Publications

TitleAbstractYear
Filter
PMID(sorted ascending)
Filter
reduced numbers of cd4+ suppressor cells with subsequent expansion of cd8+ protective t cells as an explanation for the paradoxical state of enhanced resistance to leishmania in t-cell deficient balb/c mice.compared to their normal, t-cell competent counterparts, balb/c mice that have been thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and reconstituted with bone marrow cells (txb) were found to be resistant to leishmania major. even though txb mice possess less than 30% of the normal number of t cells in their lymphoid organs, they generated a protective immune response that prevented the progressive multiplication of the parasite in the primary cutaneous lesion and its dissemination to distant visceral site ...19911826673
induction of th1 and th2 cd4+ subsets during murine leishmania major infection. 19911829257
reconstitution of leishmania immunity in severe combined immunodeficient mice using th1- and th2-like cell lines.leishmania major disseminates in genetically susceptible balb/c mice to cause fatal disease. progressive infection has been linked to the failure of parasite-specific th1, ifn-gamma-producing, cd4+ t lymphocytes to expand and direct macrophage activation and control of intracellular parasitism. in contrast, th2 cd4+ cell expansion accompanies disease progression. immunomodulation using cd4 cell depletion at the time of infection results in control of infection and th1 cd4+ cell expansion. a th1- ...19911831830
a search for cells carrying the gamma/delta t cell receptor in mice infected with leishmania major. 19911833155
ifn-gamma modulates the early development of th1 and th2 responses in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis.resistance to leishmania major in mice is associated with the generation of distinct cd4+ th subsets, termed th1 and th2. to define the factors contributing to the genesis of these th cells, we first investigated when these subsets developed following l. major infection. lymph node (ln) cells collected 3 days after infection of balb/c mice secreted il-4 and il-5 in vitro, but little ifn-gamma, whereas ln cells from a resistant strain, c3h/hen, secreted ifn-gamma and no il-4 or il-5. cytokine pro ...19911833466
[the characteristics of the epidemic activation of a natural focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in places with a sympatric dissemination of leishmania major, l. turanica and l. gerbilli].in 1975-1978 and in 1985-1988 studies of species composition and number of phlebotomus, r. opimus infestation with l. major, l. turanica and l. gerbilli as well as epidemic activity of the natural foci were performed in the karshi steppe in uzbekistan. typical areas have been compared in the desert, oasis and desert land irrigated for cotton growing. a correlation has been established between the epidemic activity of the natural focus and the nature of epizootic development in r. opimus and spec ...19911837582
comparison on the performance of leishmania major-like and leishmania braziliensis braziliensis as antigen for new world leishmaniasis igg-immunofluorescence test.the performance of an antigen of l. major-like promastigotes for the serological diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the igg-immunofluorescent test was compared to that of an antigen of l.braziliensis braziliensis. each antigen was used to test two hundred and twenty-four sera of etiologies such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, deep mycoses, toxoplasmosis, malaria. chagas' disease, visceral leishmaniasis, anti-nuclear factor, schistosomiasis, rheumatoid factor and normal controls. agreeme ...19911844982
leishmania major infection in mice: a model system for the study of cd4+ t-cell subset differentiation. 19911845161
first case report of leishmania braziliensis panamensis in an endemic area for leishmania major in egypt. 19911845162
purification and characterization of a membrane-bound acid phosphatase of leishmania mexicana.as defined by the reaction with monoclonal antibodies, leishmania mexicana promastigotes contain two acid phosphatases which together comprise about 90% of the cellular activity. a first enzyme recognized by monoclonal antibody ap4 is largely membrane-bound. the protein has an apparent molecular weight of 70,000-72,000, carries about seven n-linked glycan chains and is present in approximately 16,000 copies per cell. the protein is also expressed in the amastigote stage. a second enzyme reactive ...19911857378
substrate-dependent ph optima of gp63 purified from seven strains of leishmania.the major surface glycoprotein of leishmania, gp63, is a membrane-bound metalloprotease. contradictory data supporting a neutral or acidic nature of this enzyme have been presented. seven strains of old and new world leishmania, including leishmania donovani complex (leishmania infantum and l. donovani), leishmania major, leishmania tropica and leishmania mexicana amazonensis were used for the purification and comparative study of gp63. the protein was extracted from promastigotes by phase separ ...19911857388
characterization of effector functions of v-raf/mil- and v-myc-transformed murine splenic macrophage cell lines.we have characterized several of the cytocidal effector functions of a series of cell lines derived by recombinant retroviral transformation of individual clones of c3h/hej mouse splenic macrophages. the three cell lines described in this report (4.01, 4.07, 4.14) all expressed equivalent tumoricidal activity against p815 tumor target cells. however they differed in their high avidity binding of tumor cells (4.01 = 4.14 greater than 4.07), as well as in the killing of leishmania major (4.01 = 4. ...19911873823
leishmania major and meriones crassus in north sinai governorate, egypt.zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl.) now seems to be more than was once thought in north sinai. in the present study, meriones crassus (23) and m. sacramenti (10) were collected from limited foci of human cl. leishmania major (four strains) were isolated from m. crassus as indicated enzymologically by the cellulose acetate electrophoresis of nine different enzymes (mdh, 6 pgd, gd, pk, pgm, nh, gpi, me and sod). the four strains were equivalent to zymodeme lon 1 (three strains) and lon 2 (one ...19911875065
a test for genetic exchange in mixed infections of leishmania major in the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi.we tested if genetic exchange was observable between two strains of leishmania major (trypanosomatidae) during mixed infection of the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi. previous studies suggested that genetic exchange may occur in natural populations of leishmania at a low frequency, but experimental crosses examining small numbers of progeny (less than 60) did not reveal hybrid parasites. accordingly, a strategy was devised to increase the number of progeny that could be screened by 100-fold. clona ...19911880760
molecular probe for identification of trichomonas vaginalis dna.trichomoniasis is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases in the world. diagnosis can be achieved by several methods, such as direct microscopic observation of vaginal discharge, cell culture, and immunological techniques. a 2.3-kb trichomonas vaginalis dna fragment present in strains from diverse geographic areas was cloned and used as a probe to detect t. vaginalis dna in vaginal discharge by a dot blot hybridization technique. this probe was specific for t. vaginalis dna. it ...19911890171
cytokine interactions in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. interleukin 4 synergizes with interferon-gamma to activate murine macrophages for killing of leishmania major amastigotes.we investigated the effect of recombinant murine interleukin 4 (il 4) in the absence or presence of recombinant murine interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) on adherent bone-marrow macrophages (m phi), peritoneal exudate and resident peritoneal m phi from susceptible balb/c m phi, which were pulse-infected with leishmania major amastigotes (am), il 4 (5-100 u/ml) failed to activate any of these m phi populations for killing of intracellular am. however, in the presence of low concentrations of ifn-gamma ...19911900240
differential production of th1- and th2-derived cytokines does not determine the genetically controlled or vaccine-induced rate of cure in murine visceral leishmaniasis.recent studies with models of cutaneous leishmaniasis have provoked much interest in the role of cd4+ t cell subsets in determining the outcome of infectious disease. in leishmania major infections, cure vs progressive disease correlates with the expansion of th1-like or th2-like cd4+ populations, respectively. we have investigated whether similar responses are associated with the differential patterns of infection seen in models of visceral leishmaniasis, caused by l. donovani. splenic lymphocy ...19911901883
activation of human t lymphocytes by leishmania lipophosphoglycan.this study describes leishmania antigen-induced activation of lymphocytes isolated from kenyan donors, previously treated for visceral leishmaniasis, and from danish and kenyan controls. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from cured kala-azar patients proliferated and produced interferon-gamma in vitro in response to lipophosphoglycan (lpg) isolated from leishmania major. the proliferative response was mainly due to activation of cd2-positive t cells. pbmc from controls did not respond to ...19911902000
cytokine interactions in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis.destruction of intracellularly living leishmania major amastigotes is achieved by activated macrophages. in this report, we have investigated the contribution of il-4, tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma to the induction of antileishmanial macrophage activation. it was found that as single lymphokine only ifn-gamma led to amastigote elimination by peritoneal exudate macrophages. neither il-4 nor tnf-alpha or the combination of both cytokines led to antimicrobial activation. when the macrophages were incubat ...19911904708
t-cell responses during infections with leishmania major. 19911904711
cytokine interactions in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. ii. endogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by macrophages is induced by the synergistic action of interferon (ifn)-gamma and interleukin (il) 4 and accounts for the antiparasitic effect mediated by ifn-gamma and il 4.tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) strongly activates murine peritoneal macrophages (m phi) for killing of amastigotes from leishmania major in the presence of low amounts of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma). recently, we found that ifn-gamma and interleukin 4 (il 4) also synergistically enhance the antileishmanial potential of m phi. in this report, evidence is provided that the synergism of ifn-gamma and il 4 is based on the ability of the lymphokines to induce the endogenous production of tn ...19911905642
stable dna transfection of a wide range of trypanosomatids.we have shown that the leishmania major transfection vector pr-neo (or derivatives thereof) can be introduced and stably maintained in four species complexes of pathogenic leishmania (l. tropica, l. mexicana, l. donovani, l. braziliensis), and the genera endotrypanum and crithidia; transfection of trypanosoma cruzi or trypanosoma brucei was not successful. quantitative plating assays showed that the transfection efficiencies were high in l. major and leishmania amazonensis (5x10(-5)/cell) and ab ...19911906580
role of tumor necrosis factor in macrophage leishmanicidal activity in vitro and resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo.recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (tnf) and purified murine tnf were both able to activate macrophages to destroy intracellular leishmania major in vitro. in addition, parasitizing macrophages with l. major markedly increased the ability of the cells to produce tnf. finally, when mice were vaccinated with an avirulent form of l. major, the animals produced large amounts of tnf but no gamma interferon in response to infection with virulent l. major. treating these mice with a neutralizing a ...19911906844
production of interferon gamma, interleukin 2, interleukin 4, and interleukin 10 by cd4+ lymphocytes in vivo during healing and progressive murine leishmaniasis.the expression of interleukin (il) 2, il-4, il-10, and interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) by lymphocyte subsets was examined during infection of resistant c57bl/6 and susceptible balb/c mice with the protozoan parasite leishmania major. cd4+ and cd8+ t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes were isolated from the lymph nodes draining infectious lesions, and their rna was examined for lymphokine transcripts. distinct patterns of cd4+ cell cytokine expression were apparent: c57bl/6 cd4+ cells contained ifn-gamma ...19911908085
simultaneous transient expression assays of the trypanosomatid parasite leishmania using beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase as reporter enzymes.we describe a transient transfection protocol for cultured leishmania major promastigotes, utilizing escherichia coli genes encoding beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase inserted into an expression vector derived from the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase locus. less than 0.1 pg of either reporter enzyme can be detected with a simple fluorimetric assay, and transfection of 10 micrograms of either reporter construct yields activities at least 100-fold over background. simultaneous ...19911908808
establishment of resistance to leishmania major infection in susceptible balb/c mice requires parasite-specific cd8+ t cells.although cd4+ t cells are generally accepted to be responsible for the determination of resistance to infection in experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis, a contribution of cd8+ lymphocytes to immunity can be demonstrated under certain well-defined conditions. normally highly susceptible balb/c mice can be rendered resistant to infection with leishmania major promastigotes by a single injection of monoclonal anti-cd4 antibodies at the beginning of infection. mice treated in such a way can h ...19911909563
monoclonal antibodies that react with leishmania (viannia) naiffi.monoclonal antibodies were raised against leishmania (viannia) naiffi, which recently has been characterized as a new species. balb/c mice were immunized with membrane-enriched fractions of a mixture of l. (v.) naiffi isolates. subsequent fusion of immunized splenocytes with ns-1 myeloma cells resulted in the production of 5 mabs (n1-n5). screening by elisa and indirect immunofluorescence against an extensive cross-panel of leishmania strains revealed that n3 was species-specific and could thus ...19911919913
concurrent infection with leishmania donovani and leishmania major in a kenyan patient: clinical description and parasite characterization.leishmania isolates aspirated a few months apart from the spleen of an indigenous adult male kala-azar patient from baringo district, kenya, were biochemically characterized and compared. the patient lived within a dual focus of l. donovani kalazar and l. major cutaneous leishmaniasis. a primary leishmania isolate from splenic aspirates was cryopreserved (nlb-294). the patient was treated with sodium stibogluconate for kala-azar and discharged. three months later, he had clinical relapse and ret ...19911928563
transmission and scanning em-immunogold labeling of leishmania major lipophosphoglycan in the sandfly phlebotomus papatasi.previous studies using immunostaining and light microscopy demonstrated expression of leishmania major lipophosphoglycan (lpg) on parasites developing in the sandfly gut from 2 days post infection. by days 4 to 7 post infection, there appeared to be large amounts of parasite-free lpg deposited on/in the microvilli and epithelial cells lining the thoracic midgut, while forward migration of parasites and the morphological changes which accompany metacyclogenesis were associated with developmental ...19911935998
expression of t-cell-associated serine proteinase 1 during murine leishmania major infection correlates with susceptibility to disease.the expression of t-cell-associated serine proteinase 1 (mtsp-1) in vivo during leishmania major infection was analyzed in genetically resistant c57bl/6 mice and in genetically susceptible balb/c mice. using a monoclonal antibody as well as an rna probe specific for mtsp-1 to stain tissue sections, we found t cells expressing mtsp-1 in skin lesions and spleens of mice of both strains. in skin lesions, mtsp-1-positive t cells could be detected as early as 3 days after infection. most importantly, ...19911937831
cytokine regulation of murine leishmaniasis: interleukin 4 is not sufficient to mediate progressive disease in resistant c57bl/6 mice.neutralization of interleukin 4 (il-4) at the time of infection with leishmania major allowed susceptible balb/c mice to heal. recombinant il-4, however, had little effect on the course of l. major infection in resistant c57bl/6 mice, nor did coinfection with nippostrongylus brasiliensis, despite marked elevation of endogenous il-4 levels.19911937832
populations of phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) and the risk of leishmania major transmission in three jordan valley habitats.the abundance, population structure, and leishmania infection rates of phlebotomus papatasi were studied at two villages, a 10-yr old date plantation, and an undisturbed natural habitat in the jordan valley throughout one season. on 109 trap nights in the villages, 53 female and 61 male p. papatasi were caught, whereas in burrows in the natural and agriculturally modified habitat, greater than 3,500 sandflies were trapped on 157 trap nights. burrows in the data plantation produced larger numbers ...19911941907
changes in intracellular levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and several glycolytic intermediates in leishmania major promastigotes as a function of po2.leishmania major promastigotes were grown to late log phase, washed and resuspended in hanks' balanced salt solution, and incubated with glucose at various po2s in the presence of 5% co2. samples were taken at times from 0-40 min and assayed for fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (fru(2,6)p2), glucose-6-phosphate (g6p), fructose-6-phosphate (f6p), phospho(enol)pyruvate (pep), and atp. at 95% o2 atp remained constant throughout the incubation. it did not decrease significantly at 10% o2, but decreased by ...19911944414
cyclosporine-induced autoimmunity and immune hyperreactivity.cyclosporine (cs) is a potent immunosuppressive agent which under some circumstances paradoxically augments dth responses, aggravates some autoimmune diseases, and induces specific forms of autoimmunity. the enhancement of dth and other immune responses is closely related to the timing of cs administration relative to immunization. cs inhibits il-2 production (and several other lymphokines) at a pretranscriptional level, but does not usually prevent the antigen-specific priming of t cells, such ...19911954315
leishmania major: nature of immunity induced by immunization with a mutagenized avirulent clone of the parasite in mice.a chemically mutagenized avirulent form of leishmania major was used to immunize balb/c and c57b1/6 mice against challenge with virulent l. major. immunity was elicited when the avirulent parasite was injected intravenously or intraperitoneally, but not subcutaneously. in fact, the latter route of immunization sometimes resulted in exacerbation of a subsequent infection with virulent l. major. mice immunized with avirulent l. major developed upon challenge with virulent l. major cutaneous lesion ...19901972362
resistance to murine cutaneous leishmaniasis is mediated by th1 cells, but disease-promoting cd4+ cells are different from th2 cells.a limiting dilution system has been used for quantitative analysis of antigen-reactive t cells producing interleukin (il)2, il4 and interferon (ifn)-gamma in the course of murine infection with leishmania major. the precursor frequencies of cd4+ cells with the potential for production of ifn-gamma, which has been associated with th1 cells, are much higher in resistant than in susceptible mice, whereas the reverse is found for cd4+ cells secreting il4 which have been classified as th2 cells. our ...19901976523
immunization of susceptible hosts with a soluble antigen fraction from leishmania major leads to aggravation of murine leishmaniasis mediated by cd4+ t cells.this study was performed in order to define leishmania major antigens that function as disease-modulating immunogens in susceptible balb/c mice. a soluble leishmanial antigen preparation (s-sla) derived from highly infective stationary-phase l. major parasites was fractionated by preparative gel electrophoresis. in vitro, the low molecular mass fraction (less than 31 kda) of s-sla fraction d (fr d) was found to be a potent stimulator of l. major-specific th1 and th2 helper cell clones. in vivo, ...19901980108
synergy between activated leishmania major-specific cd4+ t lymphocytes and bone-marrow-derived cells in the exacerbation of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.mechanisms of exacerbation of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis mediated by leishmania major-specific cd4+ t lymphocytes were studied. using a limiting dilution assay for the quantification of leishmania parasites, the infected tissues (footpad) of lethally irradiated mice were found to contain tenfold less parasites at four days of infection than the footpads of infected unirradiated animals. injection of bone marrow cells depleted of t cells into irradiated mice at the site of infection led to an ...19901983098
identification and characterization of host-protective t-cell epitopes of a major surface glycoprotein (gp63) from leishmania major.by using a series of overlapping synthetic peptides that cover more than 75% of the amino acid sequence of the major surface glycoprotein (gp63) from leishmania major, 11 t-cell epitopes in cba and balb/c mice have been identified. six of the peptides were recognized by t cells of cba mice recovered from l. major infection, while one was recognized by the t cells from balb/c mice recovered from the infection following sublethal doses of gamma-irradiation. lymph node cells from mice immunized wit ...19911997399
effect of hyper-osmotic stress on alanine content of leishmania major promastigotes.earlier studies showed that leishmania major promastigotes are sensitive to osmotic conditions. a reduction in osmolality caused the cells to shorten and to rapidly release most of their large internal pool of alanine. in this study some effects of hyper-osmotic stress were examined. an increase in osmolality of the culture medium from 308 to 625 mosm/kg caused only a small decrease in growth rate. when cells grown in the usual culture medium (308 mosm/kg) were washed, resuspended in iso-osmotic ...19911997677
the comparative fine structure and surface glycoconjugate expression of three life stages of leishmania major.the cellular ultrastructure and surface glycoconjugate expression of three life stages of leishmania major were compared. noninfective logarithmic phase promastigotes (lp) are immature cells bearing a thin cell coat, short flagellum, small and empty flagellar pocket, and a loose cytoplasm filled with profiles of er and large golgi complex. lp also contain subpopulations of maturing cells containing less er and golgi and synthesizing cytoplasmic granules of different size, number, and electron-de ...19912009923
leishmania-sandfly interactions: an empirical field study.phlebotomus papatasi is the sandfly vector of leishmania major in the jordan valley. the objective of this study was to characterize vector-parasite relations in an active zoonotic focus. seasonality and intensity of promastigote infection rates in female sandflies and the developmental stage of these hosts were established. on 153 trap-nights, 641 female p. papatasi were caught and examined. of these, 48 (7.4%, range 12.9-4.8%) were infected with l. major promastigotes. correlating the number o ...19912010872
analysis of enhancing effect of sand fly saliva on leishmania infection in mice.salivary gland lysates of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis markedly enhance the course of infection with leishmania major in mice. here we examine various parameters of this phenomenon. the exacerbative effect of l. longipalpis salivary gland lysates occurred in five different mouse strains; however, the character of the effect varied from one strain to another. consistent exacerbation of infection was achieved with as little as 1/10 of a gland. the exacerbative effect applied to more than one ...19912019430
biochemical characterization of leishmania major isolated from two egyptian patients.leishmania major, the cause of human zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, is a widely distributed parasite in the old world. here, we report the isoenzyme characterization of two human isolates obtained from egyptians who never travelled abroad. the two isolates were l. major equivalent to zymodene lond i.19912033298
metacyclogenesis of leishmania spp: species-specific in vitro transformation, complement resistance, and cell surface carbohydrate and protein profiles.metacyclic (stationary) and logarithmic (log) forms of promastigotes of leishmania donovani and leishmania major were characterized in several ways. the highly active metacyclic forms were larger with more protein and less carbohydrate. the flagellum increased in length 2.4 times in l. major as compared to 1.8 times in l. donovani. resistance to complement-mediated lysis by normal human serum of in vitro grown leishmania promastigotes was related to the species, the growth phase in culture, and ...19912040953
t-cell reactivity to purified lipophosphoglycan from leishmania major: a model for analysis of the cellular immune response to microbial carbohydrates.the major macromolecule on the surface of leishmania major promastigotes is a lipophosphoglycan (lpg). this glycoconjugate plays a key role in determining infectivity and survival of parasites in the mammalian host cell. in addition, l. major lpg is able to induce a host-protective immune response. in this article, we summarise the evidence for recognition of highly purified lpg by t cells and we discuss the potential mechanisms of t-cell stimulation by this non-protein antigen.19912049034
administration of beta-glucan following leishmania major infection suppresses disease progression in mice.the potential of beta-glucan (glucan) to suppress the progression of lesions caused by virulent strains of leishmania major in genetically susceptible balb/c mice when administered post challenge was evaluated. glucan particles (glucanp) prepared from saccharomyces cerevisiae were injected i.v. at 7-day intervals starting 7 days after parasite challenge. four injections gave a more rapid and a higher extent of suppression than 1, 2 or 3 injections. mice receiving only parasites, a glucose soluti ...19912052403
[susceptibility to and the characteristics of the course of experimental leishmaniasis in different species of mammals infected with leishmania major, l. turanica and l. gerbilli].40 r. opimus and 69 m. libycus were infected and 59 human subjects were vaccinated in laboratory conditions. 13 cultures of 3 leishmania species and their mixtures were used. r. opimus turned to be sensitive to 3 leishmania species. leishmaniasis developed in the form of infiltrates irrespective of the leishmania species and pathogenic activity. ulceration and visceralization were always absent. differences in the duration of leishmania preservation in r. opimus have been noted. in l. major infe ...19912067472
rapid shape change and release of ninhydrin-positive substances by leishmania major promastigotes in response to hypo-osmotic stress.leishmania major promastigotes were grown to late-log phase and washed and resuspended in an isosmotic buffer. when osmolality was suddenly decreased by 50%, the cells rapidly became shorter and increased in width. cell volume, calculated assuming a prolate-ellipsoidal shape, increased 1.4 times after 1 min. over the next several minutes, the average length and width returned to control values while the volume returned to baseline, indicating the ability to regulate volume. concomitantly with th ...19902086781
species- and infective stage-specific monoclonal antibodies to leishmania major produced by an in vitro immunization method.monoclonal antibodies specific to the infective-stage promastigotes of leishmania major are needed for developing rapid diagnostic assays of infected sand flies. an in vitro immunization protocol was applied for the production of monoclonal antibodies using small amounts of l. major. infective-stage promastigotes were isolated from sand flies (phlebotomus papatasi) 7-10 days after infection and used as antigen for immunization. two weeks after a primary immunization, murine splenocytes were remo ...19902087235
a case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania major. 19902091348
expression of lpg and gp63 by different developmental stages of leishmania major in the sandfly phlebotomus papatasi.development and forward migration of leishmania parasites in the sandfly gut is accompanied by morphological transformation to highly motile, non-dividing 'metacyclic' forms. previous studies in vitro have demonstrated that this metacyclogenesis is associated with developmentally regulated changes in expression of two major surface glycoconjugates of leishmania, the lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and the glycoprotein protease gp63. studies presented here are the first to examine in situ the changes in ...19902092290
the characterization of leishmania major from phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) caught in northern sinai, egypt. 19902096507
[ecoepidemiology of leishmaniasis in syria. 1. leishmania major yakimoff and schokhor (kinetoplastida-trypanosomatidae) infestation of psammomys obesus cretzschmar (rodentia-gerbillidae)].during an epidemiological survey of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in south-west syria, leishmania major zymodème mon-26 was isolated from a reservoir host, psammomys obesus terraesanctae (rodentia-gerbillidae). the abundance of this rodent, its close contact with infected villages and the high prevalence of the infection (63,1%) indicate that this is the main reservoir host of oriental sore in the semi desert area of this country.19902097930
activated macrophages destroy intracellular leishmania major amastigotes by an l-arginine-dependent killing mechanism.macrophages infected with amastigotes of leishmania major and treated with ifn-gamma in vitro develop potent antimicrobial activities that eliminate the intracellular parasite. this antileishmanial activity was suppressed in a dose dependent fashion by ng-monomethyl-l-arginine (ngmmla), a competitive inhibitor of nitrite, nitrate, nitric oxide and l-citrulline synthesis from l-arginine. excess l-arginine added to infected macrophage cultures reversed the inhibitory effects of ngmmla. addition of ...19902104889
cure of murine leishmaniasis with anti-interleukin 4 monoclonal antibody. evidence for a t cell-dependent, interferon gamma-independent mechanism.balb/c mice infected with leishmania major develop fatal, progressive disease, despite an immune response characterized by expansion of cd4+ t cells in the draining lymph nodes. the immune response has been further characterized by a lack of ifn-gamma mrna, but increased il-4 mrna in lymphoid tissues, and striking elevation of serum ige. treatment of infected balb/c mice with rifn-gamma at doses shown to be beneficial in other protozoan infections was insufficient to ameliorate l. major infectio ...19902104918
effects of oxygen concentration on the intermediary metabolism of leishmania major promastigotes.leishmania major promastigotes grown in late log phase were incubated with glucose as sole exogenous carbon source in the presence of 5% co2 and the amounts of glucose consumed and of the major products formed--succinate, pyruvate, alanine, acetate, glycerol, and d-lactate--were measured as a function of po2. glucose consumption increased as po2 was lowered to 6% (a positive pasteur effect) and then declined to the same level at 95% n2 as at 95% o2. the production of d-lactate and of glycerol in ...19902108330
interleukin-2, anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody, and activation of macrophages.macrophages treated with ifn-gamma and il-2 before exposure to parasites develop the ability to resist infection with amastigotes of leishmania major. in this cooperative interaction of cytokines, il-2 can be replaced with any of several mab directed against the beta chain of the il-2 receptor, but not by antibodies to a number of other cell receptors or antigens. thus, antibodies to the il-2 receptor act as agonists of il-2 in the induction of a biologic activity in macrophages, and macrophages ...19902113433
tumor necrosis factor-alpha in combination with interferon-gamma, but not with interleukin 4 activates murine macrophages for elimination of leishmania major amastigotes.we have previously shown that during an infection with leishmania major, susceptible balb/c mice, as opposed to mice of a resistant strain (c57bl/6), are primed by lipopolysaccharide for the production of high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) which is known to be a potent macrophage (m phi) stimulator in other parasitic diseases. in the present study we investigated whether tnf-alpha activates m phi for killing of l. major parasites. in the absence of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma ...19902113475
il-2. a cofactor for induction of activated macrophage resistance to infection.macrophages cultured with il-2 and ifn-gamma before exposure to microorganisms developed the ability to resist infection with the obligate intracellular parasite, leishmania major. the induction of this macrophage effector response was maximal by 6 to 8 h after lymphokine addition, and was independent of lymphokine treatment sequence. activation of macrophages for resistance to infection was the result of the direct action of il-2 and ifn-gamma on macrophages: the effector reaction was demonstra ...19902115543
patterns of cytokine secretion in murine leishmaniasis: correlation with disease progression or resolution.susceptibility or resistance to infection with leishmania major correlates with the ability of mice to produce characteristic panels of lymphokines in response to the parasite. to investigate the role of antigen-presenting cells in this phenomenon, we developed a model system which used congenic (h-2d) susceptible and resistant mice. l. major-specific t cells were isolated from infected balb/c and b10.d2 mice, and the cells were restimulated in vitro on syngenic or congenic antigen-presenting ce ...19902123823
leishmania major amastigotes initiate the l-arginine-dependent killing mechanism in ifn-gamma-stimulated macrophages by induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.macrophages exposed to ifn-gamma and infected with amastigotes of leishmania major develop the capacity to eliminate the intracellular pathogen. this antimicrobial activity of activated macrophages correlates with the initiation of nitrogen oxidation of l-arginine, yet other reports suggest that two signals are required for induction of this biochemical pathway for effector activity. in the present studies, macrophages treated with up to 100 u/ml ifn-gamma, or 100 ng lps, or 10(7) amastigotes pr ...19902124240
development of a stable leishmania expression vector and application to the study of parasite surface antigen genes.trypanosomatid protozoan parasites cause several important tropical diseases and have been a fertile ground for the discovery of molecular paradigms such as trans-splicing and rna editing. transfection-based methods for the study of these organisms have recently been developed, and we have now designed an expression vector, px, which contains only 2.3 kilobases of leishmania dna and can be stably transfected with high efficiency. genes encoding escherichia coli beta-galactosidase or a leishmania ...19902124701
leishmania infecting man and wild animals in saudi arabia. 8. the influence of prior infection with leishmania arabica on challenge with l. major in man.a clinical trial is described of an attempt to protect against leishmania major by prior vaccination with live l. arabica. after a single, previously leishmanin-negative, adult male volunteer was bitten by 8 phlebotomus papatasi infected with l. arabica, no infected lesions were observed. he remained leishmanin-negative and his lymphocytes reacted weakly to antigens of l. arabica or l. major. subsequently he and 3 other leishmanin-negative adult male volunteers were vaccinated with cultures cont ...19902126153
cellular mechanisms of nonspecific immunity to intracellular infection: cytokine-induced synthesis of toxic nitrogen oxides from l-arginine by macrophages and hepatocytes.nitric oxide (no) produced by cytokine-treated macrophages and hepatocytes plays a vital role in protective host responses to infectious pathogens. no inhibits iron-sulfur-dependent enzymes involved in cellular respiration, energy production, and reproduction. synthesis of l-arginine-derived nitrite (no2-), the oxidative end product of no, directly correlates with intracellular killing of leishmania major, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages: the level of no2- production ...19902126524
effects of culture age and hexoses on fatty acid oxidation by leishmania major.the effect of culture age on the rate of oxidation of short-, medium, and long-chain fatty acids by leishmania major promastigotes was investigated. promastigotes from 5-day stationary phase cultures oxidized several saturated fatty acids about 3-to-4-fold faster than cells from late log phase cultures, but [10-14c]oleate was oxidized 9-fold faster. the increase in rate of oxidation was partially reversed within 5 h and almost completely reversed within 30 h after resuspending cells from a 5-day ...19902128337
structures of the glycoinositolphospholipids from leishmania major. a family of novel galactofuranose-containing glycolipids.structures of the major glycolipids isolated from the protozoan parasite leishmania major (strains v121 and lrc-l119), were elucidated by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, two-dimensional proton nmr, methylation analysis, exoglycosidase digestions and mild acid hydrolysis. these glycolipids belong to a family of glycoinositolphospholipids (gipls), which contain 4-6 saccharide residues linked to alkylacylphosphatidylinositol (alkylacyl-pi) or lyso alkyl-pi. the general structure of the elu ...19902139661
oral salmonella typhimurium (aroa-) vaccine expressing a major leishmanial surface protein (gp63) preferentially induces t helper 1 cells and protective immunity against leishmaniasis.the gp63 gene of leishmania major was transformed into the aroa- vaccine strain of salmonella typhimurium (sl3261). the construct (sl3261-gp63), which stably expresses the gp63 ag in vitro, was used to immunize cba mice by the oral route. spleen cells from mice inoculated with sl3261-gp63 developed antibody and proliferative t cell response to l. major. they did not express detectable delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity. the activated t cells are mainly cd4+ and secrete il-2 and ifn-gamma b ...19902144549
structure of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of the leishmania major promastigote surface protease.in common with many other plasma membrane glycoproteins of eukaryotic origin, the promastigote surface protease (psp) of the protozoan parasite leishmania contains a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi) membrane anchor. the gpi anchor of leishmania major psp was purified following proteolysis of the psp and analyzed by two-dimensional 1h-1h nmr, compositional and methylation linkage analyses, chemical and enzymatic modifications, and amino acid sequencing. from these results, the structure of the ...19902145267
a repetitive peptide of leishmania can activate t helper type 2 cells and enhance disease progression.leishmaniasis provides a biologically relevant model to analyze the heterogeneity of cd4+ t cells and may lead to answering the major question of the mechanism for the preferential induction of t helper type 1 (th1) and th2 cells. using synthetic peptides corresponding to the tandemly repeating regions of leishmania proteins, we have identified an epitope that can preferentially induce the disease-exacerbating th2 cells in susceptible balb/c mice. lymph node cells from balb/c mice immunized subc ...19902146362
effect of glycolipids of leishmania parasites on human monocyte activity. inhibition by lipophosphoglycan.lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ag (gpi), are glycolipids present on the membrane of leishmania parasites. both glycolipids have been chemically characterized. lpg is a polysaccharide of repeating phosphorylated units linked to a phosphocarbohydrate core that is anchored to the membrane by lysoalkyl phosphatidylinositol (pi). the gpi are smaller glycolipids with a structure resembling the phosphocarbohydrate core of the lpg. they are anchored to the membrane by alkyl ac ...19902147940
serum resistance of metacyclic stage leishmania major promastigotes is due to release of c5b-9.the mechanism of serum resistance for infective promastigotes of leishmania major was investigated. prior results suggested that the mechanism of resistance was mediated at a step after c3 deposition. equivalent amounts of c3b were deposited on serum-susceptible, noninfective promastigotes harvested from log stage cultures (log) and on c-resistant, infective, metacyclic promastigotes (mp) purified from stationary stage cultures. whereas binding of c9 to log was stable during incubation in serum, ...19902147941
the glycoinositolphospholipid profiles of two leishmania major strains that differ in lipophosphoglycan expression.the glycolipid profiles of two leishmania major strains which differ in their expression of the major glycoconjugate, lipophosphoglycan (lpg), have been compared. all the glycolipids in these strains belong to a class of glycoinositolphospholipids (gipls) which can be metabolically labelled with [3h]inositol and are sensitive to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c. the major glycolipids in the lpg-producing l. major strain v121 are tetraglycosyl phosphatidylinositol (gipl-1), pentaglyc ...19902157154
genomic variation of trypanosoma cruzi: involvement of multicopy genes.by using improved pulsed field gel conditions, the karyotypes of several strains of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi were analyzed and compared with those of leishmania major and two other members of the genus trypanosoma. there was no difference in chromosome migration patterns between different life cycle stages of the t. cruzi strains analyzed. however, the sizes and numbers of chromosomal bands varied considerably among t. cruzi strains. this karyotype variation among t. cruzi strain ...19902169461
tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergizes with ifn-gamma in mediating killing of leishmania major through the induction of nitric oxide.cba mice develop cutaneous lesions when infected with leishmania major. the disease development was significantly reduced by injecting into the lesion a combination of rifn-gamma and rtnf-alpha. the doses of ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha used were suboptimal in that either cytokine alone did not have any effect. the therapeutic effect of ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha in vivo is reflected in their ability to activate macrophages to kill the intracellular parasites in vitro. the macrophage leishmanicidal acti ...19902175327
developmental modification of the lipophosphoglycan from leishmania major promastigotes during metacyclogenesis.lipophosphoglycan was isolated from the dividing, noninfective stage and from the nondividing metacyclic stage of leishmania major promastigotes. the lipophosphoglycans were characterized by sds-page and by chromatographic and quantitative analysis of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c- and mild acid-generated fragments. the results revealed two stage-specific structural differences: (i) an increase in size of the metacyclic form of the glycoconjugate due to an approximate doubling in ...19902176718
thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase in protozoa.in protozoa, thymidylate synthase (ts) and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) exist on the same polypeptide. the dhfr domain is on the amino terminus, ts is on the carboxy terminus, and the domains are separated by a junction peptide of varying size depending on the source. the native protein is a dimer of two such subunits and is 110-140 kda. most studies of bifunctional ts-dhfr have been performed with the protein from anti-folate resistant strains of leishmania major, which show amplification of ...19902178951
bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase in protozoa.protozoa contain thymidylate synthase (ts) and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) on the same polypeptide. in the bifunctional protein, the dhfr domain is on the amino terminus, ts is on the carboxyl terminus, and the two domains are separated by a junction peptide of varying size depending on the source. the native protein is composed of a dimer of two such subunits and is 110-140 kda. most studies of the bifunctional ts-dhfr have been performed with the protein from anti-folate resistant strains o ...19902180768
leishmania major: production of recombinant gp63, its antigenicity and immunogenicity in mice.the mr 63,000 membrane polypeptide (gp63) is one of the leishmania receptors for host macrophages and has been shown to protect mice from infection. the gene encoding gp63, the major mr 63,000 surface glycoprotein of l. major promastigotes, has been expressed as a fusion protein with the enzyme glutathione s- transferase encoded by the parasitic helminth schistosoma japonicum. this fusion protein was recognized by polyclonal antibodies to the native leishmania gp63 polypeptide. the insoluble gp6 ...19902182337
leishmania major: expression and gene structure of the glycoprotein 63 molecule in virulent and avirulent clones and strains.two leishmania membrane glycoconjugates, gp63 and lipophosphoglycan, have been implicated in parasite attachment and uptake into the host macrophage. moreover, recent data suggest that parasite virulence is associated with high expression of gp63. in this study we have surveyed gp63 gene copy number, in addition to the level of expression of gp63 mrna and protein in several leishmania major isolates, as well as virulent and avirulent strains and clones. the highest level of gp63 expression was f ...19902209787
leishmania major and l. donovani: a method for rapid purification of amastigotes. 19902209791
cutaneous leishmaniasis serodiagnosis by immunoperoxidase assay.immunoperoxidase assay was used for the determination of serum-specific anti-leishmanial igg antibodies in 65 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), in 5 with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and in 84 controls. a significant difference was observed between cl and vl sera and the control sera when either leishmania major, l. donovani or l. aethiopica intact promastigotes were used as antigens. cl patients showed similar activity against l. major and l. donovani antigen (titers 4-64 and less than ...19902228558
recurrent de novo appearance of small linear dnas in leishmania major and relationship to extra-chromosomal dnas in other species.we have detected several new chromosome-sized dnas in lines derived from the lt252 isolate of leishmania major. these dnas appeared de novo in two clonal lines undergoing methotrexate (mtx) selection (clone 7-r50, clone 15-r50), in a stably mtx-resistant population reverting from mtx pressure (r1000-11-p55rev), and spontaneously during routine serial passage of the wild-type lt252 line in vitro (lt252+). no association of these new dnas with drug resistance was detected. the new chromosomes were ...19902233897
gene replacement in parasitic protozoa.trypanosomatid protozoa frequently cause severe diseases in humans. many molecules likely to have a role during the infectious cycle have been identified, yet proof of their function is often lacking. we describe studies in leishmania major of homologous gene targeting, a powerful method for testing gene function in other organisms. following introduction of a construct containing dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts) flanking sequences fused to neomycin phosphotransferase, 45% ...19902234081
nuclease mapping and dna sequence analysis of transcripts from the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (r) region of leishmania major.trypanosomatid protozoan parasites utilize a number of nonstandard mechanisms in expressing their genes. to probe these phenomena in a genetically accessible system, we have mapped termini of eight transcripts arising from the amplified r region including the dhfr-ts gene of methotrexate-resistant leishmania major. poly(a)+ rnas transcribed from the dhfr-ts-coding strand exhibit features similar to those observed around other trypanosomatid protein-coding genes. these include close spacing, the ...19902243782
structure of the lipophosphoglycan from leishmania major.the major cell surface glycoconjugate of the parasitic protozoan leishmania major is a heterogeneous lipophosphoglycan. it has a tripartite structure, consisting of a phosphoglycan (mr 5,000-40,000), a variably phosphorylated hexasaccharide glycan core, and a lysoalkylphosphatidylinositol (lysoalkyl-pi) lipid anchor. the structures of the phosphoglycan and the hexasaccharide core were determined by monosaccharide analysis, methylation analysis, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, one- and t ...19902246247
susceptibility of inbred mice to leishmania major infection: genetic analysis of macrophage activation and innate resistance to disease in individual progeny of p/j (susceptible) and c3h/hen (resistant) mice.we tested the possibility that two phenotypic traits, defective activation of macrophage antileishmanial activities and susceptibility to infection with leishmania major, were controlled by the same gene. we used p/j (susceptible) and c3h/hen (resistant) mice to breed f1, backcross (bx), and f2 mice that were tested individually for both traits, each of which is known to be controlled by a single autosomal gene. we found no correlation between the macrophage defect and cutaneous disease. there w ...19902254035
production of tumour necrosis factor during murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.we have assessed the role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf) during cutaneous leishmaniasis and demonstrated that significant levels of tnf were released by spleen cells from infected mice after in vitro restimulation with leishmania major promastigotes. spleen cells from both genetically resistant and genetically susceptible mice were equally capable of producing tnf. after challenge with bacterial endotoxin, tnf activity could also be demonstrated in the serum of l. major-infected mice and ...19902255560
changes in the shape of leishmania major promastigotes in response to hexoses, proline, and hypo-osmotic stress.leishmania major promastigotes in late-log phase are generally long and slender, and remain so during a 1 h incubation in buffer without exogenous substrate. when glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, fructose, mannose, or proline are added, the cells become shorter and more rounded. the shape change in response to glucose is complete within 20 min and is reversible upon incubating the cells without substrate. galactose, 3-o-methylglucose, 6-deoxyglucose, sucrose, maltose, ribose, glycerol, alanine, glutamat ...19902258829
released glycoconjugate of indigenous leishmania major enhances survival of a foreign l. major in phlebotomus papatasi.the effect of leishmania glycoconjugate in the vector was investigated using phlebotomus papatasi artificially infected with a leishmania major strain that this vector does not transmit in nature. glycoconjugate of the vector-specific strain of l. major was added to the infective meals of some fly groups and the success of infections with or without this substance was compared 4 d later. in the absence of glycoconjugate the parasites survived in 15.6% of the flies, while the addition of 0.5 mg/m ...19902260168
sequence analysis and transcriptional activation of heat shock protein 83 of leishmania mexicana amazonensis.changes in environmental temperature regulate the differential expression of genes during leishmania stage differentiation. therefore, molecular analysis of the heat shock proteins (hsps) in these parasites is of interest as a model for thermoregulation of gene expression. sequences of the hsp83 repetitive unit in the genome of leishmania mexicana amazonensis, including both the coding and intergenic regions, are described. the 5' boundary of the message was mapped by s1 analysis, to potential a ...19902270107
tumour necrosis factor (tnf-alpha) in leishmaniasis. ii. tnf-alpha-induced macrophage leishmanicidal activity is mediated by nitric oxide from l-arginine.peritoneal macrophages from cba mice incubated with recombinant murine tumour necrosis factor (tnf-alpha) are effective in killing the protozoa parasite leishmania major in vitro. the leishmanicidal activity is directly correlated with the level of nitrite (no2-) in the culture supernatants. the killing of intracellular parasites can be completely inhibited by l-ng-monomethyl arginine (l-nmma), a specific inhibitor of the l-arginine:nitric oxide (no) pathway. the level of no2-, which is also a m ...19902279740
[the isoenzyme identification and pathogenic characteristics of clones of leishmania major, l. sp. nov. and l. gerbilli].using fonbrune's micromanipulators, 16 freshly obtained leishmania isolates (13 from r. opimus, 1 from p. papatasi, 2 from patients with skin leishmaniasis) have been cloned. 4 out of them were l. major isolates, 5 were l. sp. nov. isolates, 5 were mixed l. major and l. sp. nov. isolates and 1 was l. gerbilli isolate. 316 clones were identified using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel by 8 enzymes: pgi, pgm, 6-pgd, mdg, g-6-pgd, me, alat, asat--and tested for pathogenic activity on golden ham ...19902290404
characterization of two proteins from leishmania donovani and their use for vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis.two proteins from leishmania donovani, dp72 and gp70-2, have been previously utilized to specifically serodiagnose patients with visceral leishmaniasis. the proteins were shown by elisa and western blotting with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to be present in both stages of the parasite. antibodies to gp70-2 recognize in promastigotes multiple discrete bands of similar m.w. which are common to several isolates of l. donovani. the total amount of ag and number of bands observed per isolate ...19902295807
protection against leishmania major in balb/c mice by adoptive transfer of a t cell clone recognizing a low molecular weight antigen released by promastigotes.we have shown previously that balb/c mice can be protected against a fatal infection with leishmania major by adoptive transfer of a t cell line recognizing a protective soluble fraction (fraction 9) of promastigotes. we now describe the isolation and characterization of a t cell clone (9.1-2) that also transfers protective immunity against leishmania. after ag or mitogen stimulation, this clone secrets il-2 and ifn-gamma, but not il-4 or il-5. the clone preferentially recognizes l. major fracti ...19902295814
stable transfection of the human parasite leishmania major delineates a 30-kilobase region sufficient for extrachromosomal replication and expression.to delineate segments of the genome of the human protozoan parasite leishmania major necessary for replication and expression, we developed a vector (pr-neo) which can be reproducibly introduced into l. major. this dna was derived from a 30-kilobase extrachromosomal amplified dna bearing the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene, with the coding region for neomycin phosphotransferase substituted for that of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase and a bacterial origin of replic ...19902304458
size-conserved chromosomes and stability of molecular karyotype in cloned stocks of leishmania major.molecular karyotypes for 5 stocks of leishmania major were derived by pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis and transverse alternating field electrophoresis. chromosome sizes obtained by the two methods agreed within less than or equal to 50kb. a set of 10 size-concordant chromosome bands between approx. 350-1000 kb was found in all stocks, plus a variable number of polymorphic chromosomes. cloned gene probes, and dna purified from individual chromosomes, hybridized to individual size-concor ...19902304489
nutrient broth for the cultivation of leishmania.nutrient broth containing fetal calf serum was used successfully in isolating leishmania donovani from animals and cryopreserving leishmania major, leishmania donovani, and leishmania adleri. it also supported heavy growth of promastigotes of laboratory strains of l. donovani, l. major, l. adleri, and uncharacterized reptilian leishmania-like flagellates.19902319429
leishmania gp63 molecule implicated in cellular adhesion lacks an arg-gly-asp sequence.the parasitic protozoa leishmania are intracellular pathogens which enter host cells through largely undefined mechanisms. one molecule thought to play an important role in this process is gp63, the major glycoprotein on the surface of the infective promastigote form. we have cloned and analyzed the gp63 gene from leishmania chagasi, an etiologic agent of acute visceral leishmaniasis. the predicted amino acid sequence is highly homologous to that reported for leishmania major, with the exception ...19902320059
parasite antigens recognized by patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis.humoral and cell-mediated responses to crude and purified parasite antigens were examined in patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major. the patients had serum antibody titres against parasite lysates ranging from 1/500 to 1/10,000 and recognized multiple components by western blotting with molecular weights between 5000 and greater than 200,000. several components, particularly at 5 and 50 kd, were recognized by most of the patients. the lymphoproliferative response ...19902323102
Refresh
firstprev
12345678910...
nextlast
Displaying items 101 - 200 of 4221