in gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla and g. g. beringei): evolutionary and ecological considerations. | gorillas are the largest and among the most sexually dimorphic of all extant primates. while gorillas have been incorporated in broad-level comparisons among large-bodied hominoids or in studies of the african apes, comparisons between gorilla subspecies have been rare. during the past decade, however, behavioral, morphological, and molecular data from a number of studies have indicated that the western lowland (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and eastern mountain (gorilla gorilla beringei) subspecies ... | 1997 | 9294638 |
| the western lowland gorilla diet has implications for the health of humans and other hominoids. | we studied the western lowland gorilla diet as a possible model for human nutrient requirements with implications for colonic function. gorillas in the central african republic were identified as consuming over 200 species and varieties of plants and 100 species and varieties of fruit. thirty-one of the most commonly consumed foods were collected and dried locally before shipping for macronutrient and fiber analysis. the mean macronutrient concentrations were (mean +/- sd, g/100 g dry basis) fat ... | 1997 | 9311957 |
| western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) as seasonal frugivores: use of variable resources. | the gorillas studied at bai hokou, central african republic, between august 1990 and october 1992 consumed 239 kinds of foods from 138 species of plants and invertebrates, including the fruits of 77 species. seeds were present in 99% of all fecal samples (n = 859). although gorillas ate fleshy fruit whenever it was available, herbaceous plants and fibrous fruits were consumed year-round and were important during times of fleshy fruit scarcity. at bai hokou and across their range, resources are t ... | 1997 | 9327094 |
| ranging and grouping patterns of a western lowland gorilla group at bai hokou, central african republic. | the ranging and grouping patterns of a gorilla group were studied during 27 months from 1990-1992 at the bai hokou study site, central african republic. the study group ranged far daily (average = 2.3 km/day) and had a large home range (22.9 km2), relative to mountain gorillas, and ranging patterns differed between years. during 1990-1992, the bimale study group foraged less cohesively and had more flexible grouping patterns than mountain gorillas. the study group sometimes split into two distin ... | 1997 | 9327095 |
| sequences from higher primates orthologous to the human xp/yp telomere junction region reveal gross rearrangements and high levels of divergence. | a high level of sequence polymorphism combined with linkage disequilibrium has created a limited number of highly diverged haplotypes across the human xp/yp telomere junction region. to gain insight into the unusual genetic characteristics of this region, we have examined the orthologous sequences in the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes ), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). divergence from the human xp/yp sequence is higher (average 2.6-fold) than that observed ... | 1997 | 9361036 |
| scapula form and biomechanics in gorillas. | gorillas are generating renewed interest as mounting evidence from field and molecular studies strongly suggests the western lowland (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and eastern mountain (gorilla gorilla beringei) gorillas are considerably more distinct than has previously been accepted. schultz (1927, 1930, 1934) was one of the earliest investigators to document morphological differences between the two groups, noting differences in pedal, limb and scapular morphology. these differences led schultz to ... | 1997 | 9403078 |
| mhc-e polymorphism in pongidae primates: the same allele is found in two different species. | mhc-e intron 1, exon 2, intron 2, and exon 3 from pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) have been sequenced; six new mhc-e alleles have been obtained but sequence changes are only placed either in introns or in synonymous exonic bases. one pygmy chimpanzee mhc-e dna sequence is identical to another sequence from chimpanzee; the fact that no variation is found also at the intronic level suggests that these two speci ... | 1997 | 9458133 |
| comparative mapping of human alphoid satellite dna repeat sequences in the great apes. | heterochromatic regions of chromosomes contain highly repetitive, tandemly arranged dna sequences that undergo very rapid variation compared to unique dna sequences that are predominantly conserved. in this study the chromosomal basis of speciation has been looked at in terms of repeat sequences. we have hybridized twenty-one chromosome-specific human alphoid satellite dna probes to metaphase spreads of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) t ... | 1997 | 9465402 |
| cardiovascular evaluation of lowland gorillas. | to design a diagnostic protocol that uses appropriate techniques, including ultrasonography, to assess cardiovascular health and detect primary cardiac diseases in gorillas and to establish a database of reference values for cardiac measurements in clinically normal gorillas. | 1998 | 9470055 |
| mitochondrial dna variability in grauer's gorillas of kahuzi-biega national park. | eastern lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla graueri) are the least studied of the three gorilla subspecies; particularly at the molecular level. we sequenced an internal region of the mitochondrial dna cytochrome oxidase subunit ii (coii) region and a hypervariable portion of the mitochondrial dna control region (d-loop) from wild gorillas in both the montane and lowland habitats of kahuzl-blega national park, democratic republic of congo. all individuals (n = 38) were identical at the coii region ... | 1998 | 9542160 |
| lowland gorillas and seed dispersal: the importance of nest sites. | lowland gorillas eat the fruit and disperse the seeds of many tree species in the lopé reserve, gabon. this study aimed to show whether deposition of seeds at gorilla ground nest sites conferred any advantage for germination and seedling establishment as compared to the fate of seeds deposited in gorilla dung on trails or under parents. four tree species were chosen for study, which had a range of fruit types and fruiting patterns but which were all important foods for gorillas. data showed that ... | 1998 | 9573442 |
| comparative study of the genomic organization of dna repeats within the 5'-flanking region of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein gene (nramp1) between humans and great apes. | the human nramp1 gene located on chromosome (chr) region 2q35 is a candidate gene for increased risk of infection by several intracellular macrophage parasites, including m. tuberculosis and m. leprae. in search for a possible mutational hot spot, we have analyzed a 3.5-kb region 5' to nramp1 that is highly enriched for dna repeat sequences. the repeat sequences could be grouped into one mer element and six alu elements, representing five alu subfamilies, that had integrated in the same dna regi ... | 1998 | 9585430 |
| chromosomal localization of rdna in the gorilla. | twenty-five specimens of lowland gorilla, including 24 specimens of the western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and 1 specimen of the eastern lowland gorilla (g. gorilla graueri), were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a human-derived 18s + 28s rdna probe. specific hybridization was constitutively seen on the short arms of gorilla acrocentric chromosome pairs 22 and 23, corresponding to human pairs 21 and 22. only one specimen of western lowland gorilla investigat ... | 1998 | 9678355 |
| evolutionary divergence of the oncogenes gli, hst and int2. | almost a quarter of a century ago, the banding patterns of human and other higher primate chromosomes were compared, creating a barrage of speculation. consequently, a number of approaches have been used to understand human descent. chromosome modifications are believed to be important in the origin of species, and pericentric inversions account for the majority of evolutionary chromosomal alterations seen in hominoidea. a comparative mapping fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, using l ... | 1998 | 9720300 |
| molecular phylogenetics of the hominoid y chromosome. | the human y-chromosome plays a central role in sex determination, and is composed of dna sequences homologous to the y-chromosome, families of y-specific repetitive dna sequences, and single copy sequences. we investigated the chromosomal location of y-specific dna sequences, in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique. the yq subtelomeric dna sequences (dys427) have been observed to be ... | 1998 | 9747032 |
| interindividual spatial proximity in two captive groups of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | 1998 | 9751832 | |
| stick throwing by gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at the san diego wild animal park. | 1998 | 9751834 | |
| evidence from urinary cortisol that maternal behavior is related to stress in gorillas. | by studying western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla, n = 8) in zoological gardens via ethological and non-invasive physiological techniques, we have demonstrated that their postpartum maternal behavior is related negatively to their postpartum urinary titers of cortisol. on the basis of this finding, it is proposed that postpartum stress contributes to disrupted maternal behavior in the gorilla in captivity. morning urine samples were collected with a mean sampling interval of 1.6 days ... | 1998 | 9761215 |
| spontaneous cleft palate in a newborn gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | objective: we report the first case of cleft palate in a newborn male gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). case history and results: the full-term infant was born to clinically healthy, wild-caught parents and survived 5 days. autopsy disclosed a unilateral cleft palate, moderate scalp hemorrhage (birth versus postnatal trauma), cerebral edema, and a sterile fibrin vegetation in the heart. the palate was also shorter and narrower than expected, and the biorbital breadth was reduced; otherwise, gro ... | 1998 | 9761564 |
| protein deficiency in a colony of western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) | a syndrome of alopecia and weight loss in a colony of 10 western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in gabon during a 3-yr period was apparently due to a dietary protein deficiency, with nine individuals affected to some extent. the most severely afflicted was a 4-yr-old female who eventually died as a result of acute gastroenteritis caused by shigella flexneri. clinical signs included chronic alopecia, hair discoloration, failure to thrive, and weight loss, and their severity was direct ... | 1998 | 9809596 |
| sexual dimorphism in the face of australopithecus africanus. | recently discovered crania of australopithecus africanus from sterkfontein member 4 and makapansgat enlarge the size range of the species and encourage a reappraisal of both the degree and pattern of sexual dimorphism. resampling methodology (bootstrapping) is used here to establish that a. africanus has a greater craniofacial size range than chimpanzees or modern humans, a range which is best attributed to a moderately high degree of sexual dimorphism. compared to other fossil hominins, this va ... | 1999 | 9915304 |
| dental microwear of griphopithecus alpani. | the examination of microscopic dental wear allows inferences to be made about diet in extinct species. this study reconstructs the diet of griphopithecus alpani, a 15 ma fossil hominoid from the miocene site of paşalar in north-western turkey, using scanning electron microscopy (sem) to examine the microscopic wear on its molar teeth. the microwear patterns of griphopithecus are compared with those of three extant hominoid taxa-gorilla gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes verus, and pongo pygmaeus p ... | 1999 | 9924132 |
| patterns of sexual dimorphism in the hominoid distal humerus. | basic biomechanical principles predict that body size differences and differences in the positional behavior of primates should impact on the design of the locomotor skeleton. allometric distortions in joint shape might be expected between sexes if the degree of body size dimorphism is substantial and/or if sex-specific differences exist in behavior. nevertheless, there are few documented cases of sexual dimorphism in the limb joints of hominoids, despite substantial body size dimorphism and som ... | 1999 | 10208792 |
| phylogenetic history of hominoid drb loci and alleles inferred from intron sequences. | the evolutionary relationships among the mhc class ii drb4, drb5 and drb6 loci as well as the allelic lineages and alleles of the drb1 locus were studied based on intron 1 and intron 2 sequences from humans, chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), bonobo (pan paniscus) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). the phylogenetic trees for these sequences indicate that most of the drb1 allelic lineages predate the separation of the hominoid species studied, consistent with previous analysis of the coding sequences of t ... | 1999 | 10319273 |
| population structure and group composition of western lowland gorillas in north-western republic of congo. | population studies are an essential part of conservation actions. under exceptional observation conditions we studied a western lowland gorilla population visiting the maya salt-clearing (north of the parc national d'odzala, p.n.o., congo) over an 8 month period; 36 groups and 18 solitary individuals (a total of 420 individuals) have been identified visiting the clearing, which suggests a high gorilla density in the region. ninety-six percent of the gorillas entered the clearing in groups. one-m ... | 1999 | 10326767 |
| factors affecting mirror behaviour in western lowland gorillas, gorilla gorilla. | to date, it has proven difficult to demonstrate mirror self-recognition in gorillas. however, gorillas display pronounced gaze aversion that may prevent them from spending a sufficient amount of time exploring their mirror images to understand that they are the source of their reflections. it has also been suggested that the presence of observers may inhibit gorillas from engaging in mark-directed behaviours. to overcome the problem of gaze aversion, we used an angled-mirror apparatus developed ... | 1999 | 10328785 |
| pneumatic processes in the temporal bone of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). | the ontogeny of human temporal bone pneumatization has been well studied from both comparative and clinical perspectives. while a difference in the extent of air cell distribution has been noted in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, the processes responsible have been relatively unexplored. to examine these processes, a large, age-graded series of hominoid skulls was radiographed and the progress of pneumatization recorded. additionally, a subsample of 30 chimpanzees and 12 ... | 1999 | 10420159 |
| localization of subtelomeric sequences of human chromosomes 1q, 11p, 13q, and 16q in the higher primates. | relative phylogenetic divergence of the members of the pongidae family has been based on genetic evidence. the recent isolation of subtelomeric probes specific for human (hsa) chromosomes 1q, 11p, 13q, and 16q has prompted us to cross-hybridize these to the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, ptr), gorilla (gorilla gorilla, ggo), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus, ppy) to search for their equivalent locations in the great apes. hybridization signals to the 1q subtelomeric dna sequence pr ... | 1999 | 10483091 |
| chronic hypertension with subsequent congestive heart failure in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | chronic severe subclinical systemic hypertension was diagnosed in a 28-yr-old male western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography revealed an enlarged heart with a hypertrophied left ventricle, mitral regurgitation, and a persistent left bundle branch block. enalapril, later combined with nifedipine, was of some value in reducing the hypertension, with partial reversal of cardiac enlargement and resolution of the bundle branch b ... | 1999 | 10484143 |
| acute lymphocytic leukemia in a six-month-old western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | a 6-mo-old hand-raised male western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) was diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia based on complete blood count and bone marrow cytology. clinical signs of the disease were pyrexia, abdominal distention, splenomegaly, and lethargy. acute lymphocytic leukemia has rarely been reported in this species, and therapy was based on human oncologic protocols. remission induction chemotherapy resulted in complete clearing of leukemia cells from the bone marrow. co ... | 1999 | 10484144 |
| identification of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) using human primers: application to noninvasively collected hair samples. | 1999 | 10617347 | |
| morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles. | adult mandibles of 317 modern humans and 91 great apes were selected that showed no pathology. adult mandibles of pan troglodytes troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and gorilla gorilla gorilla and from 2 modern human populations (zulu and europeans from spitalfields) were reliably sexed. thirteen measurements were defined and included mandibular height, length and breadth in representative positions. univariate statistical techniques and multivariate (principal component analysis and discrimin ... | 1999 | 10634689 |
| cryptosporidium sp. and giardia sp. infections in mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) of the bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. | for conservation purposes and because of growing ecotourism, some mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei) populations have been habituated to humans. fecal specimens (n = 100) of nonhabituated and human-habituated gorillas (5 populations; 6 age classes) were tested for cryptosporidium sp. oocysts and giardia sp. cysts by conventional staining and immunofluorescent antibody (ifa). cryptosporidium sp. infections (prevalence 11%) were not restricted to very young gorillas but were observed in 3 ... | 1999 | 10647041 |
| diagnosis of hypothyroidism in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) using human thyroid-stimulating hormone assay. | primary hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a 26-yr-old female western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) on the basis of serum levels of thyroxine (t4), free t4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) measured by human immunoassays. compared with clinically normal gorillas, the tsh level (107 mliu/l) was markedly elevated, and t4 (<14.0 nmol/l) and free t4 (5.0 pmol/l) levels were decreased. thyroid hypofunction could explain the weight gain, unsettled appetite, anxious behavior, lethargy, an ... | 1999 | 10749441 |
| initial studies on the contributions of body size and gastrointestinal passage rates to dietary flexibility among gorillas. | large body size has been traditionally seen as the primary dietary adaptation of gorillas, facilitating their consumption of fibrous foods (schaller ¿1963 the mountain gorilla; watts ¿1990 int. j. primatol. 11:21-45). nevertheless, recent research has emphasized frugivory among western lowland gorillas, as well as the influence of habitat and seasonality on gorilla diet and behavior across subspecies (watts ¿1990 int. j. primatol. 11:21-45; tutin et al. ¿1991 philos. r. soc. trans. lond. biol. 3 ... | 2000 | 10813700 |
| obstetric management of a protracted labor in a captive western lowland gorilla. | this article discusses the cooperative efforts of a team of physicians and veterinarians resulting in the successful assisted vaginal delivery of a western lowland gorilla at the woodland park zoo in seattle, washington. a 10-year-old, captive-born female gorilla, gravida 3, para 0, aborta 2, was observed to be in labor at term after spontaneous rupture of membranes. after 36 hours of observation, she had not yet delivered her infant. a team of physicians and veterinarians intervened. after indu ... | 2000 | 10871443 |
| reproductive monitoring of free-ranging female mountain gorillas by urinary hormone analysis. | frequent urine samples from three habituated free-ranging adult female mountain gorillas were collected during a four-week period in order to characterize, by analysis of urinary hormones, their ovarian cycle, and to diagnose pregnancy. a conceptive cycle and two cycles that did not result in full term pregnancy were monitored. behavioral and physiological observations of mating and labial swellings were correlated to urinary hormone results. mating occurred on days with elevated estrogens. labi ... | 2000 | 10902670 |
| body mass in lowland gorillas: a quantitative analysis. | body proportions and tissue composition (e.g., relative contributions of muscle, skin, bone, and adipose to total body mass) were determined through dissection of four adult captive lowland gorillas. the relative contribution of bone varies little among the four animals (10.2-13.4%) despite considerable range in body weights (99.5-211 kg). in tissue composition, three animals have on average 37.3% muscle relative to body mass. maximum estimates of body fat range between 19.4-44%. differences in ... | 2000 | 10954620 |
| degenerative joint disease in african great apes: an evolutionary perspective. | degenerative joint disease is investigated in the spine and major peripheral joints (shoulder, elbow, hip and knee) in samples of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii; p. troglodytes troglodytes), lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), and bonobos (p. paniscus). the p. troglodytes schweinfurthii sample comes from gombe national park, tanzania, while the other samples are derived from museum materials originally collected in west/central africa. total data for african ape samples incl ... | 2000 | 10968928 |
| evaluation of a human immunometric assay for the determination of thyroid-stimulating hormone in nonhuman primates. | sera from nine species of clinically healthy nonhuman primates were assayed for t4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) using human immunoassays (a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for t4, a microparticle enzyme immunoassay for tsh). the t4 levels ranged from 20 to 132 nmol/l (x +/- sd = 62.8 +/- 24.7 nmol/l). levels of tsh were detected only in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and sumatran orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii) (range, 0.4-10.8 miu/l; detectable limit = 0.01 ... | 2000 | 10982149 |
| mhc diversity in caucasians, investigated using highly heterogeneous noncoding sequence motifs at the dqb1 locus including a retroviral long terminal repeat element, and its comparison to nonhuman primate homologues. | long terminal repeats (ltrs) are common retrovirus-related sequences spread throughout the human genome. we previously reported the human-specific integration of one ltr (dqltr3) located 15 kb upstream of hla dqb1. to elucidate the contribution of retroviral sequences to the variability and phylogenetic background of hla dqb1 we investigated another ltr (dqltr13), located 1.3 kb upstream of hla dqb1, in german families, great apes, and old world monkeys. within german families, dqltr13 presence ... | 2000 | 11003383 |
| the tyrosinase gene in gorillas and the albinism of 'snowflake'. | the sequence of the tyrosinase (tyr) gene coding tracts has been obtained for the gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). the five exons of the gene were sequenced in three gorillas and in a normally pigmented human. the tyrosinase gene has been found to be a very conserved locus with a very low substitution rate. some nucleotide and amino acid differences were found between the gorilla and human tyrosinase coding sequences. one of the gorillas included in the study is the only known case of albinism ... | 2000 | 11153699 |
| factors influencing the formation of ground nests by eastern lowland gorillas in kahuzi-biega national park: some evolutionary implications of nesting behavior. | to analyze the factors influencing nesting by gorillas on the ground, three kinds of data were collected in the kahuzi-biega national park: from a single group for 3 years, from 25 groups during a population census, and from a habituated group before and after two social events. the data on the proportion of ground nests built by the single group for 3 years show no significant differences between rainy and dry seasons. significant differences were found between some vegetation types: in particu ... | 2001 | 11161956 |
| great ape dna sequences reveal a reduced diversity and an expansion in humans. | the extent of dna sequence variation of chimpanzees is several-fold greater than that of humans. it is unclear, however, if humans or chimpanzees are exceptional among primates in having low and high amounts of dna sequence diversity, respectively. to address this, we have determined approximately 10,000 bp of noncoding dna sequences at xq13.3 (which has been extensively studied in both humans and chimpanzees) from 10 western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and 1 mountain gorilla (gor ... | 2001 | 11175781 |
| a preliminary behavioral comparison of two captive all-male gorilla groups. | gorillas live in polygamous harem groups, generally composed of one male, several adult females, and their offspring. with an equal numbers of male and female gorillas born in captivity, however, housing gorillas in social breeding units inevitably means that some males will not have access to female social partners. thus, the future of the captive gorilla population depends on the collective ability of zoos to house equal numbers of males and females. this study examined the behavioral profiles ... | 2001 | 11319778 |
| senile plaques in an aged western lowland gorilla. | senile plaques (sps) were found in the cerebral cortex of a 44-year-old western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). all the sps were obtained as dense assemblies consisting of fibrous materials by silver impregnation, but were not detected by congo red. more sps were detected by immunostaining for amyloid beta protein (a beta) and a half of a beta-positive-sps were also immunoreactive for apolipoprotein e. moreover, all sps were immunoreactive for a beta 42 and a beta 43, but not for a be ... | 2001 | 11326427 |
| chorionic villus sampling for sex determination in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | chorionic villus sampling was undertaken on an anesthetized gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) to determine the fetal sex in the first trimester of pregnancy. the tissue samples were subject to sex determination by polymerase chain reaction, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and cell culture with cytogenetic analysis. polymerase chain reaction testing was found to be the most accurate and rapid method of sex determination on this tissue sample. | 2000 | 11428402 |
| management of reactive arthritis in a juvenile gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with long-term sulfasalazine therapy. | a juvenile western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) experienced recurrent fever, lethargy, diarrhea, and/or arthritis starting at age 6 mo. during an episode at age 15 mo, shigella sp. was isolated from diarrheic feces. at age 41 mo, reactive arthritis was diagnosed. in addition, the gorilla's growth was retarded. all arthritic attacks were managed symptomatically prior to age 4 yr, at which time a severe episode precipitated the implementation of therapy with sulfasalazine, an arthriti ... | 2000 | 11428403 |
| management of hepatitis b virus infections in two gibbons and a western lowland gorilla in a zoological collection. | since 1996, three primates newly arrived at london zoo have been found to be infected with hepatitis b virus. the species involved were white-cheeked gibbons (hylobates leucogenys leucogenys and hylobates leucogenys siki) and a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). the protocols for the practical management of these cases, including the immunisation of susceptible non-human primates and the staff with recombinant hepatitis b vaccine are described, and the origin and evolution of hep ... | 2001 | 11504202 |
| neuroanatomical localization of the motor hand area with magnetic resonance imaging: the left hemisphere is larger in great apes. | magnetic resonance images of the brain were obtained from 2 gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), 4 orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), 14 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), and 4 bonobos (pan paniscus). the region on the motor cortex of humans identified as responsible for motor skill of the hand (the "knob") was identified in this sample on consecutive 1-mm axial scans. the shape of the knob area was traced on each scan from both hemispheres, and the area from all scans was summed to calculate the knob vol ... | 2001 | 11584929 |
| imitative learning by captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a simulated food-processing task. | although field studies have suggested the existence of cultural transmission of foraging techniques in primates, identification of transmission mechanisms has remained elusive. to test experimentally for evidence of imitation in the current study, we exposed gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) to an artificial fruit foraging task designed by a. whiten and d. m. custance (1996). gorillas (n=6) watched a human model remove a series of 3 defenses around a fruit. each of the defenses was removed usin ... | 2001 | 11594496 |
| peripartum sex steroid profiles and endocrine correlates of postpartum maternal behavior in captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | an association between pregnancy levels of estrogen and progesterone and maternal behavior has been demonstrated in several taxonomic orders of nonprimate and primate mammals, but has not so far been investigated in the gorilla. in this study we investigated whether prepartum titers of urinary estrone conjugates (e1c) or pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide (pdg) were related to postpartum maternal behavior in eight multiparous western lowland gorilla females (gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in four ... | 2001 | 11716583 |
| urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive, male western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla): age- and social group-related differences. | urinary androgen and corticoid levels were measured for 52 captive male western lowland gorillas to examine age-related variance and potential differences resulting from various social situations. significant diurnal variation was present in both hormones. age-related differences in androgens revealed that males experienced two stages of androgen increase and one stage of decrease: increases occurred from juvenile (less than 10 yr of age) to subadult (between 10-13 yr) and subadult to young adul ... | 2002 | 11793415 |
| masticatory form and function in the african apes. | this study examines variability in masticatory morphology as a function of dietary preference among the african apes. the african apes differ in the degree to which they consume leaves and other fibrous vegetation. gorilla gorilla beringei, the eastern mountain gorilla, consumes the most restricted diet comprised of mechanically resistant foods such as leaves, pith, bark, and bamboo. gorilla gorilla gorilla, the western lowland gorilla subspecies, consumes leaves and other terrestrial herbaceous ... | 2002 | 11815948 |
| hand preference for food processing in wild western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) have not previously been represented in studies of laterality in wild great apes. the discovery of swampy clearings frequented by gorillas in northern congo has provided the first opportunity to redress this imbalance. hand preference data are presented from 33 gorillas in seated and standing postures, covering the procurement and processing of 2 to 4 plant species. levels of hand preference exhibited were low. when data from all postures and pl ... | 2001 | 11824899 |
| group size and structure in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at mbeli bai, republic of congo. | this paper describes the size and structure of western lowland gorilla groups visiting mbeli bai, a swampy forest clearing in northern congo. an observation platform at the edge of the clearing was used over a 3-yr period, with gorillas visible for 1,681 hr. data are presented on 14 groups and seven solitary males. mean group size (excluding solitary males) was 8.4 +/- sd 4.3, and did not differ significantly from most other gorilla studies. all groups at mbeli contained only one fully mature ma ... | 2002 | 11948636 |
| detection of virus-like particles in the liver of black and white ruffed lemurs with hepatitis. | two young black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) died at the san diego zoo (san diego, california, usa) with extensive liver lesions suggestive of acute viral infection. immunoassays performed to detect hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers were negative. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers overlapping the hbv core gene produced an amplicon of approximately 411 base pairs (bp) from serum dna of a hbv-positive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) but not from serum ... | 2002 | 12038123 |
| trisomy 17 in a bonobo (pan paniscus) and deletion of 3q in a lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla): comparison with human trisomy 18 and human deletion 4q syndrome. | a female bonobo (pan paniscus) born at the san diego zoo exhibited inability to nurse and progressive weakness plus multiple congenital abnormalities including aural canal atresia and stenosis, malformed auricles, clenched hands, lordosis, agenesis of the caudal vertebra and cardiac abnormalities. chromosome analysis identified the bonobo as being trisomic for chromosome 17, the homolog of human chromosome 18. genotyping with human microsatellites suggested the extra chromosome was maternal in o ... | 2001 | 12063404 |
| mineral content as a basis for food selection by western lowland gorillas in a forest clearing. | the forests in northwest republic of congo contain a number of herbaceous swamp clearings that provide foraging sites for lowland gorillas (g.g. gorilla). a 10-month study at the maya nord clearing (parc national d'odzala) showed that feeding activities occupied 72% of the time visiting gorillas spent on the clearing. they fed on four plant species: enydra fluctuans (asteraceae), cyperus sp., pycreus mundtii, and rhynchospora corymbosa (cyperaceae) among the 45 species recorded on the clearing. ... | 2002 | 12111682 |
| single-trial learning of "what" and "who" information in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla): implications for episodic memory. | single-trial learning and long-term memory of "what" and "who" information were examined in an adult gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). we presented the gorilla with a to-be-remembered food item at the time of study. in experiment 1, following a retention interval of either approximately 7 min or 24 h, the gorilla responded with one of five cards, each corresponding to a particular food. the gorilla was accurate on 70% of the short retention-interval trials and on 82% of the long retention-inter ... | 2002 | 12150040 |
| mother-infant interactions in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla): spatial relationships, communication, and opportunities for social learning. | this study investigated mother-infant interactions in lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with particular focus on the relative role of mothers and infants in creating situations that are potentially conducive to infant social learning. eleven gorilla mother-infant dyads were focally observed in weekly 1-hr sessions for 12 months. spatial relationships were affected by age as well as by ambient temperature. although the youngest infant was encouraged by its mother to walk and climb, mothe ... | 2002 | 12234071 |
| molecular evolution of igg subclass among nonhuman primates: implication of differences in antigenic determinants among apes. | the cross-reactivity of five different rabbit polyclonal antibodies to human igg and igg subclass (igg1, igg2, igg3, and igg4) was determined by competitive elisa with nine nonhuman primate species including five apes, three old world monkeys, and one new world monkey. as similar to those previously reported, the reactivity of anti-human igg antibody with plasma from different primate species was closely related with phylogenic distance from human. every anti-human igg subclass antibody showed l ... | 2002 | 12426468 |
| long bone articular and diaphyseal structure in old world monkeys and apes. i: locomotor effects. | the relationship between locomotor behavior and long bone structural proportions is examined in 179 individuals and 13 species of hominoids and cercopithecoids. articular surface areas, estimated from linear caliper measurements, and diaphyseal section moduli (strengths), determined from ct scans, were obtained for the femur, tibia, humerus, radius, and ulna. both within-bone (articular to shaft) and between-bone (forelimb to hindlimb) proportions were calculated and compared between taxa. it wa ... | 2002 | 12448016 |
| western lowland gorilla diet and resource availability: new evidence, cross-site comparisons, and reflections on indirect sampling methods. | we describe the resource availability and diet of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) from a new study site in the central african republic and republic of congo based on 3 years of study. the results, based on 715 fecal samples and 617 days of feeding trails, were similar to those reported from three other sites, in spite of differences in herb and fruit availability. staple foods (consumed year-round) included high-quality herbs (haumania), swamp herbs (when present), and a mini ... | 2002 | 12454955 |
| natural concepts in a juvenile gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at three levels of abstraction. | the extent to which nonhumans are able to form conceptual versus perceptual discriminations remains a matter of debate. among the great apes, only chimpanzees have been tested for conceptual understanding, defined as the ability to form discriminations not based solely on simple perceptual features of stimuli, and to transfer this learning to novel stimuli. in the present investigation, a young captive female gorilla was trained at three levels of abstraction (concrete, intermediate, and abstrac ... | 2002 | 12507006 |
| comparative urinary androstanes in the great apes. | urinary androstanes from seven species of male great apes (human, bonobo, chimpanzee, lowland gorilla, mountain gorilla, bornean orangutan, and sumatran orangutan) were separated by hplc and detected by ria using two testosterone antibodies. all animals examined showed the presence of testosterone and six additional immunoreactive peaks. although testosterone was the dominant peak (85%) in human urine, its proportion in urine was much less in the other apes, ranging from a high of 59% in the bon ... | 2003 | 12535626 |
| catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial africa. | because rapidly expanding human populations have devastated gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) habitats in east and west africa, the relatively intact forests of western equatorial africa have been viewed as the last stronghold of african apes. gabon and the republic of congo alone are thought to hold roughly 80% of the world's gorillas and most of the common chimpanzees. here we present survey results conservatively indicating that ape populations in gabon decline ... | 2003 | 12679788 |
| gorilla ( gorilla gorilla gorilla) and orangutan ( pongo abelii) understanding of first- and second-order relations. | four orangutans and one gorilla matched images in a delayed matching-to-sample (dmts) task based on the relationship between items depicted in those images, thus demonstrating understanding of both first- and second-order relations. subjects matched items on the basis of identity, color, or shape (first-order relations, experiment 1) or same shape, same color between items (second-order relations, experiment 2). four of the five subjects performed above chance on the second-order relations dmts ... | 2003 | 12687418 |
| patterns of mandibular variation in pan and gorilla and implications for african ape taxonomy. | pan and gorilla taxonomy is currently in a state of flux, with the number of existing species and subspecies of common chimpanzee and gorilla having been recently challenged. while pan and gorilla systematics have been evaluated on the basis of craniometric and odontometric data, only a handful of studies have evaluated multivariate craniometric variation within p. troglodytes, and none have evaluated in detail mandibular variation in either p. troglodytes or gorilla gorilla. in this paper, we e ... | 2003 | 12765617 |
| silverback male presence and group stability in gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | 2003 | 12778915 | |
| occlusal relief changes with molar wear in pan troglodytes troglodytes and gorilla gorilla gorilla. | most research on primate tooth form-function relationships has focused on unworn teeth. this study presents a morphological comparison of variably worn lower second molars (m(2)s) of lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla; n=47) and common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes; n=54) using dental topographic analysis. high-resolution replicas of occlusal surfaces were prepared and scanned in 3d by laser scanning. the resulting elevation data were used to create a geographic information sys ... | 2003 | 12784284 |
| echinococcus multilocularis in two lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla). | an unusual presentation of alveolar echinococcosis was observed in two lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla). clinical signs included progressive abdominal enlargement, apathy and anorexia. macroscopical changes consisted of severe peritonitis and foci of hepatic necrosis with large cavities replacing most of the normal tissue. additionally, a few structures resembling hydatid cysts were present. histologically, some necrotic areas contained fragments of a laminated wall characteristic of echino ... | 2003 | 12859912 |
| intra-specific variation in social organization of gorillas: implications for their social evolution. | we analysed intra-specific variation in the social organization of gorillas and ecological and social factors influencing them, based on recent data on diet, day journey length, home range size, group size and proportion of multi-male groups in three subspecies [western lowland gorillas (wlg); eastern lowland gorillas (elg); mountain gorillas (mg)]. median group size was similar across subspecies and across habitats, but the extraordinarily large group including >30 gorillas was only found in ha ... | 2003 | 12942370 |
| the liver of the mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringel). | 1961 | 13877848 | |
| the skin of primates. vi. the skin of the gorilla (gorilla gorilla). | 1962 | 13890008 | |
| [the nerves of the posterior extremity in the gorilla (gorilla gorilla savage and wyman, 1847)]. | 1962 | 14488689 | |
| geographic and species association of hepatitis b virus genotypes in non-human primates. | infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) has been detected in human populations throughout the world, as well as in a number of ape species (pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, gibbons [nomascus and hylobates species] and pongo pygmaeus). to investigate the distribution of naturally occurring hbv infection in these species and other african old world monkey species (cercopithecidae), we screened 137 plasma samples from mainly wild caught animals by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using several of hi ... | 2003 | 14517090 |
| proximity patterns of female western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) during the six months after parturition. | studies of wild mountain gorillas have demonstrated strong preferences among new mothers for the silverback. protection against infanticide has been theorized to be the primary cause for this attraction. we examined social partner preferences in captive western lowland mothers during the 6 mo after parturition and found that juveniles and females were the primary members of the new mothers' social network. mothers spent significantly more time in close proximity with both of these subgroups than ... | 2003 | 14582128 |
| survey of gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southwestern cameroon. | a study on the distribution and population density of the western lowland gorilla (gorilla g. gorilla) and the central chimpanzee (pan t. troglodytes) was undertaken between december 1997 and august 2000 in the campo and ma'an forests in southwestern cameroon. the aim of this survey was to estimate the densities of the apes in different parts of the area, to assess the importance of the region for the conservation of these endangered species and to determine the influence of human activities suc ... | 2004 | 14586801 |
| baby-transfer and other interactions between its mother and grandmother in a captive social group of lowland gorillas. | this report describes the responses of an experienced gorilla mother to inappropriate maternal behavior displayed by her young adult daughter toward a newborn baby and repeated acts of baby-transfer between these two females in a captive social group of lowland gorillas ( gorilla g. gorilla). the quality of infant care by the young adult daughter clearly improved during the first 4 days after birth, and this improvement was at least partly based on her mother's encouragement. thus, the mother's ... | 2004 | 14586802 |
| sex differences in play among western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) infants: implications for adult behavior and social structure. | mammalian play is believed to improve motor skills as well as facilitate the development of social relationships. given the marked sexual dimorphism in gorilla body size and the role assumed by the male in protecting the group from conspecifics and predators, the motor-training hypothesis of play predicts that male infants should exhibit higher frequencies of social play than female infants, and that males should prefer to play with other males. given that adult female gorillas are strongly attr ... | 2004 | 14669236 |
| genetic variability and evolution of two pharmacologically important classes of genes. | we have studied the human genetic variability of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and haplotypes in two pharmaceutically important classes of genes that might be expected to experience different evolutionary pressures: antigen presentation and processing (app) and nuclear hormone receptor (nhr) genes. we compared the variation pattern in these two classes of genes with 5119 reference (ref) genes. we assessed this variability by sequencing and discovering snps in 5'-upstream, 5'-untranslate ... | 2004 | 14683423 |
| simian t cell leukaemia virus type i subtype b in a wild-caught gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes vellerosus) from cameroon. | a serological survey for human t cell leukaemia virus (htlv)/simian t cell leukaemia virus (stlv) antibodies was performed in 61 wild-caught african apes, including five gorillas and 56 chimpanzees originating from south cameroon. two young animals, a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes vellerosus), exhibited a pattern of complete htlv-i seroreactivity. sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses using the complete ltr (750 bp) and a 522 bp fragment of the env g ... | 2004 | 14718616 |
| sexual behavior and hormonal estrus cycles in captive aged lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla). | to evaluate whether observed cycles in proceptive behavior in aging lowland gorilla females (age 40+) at brookfield zoo were driven by ovarian activity, we compared monthly behavioral data to estradiol and progestogen cycles based on fecal hormone assessments. progestogen peaks showed regularity and close coincidence with monthly sexual behaviors. estradiol was more variable. progestogen peaks varied between 22+/-5 days for the control female (29 years old), to 24+/-2.5 and 29+/-8 for the two ag ... | 2004 | 14983470 |
| levels of abstraction in orangutan (pongo abelii) categorization. | levels of abstraction have rarely been manipulated in studies of natural concept formation in nonhumans. isolated examples have indicated that animals, relative to humans, may learn concepts at varying levels of abstraction with differential ease. the ability of 6 orangutans (pongo abelii) of various ages to make natural concept discriminations at 3 levels of abstraction was therefore investigated. the orangutans were rewarded for selecting photos of orangutans instead of humans and other primat ... | 2004 | 15008667 |
| dispersed male networks in western gorillas. | although kin-selection theory has been widely used to explain the tendency of individuals to bias beneficial behaviors towards relatives living within the same social group, less attention has focused on kin-biased interactions between groups. for animal societies in which females emigrate, as is the case for mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei), encounters between males in different groups often involve aggressive displays that can escalate to physical violence and fatal injuries. howe ... | 2004 | 15043817 |
| naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central african hunters. | hunting and butchering of wild non-human primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is thought to have sparked the hiv pandemic. although siv and other primate retroviruses infect laboratory workers and zoo workers, zoonotic retrovirus transmission has not been documented in natural settings. we investigated zoonotic infection in individuals living in central africa. | 2004 | 15043960 |
| event memory and misinformation effects in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | event memory and misinformation effects were examined in an adult male gorilla ( gorilla gorilla gorilla). the gorilla witnessed a series of unique events, involving a familiar person engaging in a novel behavior (experiment 1), a novel person engaging in a novel behavior (experiment 2), or the presentation of a novel object (experiment 3). following a 5- to 10-min retention interval, a tester gave the gorilla three photographs mounted on wooden cards: a photograph depicting the correct person o ... | 2004 | 15069608 |