Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [characterization of entomopathogenic bacillus samples isolated in senegal and study of their toxicity for malaria vectors]. | a screening program developed in senegal to isolate new strains of entomopathogenic bacillus has led to the isolation of 194 strains of bacillus thuringiensis and 9 strains of bacillus sphaericus from various sites and insect samples. the characterization of these strains regarding their h serotype, their crystal composition and their toxicity against mosquitoes (culex pipiens, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi) has led to the isolation of 27 mosquitocidal strains. as malaria is an important ... | 1998 | 10797955 |
| gametocytemia and infectivity to mosquitoes of patients with uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks treated with chloroquine or sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine. | plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia and its related infectivity for mosquitoes was studied in 115 patients (median age = 18 years, range = 4-45) with simple malaria attacks who lived in the hypoendemic area of dakar, senegal. patients were included in a 28-day in vivo sensitivity test after treatment with chloroquine (cq, n = 82) or sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine (sp, n = 33). the prevalence of resistant infections was 58.5% in those treated with cq and 0% in those treated with sp. the gametocyt ... | 2000 | 10813475 |
| cytogenetics of the anopheles gambiae complex in sudan, with special reference to an. arabiensis: relationships with east and west african populations. | the species composition of malaria vector mosquitoes belonging to the anopheles gambiae complex (diptera: culicidae) from >40 localities in sudan, representing most ecological situations, was determined by analysis of ovarian polytene chromosomes. of 2162 females, 93% were identified as an. arabiensis patton and 7% were an. gambiae giles sensu stricto. no hybrids were found between the two species. anopheles arabiensis occurred in all but two sites, whereas an. gambiae s.s. was effectively limit ... | 2000 | 10872859 |
| interspecific competition between sibling species larvae of anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae. | mosquito larvae of the sibling species anopheles arabiensis patton and an. gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae) were investigated for interspecific competition. single-species and mixed-species populations were reared at 27 degrees c from the first instar to pupation at different densities (100, 200 or 400 larvae/200 cm2 tray) with a constant amount of food, 0.2 mg/larva/day. pupae obtained from mixed populations were identified to species using pcr. both species had a 1:1 sex ratio ... | 2000 | 10872860 |
| anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in matola coastal suburb of maputo, southern mozambique. | transmission characteristics of malaria were studied in matola, a coastal suburb of maputo, the capital city, in southern mozambique, from november 1994 to april 1996. the local climate alternates between cool dry season (may-october) and hot rainy season (november-april) with mean annual rainfall 650-850 mm. saltmarsh and freshwater pools provide mosquito breeding sites in matola. malaria prevalence reached approximately 60% among people living nearest to the main breeding sites of the vectors. ... | 2000 | 10872861 |
| evidence for extensive genetic differentiation among populations of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis in eastern africa. | we describe the geographical population structure of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis in eastern africa. allelic variation at eight microsatellite loci was scored in samples from nine localities along a 4500 km transect from sudan to mozambique. highly significant differences in genotype frequencies were found between all populations separated by more than 200 km. populations within malawi separated by 191 km were indistinguishable, as were those within sudan separated by 134 km. fst and ... | 2000 | 10971713 |
| persistence of anopheles arabiensis during the severe dry season conditions in senegal: an indirect approach using microsatellite loci. | variation at nine microsatellite loci was investigated to understand how anopheles arabiensis populations survive the dry season in the sahelian region of senegal. low estimates of genetic differentiation (f(st) = 0.012, r(st) = 0.009) between two populations, 250 km apart, suggested extensive gene flow across this distance. despite extreme seasonal fluctuation in abundance with dry season minima in which mosquitoes virtually disappeared, allele frequencies remained stable over time in the villa ... | 2000 | 11029665 |
| high heterogeneity in the number of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the bloodmeal of mosquitoes fed on the same host. | to investigate the quantitative distribution of plasmodiumfalciparum gametocytes into the vector bloodmeal, anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes were fed on 3 volunteers naturally infected with gametocytes. the content of each mosquito midgut was smeared on a microscope slide and giemsa stained. the distribution of gametocytes ingested by mosquitoes followed a negative binomial distribution, with apparently constant overdispersion (parameter k +/- s.e. = 3.105 +/- 0.392) for the 3 series. this aggreg ... | 2000 | 11085230 |
| efficacy of three insect repellents against the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis. | three commercial repellents marketed in south africa: bio-skincare (bsc, oils of coconut, jojoba, rapeseed and vitamin e), mosiguard towelletes with 0.574 g quwenling (p-menthane-3,8-diol, pmd) and the standard deet (15% diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, tabard lotion), were compared against a laboratory colony of the mosquito anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae), the predominant malaria vector in south africa. human forearms were treated with 1.2 g bsc, 0.8 g pmd towelette or 0.5 g deet an ... | 2000 | 11129710 |
| current status of malaria and potential for control. | malaria remains one of the world's worst health problems with 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths annually; these deaths are primarily among children under 5 years of age and pregnant women in sub-saharan africa. of significance, more people are dying from malaria today than 30 years ago. this review considers the factors which have contributed to this gloomy picture, including those which relate to the vector, the female anopheline mosquito; to human activity such as creating new mosquito breeding sites, ... | 2001 | 11148010 |
| a simplified model for predicting malaria entomologic inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control. | malaria transmission intensity is modeled from the starting perspective of individual vector mosquitoes and is expressed directly as the entomologic inoculation rate (eir). the potential of individual mosquitoes to transmit malaria during their lifetime is presented graphically as a function of their feeding cycle length and survival, human biting preferences, and the parasite sporogonic incubation period. the eir is then calculated as the product of 1) the potential of individual vectors to tra ... | 2000 | 11289661 |
| the potential impact of integrated malaria transmission control on entomologic inoculation rate in highly endemic areas. | we have used a relatively simple but accurate model for predicting the impact of integrated transmission control on the malaria entomologic inoculation rate (eir) at four endemic sites from across sub-saharan africa and the southwest pacific. the simulated campaign incorporated modestly effective vaccine coverage, bed net use, and larval control. the results indicate that such campaigns would reduce eirs at all four sites by 30- to 50-fold. even without the vaccine, 15- to 25-fold reductions of ... | 2000 | 11289662 |
| zoophily of anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae in madagascar demonstrated by odour-baited entry traps. | in madagascar we used odour-baited entry traps (obets) for host choice tests of wild female anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) at representative localities on the east and west sides of the island (villages fenoarivo and tsararano, respectively) and at the southern margin of the central plateau (zazafotsy village, 800 m altitude). no insecticide house-spraying operations have been undertaken at these villages. odours from a man and a calf of similar mass, concealed in different tents, we ... | 2001 | 11297101 |
| dry season refugia of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in a dry savannah zone of east africa. | dry season survival of anopheles funestus, anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis in the kilombero valley a dry savannah zone of east africa, was investigated with over 400 collections from 23 areas, covering 300 sq km of the valley. anopheles gambiae was found only in association with humans, in forested areas of high annual rainfall, while an. funestus occurred at high densities at the valley edge where large non-moving bodies of water remained. a large population of an. arabiensis was pre ... | 2000 | 11304064 |
| local plants as repellents against anopheles arabiensis, in mpumalanga province, south africa. | to assess the repellency effect of three local plants; fever tea (lippia javanica), rose geranium (pelargonium reniforme) and lemon grass (cymbopogon excavatus) against laboratory reared anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. | 2000 | 11317593 |
| bionomics of anopheline vectors in zabid district, al-hodeidah governorate, republic of yemen. | the bionomics of anopheline vectors were analysed in randomly selected centres, representing fixed and spot-check stations. three anopheline species were found. anopheles arabiensis was the most prevalent species (84.2%) with a sporozoite rate of 0.7%, followed by a. culicifacies adenensis (14.9%) and a. rhodesiensis rupicolus (0.9%). maximum indoor resting density was recorded during march, july and august. positive sprayed sites for females were higher in bedrooms (40.4%) than animal sheds (26 ... | 1999 | 11338692 |
| enhanced development in nature of larval anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes feeding on maize pollen. | to determine whether pollen produced by maize (zea m. mays) may contribute to the development of larval anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes, the main african vectors of malaria, we correlated duration of larval development, pupation success, and size of the resulting adults with degree of access to this potential nutriment. maize pollen is abundant during the wet season on the surface of water near maize plantings in a malaria-endemic region of ethiopia, and larval anopheles arabiensis readily ... | 2000 | 11358003 |
| evidence for recent population expansion in the evolutionary history of the malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae. | gene flow in malaria vectors is usually estimated based on differentiation indices (e.g., f(st)) in order to predict the contemporary spread of genes such as those conferring resistance to insecticides. this approach is reliant on a number of assumptions, the most crucial, and the one most likely to be violated in these species, being mutation-migration-drift equilibrium. tests of this assumption for the african malaria vectors anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis are the focus of this stu ... | 2001 | 11420373 |
| comparison of direct and membrane feeding methods to infect anopheles arabiensis with plasmodium falciparum. | two standard methods are available to infect mosquitoes with malaria parasites: direct feeding through the skin of the gametocyte carrier, and membrane feeding. anopheles arabiensis collected at larval stages and reared in an insectary were fed in parallel by feeding on plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers and by membrane feeding on venous blood of the same gametocyte carriers. infection of mosquitoes was assessed at day 7 post bloodmeal by oocyst count of the mosquito midguts. the followin ... | 2001 | 11425159 |
| lymphatic filariasis in ghana: entomological investigation of transmission dynamics and intensity in communities served by irrigation systems in the upper east region of ghana. | we conducted an entomological study to document the effect of irrigation on the vectors and transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis in the upper east region of ghana. mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses in a cluster of communities located around irrigation projects (tono and vea) and others without reservoirs (azoka). anopheles gambiae s.s. was the dominant species and major vector, followed by an. funestus. anopheles arabiensis constituted 9--14% of the an. gambiae comp ... | 2001 | 11469943 |
| the impact of indoor residual spraying with malathion on malaria in refugee camps in eastern sudan. | an exploratory trial of the efficacy of indoor spraying with malathion on morbidity and mortality in refugee camps in eastern sudan was conducted during the rainy season of 1997. the interior walls of houses from a randomly selected group of five camps were sprayed with malathion in mid-september and morbidity and mortality rates in the camps for the months october to december compared with rates in five controls. pyrethrum spray collection and human landing catches were performed in two collect ... | 2001 | 11495638 |
| when genetic distance matters: measuring genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci in whole-genome scans of recent and incipient mosquito species. | genetic distance measurements are an important tool to differentiate field populations of disease vectors such as the mosquito vectors of malaria. here, we have measured the genetic differentiation between anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae, as well as between proposed emerging species of the latter taxon, in whole genome scans by using 23-25 microsatellite loci. in doing so, we have reviewed and evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of standard parameters of genetic distance, f(st) ... | 2001 | 11553812 |
| repellent effects on anopheles arabiensis biting humans in kruger park, south africa. | distribution of biting sites on the human body by the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was investigated near a source of mosquitoes in the kruger national park, south africa. eight adult male volunteers (2 teams x 2 pairs of subjects) conducted human bait collections while seated on camp chairs in the open-air, wearing only short trousers (no shirt, socks or shoes). mosquito collections during 18.30-22.30 hours on five consecutive nights in april 1998 yielded a tot ... | 2001 | 11583446 |
| the availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by african mosquito populations. | a simple model for the influence of host availability on vector bloodmeal choice is applied to estimate the relative availabilities of humans, cattle and other host populations to malaria vectors in african communities, using published human blood indices and ratios of cattle to humans. cattle were bitten < 0.01, 0.021 +/- 0.11, 1.61 +/- 0.16 and 1.61 +/- 0.46 times as often as humans by anopheles funestus, an. gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis in segera, tanzania, and an. gambiae sensu l ... | 2001 | 11706651 |
| a comparative genomic analysis of two distant diptera, the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | genome evolution entails changes in the dna sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions. here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the drosophila melanogaster genome. the ances ... | 2002 | 11779831 |
| cuticular-hydrocarbon discrimination between anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis larval karyotypes. | examination of chromatograms of karyotyped larvae of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis has revealed that there are differences in the profile of their epicuticular hydrocarbons. a discriminant analysis of the quantitative hydrocarbon data has shown that the an. gambiae mopti 2rbc/bc karyotype from mali could be separated from the forest 2la/a karyotype from liberia in > 80% of cases. similar analysis permitted > 80% separation of individuals of two karyotypes of anopheles arabiensi ... | 2001 | 11784439 |
| the distribution of two major malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis, in nigeria. | the distribution of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis across the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savanna in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south) was investigated. results of the present study were compared to the distributions determined from samples of indoor-resting females reported by an earlier study over 20 years ago. larvae were sampled in the rainy seasons of 1997 and 1999 from 24 localities, 10 of which were sampled in both years. specimens were identified by th ... | 2001 | 11784926 |
| the feeding behaviour and plasmodium infection of anopheles mosquitoes in southern ethiopia in relation to use of insecticide-treated livestock for malaria control. | anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus species b mosquitoes were collected at sites of human and livestock housing and analysed for blood feeding patterns and infection with malaria sporozoites. a low percentage of human blood meals at some sites suggested that zooprophylaxis could be effective in reducing challenge from plasmodium falciparum. | 2001 | 11816425 |
| evidence for memorized site-fidelity in anopheles arabiensis. | a mark-recapture experiment was carried out in northern tanzania to determine whether anopheles arabiensis exhibits memory, by investigating if bloodfed individuals would return to either the location or the host where or on which they had obtained a previous bloodmeal, behaviours termed site-fidelity and host-fidelity respectively. over 4300 mosquitoes were collected from 2 houses, marked with different fluorescent colours according to whether they were caught in cattle sheds, 'cattle-fed', or ... | 2001 | 11816426 |
| population genetic structure of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis across nigeria suggests range expansion. | ten microsatellite loci, four located within and six outside chromosome inversions, were employed to study the genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis across the ecological zones of nigeria (arid savannah in the north gradually turns into humid forest in the south). regardless of location within or outside inversions, genetic variability at all loci was characterized by a reduction in both the number of alleles per locus and heterozygosity from savannah to forest. across all loci, all but one ... | 2001 | 11883874 |
| [chromosomal polymorphism of populations of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from reunion island and cross-fertility among continental african populations]. | cytological examination of a sample of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes from reunion island revealed the presence of an. arabiensis only. chromosomal polymorphisms were observed only for inversion 3ra, the standard homozygote form being predominant. cross-mating experiments with laboratory specimens originating from continental africa produced viable and fertile offspring with no chromosomal asynapsis observed in the f1 female progeny. there was no evidence for speciation of the reunion isla ... | 2001 | 11921546 |
| spatial and habitat distribution of anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in banambani village, mali. | we studied the larval distribution and composition of anopheles arabiensis patton, an. gambiae s.s. giles, and its forms, among local habitats; and their association with the adults between these habitats in banambani village, mali during the mid-rainy seasons of 1997-1999. for species and form identification we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and pcr-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (rflp). differences among species in the distribution of larvae were observed in 1998, but not in 19 ... | 2002 | 11931274 |
| malaria outbreak control in an african village by community application of 'deet' mosquito repellent to ankles and feet. | the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) shows a marked predilection (> 80%) for biting the ankles and feet of human subjects, as revealed by our previous observations at malahlapanga in the kruger national park, south africa. topical application of insect repellent, 15% deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), to feet and ankles reduced the overall biting rate of an. arabiensis by 69%. a focal malaria epidemic in albertsnek village (25 degrees 33's, 31 degrees 59' e) nea ... | 2002 | 11963976 |
| malaria transmission risk variations derived from different agricultural practices in an irrigated area of northern tanzania. | malaria vector anopheles and other mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were monitored for 12 months during 1994-95 in villages of lower moshi irrigation area (37 degrees 20' e, 3 degrees 21' s; approximately 700 m a.s.l.) south of mount kilimanjaro in northern tanzania. adult mosquito populations were sampled fortnightly by five methods: human bait collection indoors (18.00-06.00 hours) and outdoors (18.00-24.00 hours); from daytime resting-sites indoors and outdoors; by cdc light-traps over sleeper ... | 2002 | 11963979 |
| a possible alternative method for collecting mosquito larvae in rice fields. | rice fields are efficient breeding places for malaria vectors in madagascar. in order to establish as easily as possible if a rice field is an effective larval site for anophelines, we compared classical dipping versus a net as methods of collecting larvae. | 2002 | 12057018 |
| a marked seasonality of malaria transmission in two rural sites in eastern sudan. | the ecology of anopheles arabiensis and its relationship to malaria transmission was investigated in two villages in eastern sudan. seasonal malaria case incidence was compared with the number of vectors detected and with climatic variables. following the end of the short rainy season in october the number of a. arabiensis detected dropped gradually until february when neither outdoor human bait trapping nor indoor spray catches revealed any mosquitoes. vectors re-appeared in june as humidity ro ... | 2002 | 12062795 |
| host selection by anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus feeding on cattle in zimbabwe. | in the zambezi valley, mosquito females of the anopheles gambiae giles complex (diptera: culicidae) were collected from a hut containing pairs of cattle distinguishable by known dna markers. dna was extracted from the blood-fed mosquito abdomens and primer sets for ungulate and mosquito dna loci were used to identify the mosquito sibling species and individual host source(s) of their bloodmeals. the 67 mosquitoes comprised a mixture of an. arabiensis patton (31%) and an. quadriannulatus theobald ... | 2002 | 12109716 |
| advantages of larval control for african malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. | based on sensitivity analysis of the macdonald-ross model, it has long been argued that the best way to reduce malaria transmission is to target adult female mosquitoes with insecticides that can reduce the longevity and human-feeding frequency of vectors. however, these analyses have ignored a fundamental biological difference between mosquito adults and the immature stages that precede them: adults are highly mobile flying insects that can readily detect and avoid many intervention measures wh ... | 2002 | 12153709 |
| influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of african malaria vectors in western kenya. | the abundance of anopheline mosquitoes varies substantially among houses within the same villages. anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is highly anthropophilic, and anopheles arabiensis is zoophilic; thus, it is often hypothesized that the abundance of an. gambiae and an. arabiensis in a house is associated with the distribution of livestock and humans. in this paper we examined the influence of livestock and human host availability on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in the basin r ... | 2002 | 12363061 |
| the effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in kenya. | since 1988 malaria epidemics have occurred in multiple sites in western kenya highlands. climatic variability has been associated with some of the recent epidemics. we examined influences of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of three malaria vector species, anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, and anopheles funestus in western kenya and in the great rift valley. mosquito samples were collected from the lowland and highland areas with various climatic conditions. the three ve ... | 2002 | 12495180 |
| examining the determinants of mosquito-avoidance practices in two kenyan cities. | this study assesses the behavioural and socio-economic factors associated with avoiding mosquitoes and preventing malaria in urban environments in kenya. | 2002 | 12495438 |
| malariasphere: a greenhouse-enclosed simulation of a natural anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) ecosystem in western kenya. | the development and implementation of innovative vector control strategies for malaria control in africa requires in-depth ecological studies in contained semi-field environments. this particularly applies to the development and release of genetically-engineered vectors that are refractory to plasmodium infection. here we describe a modified greenhouse, designed to simulate a natural anopheles gambiae giles ecosystem, and the first successful trials to complete the life-cycle of this mosquito ve ... | 2002 | 12537599 |
| impact of cattle keeping on human biting rate of anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission around ziway, ethiopia. | to assess the impact of livestock keeping on the human biting rate (hbr) of anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission around ziway in the middle course of the ethiopian rift valley. | 2002 | 12625690 |
| 'a mate or a meal'--pre-gravid behaviour of female anopheles gambiae from the islands of são tomé and príncipe, west africa. | malaria prevalence differs between the two islands that comprise the archipelago of são tomé and príncipe. this may be due to differences in the biology of local anopheles gambiae, the only vector on the islands. survival rate and feeding frequency are two factors influencing vectorial capacity. anophelines generally feed just once per gonotrophic (oviposition) cycle. newly emerged insects, however, may feed two or more times during their first oviposition cycle thus increasing the likelihood of ... | 2003 | 12801421 |
| enhancement of development of larval anopheles arabiensis by proximity to flowering maize (zea mays) in turbid water and when crowded. | to determine whether proximity to flowering maize enhances the development of larval anopheline mosquitoes breeding in turbid water and when crowded, we evaluated the development of larval anopheles arabiensis under various conditions of turbidity, larval density, and proximity to pollen-shedding maize in simulated breeding puddles in a malaria-endemic site. in naturally formed puddles, water turbidity, as well as larval density, increased as the rainy season progressed. in sites remote from flo ... | 2003 | 12887038 |
| egg hatching, larval movement and larval survival of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae in desiccating habitats. | although the effects of rainfall on the population dynamics of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae have been studied in great detail, the effects of dry periods on its survival remain less clear. | 2003 | 12919636 |
| pyrethroid resistance/susceptibility and differential urban/rural distribution of anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae s.s. malaria vectors in nigeria and ghana. | resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and ddt caused by the kdr gene in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles s.s. (diptera: culicidae) has been reported in several west african countries. to test for pyrethroid resistance in two more countries, we sampled populations of the an. gambiae complex from south-western ghana and from urban and rural localities in ogun state, south-west nigeria. adult mosquitoes, reared from field-collected larvae, were exposed to the who-recommended discriminatin ... | 2003 | 12941018 |
| semipermeable species boundaries between anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis: evidence from multilocus dna sequence variation. | attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the anopheles gambiae cryptic species complex have yielded strongly conflicting results. in particular, an. gambiae, the primary african malaria vector, is variously placed as a sister taxon to either anopheles arabiensis or anopheles merus. the recent divergence times for members of this complex complicate phylogenetic analysis, making it difficult to unambiguously implicate interspecific gene flow, versus retained ancestral polymorphism, as t ... | 2003 | 12947038 |
| efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing anopheles larvae in eritrea. | we evaluated the larvicidal activity of the granular formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) serotype h-14 (vectobac g, 200 itu/mg) and bacillus sphaericus (bsph) serotype h5a5b (vectolex cg, 670 bs itu/mg) against anopheles arabiensis and other mosquitoes in breeding habitats in 3 sites, gash-barka, anseba, and debub zones, in eritrea. the primary objective was to determine the optimal application rate and duration of effect for bti and bsph in representative larval habitats as ... | 2003 | 14524547 |
| seven essential oils inhibit anopheles arabiensis mosquito biting. | 2002 | 14562601 | |
| distribution of the species of the anopheles gambiae complex and first evidence of anopheles merus as a malaria vector in madagascar. | background: members of the anopheles gambiae complex are amongst the best malaria vectors in the world, but their vectorial capacities vary between species and populations. a large-scale sampling of an. gambiae sensu lato was carried out in various bioclimatic domains of madagascar. local abundance of an unexpected member of this complex raised questions regarding its role in malaria transmission. methods: sampling took place at 38 sites and 2,067 females were collected. species assessment was p ... | 2003 | 14609436 |
| is the mbita trap a reliable tool for evaluating the density of anopheline vectors in the highlands of madagascar? | background: one method of collecting mosquitoes is to use human beings as bait. this is called human landing collection and is a reference method for evaluating mosquito density per person. the mbita trap, described by mathenge et al in the literature, consists of an entry-no return device whereby humans are used as bait but cannot be bitten. we compared the mbita trap and human landing collection in field conditions to estimate mosquito density and malaria transmission. methods: our study was c ... | 2003 | 14624701 |
| anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus resistance to ddt in south africa. | the malaria control programme of kwazulu-natal province, south africa, includes mamfene and mlambo communities. western-type houses there are currently sprayed with deltamethrin, whereas traditional houses are sprayed with ddt for malaria control. in 2002, mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex (diptera: culicidae) were collected from ddt-sprayed houses, by window exit traps, and from man-baited nets outdoors. larval collections were also carried out at mzinweni pan near mlambo. species of ... | 2003 | 14651656 |
| togetherness among plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: interpretation through simulation and consequences for malaria transmission. | previous experimental gametocyte infections of anopheles arabiensis on 3 volunteers naturally infected with plasmodium falciparum were conducted in senegal. they showed that gametocyte counts in the mosquitoes are, like macroparasite intakes, heterogeneous (overdispersed). they followed a negative binomial distribution, the overdispersion coefficient seeming constant (k = 3.1). to try to explain this heterogeneity, we used an individual-based model (ibm), simulating the behaviour of gametocytes ... | 2003 | 14653532 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in ethiopia and eritrea. | this study examined the population genetic structure of the major malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes, in ethiopia and eritrea. ethiopia and eritrea have great geographical diversity, with high mountains, rugged plateaus, deep gorges, and rolling plains. the plateau is bisected diagonally by the great rift valley into the northwestern highlands and the southeastern highlands. five a. arabiensis populations from the northwestern highlands region and two populations from high-altitude ... | 2003 | 14691312 |
| [ecoethology of vectors and transmission of malaria in the lowland rice growing region of mandritsara, madagascar ]. | to evaluate the determining factors of the malaria transmission in the northwest region of madagascar, transversal studies were carried out through one year, from march 1997 to april 1998, in two villages located near mandritsara, at less than 300 meters above sea level. the rice-growing region forms an intermediate zone between the central highlands with epidemic and instable malaria and the coastal zone with endemic and stable malaria. mosquitoes were collected when landing on humans during th ... | 2003 | 14717053 |
| global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. | global change includes climate change and climate variability, land use, water storage and irrigation, human population growth and urbanization, trade and travel, and chemical pollution. impacts on vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, infections by other arboviruses, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and leishmaniasis are reviewed. while climate change is global in nature and poses unknown future risks to humans and natural ecosystems, other local changes are o ... | 2004 | 14726459 |
| a transdisciplinary perspective on the links between malaria and agroecosystems in kenya. | an ecosystem approach was applied to study the links between malaria and agriculture in mwea division, kenya. the study was organized into five phases. phase i had two components including a stakeholder workshop conducted with community representatives and other key stakeholders, and the collation of data on common diseases from outpatient service records at the local hospital. phase i aimed at an a priori needs-assessment in order to focus the research agenda. workshop participants directly con ... | 2004 | 14732239 |
| ammonium sulphate fertiliser increases larval populations of anopheles arabiensis and culicine mosquitoes in rice fields. | field experiments were conducted in central kenya, to study the effect of ammonium sulphate fertiliser ((nh(4))(2)so(4)) on mosquito larval populations in rice fields. the experiments used a complete randomised block design having four blocks with two experimental ponds per block, and the fertiliser and control treatments allocated randomly among the ponds. student's two-sample unpaired t-test was used to test for the significance of differences between the relative counts of larvae in fertilise ... | 2004 | 14732240 |
| malaria transmission in southern madagascar: influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions. part 1. entomological investigations. | a 4-year entomological study was carried out in southern madagascar to identify malaria vectors, evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions. three villages were involved in this entomological survey: androvasoa (located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem), pépiniére (sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region) and esana (bordered with rice fields in the humid region). mosquitoes were collected inside and ... | 2004 | 14732241 |
| high seasonal variation in entomologic inoculation rates in eritrea, a semi-arid region of unstable malaria in africa. | entomologic studies were conducted in eight villages to investigate the patterns of malaria transmission in different ecologic zones in eritrea. mosquito collections were conducted for 24 months between september 1999 and january 2002. the biting rates of anopheles arabiensis were highly seasonal, with activity concentrated in the wet season between june and october in the highlands and western lowlands, and between december and march in the coastal region. the biting rates in the western lowlan ... | 2003 | 14740876 |
| measurement of antibody levels against region ii of the erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 of plasmodium falciparum in an area of malaria holoendemicity in western kenya. | region ii of the 175-kda erythrocyte-binding antigen (eba-175rii) of plasmodium falciparum is functionally important in sialic acid-dependent erythrocyte invasion and is considered a prime target for an invasion-blocking vaccine. the objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of anti-eba-175rii antibodies in a naturally exposed population, (ii) determine whether naturally acquired antibodies have a functional role by inhibiting binding of eba-175rii to erythrocytes, and (iii) ... | 2004 | 14742515 |
| life table characteristics of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) under simulated seasonal conditions. | life tables provide a summary of mortality and reproductive schedules and can help explain why certain species proliferate in particular environments. life table characteristics of alopheles arabiensis, under a range of simulated seasonal temperature were determined. f1 progeny of field-collected material were observed at four fluctuating temperatures with means of 17.9, 23.2, 26.1, and 21.4 degrees c, representing winter, spring, summer and autumn temperature profiles. gonotrophic cycles, egg h ... | 2003 | 14765646 |
| a component of maize pollen that stimulates larval mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to feed and increases toxicity of microbial larvicides. | to explain how larval anopheles arabiensis patton feed effectively in the turbid water in which they frequently develop, we determined whether an extractable component of maize, zea mays l., pollen enhances feeding by these mosquitoes. maturing maize produces a copious amount of wind-borne pollen that is nutritious enough and produced over a sufficient period to support the development of at least one generation of anopheline mosquitoes. larval an. arabiensis readily ingest the contents of maize ... | 2003 | 14765663 |
| larval habitat diversity and ecology of anopheline larvae in eritrea. | studies on the spatial distribution of anopheline mosquito larvae were conducted in 302 villages over two transmission seasons in eritrea. additional longitudinal studies were also conducted at eight villages over a 24-mo period to determine the seasonal variation in anopheline larval densities. eight anopheline species were identified with anopheles arabiensis predominating in most of the habitats. other species collected included: an. cinereus, an. pretoriensis, an. d'thali, an. funestus, an. ... | 2003 | 14765671 |
| the residual life of bendiocarb: a field-based evaluation from mozambique. | the residual life of bendiocarb was evaluated under field conditions in southern mozambique. bioassays conducted at monthly intervals using susceptible anopheles arabiensis demonstrated that bendiocarb had an effective residual life of 6 mo. the different types of surfaces sprayed did not affect the residual life of bendiocarb. therefore, to achieve effective control in a malaria-endemic area such as southern mozambique, two spray rounds per annum are necessary. | 2004 | 14989356 |
| characterization of potential larval habitats for anopheles mosquitoes in relation to urban land-use in malindi, kenya. | background: this study characterized anopheles mosquito larval habitats in relation to ecological attributes about the habitat and community-level drainage potential, and investigated whether agricultural activities within or around urban households increased the probability of water body occurrence. malindi, a city on the coast of kenya, was mapped using global positioning system (gps) technology, and a geographic information system (gis) was used to overlay a measured grid, which served as a s ... | 2004 | 15125778 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| the effects of rainfall and evapotranspiration on the temporal dynamics of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in a kenyan village. | the population dynamics of the larval and adult life stages of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles were studied in miwani, western kenya, in relation to meteorological conditions. larval density within a habitat, the number of larval habitats and sibling species composition were investigated as determinants of larval population dynamics. female vector densities inside local houses and sibling species composition were investigated as determinants of adult population dynamics. larval densit ... | 2004 | 15177140 |
| short report: a new polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to identify anopheles arabiensis from an. gambiae and its two molecular forms from degraded dna templates or museum samples. | we present a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to simultaneously distinguish the two anopheles gambiae m and s molecular forms and anopheles arabiensis. this method uses different diagnostic sites than previously published methods, and it is based on the amplification of a smaller ribosomal dna fragment. we have tested this protocol in a variety of samples from different geographic regions and various ages of preservation to ascertain the robustness of thi ... | 2004 | 15210999 |
| unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations. | malaria transmission dynamics is highly variable throughout africa: inoculation rates vary from almost null to more than a 1000 infective bites per year, transmission can occur throughout the year or only during a couple of months, and heterogeneities are also observed between years within the same locale. depending on the area, as much as five different anophelines species can transmit parasites to the human population. major vectors are anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles funest ... | 2004 | 15225985 |
| malaria panel assay versus pcr: detection of naturally infected anopheles melas in a coastal village of equatorial guinea. | a study was carried out in a village of the mainland region of equatorial guinea in order to ascertain a) which members of anopheles gambiae complex could be involved in malaria transmission and b) the rate of infectivity for anopheles melas comparing two different methods, a pcr able to detect sporozoite-dna and an immunochromatographic assay mpr (malaria rapid dipstick panel assay). | 2004 | 15238168 |
| seasonal abundance, vector behavior, and malaria parasite transmission in eritrea. | entomological studies were conducted over a 24-month period in 8 villages to establish the behavior patterns, seasonal densities, and variation in entomological inoculation rates (eirs) of anopheles arabiensis, the main vector of malaria in eritrea. a total of 5,683 anopheline mosquitoes were collected through indoor sampling (1,613), human-landing catches (2,711), and outdoor pit shelters (1,359). overall, an. arabiensis was the predominant species at all of the study sites, with its population ... | 2004 | 15264625 |
| first report of a kdr mutation in anopheles arabiensis from burkina faso, west africa. | the leu-phe kdr mutation was detected in a specimen of anopheles arabiensis during an extensive survey of pyrethroid resistance in an. gambiae s.l. in burkina faso. the detection of this mutation in an. arabiensis, which had so far been observed only in an. gambiae s.s., is important at both epidemiologic and fundamental levels. it can be useful to understand the history of this gene throughout the range of an. gambiae complex. | 2004 | 15264630 |
| insecticide susceptibility level of anopheles arabiensis in two agrodevelopment localities in eastern ethiopia. | anopheles arabiensis strains reared from larvae and pupae collected from two different localities, metehara and melka-worer, eastern ethiopia, were evaluated against three insecticides. resistance states of adult females were determined using the who test kits under field condition. the insecticides used were who discriminating doses of 4% ddt, 0.75% permethrin and 0.1% propoxur. the study revealed that 42.5% of the an. arabiensis population was resistant to ddt in melka-worer while only 30% of ... | 2003 | 15270536 |
| a simulation model of african anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission. | malaria is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases in humans. many mathematical models of malaria have been developed during the past century, and applied to potential interventions. however, malaria remains uncontrolled and is increasing in many areas, as are vector and parasite resistance to insecticides and drugs. | 2004 | 15285781 |
| attractiveness of pregnant women to the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis, in sudan. | the attractiveness of pregnant women for mosquitoes was investigated in a peri-urban site in new halfa, eastern sudan, in september-october 2003. for 20 nights, the mosquitoes feeding on nine pregnant and nine non-pregnant women sleeping under untreated bednets were collected. the women slept outdoors, in the yards of nine houses, each yard holding one pregnant and one non-pregnant woman. in general, each pregnant woman attracted significantly more anopheles arabiensis (the main vector of plasmo ... | 2004 | 15324469 |
| a weather-driven model of malaria transmission. | climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission. | 2004 | 15350206 |
| ethnobotanical survey and testing of plants traditionally used against hematophagous insects in eritrea. | an ethnobotanical study was conducted to find plants traditionally used against nuisance insects in three regions of eritrea: highland, eastern escarpment and wet lowland. six plants were collected, two of them were reported to be used against mosquitoes (ocimum forskolei, lamiaceae and nicotiana glauca, solanaceae), two others against fleas (salvia shimperi, lamiaceae and otostegia integrifolia, lamiaceae) and neorautanenia mitis (fabaceae) and calpurnea aurea (fabaceae) against animal lice. th ... | 2004 | 15374613 |
| responses of adult mosquitoes of two sibling species, anopheles arabiensis and a. gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae), to high temperatures. | it is well known that amongst the sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex, a. arabiensis patton predominates over a. gambiae sensu stricto giles in hotter, drier parts of africa. here it was investigated whether a. arabiensis is better adapted to higher temperatures than a. gambiae s.s. at the microclimatic level. bioassays were used to assess behavioural avoidance activity of adult mosquitoes in the presence of increasing temperature. female mosquitoes were introduced into a holding tu ... | 2004 | 15385063 |
| an active transposable element, herves, from the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | transposable elements have proven to be invaluable tools for genetically manipulating a wide variety of plants, animals, and microbes. some have suggested that they could be used to spread desirable genes, such as refractoriness to plasmodium infection, through target populations of anopheles gambiae, thereby disabling the mosquito's ability to transmit malaria. to achieve this, a transposon must remain mobile and intact after the initial introduction into the genome. endogenous, active class ii ... | 2005 | 15545643 |
| autodissemination of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae amongst adults of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is being considered as a biocontrol agent for adult african malaria vectors. in the laboratory, work was carried out to assess whether horizontal transmission of the pathogen can take place during copulation, as this would enhance the impact of the fungus on target populations when compared with insecticides. | 2004 | 15566626 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on lake victoria islands, west kenya. | understanding the genetic structure of island anopheles gambiae populations is important for the current tactics in mosquito control and for the proposed strategy using genetically-modified mosquitoes (gmm). genetically-isolated mosquito populations on islands are a potential site for testing gmm. the objective of this study was to determine the genetic structure of a. gambiae populations on the islands in lake victoria, western kenya. | 2004 | 15581429 |
| could insecticide-treated cattle reduce afrotropical malaria transmission? effects of deltamethrin-treated zebu on anopheles arabiensis behaviour and survival in ethiopia. | anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) is the most widespread vector of malaria in the afrotropical region. because an. arabiensis feeds readily on cattle as well as humans, the insecticide-treatment of cattle--as employed to control tsetse (diptera: glossinidae) and ticks (acari: ixodidae)--might simultaneously affect the malaria vectorial capacity of this mosquito. therefore, we conducted field experiments in southern ethiopia to establish whether zebu cattle (bos indicus l.) treated ... | 2004 | 15642008 |
| habitat characterization and spatial distribution of anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in dar es salaam (tanzania) during an extended dry period. | by 2030, more than 50% of the african population will live in urban areas. controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. as a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of anopheles sp. mosquitoes are a promising strategy for urban areas. however, a precise knowledge of the geographic location and potentially of ecological characteristics of breeding sites is of major importance for such interv ... | 2005 | 15649333 |
| comparative performance of the mbita trap, cdc light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of anopheles arabiensis, an. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western kenya. | mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. however, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. the mbita trap for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes was recently developed and successfully tested in kenya. however, the mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting anopheles funestus and anopheles arabiensis in madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemi ... | 2005 | 15667666 |
| relationships between body size of anopheles mosquitoes and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates along the kenya coast. | the influence of body size of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, and anopheles funestus on the transmission of plasmodium falciparum was studied at 3 sites along the kenyan coast. adult mosquitoes were collected inside houses by pyrethrum spray collection (psc) from april to september 2001. wing length was measured microscopically to the nearest 0.01 mm as an index of mosquito body size. the p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) was detected by enzyme-linked im ... | 2004 | 15669379 |
| [recent observations on the sensitivity to pyrethroids and ddt of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in the central highlands of madagascar; preliminary results on the absence of the kdr mutation in an. arabiensis]. | anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus are the principal vectors of malaria on the central highlands of madagascar. these two species of mosquito are directly or indirectly the targets of indoor insecticide spread. the survey of the susceptibility of these two vectors to insecticides is essential specifying for the anti-vectorial current directives and for the future programs. this paper describes: --the recent tests of susceptibility and the study of the knock-down effect of four pyrethroi ... | 2003 | 15678819 |
| epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among children in niamey, niger. | malaria takes a heavy toll in niger, one of the world's poorest countries. previous evaluations conducted in the context of the strategy for the integrated management of childhood illness, showed that 84% of severe malaria cases and 64 % of ordinary cases are not correctly managed. the aim of this survey was to describe epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among <5 year-old children in the paediatric department of the national hospital of niamey, niger's main referral hos ... | 2005 | 15703076 |
| identification and expression of odorant-binding proteins of the malaria-carrying mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis. | host preference and blood feeding are restricted to female mosquitoes. olfaction plays a major role in host-seeking behaviour, which is likely to be associated with a subset of mosquito olfactory genes. proteins involved in olfaction include the odorant receptors (ors) and the odorant-binding proteins (obps). obps are thought to function as a carrier within insect antennae for transporting odours to the olfactory receptors. here we report the annotation of 32 genes encoding putative obps in the ... | 2005 | 15717318 |
| malaria epidemic and drug resistance, djibouti. | analysis of plasmodium falciparum isolates collected before, during, and after a 1999 malaria epidemic in djibouti shows that, despite a high prevalence of resistance to chloroquine, the epidemic cannot be attributed to a sudden increase in drug resistance of local parasite populations. | 2005 | 15752455 |
| entomological characteristics of malaria transmission in manhiça, a rural area in southern mozambique. | from october 1997 to september 1998, an entomological survey was carried out in manhiça, mozambique, to describe the anopheline population and intensity of malaria transmission. ten different huts were randomly selected for entomological surveillance throughout the year. cdc light trap collections were conducted during three nights each month. additional knockdown spraying catches were carried out in the morning, after the last catch. a total of 17,245 culicinae and 1,251 anophelinae were collec ... | 2005 | 15799528 |
| assessing the origin of species in the genomic era. | advances in genomics have rapidly accelerated research into the genetics of species differences, reproductive isolating barriers, and hybrid incompatibility. recent genomic analyses in drosophila species suggest that modified olfactory cues are involved in discrimination that is reinforced by natural selection. | 2005 | 15833132 |
| chromosome speciation: humans, drosophila, and mosquitoes. | chromosome rearrangements (such as inversions, fusions, and fissions) may play significant roles in the speciation between parapatric (contiguous) or partly sympatric (geographically overlapping) populations. according to the "hybrid-dysfunction" model, speciation occurs because hybrids with heterozygous chromosome rearrangements produce dysfunctional gametes and thus have low reproductive fitness. natural selection will, therefore, promote mutations that reduce the probability of intercrossing ... | 2005 | 15851677 |
| the unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission. | mosquitoes commute between blood-meal hosts and water. thus, heterogeneity in human biting reflects underlying spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and suitability of larval habitat as well as inherent differences in the attractiveness, suitability and distribution of blood-meal hosts. one of the possible strategies of malaria control is to identify local vector species and then attack water bodies that contain their larvae. | 2005 | 15892886 |
| anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the kenyan coast. | this study investigated whether anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus giles mosquito populations were distributed randomly among houses on the coast of kenya. sample means and variances of mosquitoes were estimated from bimonthly pyrethrum spray collections at 30 villages from july 1997 through may 1998. in total, 5,476 an. gambiae s.l. and 3,461 an. funestus were collected. the number of an. gambiae s.l. collected was highest in november/december and lowest in may. the number of an. fun ... | 2005 | 15962770 |
| vector abundance and malaria transmission in rice-growing villages in mali. | anophelism without malaria has long been recognized. in large irrigation projects, such as that around niono, mali, villages in irrigated areas sometimes have more anopheline vectors of malaria than adjacent nonirrigated villages, but overall malaria prevalence is substantially less. one hypothesized explanation for this is high anopheline densities lead to smaller adults, who do not live so long and hence are less efficient at transmitting the disease. we analyzed serial collections from 18 vil ... | 2005 | 15964957 |
| transmission of malaria in the tesseney area of eritrea: parasite prevalence in children, and vector density, host preferences, and sporozoite rate. | malaria transmission was studied from july to september, 2002 in three villages of the tesseney sub-zone, in the western lowlands of eritrea. the three methods used for mosquito collection were light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and pit shelter collections. all anopheline mosquitoes that were collected belonged to the anopheles gambiae complex and they were identified by pcr as the sibling species anopheles arabiensis (patton). apart from an. arabiensis, the only other mosquitoes caught were ... | 2005 | 16007952 |
| plasmodium species mixed infections in two areas of manhiça district, mozambique. | we compared the distribution patterns of individual plasmodium species and mixed-species infections in two geographically close endemic areas, but showing environmental differences. comparisons concerned circulating plasmodium infections in both human and mosquito vector populations in the dry and wet seasons, at a micro-epidemiological level (households). both areas revealed a very high overall prevalence of infection, all year-round and in all age groups. plasmodium falciparum was the predomin ... | 2005 | 16094461 |
| identification of mammalian blood meals in mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome b. | to date, no polymerase chain reaction diagnostic technique exists to directly identify mammalian blood meals from mosquitoes by sized dna fragments following agarose gel electrophoresis. we have developed a vertebrate-specific multiplexed primer set based on mitochondrial cytochrome b to identify the mammalian blood hosts of field-collected mosquitoes. although designed for the study of african malaria vectors, the application of this tool is not restricted to this disease system. validation of ... | 2005 | 16103600 |