Publications

heterogeneity of motilin-immunoreactive cells in the duodenum and pyloric region of several avian species.	immunohistochemical characterizations of motilin-immunoreactive cells were examined in gastric and duodenal mucosae of nine species of birds from seven orders using five different region-specific motilin antisera. motilin-immunoreactive cells appeared as open-type cells in the mucosal epithelium and showed varying immunoreactivities to antisera used in all the birds examined except for the cormorant and penguin, which did not show any kinds of immunoreactivity to motilin. motilin-immunoreactive ...	1993	8240854
orientation of erythrocytes in a strong static magnetic field.	the frequency of exposure to strong magnetic fields has increased as the magnetic-resonance image-diagnostic technique (mri) and passenger transport systems based on the principle of magnetic levitation have come into wider use. accordingly, it has become necessary to more systematically assess their influence on the body and set strict guidelines on acceptable limits of magnetism exposure. therefore, we have assessed the influence of an uniform static magnetic field (8 t in maximum) on normal e ...	1993	8353291
[quality of care at a regional emergency medical system].	the emergency medical system (ems) in the district of florence is based upon the activity of 13 emergency mobile unit (emu). the activity of such a huge system is difficult to evaluate: we have concentrated our attention upon the diagnostic process assuming that "correct diagnosis = correct treatment = benefit for the patient". then we compared diagnoses set on emu to diagnoses made in hospitals, giving to each comparison a score from 1 to 5. in terms of quality the services of the ems in floren ...	1993	8355868
verminous encephalitis apparently caused by the filarioid nematode chandlerella quiscali in emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	verminous encephalitis attributed to chandlerella quiscali was diagnosed in a flock of emus (dromaius novaehollandiae). clinically affected birds showed torticollis and progressive ataxia. filarioid parasites with morphological characteristics resembling c. quiscali were identified in one case. histologic lesions in the brain and spinal cord consisted of mild to moderate perivascular cuffing and scattered areas of variable mild necrosis. parasites observed within the parenchyma of the brain and ...	2003	8363522
monocrystalline iron oxide nanocompounds (mion): physicochemical properties.	we have previously described a novel monocrystalline iron oxide nanocompound (mion), a stable colloid that enables target specific mr imaging. in this study, the physicochemical properties of mion are reported using a variety of analytical techniques. high resolution electron microscopy indicates that a mion consists of hexagonal shaped electron-dense cores of 4.6 +/- 1.2 nm in diameter. this iron oxide core has an inverse spinel crystal structure which was confirmed by x-ray powder diffraction. ...	1993	8505895
prevention of tumor formation in a mouse model of burkitt's lymphoma by 6 weeks of treatment with anti-c-myc dna phosphorothioate.	transgenic mice bearing a murine immunoglobulin enhancer/c-myc fusion transgene (emu-myc) provide a useful model for burkitt's lymphoma.	1995	8529131
combined adenovirus and rotavirus enteritis with escherichia coli septicemia in an emu chick (dromaius novaehollandiae).	a 2-week-old emu chick (dromaius novaehollandiae) of approximately 200 g body weight was presented for necropsy with a history of weakness, diarrhea, pallor of the head, and acute death. hemorrhagic enteritis with mild hepatomegaly was noted on gross examination. microscopic examination revealed necrohemorrhagic enteritis with intralesional intranuclear basophilic viral inclusion bodies in intestinal epithelial cells; splenic lymphoid necrosis and fibrin exudation; hepatocellular vacuolar change ...	1995	8561755
apparent selenium toxicity in emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	a commercial emu breeder experienced high embryonic mortality during the 1992-93 breeding season, apparently associated with high levels of selenium. the feed was a mixture of catfish food supplemented with a vitamin e and selenium premix. the mixture contained an average of 1.4 ppm selenium. selenium analysis was conducted on eggs from several hens laid during the period of vitamin and selenium supplementation and after the supplementation was withdrawn. initial egg selenium levels ranged from ...	2013	8561756
ratites (ostrich, emu) as potential heart donors for humans: immunologic considerations.		1996	8623271
deregulation of pax-5 by translocation of the emu enhancer of the igh locus adjacent to two alternative pax-5 promoters in a diffuse large-cell lymphoma.	analyses of the human pax-5 locus and of the 5' region of the mouse pax-5 gene revealed that transcription from two distinct promoters results in splicing of two alternative 5' exons to the common coding sequences of exons 2-10. transcription from the upstream promoter initiates downstream of a tata box and occurs predominantly in b-lymphocytes, whereas the tata-less downstream promoter is active in all pax-5-expressing tissues. the human pax-5 gene is located on chromosome 9 in region p13, whic ...	1996	8650231
progenitor tumours from emu-bcl-2-myc transgenic mice have lymphomyeloid differentiation potential and reveal developmental differences in cell survival.	mice expressing both a bcl-2 and a myc transgene within the b lymphoid cell compartment invariably develop novel immature haemopoietic tumours. the likely cell of origin of these tumours was identified by a common pattern of cell surface marker expression on a subset of cells comprising approximately 1% of normal mouse bone marrow. the bcl-2-myc tumour cells could be induced to differentiate into either b lymphocytes or macrophages in culture with certain cytokines and feeder cells. analysis of ...	1996	8670887
a region of the 20 bp repeats lies 3' of human ig calpha1 and calpha2 genes.	the murine ig heavy chain gene locus is regulated by multiple elements. in addition to the intron enhancer, emu, there is a complex regulatory region 3' of the calpha gene, which spans approximately 40 kb and contains several enhancers. in contrast to mouse, the human igh cluster contains two calpha genes, each associated with duplicated arrays of other ch genes. there is evidence to suggest that each array is individually regulated. in this report, we describe an approximately 2 kb region conta ...	1996	8671595
momulv proviral integrations identified by sup-f selection in tumors from infected myc/pim bitransgenic mice correlate with activation of the gfi-1 gene.	infecting mice with a mutant moloney murine leukemia virus which contains the bacterial suppressor trna supf in its ltr allows rapid cloning of proviral integration sites from genomic tumour dna. in a previous study emu pim-1/emu l-myc bitransgenic mice had been inoculated neonatally with momulv supf virus. the retroviral infection led to acceleration of lymphomagenesis indicating the proviral activation of further oncogenes cooperating with myc and pim-1 in tumour development. using a functiona ...	1996	8692692
conjunctival mycobacteriosis in two emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	avian tuberculosis was diagnosed in two young adult female commercial emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) with granulomatous conjunctivitis. histologically, the granulomas appeared typical of avian tuberculosis. caseonecrotic cores were surrounded by a broad ring of palisading epithelioid macrophages and multinucleate giant cells with a moderate admixture of heterophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. one conjunctival granuloma had multifocal mineralization. at necropsy, granulomas were also found i ...	1996	8740711
lysosomal storage disease in an emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	lysosomal storage disease involving the brain, spinal cord, liver, and spleen was discovered in a 6-month-old male emu (dromaius novaehollandiae). the diagnosis was based on light and electron microscopic studies and histochemical staining characteristics. this is the first case of lysosomal storage disease reported in a ratite.	1996	8740717
detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus rna in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using dna in situ hybridization.	eastern equine encephalomyelitis (f.ee) virus was detected in infected formalin-fixed horse and emu tissues and in infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. results of in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled 40-base dna probe complementary to a conserved region of the eee virus rna compared favorably with results of both virus isolation and serum neutralization tests. this technique may be useful for diagnosis of eee virus infection in various animal species, especially when fresh tissues a ...	1996	8744734
elevated expression levels of an ig transgene in mice links the igh 3' enhancer to the regulation of igh expression.	to delineate the role of the igh 3' enhancer in the regulation of ig heavy (igh) chain gene expression, mice harbouring rearranged igh transgenes, with (psvmu3) and without (psvmu1) this element, were produced. rna and protein analysis from the different transgenic lines revealed a 5- to 7-fold increase in the expression level of the transgene containing the igh 3' enhancer. this difference is also reflected at the protein level in hybridomas generated from the two transgenic lines. the elevatio ...	1996	8757960
moisturizing and cosmetic properties of emu oil: a pilot double blind study.		1996	8771875
assessment of the ability of ratite-origin influenza viruses to infect and produce disease in rheas and chickens.	pathobiologic characteristics were determined for three mildly pathogenic (mp) ratite-origin avian influenza viruses (aivs). ratite-origin aivs produced respiratory disease in rheas, and virus was reisolated from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs on days 2-6 postinoculation. inoculation of two ratite-origin aivs in the upper respiratory tract of chickens resulted in viral infections, but the mean chicken infectious dose (cid50) for a/emu/texas/39924/93 (h5n2) (emu/texas) virus was 500-fold lower t ...	1996	8790896
malaria in a captive emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) from florida.	severe anemia and intraerythrocytic stages of an unusual plasmodium sp. were identified in the blood of a 5-month-old female emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) that had a 4-week history of malaise. examination of blood taken 3 days prior to the death of the bird revealed a packed cell volume of 10%. erythrocytes showed a marked regenerative response. approximately 4% of erythrocytes had intracytoplasmic inclusions, mainly within immature cells, resembling malarial parasites. the schizonts were a com ...	1996	8790903
reproductive research on farm animals for australia--some long-distance goals.	in australia, much of the research on the reproduction of farm animals has emphasised the technological manipulation of the reproductive tract, gametes and embryos. however, most of the animal production in australia is still based on sheep and beef cattle enterprises that are managed on an extensive scale; the managers need technologies that can be easily and cheaply implemented on a large scale, and that are aimed at extensive control rather than intensive manipulation. for example, for synchr ...	1995	8848618
an arg-lys insertion at the hemagglutinin cleavage site of an h5n2 avian influenza isolate.	recent isolations of h5n2 subtype avian influenza (ai) viruses in north america have raised questions concerning their origin, transmission to commercial poultry, and potential for virulence. one ratite-origin isolate of low pathogenicity, a/emu/tx/39924/93 (h5n2), was subjected to a procedure that rapidly selects and/or amplifies highly pathogenic (hp) strains. the resulting highly virulent derivative had an altered hemagglutinin (ha) gene containing an additional six nucleotides at position 97 ...	1996	8879123
susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza.	susceptibility to infection with avian influenza virus (aiv) was studied in pigeons inoculated via oculonasal (experiment 1) or intravenous (experiment 2) route. chickens were included as susceptible hosts in both experiments. two subtypes each of the highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv; hp ck/pa h5n2 and hp ck/australia h7n7) and non-pathogenic aiv (npaiv; np ck/pa h5n2 and np emu/tx h7n1) at a dose of 10(5) embryo infective dose per bird were used as inoculum. the pigeons inoculated with hp ck/pa h5n ...	1996	8883790
eastern equine encephalitis transmission to emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) in volusia county, florida: 1992 through 1994.	from may 1992 through october 1994, sera were collected from 204 domestic emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) at a ranch in volusia county, fl, and tested for antibody evidence of arboviral infection. hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and neutralizing (nt) antibodies to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus were identified in sera collected during each year. in addition, hi and nt antibodies to st. louis encephalitis virus were detected in 3 naturally infected emus. isolations of eee virus were mad ...	1996	8887222
husbandry practices as related to infectious and parasitic diseases of farmed ratites.	over the past decade, there has been a world-wide increase in the number of farm-raised ratites. the focus of ostrich production remains in south africa, but other countries are initiating production of this bird in addition to the emu and rhea. ostriches, emus and rheas are being produced commercially outside their native habitat, resulting in new and unique disease presentations. the authors describe bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases which are emerging in production settings. biosecurity ...	1996	8924717
phospholipid-rich particles in commercial parenteral fat emulsions. an overview.	in parenteral nutrition, the infusion of a fat emu supplies both concentrated energy and covers the essential fatty acid requirements, the basic objective being to mimic as well as possible the input of chylomicrons into the blood. this objective is well met by the tagrp of the emu, which behave as true chylomicrons. however, commercial emu also contain an excess of emulsifier in the form of plrp. the number of these plrp depends directly on the pl/tag ratio of the emu. they differ from the tagr ...	1996	8944224
safety in long-term eeg/video monitoring.	the goal of epilepsy monitoring is to capture several seizures, utilizing continuous electroencephalography (eeg)/video for later analysis. various provocative techniques, such as withdrawing antiepileptic drugs or sleep deprivation are used to precipitate seizures. patients run a higher risk of injuries due to having an increase in seizure frequency and/or intensity or a change in seizure type. evaluating the potential for, and preventing injuries is an important part of risk management. howeve ...	1996	8950695
characterization of pal-1, a common proviral insertion site in murine leukemia virus-induced lymphomas of c-myc and pim-1 transgenic mice.	insertional mutagenesis with moloney murine leukemia virus (momlv) in c-myc and pim-1 transgenic mice permits the identification of oncogenes that collaborate with the transgenes in lymphomagenesis. the recently identified common insertion site pal-1, in momlv-induced lymphomas, is located in a region in which several independent integration clusters are found: eis-1, gfi-1, and evi-5. proviral insertions of momlv in the different integration clusters upregulate the transcriptional activity of t ...	1997	8985317
coronary heart diseases: assessment of risk associated with work exposure to ultralow-frequency magnetic fields.	the present analysis was stimulated by previous findings on the possible influence of natural ultralow-frequency (ulf; 0.001-10 hz) geomagnetic field variations on the cardiovascular system and indications of an effect of man-made ulf magnetic fields on the rate of myocardial infarction. in the present study, we considered the occupational health hazards of the strongest ulf magnetic fields in densely populated urban areas. measurements of ulf magnetic field fluctuations produced by trains power ...	1996	8986360
intracellular campylobacter-like organisms associated with rectal prolapse and proliferative enteroproctitis in emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	rectal prolapse was the presenting clinical finding in a group of juvenile emus (dromaius novaehollandiae). gross findings included severely thickened and rugose distal rectal mucosae. histologically, there were thickened villi, enterocyte hyperplasia, dilated glands filled with mucus and heterophils, and a dense infiltrate of heterophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the lamina propria. examination of warthin-starry silver-stained sections revealed numerous apically located com ...	1997	9066083
activity of primary auditory neurons in the cochlear ganglion of the emu dromaius novaehollandiae: spontaneous discharge, frequency tuning, and phase locking.	the spontaneous and pure-tone sound-driven activity of primary auditory units was recorded in the cochlear ganglion of emu chicks aged between post-hatching days 1 and 14. spontaneous activity tended to increase both with the chick's age and as a function of the unit's characteristic frequency (cf). the cf of 887 units ranged from 0.04 to 4 khz, the thresholds down to 0 db spl. although the cf range did not change, the thresholds improved with age during the first two weeks after hatching, by up ...	1997	9069626
semen production by the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae). 1. methods for collection of semen.	two methods for collecting semen from male emus using an artificial cloaca (ac) have been developed. in the first method, the male mounts the female teaser and the collector effects erection and subsequent ejaculation using the ac. the second method takes advantage of the development of sexual behaviour directed towards the semen collector and semen is collected when the male mounts the collector's back. eight of 11 males were successfully trained with teasers and 5 of the 7 males trained withou ...	1997	9106890
semen production by the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae). 2. effect of collection frequency on the production of semen and spermatozoa.	this experiment tested the hypothesis that frequent collection of semen from emus would increase the total output of semen and spermatozoa over less frequent collection. semen was collected from trained male emus using an artificial cloaca. in experiment 1, semen was collected from males every 4th d (96-h interval), every 2nd d (48-h interval), and every day (24-h interval) for 16 d. in experiment 2, semen was collected daily (24-h interval), twice daily (6-h interval), and three times per day ( ...	1997	9106891
unusual gangliosidosis in emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	a previous study has demonstrated an unusual gangliosidosis in emu that is characterized by the accumulation of gangliosides in the brain tissues with gm3 and gm1 predominating. to provide insight into this unique disorder of emu gangliosidosis, the current study focused on analysis of neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides from brain and liver tissues of affected birds and healthy controls. we found not only that the total lipid-bound sialic acid content was increased three- and fourfold i ...	1997	9109534
magnetic characteristics of yaşargil aneurysm clips.	metallic bioimplants are subject to great scrutiny in order to ensure that they are totally harmless to patients. aneurysm clips are no exception to this rule. considering the number of aneurysm clips used and their potential for injury, they should be evaluated very meticulously. determining the magnetic characteristics of these clips is an important part of the evaluation process. in this study, a new method for evaluating magnetism is described and the importance of that information is briefl ...	1997	9167779
functional motifs in the igh enhancer of the channel catfish.	the transcriptional enhancer (emu3') within the ig heavy chain (igh) locus of the channel catfish differs from those found in mammalian igh loci in both its location and structure. however, upon transfection into fish or mouse lymphocytes, it activates transcription to an extent equivalent to that of the mouse igh intronic enhancer (emu). potential transcription factor binding motifs in emu3' are more numerous than in mammalian igh enhancers, and are dispersed over 1.6 kilobases. we transfected ...	1997	9211744
bcl-2 rescues t lymphopoiesis in interleukin-7 receptor-deficient mice.	mice lacking functional il-7 or il-7r alpha genes are severely deficient in developing thymocytes, t cells, and b cells. il-7 and il-7 receptor functions are believed to result in lymphoid cell proliferation and cell maturation, implying signal transduction pathways directly involved in mitogenesis and elaboration of developmentally specific new gene programs. here, we show that enforced expression of the bcl-2 gene in t-lymphoid cells (by crossing in the emu-bcl-2 transgene) in il-7r alpha-defi ...	1997	9215626
disposition of single-dose intravenously administered enrofloxacin in emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) were examined following parenteral administration. a mean allometrically scaled dose of 2.2 +/- 0.03 mg/kg was administered as a single i.v. bolus, and serum samples were collected at predetermined intervals over a 24-hr period. enrofloxacin levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the resulting concentration versus time curve was analyzed using nonlinear regression with least squares parameter ...	1997	9226615
disposition of single-dose intravenously administered amikacin in emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	the pharmacokinetics of amikacin in emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) was examined following parenteral administration. a mean 7.2 +/- 0.12 mg/kg dose was administered as a single i.v. bolus, and serum samples were collected at predetermined intervals over a 24-hr period. amikacin levels were measured using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and the resulting concentration-versus-time curve was analyzed using nonlinear regression with least squares parameter estimation. the data were best re ...	1997	9226616
v(d)j recombination frequency is affected by the sequence interposed between a pair of recombination signals: sequence comparison reveals a putative recombinational enhancer element.	the immunoglobulin heavy chain intron enhancer (emu) not only stimulates transcription but also v(d)j recombination of chromosomally integrated recombination substrates. we aimed at reproducing this effect in recombination competent cells by transient transfection of extrachromosomal substrates. these we prepared by interposing between the recombination signal sequences (rss) of the plasmid pbluerec various fragments, including emu, possibly affecting v(d)j recombination. our work shows that seq ...	1997	9235545
antibody fragment fv4155 bound to two closely related steroid hormones: the structural basis of fine specificity.	the concentration of steroid glucuronides in serial samples of early morning urine (emu) can be used to predict the fertile period in the female menstrual cycle. the monoclonal antibody 4155 has been used as a convenient means of measuring the concentration of steroid glucuronides in emu, as it specifically recognises the steroid hormone estrone beta-d-glucuronide (e3g), with very high affinity, and the closely related hormone estriol 3-(beta-d-glucuronide) (ei3g), with reduced affinity. althoug ...	1997	9261086
naturally occurring cerebral nematodiasis due to baylisascaris larval migration in two black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) and suspected cases in three emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	during september and october 1992, two black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) were housed in an outdoor wire enclosure at the tulsa zoological park. the following february and april, both lemurs developed head tilt and ataxia, and they were euthanized. necropsy revealed multifocal malacia of the white matter of the pons, cerebellum, internal capsule, and cerebral and cerebellar peduncles. nematode larvae consistent with baylisascaris spp. were observed in the brain of one le ...	1997	9279412
pertubation of b and t cell development and predisposition to lymphomagenesis in emu bmi1 transgenic mice require the bmi1 ring finger.	proviral activation of the bmi1 gene has implicated bmi1 as a collaborator of c-myc in lymphomagenesis. to determine the effect of bmi1 overexpression on hematopoiesis and lymphomagenesis transgenic mice were generated that overexpress different forms of the bmi1 protein in their lymphoid compartment. emu bmi1 transgenic mice, overexpressing the wild type bmi1 protein showed a perturbed lymphoid development and were highly susceptible to b and t cell lymphomagenesis. mutational analysis of the b ...	1997	9285685
aneurysm clips: magnetic quantification and magnetic resonance imaging safety. technical note.	knowledge of the magnetic properties of cerebral aneurysm clips in patients undergoing magnetic resonance (mr) imaging is imperative. the authors quantified in electromagnetic units the magnetic properties of 13 different types of aneurysm clips by using a vibrating sample magnetometer. their results showed that the magnetic moment of these clips ranged from 0.15 emu/g to as high as 152.7 emu/g. based on these results and tests of the movement of the clips during mr imaging, they conclude that a ...	1997	9347992
enforced bcl-2 expression inhibits antigen-mediated clonal elimination of peripheral b cells in an antigen dose-dependent manner and promotes receptor editing in autoreactive, immature b cells.	the mechanisms that establish immune tolerance in immature and mature b cells appear to be distinct. membrane-bound autoantigen is thought to induce developmental arrest and receptor editing in immature b cells, whereas mature b cells have shortened lifespans when exposed to the same stimulus. in this study, we used emu-bcl-2-22 transgenic (tg) mice to test the prediction that enforced expression of the bcl-2 apoptotic inhibitor in b cells would rescue mature, but not immature, b cells from tole ...	1997	9348309
control of b cell development by ras-mediated activation of raf.	cell fate commitment in a variety of lineages requires signals conveyed via p21ras. to examine the role of p21ras in the development of b lymphocytes, we generated transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of ras in b lymphocyte progenitors, using a novel transcriptional element consisting of the emu enhancer and the lck proximal promoter. expression of dominant-negative ras arrests b cell development at a very early stage, prior to formation of the pre-b cell receptor. furthermore, an ...	1997	9384581
fasciola hepatica infection in farmed emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	to describe two cases of infection with fasciola hepatica in young farmed emus, subacute and chronic fasciolosis and a response to treatment of the flock with albendazole.	1997	9404615
[what do you think of emu (european monitary unit)?].		1997	9447179
heritability and biochemistry of gangliosidosis in emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	the progeny of two emu breeder pairs, which had a history of producing offspring with gangliosidosis, were monitored for 15 mo. dna fingerprinting revealed that individuals in each breeder pair were not related to each other. one breeder pair had 13 progeny that reached or exceeded the age of 1 mo, and six of these progeny developed gangliosidosis. the mean age at which these affected emus were euthanatized, with distinct neurologic disease, or died was 5.7 mo. the second emu pair had 13 progeny ...	2013	9454917
subclinical cyathostomiasis and unidentified helminthiasis in a juvenile emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	the nematode cyathostoma variegatum (a lungworm) was present in the distal trachea and proximal bronchi of an 8-mo-old emu that was euthanatized after fracturing the left tibiotarsus. clinical signs of infection were not present prior to euthanasia and abnormalities were not noted on gross or histologic examination of the respiratory tract. the absence of respiratory signs in this and other emus underscores the need for routine fecal examinations to interrupt the inadvertent spread of this poten ...	1997	9454939
identification and characterization of heat shock protein 27 protein species in human myocardial two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns.	immunostaining of heat shock protein 27 (hsp27) protein species on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) gels with enhanced sensitivity yields 59 spots reacting with anti-hsp27 antibodies. recombinant hsp27 exists in 2-de as two major protein species which comigrate in the human myocardial pattern with hsp27 spots c754 and d899 as defined in the heart high-performance 2-de database (http://www.mdc-berlin.de/emu/heart/). preparative electrophoresis of human myocardial proteins and analysis of th ...	1997	9504816
cantharidin poisoning of emu chicks by ingestion of pyrota insulata.		1998	9526864
the location of z- and w-linked marker genes and sequence on the homomorphic sex chromosomes of the ostrich and the emu.	perhaps the most striking fact about early cenozoic avian history some 70 million years ago was the rapid radiation of large, flightless, ground-living birds. it has been suggested that, for a time, there was active competition between these large terrestrial birds and the early mammals. probably reflecting the above noted early start of ratitae of the infraclass eoaves, the presumptive sex chromosomes of their present day survivors, such as the emu and the ostrich, largely remained homomorphic. ...	1998	9539751
the complete mitochondrial genome of rhea americana and early avian divergences.	the complete mitochondrial dna, mtdna, molecule of the greater rhea, rhea americana, was sequenced. the size of the molecule is 16,710 nucleotides. the organization of the molecule conforms with that described for the chicken and the ostrich. it has been shown previously that relative to other vertebrates the nadh3 gene of the ostrich has an insertion of one nucleotide in position 174 of the gene. the same observation was made in the rhea and in the newly sequenced nadh3 gene of the emu, dromaiu ...	1998	9608049
the evolution of b precursor leukemia in the emu-ret mouse.	emu-ret mice carrying an rfp/ret fusion gene under the transcriptional control of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer develop b lineage leukemias/lymphomas. we have characterized b-cell development in these mice before the onset of clinical disease to determine the steps involved in leukemogenesis. flow cytometry reveals that the cd45r+cd43(+)cd24(+)bp-1(+) late pro-b-cell population is markedly expanded in the bone marrow of 3- to 5-week-old emu-ret mice. compared with late pro-b cells from ...	1998	9639527
fine structure of the retinal photoreceptors of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	the retinal photoreceptors of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) consist of rods, single cones and double (unequal) cones present in a ratio of about 10:1:4 respectively. the rods are long slender cells which are felt to undergo retinomotor movements. the rod outer segment is a stack of bimembranous discs which display shallow peripheral incisures and are all of the same diameter. the rod inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria, much rough endoplasmic reticulum (er), numerous polysom ...	1998	9661289
fine structure of the retinal epithelium (rpe) of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	as part of an ongoing comparative fine structural study, the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe), choriocapillaris and complexus basalis (bruch's membrane) in the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) have been investigated by light and electron microscopy. the rpe consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells joined basally by a series of tight junctions. basally (sclerally) the rpe cells display numerous deep infoldings while apically (vitreally) plentiful microvillar processes interdigitate with the pho ...	1998	9661290
fine structure of the pecten oculi of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	the pecten oculi of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) has been examined by light and electron microscopy. in this species the pecten is small relative to the size of the globe and is of a primitive pleated type. it consists of only 3-4 loose folds that are joined apically by a bridge of tissue which holds the pecten in a fan-like shape widest at its base. each fold is quite thick (100-120 microns) and has a central core of mostly unpigmented cell processes. in this central region are supply or ...	1998	9661291
monitoring ovarian function by the simultaneous time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay of two urinary steroid metabolites.	we report the development of a novel time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay utilizing two different assay strategies for the simultaneous measurement of estrone-3-glucuronide (eg) and pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide (pg) in samples of early morning urine (emu). the method for the measurement of eg involves the use of a labeled anti-idiotype as a surrogate antigen, whereas the other method (for the measurement of pg) is a regular competitive immunoassay using a labeled antigen. in addition, the p ...	1998	9665432
deletion of the igh intronic enhancer and associated matrix-attachment regions decreases, but does not abolish, class switching at the mu locus.	the igh locus intronic enhancer (emu), located in the intron between the j(h) segments and the cmu gene, and flanked by two matrix attachment regions (mar), has been shown to be a major regulator of igh gene transcription and vdj recombination. to define the potential role of emu plus mar in class switch recombination (csr), we generated igg-expressing hybridomas from b cells heterozygous for mutations that delete all of these elements or replace them with a neo(r) gene and analyzed the switch s ...	1998	9678761
hair cell morphology and innervation in the basilar papilla of the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	the emu, being a member of the rather primitive bird group of the palaeognathid ratitae, may reveal primitives features of the avian basilar papilla. there are, however, no qualitative differences with the papillae of other birds such as the chicken or the starling. there are only quantitative differences in the continuous morphological gradients (such as hair cell height, stereovillar height) from neural to abneural, and from the base to the apex of the papilla. only few (about two in the emu) ...	1998	9682814
pelvic limb musculature in the emu dromaius novaehollandiae (aves: struthioniformes: dromaiidae): adaptations to high-speed running.	emus provide an excellent opportunity for studying sustained high-speed running by a bird. their pelvic limb musculature is described in detail and morphological features characteristic of a cursorial lifestyle are identified. several anatomical features of the pelvic limb reflect the emus' ability for sustained running at high speeds: (1) emus have a reduced number of toes and associated muscles, (2) emus are unique among birds in having a m. gastrocnemius, the most powerful muscle in the shank ...	1998	9768501
evaluation of a competitive elisa for detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus nucleoprotein.	a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) employing a baculovirus-expressed recombinant nucleoprotein and a monoclonal antibody was developed for the detection of antibodies to type a influenza virus nucleoprotein. the performance of the c-elisa was evaluated by testing 756 chickens, 1123 turkeys, 707 emus, and 1261 ostriches, for a total of 3847 serum samples. relative to the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test, the c-elisa had a sensitivity of 100% for all four species. the c- ...	1998	9777152
encephalomalacia associated with vitamin e deficiency in commercially raised emus.	thirteen of 64 emus on a commercial emu farm in ohio exhibited neurological signs that included backward staggering, incoordination, generalized weakness, and sitting on their hocks with head retracted backward. eight of the birds showing such signs were found dead. two of these emus were necropsied, and no significant gross lesions were observed. major histopathological lesions were found in the cerebellum and included multiple malacic foci in association with neuropil rarefaction and astroglio ...	2004	9777163
changes in pattern of heat loss at high ambient temperature caused by water deprivation in a large flightless bird, the emu.	when exposed to high ambient temperatures, birds defend body temperature by increasing evaporative water loss, via either respiratory or cutaneous water loss. water deprivation can lead to changes in thermal responses and lower levels of water use for thermoregulation. we have studied the effect of 2-3 wk of water deprivation on the physiological responses of emus during exposure to an ambient temperature of 45 degrees c. water deprivation led to a delay in the onset of panting (54 vs. 24 min af ...	2006	9798259
a draiii pcr/rflp in an intron of the emu lysosomal protective protein gene.		1998	9800337
insertion of the igh locus 3' regulatory palindrome in expression vectors warrants sure and efficient expression in stable b cell transfectants.	we have explored the effect of inserting 3' immunoglobulin heavy chain (igh) locus transcriptional regulatory elements in stable expression vectors driven by a heavy chain variable gene promoter (pvh). a cassette was constructed, associating three enhancer elements from the palindromic part of the 3' igh regulatory region, namely calpha3'/hs3 reverse, alpha3'e/hs1-2, and hs3. as regard to stable expression, this cassette carried some features of a locus control region (lcr) and conferred express ...	1998	9831663
endocrine and testicular changes in a short-day seasonally breeding bird, the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae), in southwestern australia.	seasonal changes in testicular morphology and blood plasma concentrations of lh, testosterone, and prolactin are described for captive male emus in southwestern australia. testicular mass and testicular testosterone did not differ between the non-breeding (spring-summer) and the breeding (autumn-winter) seasons. nevertheless, the testes obtained in the breeding season (may and august) were nearly two fold greater in mass than those collected in the non-breeding season (october and february). the ...	1998	9835373
promotion of second intention wound healing by emu oil lotion: comparative results with furasin, polysporin, and cortisone.	previous studies showed that twice-daily application of emu oil lotion (mixture of emu oil/fat, vitamin e, and botanical oil) immediately after creation of full-thickness skin defects delayed wound healing 6 days later, perhaps owing to its antiinflammatory actions. if administration was delayed for 48 hours, a two-fold promotion of wound contraction, epithelialization, and infiltration of organized granulation tissue was observed. in the present study, emu oil lotion was applied to full-thickne ...	1998	9858176
cux/cdp homeoprotein is a component of nf-munr and represses the immunoglobulin heavy chain intronic enhancer by antagonizing the bright transcription activator.	nuclear matrix attachment regions (mars) flanking the immunoglobulin heavy chain intronic enhancer (emu) are the targets of the negative regulator, nf-munr, found in non-b and early pre-b cells. expression library screening with nf-munr binding sites yielded a cdna clone encoding an alternatively spliced form of the cux/cdp homeodomain protein. cux/cdp fulfills criteria required for nf-munr identity. it is expressed in non-b and early pre-b cells but not mature b cells. it binds to nf-munr bindi ...	1999	9858552
evaluation of the emu-pim-1 transgenic mouse model for short-term carcinogenicity testing.	the value of the chronic rodent carcinogenicity assay in adequately predicting cancer risk in humans has become a matter of debate over the past few years. therefore, more rapid and accurate alternative tests are urgently needed. transgenic mouse models, those harboring genetic changes that are relevant to the multistage cancer process, may provide such alternative tests. transgenic emu-pim-1 mice, developed by berns and coworkers in 1989, contain the pimn-1 oncogene, which is expressed at eleva ...	1998	9864091
fine structure of the basilar papilla of the emu: implications for the evolution of avian hair-cell types.	the morphology of the basilar papilla of the emu was investigated quantitatively with light and scanning electron microscopical techniques. the emu is a member of the paleognathae, a group of flightless birds that represent the most primitive living avian species. the comparison of the emu papilla with that of other, more advanced birds provides insights into the evolution of the avian papilla. the morphology of the emu papilla is that of an unspecialised bird, but shows the full range of featur ...	1998	9872138
evaluation of antibody responses of emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) to avian influenza virus infection.	emu antibody responses to avian influenza virus (aiv) infection were evaluated by the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) and hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests. all birds infected with aiv h5n1, h5n3, or h7n7 developed antinucleoprotein (np) antibodies as early as 7 days postinfection as detected by the c-elisa. the responses lasted 49 days for the emus receiving h5n3 and at least 56 days for emus receiving the other two viruses. by evalu ...	1998	9876845
application of new analytical technology to the production of a "well-characterized biological".	the role of new analytical technology in the development of the concept of a "well characterized biological" is to provide suitable methodology that allows the characterization of even the most complex protein sample so that a consistent manufacturing process can be established. glycoproteins are among the most challenging of products to characterize because of extreme sample microheterogeneity due to the carbohydrate moieties. as an example of the appropriate use of new analytical technology th ...	1998	9890511
consumers prefer unseasoned lean ground beef patties to patties made from turkey breast or emu.		1999	9972194
role of the intronic elements in the endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. either the matrix attachment regions or the core enhancer is sufficient to maintain expression.	high level expression in mice of transgenes derived from the immunoglobulin heavy chain (igh) locus requires both the core enhancer (emu) and the matrix attachment regions (mars) that flank emu. the need for both elements implies that they each perform a different function in transcription. while it is generally assumed that expression of the endogenous igh locus has similar requirements, it has been difficult to assess the role of these elements in expression of the endogenous heavy chain gene, ...	1999	9988726
differentially expressed transcripts in x-ray-induced lymphomas identified by dioxygenin-labeled differential display.	differential display is an easily applied method for comparing gene expression in a variety of systems. we used a nonradioactive differential display technique to analyze x-ray-induced lymphomas derived from emu-pim-1 transgenic and nontransgenic mice. fragments of 11 differentially regulated genes were identified, three of which are novel sequences. one of the cloned fragments contained sequences of a mouse vl30 retroelement that was significantly overexpressed in a subset of lymphomas as compa ...	1999	10029408
comparative hypocholesterolemic effects of five animal oils in cholesterol-fed rats.	the hypocholesterolemic efficacy of various animal oils was compared in rats given a cholesterol-enriched diet. after acclimatization for one week, male f344 ducrj rats (8 weeks of age) that had been fed with a conventional diet were assigned to diets containing 5% of oil from emu (dromaius), japanese sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis, heude), sardine, beef tallow, or lard with 0.5% cholesterol for 6 weeks. after this feeding period, the concentrations of serum total cholesterol and of very-low ...	1999	10052143
ectopic expression of prion protein (prp) in t lymphocytes or hepatocytes of prp knockout mice is insufficient to sustain prion replication.	the cellular form of the prion protein (prpc) is necessary for prion replication in mice. to determine whether it is also sufficient, we expressed prp under the control of various cell- or tissue-specific regulatory elements in prp knockout mice. the interferon regulatory factor-1 promoter/emu enhancer led to high prp levels in the spleen and low prp levels in the brain. following i.p. scrapie inoculation, high prion titers were found in the spleen but not in the brain at 2 weeks and 6 months, s ...	1999	10097150
ratite production as an agricultural enterprise.	the ratite industry remains in the market introduction stage of evolution; basic information on markets and production is limited. it is uncertain when, or perhaps whether, either the ostrich or emu industries will progress to the market growth stage. until significant expansion occurs, ratite operations are likely to be faced with low or even nonexistant profits. it is the authors' observation that the ostrich industry is making slow but significant progress toward introducing products into pot ...	1998	10098232
single european currency and monetary union. macroeconomic implications for pharmaceutical spending.	this article examines the potential implications of introducing a single currency among the member states of the european union for national pharmaceutical prices and spending. in doing so, it provides a brief account of the direct effects of introducing a single currency on pharmaceutical business. these are static in nature and include the elimination of exchange rate volatility and transaction costs, increased price transparency and limited potential for parallel trade. it subsequently analys ...	1998	10175989
identification and characterization of collaborating oncogenes in compound mutant mice.	we have used proviral tagging in tumor-prone transgenic mice to identify collaborating oncogenes and genes contributing to tumor progression. this has yielded a series of oncogenes that could be assigned to different complementation groups in transformation: the myc, pim, bmi1, and frat1 complementation groups. frat1 is involved in tumor progression and appears to function in the wnt signaling pathway. overexpression of fratl confers a growth advantage to transplanted tumor cells in vivo and to ...	1999	10197595
lymphoid hyperplasia in transgenic mice over-expressing a secreted form of the human interleukin-1beta gene product.	to evaluate the biological effects of over-expression of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) on the immune system we have generated transgenic mice, expressing the il-1beta gene fused to a heterologous signal sequence under the control of the mouse immunoglobulin enhancer (emu). a prominent hyperplasia and a disturbed microarchitecture of lymphoid tissues were observed in the transgenic mice. the cd4+ t cells in the hyperplastic lymphoid organs seemed to invade the majority of the lymphoid organs inclu ...	1999	10233687
65,000 years of vegetation change in central australia and the australian summer monsoon	carbon isotopes in fossil emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) eggshell from lake eyre, south australia, demonstrate that the relative abundance of c4 grasses varied substantially during the past 65,000 years. currently, c4 grasses are more abundant in regions that are increasingly affected by warm-season precipitation. thus, an expansion of c4 grasses likely reflects an increase in the relative effectiveness of the australian summer monsoon, which controls summer precipitation over lake eyre. the dat ...	1999	10325221
carcase characteristics of emus (dromaius novaehollandiae).	1. six emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) were slaughtered at 13 months of age in order to determine carcase, by-product and muscle yields. 2. emus had a lower percentage of hot carcase weight (52%) and total fat (28%) to body weight but a higher lean meat to carcase weight (69%) than ostriches or rheas. 3. the amount of trimming of connective tissue from muscles of the lower leg (gastrocnemius, fibularis longus) has an influence (p<0.05) on the yields from these muscles.	1999	10405052
value of inpatient diagnostic cctv-eeg monitoring in the elderly.	to examine the outcome of inpatient diagnostic closed circuit tv-eeg (cctv-eeg) monitoring in a consecutive series of elderly patients admitted to an adult epilepsy-monitoring unit (emu) over a continuous 6-year period.	1999	10448822
comparative painting reveals strong chromosome homology over 80 million years of bird evolution.	chickens and the great flightless emu belong to two distantly related orders of birds in the carinate and ratite subclasses that diverged at least 80 million years ago. in the first zoo-fish study between bird species, we hybridized single chromosome paints from the chicken (gallus domesticus) onto the emu chromosomes. we found that the nine macrochromosomes show remarkable homology between the two species, indicating strong conservation of karyotype through evolution. one chicken macrochromosom ...	1999	10461874
disruption of the arf-mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway in myc-induced lymphomagenesis.	transgenic mice expressing the c-myc oncogene driven by the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer (emu) develop b-cell lymphoma and exhibit a mean survival time of approximately 6 months. the protracted latent period before the onset of frank disease likely reflects the ability of c-myc to induce a p53-dependent apoptotic program that initially protects animals against tumor formation but is disabled when overtly malignant cells emerge. in cultured primary mouse embryo fibroblasts, c-myc activates ...	1999	10541552
ink4a/arf mutations accelerate lymphomagenesis and promote chemoresistance by disabling p53.	the ink4a/arf locus encodes upstream regulators of the retinoblastoma and p53 tumor suppressor gene products. to compare the impact of these loci on tumor development and treatment response, the emu-myc transgenic lymphoma model was used to generate genetically defined tumors with mutations in the ink4a/arf, rb, or p53 genes. like p53 null lymphomas, ink4a/arf null lymphomas formed rapidly, were highly invasive, displayed apoptotic defects, and were markedly resistant to chemotherapy in vitro an ...	1999	10541553
bmi-1 collaborates with c-myc in tumorigenesis by inhibiting c-myc-induced apoptosis via ink4a/arf.	the bmi-1 and myc oncogenes collaborate strongly in murine lymphomagenesis, but the basis for this collaboration was not understood. we recently identified the ink4a-arf tumor suppressor locus as a critical downstream target of the polycomb-group transcriptional repressor bmi-1. others have shown that part of myc's ability to induce apoptosis depends on induction of p19arf. here we demonstrate that down-regulation of ink4a-arf by bmi-1 underlies its ability to cooperate with myc in tumorigenesis ...	1999	10541554
the nurse's role in delivery of radioisotope for ictal spect scan.	the medical college of georgia hospital and clinics (mcg) was one of the first centers in the united states (us) to institute a video electroencephalography (eeg) epilepsy monitoring unit and epilepsy surgery program. in order to surgically remove the area in the brain giving rise to seizures, the epileptogenic zone must be identified and localized. one of the newer methods used to identify the epileptogenic seizure focus is the ictal single photon emission computed tomography (spect) scan, whic ...	1999	10553568
b-cell tumorigenesis in mice carrying a yeast artificial chromosome-based immunoglobulin heavy/c-myc translocus is independent of the heavy chain intron enhancer (emu).	we have used yac (yeast artificial chromosome) technology to create large translocation regions where the c-myc proto-oncogene is coupled to the core region of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain (igh) locus (from vh2-5 through to cdelta). chimeric mice were obtained from embryonic stem cells carrying a single copy of the 240-kb igh/c-myc translocation region. b-cell tumorigenesis occurs in the translocus mice, even when the entire emu intron enhancer region between the joining segments and swi ...	1999	10554044
generation of b lymphoma cell lines from knockout mice by transformation in vivo with an emu-myc transgene.	while a great deal has been learned about the genetic control of b lymphocyte behavior through the observation of primary b cells from mice bearing targeted gene mutations, such studies can be restricted by the limited number and longevity of the cells ex vivo, by their heterogeneity, and by the inability to apply further genetic manipulations. here we describe a protocol for the efficient derivation of mutant b lymphoma cell lines, by crossing mice bearing targeted mutations in genes affecting ...	1999	10556550
overexpression of frat1 in transgenic mice leads to glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome, and provides direct evidence for the involvement of frat1 in lymphoma progression.	the proto-oncogene frat1 was originally identified as a common site of proviral insertion in transplanted tumors of moloney murine leukemia virus (m-mulv)-infected emu-pim1 transgenic mice. contrary to most common insertion sites implicated in mouse t cell lymphomagenesis, retroviral insertional mutagenesis of frat1 constitutes a relatively late event in m-mulv-induced tumor development, suggesting that proviral activation of frat1 contributes to progression of t cell lymphomas rather than their ...	1999	10557087
c-myc enhances protein synthesis and cell size during b lymphocyte development.	members of the myc family of nuclear protooncogenes play roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. moreover, inappropriate expression of c-myc genes contributes to the development of many types of cancers, including b cell lymphomas in humans. although myc proteins have been shown to function as transcription factors, their immediate effects on the cell have not been well defined. here we have utilized a murine model of lymphomagenesis (emu-myc mice) to show that constitutive ...	1999	10557294
mutational analysis of transgenic mouse b cell lymphomas: indication of a trp53-independent pathway in tumor progression.	deregulated myc, bcl-2 and/or tp53 gene expression is associated with non-hodgkin's b cell lymphomas (b-nhls). emu-n-myc transgenic mice that misexpress n-myc protein and carry a non-disrupted bcl-2 gene develop indolent b cell lymphomas reminiscent of the b-nhl, follicular lymphoma. tumors from mice with end-stage disease exhibited discrete, nodular lesions as well as areas of diffuse tumor likely due to coalescence of enlarged follicles. tumor dnas were screened for mutations in the trp53 gene ...	1999	10573140
a quantitative study of cochlear afferent axons in birds.	this paper is a comparative study of auditory-nerve morphology in birds. the chicken (gallus gallus), the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) and the starling (sturnus vulgaris) were chosen as unspecialised birds that have already been used in auditory research. the data are discussed in comparison to a similar earlier study on the barn owl, a bird with highly specialised hearing, in an attempt to separate general avian patterns from species specialisations. average numbers of afferent fibres from 87 ...	2000	10601718
oncogenic potential of cyclin e in t-cell lymphomagenesis in transgenic mice: evidence for cooperation between cyclin e and ras but not myc.	to study the oncogenic activity of cyclin e in an in vivo system we generated transgenic mice expressing high levels of cyclin e in t-lymphocytes by using a construct containing the cd2 locus control region. these animals were neither predisposed to develop any tumors spontaneously nor showed an increased incidence when crossbred with emu l-myc transgenic mice but developed hyperplasia in peripheral lymphoid organs at later age with an incidence of 27%. when treated with the dna methylating carc ...	1999	10618723
isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the emu, dromaius novaehollandiae, and cross-species amplification within ratitae.		1999	10620242
effect of emu oil on auricular inflammation induced with croton oil in mice.	to determine the acute anti-inflammatory effects of topically applied emu oil.	1999	10622168