Publications

genetic diversity and vegetative compatibility among trichoderma harzianum isolates.	trichoderma harzianum is the collective name of a set of asexual fungal strains which exhibit heterogeneity in genome structure, dna sequence and behavior. contour-clamped homogeneous field (chef) electrophoresis of the chromosomes of ten isolates of t. harzianum revealed six clearly distinct electrophoretic karyotypes. of the ten isolates analyzed, four (gh12, g109, y and yf) could be classified in a single group with identical karyotypes, while the strains t35 and 315 formed a second group. th ...	1997	9349704
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in trichoderma harzianum is repressed during conidiation and mycoparasitism.	a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) cdna was isolated from the filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum in the course of a search for light-regulated genes in this organism. there is apparently only one copy of gpd in the t. harzianum genome, and its sequence is most similar to that of other filamentous ascomycetes. trichoderma grows in the soil as a saprophyte or mycoparasite. a brief pulse of blue light, or nutrient depletion, induces sporulation, which is accompanied by altered p ...	1997	9353920
the ability of soil-borne fungi to degrade organophosphonate carbon-to-phosphorus bonds.	the ability of a wide variety of soil-borne fungal strains to degrade four structurally different compounds containing p-c bonds, namely the naturally occurring amino acid ciliatine, the popular herbicide glyphosate, phosphonoacetic acid and 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid, was studied in order to show that soil fungi may play an important role in the biodegradation of organophosphonates. most of the strains appeared to utilize ciliatine as the sole source of phosphorus for growth. only a limi ...	1997	9390463
morphological and molecular identification of trichoderma isolates on north american mushroom farms.	green mold disease (causal agent, trichoderma) has resulted in severe crop losses on mushroom farms worldwide in recent years. we analyzed 160 isolates of trichoderma from mushroom farms for morphological, cultural, and molecular characteristics and classified these isolates into phenotypic groups. the most common group comprised approximately 40% of the isolates and was identified as a strain of trichoderma harzianum. this group was consistently recovered from farms with severe green mold disea ...	1998	9435070
cytotoxic substances produced by a fungal strain from a sponge: physico-chemical properties and structures.	five novel metabolites, trichodenones a-c (1-3), harzialactone a (4) and b (5), have been isolated together with known r-mevalonolactone (6) from the culture broth of a strain of trichoderma harzianum oups-n115 originally separated from the sponge halichondria okadai. their structures have been elucidated by spectral evidence. among them, 1-3 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against cultured p388 cells.	1998	9531985
the purification and characterization of a trichoderma harzianum exochitinase.	a chitinolytic enzyme was purified from the culture filtrate of t. harzianum (t198) by precipitation with ammonium sulphate followed by affinity binding to swollen chitin and release with 10% (v/v) acetic acid. the molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be 28 and 27.5 kd by gel filtration chromatography and sds-page, respectively. the isoelectric point of the enzyme was 7.4. the ph optimum for activity was 3.5 and maximum activity was obtained at 50 degrees c. the enzyme displayed acti ...	1998	9546051
unexpected homology between inducible cell wall protein qid74 of filamentous fungi and br3 salivary protein of the insect chironomus.	a gene, qid74, of mycoparasitic filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum and its allies encodes a cell wall protein that is induced by replacing glucose in the culture medium with chitin (simulated mycoparasitism conditions). because no trace of this gene can be detected in related species such as gibberella fujikuroi and saccharomyces cerevisiae, the qid74 gene appears to have arisen de novo within the genus trichoderma. qid74 protein, 687 residues long, is now seen as highly conserved tandem r ...	1998	9600944
fungitoxicity of chemical analogs with heartwood toxins.	trans-stilbene and tropolone as chemical analogs with naturally occurring fungitoxic heartwood compounds were studied with respect to their fungitoxic potency. while stilbene showed no fungitoxic activity towards the fungi aureobasidium pullulans var. melanogenum, penicillium glabrum, and trichoderma harzianum in the concentrations tested, the minimal inhibiting concentration of tropolone was 10(-3) m for penicillium glabrum and trichoderma harzianum, and 10(-5) m for aureobasidium pullulans var ...	1998	9625794
genes from mycoparasitic fungi as a source for improving plant resistance to fungal pathogens.	disease resistance in transgenic plants has been improved, for the first time, by the insertion of a gene from a biocontrol fungus. the gene encoding a strongly antifungal endochitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma harzianum was transferred to tobacco and potato. high expression levels of the fungal gene were obtained in different plant tissues, which had no visible effect on plant growth and development. substantial differences in endochitinase activity were detected among transfor ...	1998	9653105
ionophoric activity of the antibiotic peptaibol trichorzin pa vi: a 23na- and 35cl-nmr study.	trichorzin pa vi (ac aib1 ser ala aib iva gln aib val aib gly10 leu aib pro leu aib aib gln pheol18) is one of the seven main peptaibols forming the natural antibiotic 18-residue peptide mixture biosynthesised by a trichoderma harzianum strain. trichorzins exhibit antimycoplasmic activity resulting from membrane permeability perturbations. the membrane permeabilisation process by trichorzin pa vi has been examined in egg yolk phosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles (luv) and under conditi ...	1998	9675337
chitinolytic activity at low temperature of an antarctic strain (a3) of verticillium lecanii.	the chitinolytic activity of verticillium cfr. lecanii a3, a strain isolated from continental antarctica, was compared to those of two selected strains of trichoderma harzianum. after 72 h of incubation at 25 degrees c in media containing chitin as the sole carbon source, all strains showed the same enzyme activity (ca. 230 mu/ml); at 15 degrees c, the levels of enzyme activity of the three strains were similar to those obtained at 25 degrees c. at 5 degrees c, in contrast, the activity of v. le ...	1998	9766230
intracellular chitinase gene from rhizopus oligosporus: molecular cloning and characterization.	multiple chitinases have been found in hyphae of filamentous fungi, which are presumed to have various functions during hyphal growth. here it is reported, for the first time, the primary structure of one such intracellular chitinase, named chitinase iii, from rhizopus oligosporus, a zygomycete filamentous fungus. chitinase iii was purified to homogeneity from actively growing mycelia of r. oligosporus using three steps of column chromatography. its molecular mass was 43.5 kda and the ph optimum ...	1998	9782514
a new tool for studying the molecular architecture of the fungal cell wall: one-step purification of recombinant trichoderma beta-(1-6)-glucanase expressed in pichia pastoris.	the fungal cell wall is a supramolecular network of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. its analysis is seriously hampered by the lack of easily available hydrolytic enzymes in a pure form. here we describe a simple and efficient purification procedure of a recombinant beta-(1-6)-glucanase from trichoderma harzianum expressed in pichia pastoris. transformed cells efficiently secreted the enzyme into the induction medium. we purified the enzyme using a one-step method based on hydrophobic interact ...	1998	9795258
effect of metabolites produced by trichoderma harzianum biotypes and agaricus bisporus on their respective growth radii in culture	trichoderma harzianum biotypes th1, th2, and th3 produced volatile metabolites in vitro which had similar fungistatic effects on the growth of agaricus bisporus. metabolites present in agar colonized by these strains also inhibited mycelial growth of a. bisporus, although the reduction in growth was less in the presence of metabolites produced by biotype th2 than that in the presence of metabolites produced by th1 or th3. a. bisporus produced metabolites in liquid culture that inhibited the grow ...	1998	9835609
exg1p, a novel exo-beta1,3-glucanase from the fungus cochliobolus carbonum, contains a repeated motif present in other proteins that interact with polysaccharides.	genomic and cdna copies of exg1, a gene encoding an exo-beta1, 3-glucanase from the plant pathogenic fungus cochliobolus carbonum, were isolated. the gene contains two introns of 50 and 53 bp, and the mrna has a 5'-untranslated region of 90 nt and a 3'-untranslated region of 159 nt. the deduced protein product, exg1p, has a predicted signal peptide of 17 amino acids, but based on the known n-terminus of the mature protein is further processed to remove an additional 25 amino acids. the sequence ...	1998	9838227
the expression of genes involved in parasitism by trichoderma harzianum is triggered by a diffusible factor.	the mycoparasite trichoderma harzianum has been extensively used in the biocontrol of a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi. hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the parasite have been directly implicated in the lysis of the host. dual cultures of trichoderma and a host, with and without contact, were used as means to study the mycoparasitic response in trichoderma. northern analysis showed high-level expression of genes encoding a proteinase (prb1) and an endochitinase (ech42) in dual cultures even i ...	1998	9862475
molecular characterization of a novel beta-1,3-exoglucanase related to mycoparasitism of trichoderma harzianum.	trichoderma harzianum, a soil-borne filamentous fungus, is capable of parasitizing several plant pathogenic fungi. secretion of lytic enzymes, mainly glucanases and chitinases, is considered the most crucial step of the mycoparasitic process. the lytic enzymes degrade the cell walls of the pathogenic fungi, enabling trichoderma to utilize both their cell walls and cellular contents for nutrition. we have purified a 110kda novel extracellular beta-1,3-exoglucanase from t. harzianum, grown with la ...	1999	9931476
role of the trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene, ech42, in mycoparasitism.	the role of the trichoderma harzianum endochitinase (ech42) in mycoparasitism was studied by genetically manipulating the gene that encodes ech42, ech42. we constructed several transgenic t. harzianum strains carrying multiple copies of ech42 and the corresponding gene disruptants. the level of extracellular endochitinase activity when t. harzianum was grown under inducing conditions increased up to 42-fold in multicopy strains as compared with the wild type, whereas gene disruptants exhibited p ...	1999	10049844
induction of defense responses in cucumber plants (cucumis sativus l. ) by the biocontrol agent trichoderma harzianum	the potential of the biocontrol agent trichoderma harzianum t-203 to trigger plant defense responses was investigated by inoculating roots of cucumber seedlings with trichoderma in an aseptic, hydroponic system. trichoderma-treated plants were more developed than nontreated plants throughout the experiment. electron microscopy of ultrathin sections from trichoderma-treated roots revealed penetration of trichoderma into the roots, restricted mainly to the epidermis and outer cortex. strengthening ...	1999	10049864
purification of active cysteine proteases by affinity chromatography with attached e-64 inhibitor.	cysteine proteases are implicated in many regulatory and degradative processes in animal and plant cells. many of the proteases are strongly inhibited by an irreversible inhibitor, trans-(epoxysuccinyl)-l-leucylamino-4-guanidinobutane (e-64) from aspergillus japonicus. here we report a method for purification of cysteine proteases by affinity chromatography on e-64. attachment of the inhibitor to thiopropyl sepharose through its epoxy group resulted in the loss of its irreversible activity but d ...	1999	10092483
suppression of the biocontrol agent trichoderma harzianum by mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices in root-free soil	trichoderma harzianum is an effective biocontrol agent against several fungal soilborne plant pathogens. however, possible adverse effects of this fungus on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi might be a drawback in its use in plant protection. the objective of the present work was to examine the interaction between glomus intraradices and t. harzianum in soil. the use of a compartmented growth system with root-free soil compartments enabled us to study fungal interactions without the interfering effec ...	1999	10103232
availability of phosphorus and sulfur of insecticide origin by fungi.	thirteen fungal species isolated from soil treated with pesticides were tested for their ability to mineralize and degrade three organophosphate insecticides currently used in egypt (cyolan, malathion and dursban) in liquid media free from phosphorus (p) and sulfur (s). all fungal species grew successfully on the culture media treated with the three used doses of insecticides (10, 50 and 100 ppm active ingredient) but the growth rate varied with the species, the insecticide and the doses. at 10 ...	1998	10192894
characterization of two novel type i ribosome-inactivating proteins from the storage roots of the andean crop mirabilis expansa.	two novel type i ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips) were found in the storage roots of mirabilis expansa, an underutilized andean root crop. the two rips, named me1 and me2, were purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange perfusion chromatography, and c4 reverse-phase chromatography. the two proteins were found to be similar in size (27 and 27.5 kd) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their isoelectric points were determined to be ...	1999	10198104
expression of two major chitinase genes of trichoderma atroviride (t. harzianum p1) is triggered by different regulatory signals.	regulation of the expression of the two major chitinase genes, ech42 (encoding the chit42 endochitinase) and nag1 (encoding the chit73 n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase), of the chitinolytic system of the mycoparasitic biocontrol fungus trichoderma atroviride (= trichoderma harzianum p1) was investigated by using a reporter system based on the aspergillus niger glucose oxidase. strains harboring fusions of the ech42 or nag1 5' upstream noncoding sequences with the a. niger goxa gene displayed a gl ...	1999	10223970
rapid blue light regulation of a trichoderma harzianum photolyase gene.	photolyases and blue light receptors belong to a superfamily of flavoproteins that make use of blue and uva light either to catalyze dna repair or to control development. we have isolated a dna photolyase gene (phr1) from trichoderma harzianum, a common soil fungus that is of interest as a biocontrol agent against soil-borne plant pathogens and as a model for the study of light-dependent development. the sequence of phr1 is similar to other class i type i eukaryotic photolyase genes. low fluence ...	1999	10318850
chitinase gene expression during mycoparasitic interaction of trichoderma harzianum with its host.	for monitoring chitinase expression during mycoparasitism of trichoderma harzianum in situ, we constructed strains containing fusions of green fluorescent protein (gfp) to the 5'-regulatory sequences of the t. harzianum nag1 (n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase-encoding) and ech42 (42-kda endochitinase-encoding) genes. confronting these strains with rhizoctonia solani led to induction of gene expression before (ech42) or after (nag1) physical contact. a 12-kda cut-off membrane separating the two fun ...	1999	10328983
pcr-based genotyping of epidemic and preepidemic trichoderma isolates associated with green mold of agaricus bisporus.	we used randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd)-pcr to estimate genetic variation among isolates of trichoderma associated with green mold on the cultivated mushroom agaricus bisporus. of 83 isolates examined, 66 were sampled during the recent green mold epidemic, while the remaining 17 isolates were collected just prior to the epidemic and date back to the 1950s. trichoderma harzianum biotype 4 was identified by rapd analysis as the cause of almost 90% of the epidemic-related episodes of gree ...	1999	10347059
solubilization of phosphates and micronutrients by the plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum rifai 1295-22	we investigated the capability of the plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum rifai 1295-22 (t-22) to solubilize in vitro some insoluble or sparingly soluble minerals via three possible mechanisms: acidification of the medium, production of chelating metabolites, and redox activity. t-22 was able to solubilize mno2, metallic zinc, and rock phosphate (mostly calcium phosphate) in a liquid sucrose-yeast extract medium, as determined by inductively coupled plasma emission ...	1999	10388685
hydrolysis of xylans by enzyme systems from solid cultures of trichoderma harzianum strains.	xylanase activity was isolated from crude extracts of trichoderma harzianum strains c and 4 grown at 28 degree c in a solid medium containing wheat bran as the carbon source. enzyme activity was demonstrable in the permeate after ultrafiltration of the crude extracts using an amicon system. the hydrolysis patterns of different xylans and paper pulps by xylanase activity ranged from xylose, xylobiose and xylotriose to higher xylooligosaccharides. a purified ss-xylosidase from the trichoderma harz ...	1999	10454755
a new xylanase from a trichoderma harzianum strain.	a new xylanase (xyl2) was purified from solid-state cultures of trichoderma harzianum strain c by ultrafiltration and gel filtration. sds-page of the xylanase showed an apparent homogeneity and molecular weight of 18 kda. it had the highest activity at ph 5.0 and 45 degrees c and was stable at 50 degrees c and ph 5.0 up to 4 h xylanase. xyl2 had a low km with insoluble oat spelt xylan as substrate. compared to the amino acid composition of xylanases from trichoderma spp, xylanase xyl2 presented ...	1999	10455501
purification and properties of a basic endo-beta-1,6-glucanase (bgn16.1) from the antagonistic fungus trichoderma harzianum.	the antagonistic fungus trichoderma harzianum cect 2413 produces at least two extracellular beta-1,6-glucanases, among other hydrolases acting on polysaccharides from fungal cell walls, when grown in chitin as the sole carbon source. we have previously reported on the purification and biochemical characterization of the major activity, which corresponds to an acidic enzyme named bgn16.2 [de la cruz, j., pintor-toro, j.a., benítez, t. & llobell, a. (1995) j. bacteriol. 177, 1864-1871]. in this pa ...	1999	10491168
nitrogen availability to pseudomonas fluorescens df57 is limited during decomposition of barley straw in bulk soil and in the barley rhizosphere.	the availability of nitrogen to pseudomonas fluorescens df57 during straw degradation in bulk soil and in barley rhizosphere was studied by introducing a bioluminescent reporter strain (df57-n3), responding to nitrogen limitation, to model systems of varying complexity. df57-n3 was apparently not nitrogen limited in the natural and sterilized bulk soil used for these experiments. the soil was subsequently amended with barley straw, representing a plant residue with a high carbon-to-nitrogen rati ...	1999	10508054
fatal case of trichoderma harzianum infection in a renal transplant recipient.	we describe the second known case of human infection by trichoderma harzianum. a disseminated fungal infection was detected in the postmortem examination of a renal transplant recipient and confirmed in culture. the only other reported infection by this fungus caused peritonitis in a diabetic patient. the in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of the clinical strain and three other strains of trichoderma species to six antifungal drugs are provided. this case illustrates the widening spectrum of o ...	1999	10523593
biochemical analysis of recombinant fungal mutanases. a new family of alpha1,3-glucanases with novel carbohydrate-binding domains.	nucleotide sequence analysis shows that trichoderma harzianum and penicillium purpurogenum alpha1,3-glucanases (mutanases) have homologous primary structures (53% amino acid sequence identity), and are composed of two distinct domains: a nh(2)-terminal catalytic domain and a putative cooh-terminal polysaccharide-binding domain separated by a o-glycosylated pro-ser-thr-rich linker peptide. each mutanase was expressed in aspergillus oryzae host under the transcriptional control of a strong alpha-a ...	2000	10636904
characterization of a 29-kda beta-1,3-glucanase from trichoderma harzianum.	a beta-1,3-glucanase, from culture filtrates of trichoderma harzianum, was purified in sequential steps by gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction and ion exchange chromatography. a typical procedure provided 69-fold purification with 0.32% yield. the molecular mass of the protein was found to be approximately 29 kda, as estimated by sds-page on a 10% slab gel. the k(m) and v(max) values for beta-1,3-glucanase, using laminarin as substrate, were 1. 72 mg ml(-1) and 3.10 u ml(-1), respectively. t ...	2000	10650213
cotransformation of trichoderma harzianum with beta-glucuronidase and green fluorescent protein genes provides a useful tool for monitoring fungal growth and activity in natural soils.	trichoderma harzianum was cotransformed with genes encoding green fluorescent protein (gfp), beta-glucuronidase (gus), and hygromycin b (hygb) resistance, using polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation. one cotransformant (thzid1-m3) was mitotically stable for 6 months despite successive subculturing without selection pressure. thzid1-m3 morphology was similar to that of the wild type; however, the mycelial growth rate on agar was reduced. thzid1-m3 was formed into calcium alginate pellets an ...	2000	10653755
biodegradation of pyrene by sediment fungi.	micromycetes were isolated from pahs-contaminated sediment and identified. they were investigated for pyrene degradation (10 mg l-1) in liquid synthetic medium for two days. among the 41 strains isolated, 10 highly degraded pyrene (> 2.4 mg g-1 dry weight): two zygomycetes (mucor racemosus, m. racemosus var. sphaerosporus), 6 deuteromycetes (gliocladium virens, penicillium simplicissimum, p. janthinellum, phialophora alba, p. hoffmannii, trichoderma harzianum), a dematiaceae (scopulariopsis brum ...	2000	10665394
influence of water potential on growth, enzyme secretion and in vitro enzyme activities of trichoderma harzianum at different temperatures.	the influence of water potential on linear mycelial growth, secretion, and the in vitro activities of enzymes beta-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, beta-xylosidase, exochitinase, and chymotrypsin of trichoderma harzianum strain t66 was studied at different temperatures. nearly linear correlation was found between water potential and colony growth rate at both 25 degrees c and 10 degrees c, with higher growth rates at the higher temperature and higher water potentials. the amounts of enzyme secret ...	2000	10706661
molecular characterization and identification of biocontrol isolates of trichoderma spp.	the most common biological control agents (bcas) of the genus trichoderma have been reported to be strains of trichoderma virens, t. harzianum, and t. viride. since trichoderma bcas use different mechanisms of biocontrol, it is very important to explore the synergistic effects expressed by different genotypes for their practical use in agriculture. characterization of 16 biocontrol strains, previously identified as "trichoderma harzianum" rifai and one biocontrol strain recognized as t. viride, ...	2000	10788356
enzyme diffusion from trichoderma atroviride (= t. harzianum p1) to rhizoctonia solani is a prerequisite for triggering of trichoderma ech42 gene expression before mycoparasitic contact.	a plate confrontation experiment is commonly used to study the mechanism by which trichoderma spp. antagonize and parasitize other fungi. previous work with chitinase gene expression (ech42) during the precontact period of this process in which cellophane and dialysis membranes separated trichoderma harzianum and its host rhizoctonia solani resulted in essentially opposite results. here, we show that cellophane membranes are permeable to proteins up to at least 90 kda in size but that dialysis m ...	2000	10788407
characterization of blue-light and developmental regulation of the photolyase gene phr1 in trichoderma harzianum.	blue light and development regulate the expression of the phr1 gene of the filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum. the predicted product of phr1, the dna repair enzyme photolyase, is likely to help protect trichoderma, which grows in the soil as a mycoparasite or saprophyte, from damage upon emergence and exposure to ultraviolet-c. phr1 is transiently expressed in mycelium and conidiophores after illumination. phr1 mrna also accumulates in conidiophores during development and spore maturation. ...	2000	10818799
hybridization and breeding of the benomyl resistant mutant, trichoderma harziantum antagonized to phytopathogenic fungi by protoplast fusion.	a diploid strain obtained from heterokaryons of trichoderma harzianum by protoplast fusion grew on minimal medium containing 100ppm benomyl. this strain inhibited the growth of the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani on paired cultures and also protected against radish yellows and a drop in germination induced by f. oxysporum f. sp. raphani.	2000	10830500
the production of hemicellulases by aerobic fungi on medium containing residues of banana plant as substrate.	trichoderma harzianum strains t4 and t6, acrophialophora nainiana, and humicola grisea var. thermoidea were screened for their ability to produce carbohydrate-degrading enzyme activities in a medium containing banana plant residue as the carbon source. the best balance of enzyme activities was obtained from cultures of h. grisea var. thermoidea. xylanase activity from crude extract of a. nainiana had a maximum activity at ph 5.5-7.0 and a temperature range of 50-55 degrees c. it was stable up to ...	2000	10835259
study on the production of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone using two methods of fermentation.	the lactone 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone has a characteristic coconut aroma and is produced by trichoderma species. a study on the fermentative production of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone in both surface and submerged conditions by trichoderma harzianum was carried out. maximum concentrations of 455 mg/l and 167 mg/l after 96 h and 48 h of fermentation in surface and submerged conditions, respectively, were obtained without using any additional recovery operations. the resultant yields are higher than those pr ...	2000	10855724
study of drop and bubble sizes in a simulated mycelial fermentation broth of up to four phases.	the mean sizes and size distributions of air bubbles and viscous castor oil drops were studied in a salt-rich aqueous solution (medium), first separately, and then simultaneously as a three-phase system. the dispersion was created in a 150-mm-diameter stirred tank equipped with a rushton turbine, and the sizes were measured using an advanced video technique. trichoderma harzianum biomass was added in some experiments to study the effect of a solid phase under unaerated and aerated conditions to ...	2000	10861400
regulation of 36-kda beta-1,3-glucanase synthesis in trichoderma harzianum.	the effect of carbon sources on the level of beta-1,3-glucanases in the culture filtrates of trichoderma harzianum (tc) was investigated. enzyme activity was detected in all carbon sources, but highest levels were found when laminarin and purified cell walls were used. three isoforms of beta-1,3-glucanase were produced during growth of the fungus on purified cell walls. two isoforms were produced on chitin, chitosan, n-acetylglucosamine and laminarin, while only one was detected when the fungus ...	2000	10867228
enzymes secreted by filamentous fungi: regulation of secretion and purification of an extracellular protease of trichoderma harzianum.	extracellular proteases secreted by the filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum have been identified. a proteinase active towards z-ala-ala-leu-pna--the substrate of subtilisin-like proteases--dominated in the culture medium. this proteinase is synthesized de novo in response to addition of a protein substrate to the medium. changing the carbohydrate in the culture medium changed the quantitative and qualitative spectrum of secreted enzymes. the most active extracellular proteinase of trichoder ...	2000	10887294
characterization of an amylase produced by a trichoderma harzianum isolate with antagonistic activity against crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom of cocoa.	an isolate of trichoderma harzianum showing antagonistic activity against crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of the witches' broom disease of cocoa, produces substantial amounts of hydrolytic enzymes. an amylase purified from isolate 1051 had a molecular mass of about 68.7 kda. maximal activity against soluble starch was determined at ph 4.0 and 60 degrees c. the k(m) and v(max) values were 3.5 mg ml(-1) and 1.67 mg min(-1) of reducing sugar. the end products were mostly malto-oligosacchar ...	2000	10913701
effect of delivery method and population size of trichoderma harzianum on growth response of unrooted chrysanthemum cuttings.	in a previous study, addition of trichoderma harzianum rifai isolate t-12 to a propagative medium resulted in improved performance of chrysanthemum cuttings. however, root and shoot growth of one cultivar, 'dark bronze charm', were more responsive to a lower (5 g t-12/kg medium) than higher (25 g t-12/kg medium) rate of fungal propagules, suggesting potential phytotoxicity at higher concentrations. the objectives of this study were to investigate higher rates of t-12 medium amendment for phytoto ...	2000	10941519
effect of biological suspensions on the position of the binodal curve in aqueous two-phase systems.	this study is concerned with the influence of biological suspension on the position of the binodal curve in aqueous two-phase systems (atpss). three different biological suspensions (i.e., disrupted yeast, e. coli homogenate and fermentation broth from trichoderma harzianum) were selected and their impact upon atps performance was evaluated on the basis of changing volume ratio (vr) and the position of the binodal curve of biological atpss (added with biomass). biological atpss with initial vr g ...	2000	10942267
aroma compounds recovery from mycelial cultures in aqueous two-phase processes.	this paper presents the evaluation of the potential use of aqueous two-phase systems (atps) for the recovery of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6pp) produced by trichoderma harzianum. the partition behaviour of 6pp and trichoderma harzianum mycelium (biomass) in polyethylene glycol (peg)-salt (phosphate and sulphate) and peg-dextran atps was investigated. the influence of defined system parameters (e.g. molecular mass of peg and dextran, volume ratio, etc.) on the partition behaviour of 6pp and trichoder ...	2000	10942311
fungal degradation of aflatoxin b1.	a number of fungal cultures were screened to select an organism suitable to be used in the detoxification of aflatoxin b1. they were co-cultured in czapek-dox-casamino acid medium with aflatoxin b1 producing aspergillus flavus. several fungal cultures were found to prevent synthesis of aflatoxin b1 in liquid culture medium. among these phoma sp., mucor sp., trichoderma harzianum, trichoderma sp. 639, rhizopus sp. 663, rhizopus sp. 710, rhizopus sp. 668, alternaria sp. and some strains belonging ...	1999	10945479
overproduction of beta-1,6-glucanase in trichoderma harzianum is controlled by extracellular acidic proteases and ph.	to produce high amounts of extracellular endo-beta-1,6-glucanase, we overexpressed the gene bgn16.2 from trichoderma harzianum under the control of the pyruvate kinase gene promoter (pki) of t. reesei. transcription of bgn16.2 gene increased under most conditions but not extracellular beta-1,6-glucanase levels. relationship of extracellular bgn16.2 protein and presence of proteases was studied in order to maximize production. after changing the carbon and nitrogen sources and buffering the cultu ...	2000	11018720
colour pigments of trichoderma harzianum. preliminary investigations with thin-layer chromatography-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection.	the colour pigments of trichoderma harzianum fermentation broth were separated and the main fractions were tentatively identified by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (rp-tlc-ft-ir), rp-hplc-diode array detection and rp-hplc-ms. it was established that the multistep gradient elution developed for rp-tlc separation of pigments can be successfully used as a pilot method for the rational design of gradient elution in rp-hplc for the separation of the s ...	2000	11093640
combined effects of brassica napus seed meal and trichoderma harzianum on two soilborne plant pathogens.	the effects of soil amendment with rapeseed meal from brassica napus cv. 'dwarf essex' (high glucosinolate concentrations) and 'stonewall' (low glucosinolate concentrations) on the biological control activity of trichoderma harzianum towards sclerotinia sclerotiorum and aphanomyces euteiches were evaluated. trichoderma harzianum added to soil reduced myceliogenic germination of s. sclerotiorum by 94%, but did not affect carpogenic germination. in contrast, 100% reduction in carpogenic germinatio ...	2000	11109495
a convenient fluorometric method for the detection of extracellular n-acetylglucosaminidase production by filamentous fungi.	a rapid and convenient method for the detection of chitinases accumulating in filamentous fungal cultures was developed. the assay is performed on cultures growing in microtiter plates, with a fluorogenic substrate: 4-methylumbelliferyl-n-acetyl-d-glucosaminide (4-meunag). the fluorescence of the product, 4-methylumbelliferone, was detected. this method was successfully used to follow induction and repression of extracellular exochitinase activity in the biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum.	2001	11118651
analysis of the dynamics of fungal communities in soil via fungal-specific pcr of soil dna followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.	a molecular method for profiling of fungal communities in soil was applied in experiments in soil microcosms, with two objectives, (1) to assess the persistence of two selected fungal species in soil, and (2) to analyze the response of the natural fungal community to a spill of sulphurous petrol in the same soil. to achieve the aims, two soil dna extraction methods, one originally designed for the direct extraction of bacterial community dna and the other one aimed to obtain fungal dna, were tes ...	2000	11121612
elucidation of high micro-heterogeneity of an acidic-neutral trichotoxin mixture from trichoderma harzianum by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	the high micro-heterogeneity of an acidic-neutral trichotoxin mixture from t. harzianum, pc01, was elucidated using a modern tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source, a hybrid quadrupole-orthogonal accelerator and a reflectron time-of-flight analyzer. the trichotoxins appeared predominantly in six possible doubly charged pseudo molecular ions with three different adducts (h, na and k) as [m + 2h](2+), [m + h + na](2+), [m + h + k](2+), [m + 2na](2+), [m + na + k]( ...	2000	11180635
regulation of chitinase 33 (chit33) gene expression in trichoderma harzianum.	we investigated the regulation of chit33 expression in trichoderma harzianum cect 2413. this gene encodes the chit33 endochitinase, which is a major component of the fungus' chitinolytic enzyme system and is important for biocontrol. to this end, both northern analysis and reporter gene fusions of a 1.4-kb fragment of the 5'-upstream sequences of chit33 to the aspergillus niger goxa gene (encoding glucose oxidase) and the aquorea victoria green fluorescent protein were used. northern analysis an ...	2001	11270576
addition of substrate-binding domains increases substrate-binding capacity and specific activity of a chitinase from trichoderma harzianum.	chitinase chit42 from trichoderma harzianum cect 2413 is considered to play an important role in the biocontrol activity of this fungus against plant pathogens. chit42 lacks a chitin-binding domain (chbd). we have produced hybrid chitinases with stronger chitin-binding capacity by fusing to chit42 a chbd from nicotiana tabacum chia chitinase and the cellulose-binding domain from cellobiohydrolase ii of trichoderma reesei. the chimeric chitinases had similar activities towards soluble substrate b ...	2001	11325554
the potential application of aqueous two-phase systems for in situ recovery of 6-pentyl-infinity-pyrone produced by trichoderma harzianum.	commercial production of aroma compounds by de novo microbial biosynthesis has been principally limited by the low productivity so far achieved. production of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6pp), a coconut-like aroma compound, by trichoderma harzianum has been limited by the toxic effect that occurs even at low concentration (<100 ppm). this work evaluated the feasibility of the use of aqueous-two phase systems (atps), as in situ extraction systems, in order to overcome the toxic effects of 6pp and to i ...	2001	11339945
combination of trichoderma harzianum endochitinase and a membrane-affecting fungicide on control of alternaria leaf spot in transgenic broccoli plants.	progeny from transgenic broccoli (cv. green comet) expressing a trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene were used to assess the interaction between endochitinase and the fungicide bayleton in the control of alternaria brassicicola. in vitro assays have shown synergistic effects of endochitinase and fungicides on fungal pathogens. our study examined the in planta effects of endochitinase and bayleton, individually and in combination. two month old transgenic and non-transgenic plants were spraye ...	2001	11341311
improved antifungal activity of a mutant of trichoderma harzianum cect 2413 which produces more extracellular proteins.	trichoderma harzianum is a well-known biological control agent against fungal plant diseases. in order to select improved biocontrol strains from trichoderma harzianum cect 2413, a mutant has been isolated for its ability to produce wider haloes than the wild type, when hydrolysing pustulan, a polymer of beta-1,6-glucan. the mutant possesses between two and four times more chitinase, beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-glucanase activities than the wild type, produces about three times more extracellular pro ...	2001	11414328
antifungal activity of a novel endochitinase gene (chit36) from trichoderma harzianum rifai tm.	a novel 36-kda endochitinase named chit36 has been isolated and characterized from trichoderma harzianum rifai tm. partial amino acid sequences from the purified protein were used to clone the fungal cdna, based on polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers. the complete open reading frame encodes a 344-amino acid protein which shows 84% similarity to a putative chitinase from streptomyces coelicolor. chit36 was overexpressed under the pki1 constitutive promoter from trichoderma reesei vi ...	2001	11425470
toxic-metabolite-producing bacteria and fungus in an indoor environment.	toxic-metabolite-emitting microbes were isolated from the indoor environment of a building where the occupant was suffering serious building-related ill-health symptoms. toxic substances soluble in methanol and inhibitory to spermatozoa at <10 microg (dry weight) ml(-1) were found from six bacterial isolates and one fungus. the substances from isolates of bacillus simplex and from isolates belonging to the actinobacterial genera streptomyces and nocardiopsis were mitochondriotoxic. these substan ...	2001	11425751
oxidation of triphenylarsine to triphenylarsineoxide by trichoderma harzianum and other fungi.	arsenic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. until now, no metabolic products of microbial attack against the phenyl residues of the model substrate triphenylarsine (tp) were found if it was incubated together with these strains in liquid culture assays. however, one of the isolated fungi, trichoderma harzianum as 11, was found to oxidize tp to triphenylarsineoxide (tpo). the yeast trichosporon mucoides sbug 801 and the white-ro ...	2001	11482658
characterization of a chitinase and an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from trichoderma harzianum rifai t24 involved in control of the phytopathogen sclerotium rolfsii.	of 24 trichoderma isolates, t harzianum rifai (t24) showed a potential for control of the phytopathogenic basidiomycete sclerotium rolfsii. when t24 was grown on different carbon sources, growth inhibition of s. rolfsii by the t24 culture filtrate correlated with the activity of extracellular chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase. the 43-kilodalton (kda) chitinase and the 74-kda beta-1,3-glucanase were purified from the t24 culture filtrate in two and three steps, respectively, using ammonium sulphat ...	2001	11499921
effect of tunicamycin on n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase produced by trichoderma harzianum.	the effect of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein n-glycosylation, was studied in non-growing mycelium of trichoderma harzianum induced to secrete n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase by the addition of n-acetylglucosamine. tunicamycin (30 microg ml(-1)) had no significant effect on growth of the fungus, or on the total protein secreted or specific activity of n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase. however, in the presence of the inhibitor an underglycosylated form of the enzyme was produced. the apparent ...	2001	11514096
identification of trichoderma strains by image analysis of hplc chromatograms.	forty-four trichoderma strains from water-damaged building materials or indoor dust were classified with chromatographic image analysis on full chromatographic matrices obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with uv detection of culture extracts. the classes were compared with morphological identification and rdna sequence data, and for each class all strains were of the same identity. with all three techniques each strain--except one--was identified as the same species. these strain ...	2001	11583856
purification and some properties of a beta-glucosidase from trichoderma harzianum type c-4.	type c-4 strain of trichoderma harzianum was isolated as a microorganism with high cellulolytic activity. beta-glucosidase is involved in the last step of cellulose saccharification by degrading cellobiose to glucose, and plays an important role in the cellulase enzyme system with a synergic action with endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase for cellulose degradation. beta-glucosidase from t. harzianum type c-4 was purified to homogeneity through sephacryl s-300, deae-sephadex a-50, and mono p colu ...	2001	11676016
survival and proliferation of alginate encapsulated trichoderma spp. in egyptian soil in comparison with allyl alcohol soil fumigation.	conidia of trichoderma harzianum and t. pseudokoningii (rifai) were formulated to make alginate pellets with or without 10% cellulose as a food-base material. the formulations were compared for their ability for survival and proliferation of trichoderma spp. in clay-loamy soil (50% moisture content) with allyl alcohol fumigation (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ml/1,000 ml space). trichoderma medium e (tme) containing 100 microg/ml pentachloronitrobenzene (pcnb) was valuable for isolation and counting of tric ...	2001	11678588
an antifungal exo-alpha-1,3-glucanase (agn13.1) from the biocontrol fungus trichoderma harzianum.	trichoderma harzianum secretes alpha-1,3-glucanases when it is grown on polysaccharides, fungal cell walls, or autoclaved mycelium as a carbon source (simulated antagonistic conditions). we have purified and characterized one of these enzymes, named agn13.1. the enzyme was monomeric and slightly basic. agn13.1 was an exo-type alpha-1,3-glucanase and showed lytic and antifungal activity against fungal plant pathogens. northern and western analyses indicated that agn13.1 is induced by conditions t ...	2001	11722942
detection of microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) produced by moulds on various materials.	twelve fungal species were screened for microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs): aspergillus fumigatus, a. versicolor, a. niger, a. ochraceus, trichoderma harzianum, t. pseudokoningii, penicillium brevicompactum, p. chrysogenum, p. claviforme, p. expansum, fusarium solani and mucor sp. more than 150 volatile substances derived from fungal cultures have been analysed by head-space solid-phase microextraction (hs-spme). each species had a defined mvoc profile which may be subjected to conside ...	2001	11759153
a refined method for the determination of saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall composition and beta-1,6-glucan fine structure.	in yeast and other fungi, cell division, cell shape, and growth depend on the coordinated synthesis and degradation of cell wall polymers. we have developed a reliable and efficient micro method to determine saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall composition that distinguishes between beta1,3- and beta1,6-glucan. the method is based on the sequential treatment of cell walls with specific hydrolytic enzymes followed by dialysis. the low molecular weight (mw) products thus separated account for each p ...	2002	11811978
characterization of a protease produced by a trichoderma harzianum isolate which controls cocoa plant witches' broom disease.	several trichoderma strains have been reported to be effective in controlling plant diseases, and the action of fungal hydrolytic enzymes has been considered as the main mechanism involved in the antagonistic process. however, although trichoderma strains were found to impair development of crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of cocoa plant witches' broom disease, no fungal strain is available for effective control of this disease. we have then undertaken a program of construction of hydrol ...	2002	11835696
production and biotransformation of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone by trichoderma harzianum in two-phase culture systems.	the final concentration of 6-pentyl-a-pyrone (6pp) produced in cultures of trichoderma spp. is limited by the fact that inhibition of biomass growth occurs at 6pp concentrations as low as 100 mg/l. the aim of this work was to evaluate liquid-liquid extractive fermentation systems as an alternative to overcome the toxicity problems and to increase the production of 6pp by this fungus. two alkanes (n-decane and n-hexadecane) and two dicarboxylic esters (dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate) wer ...	2002	11876408
comparative degradation of oomycete, ascomycete, and basidiomycete cell walls by mycoparasitic and biocontrol fungi.	fourteen fungi (primarily representing mycoparasitic and biocontrol fungi) were tested for their ability to grow on and degrade cell walls (cws) of an oomycete (pythium ultimum), ascomycete (fusarium equisetii), and basidiomycete (rhizoctonia solani), and their hydrolytic enzymes were characterized. protein was detected in the cultural medium of eleven of the test isolates, and these fungi significantly degraded cws over the 14-day duration of the experiment. in general, a greater level of cw de ...	2002	11888164
a protocol for evaluation of the role of disinfectants in limiting pathogens and weed moulds in commercial mushroom production.	in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the effects of three commercial disinfectants on isolates of trichoderma harzianum rifai and cladobotryum dendroides (bull) w gams & hoozemans were combined in the development of methodologies for realistic assessment of disinfectant performance. 'environ' and 'purogene' incorporated into agar media at 50 mg ai litre-1 were effective in totally preventing the mycelial growth of t harzianum and c dendroides isolates, whereas with 'sudol' a concentration of 500 ...	2002	11975175
complete dna sequence and analysis of a mitochondrial plasmid in the mycoparasitic trichoderma harzianum strain t95.	a circular plasmid called pthr1, with a monomer size of 2.6 kb, was identified in the mitochondria of a trichoderma harzianum isolate. hybridization studies using cloned plasmids revealed no dna sequence similarity between the plasmid and the mitochondrial genome of the isolate. the complete sequence of the plasmid was determined, and the sequence analysis revealed that it contained a single long open reading frame of 1818 bp. sequence comparisons indicated that the derived amino acid sequence o ...	2002	11982336
the performance of fungal xylan-degrading enzyme preparations in elemental chlorine-free bleaching for eucalyptus pulp.	cellulase-free xylan-degrading enzyme preparations from acrophialophora nainiana, humicola grisea var. thermoidea and two trichoderma harzianum strains were used as bleaching agents for eucalyptus kraft pulp, prior to a chlorine dioxide and alkaline bleaching sequence. in comparison to the control sequence (performed without xylanase pretreatment), the sequence incorporating enzyme treatment was more effective. removal of residual lignin was indicated by a reduction in kappa number. overall, enz ...	2002	11986920
aspartyl protease from trichoderma harzianum cect 2413: cloning and characterization.	a gene that encodes an extracellular aspartyl protease from trichoderma harzianum cect 2413, papa, has been isolated and characterized. based on several conserved regions of other fungal acid proteases, primers were designed to amplify a probe that was used to isolate the papa gene from a genomic library of t. harzianum. papa was an intronless orf which encoded a polypeptide of 404 aa, including a prepropeptide at the n-terminal region formed by one putative signal peptide, a second peptide whic ...	2002	11988504
diversity in soil fungi from undisturbed and disturbed celtis tala and scutia buxifolia forests in the eastern buenos aires province (argentina).	the rhizospheric soil microfungi from a native forest (undisturbed and disturbed) were studied using soil dilution plate and soil washing methods. fungi were isolated using slightly acid and alkaline culture media. 54 taxa were isolated: 49 from undisturbed forest soil and 37 from disturbed forest soil. acremonium sp., aspergillus ustus, coemansia pectinata, doratomyces stemonitis, fusarium solani, f. oxysporum, gliocladium roseum, humicola fusco-atra, mortierella sp., penicillium lilacinum, tri ...	2002	12002400
assessment of the rhizosphere competency and pentachlorophenol-metabolizing activity of a pesticide-degrading strain of trichoderma harzianum introduced into the root zone of corn seedlings.	to develop a dependable approach to introduce laboratory selected, pesticide-degrading microorganisms into soil environments for the purpose of in situ bioremediation, we tested the possibility of utilizing plant rhizospheres as the vehicle. we first established the rhizosphere competency of a strain of the soil fungus trichoderma harzianum, a biocontrol species well studied by plant pathologists to colonize plant rhizosphere in many parts of the world. the strain we chose, t.h.2023 is resistant ...	2002	12009191
comparison of the effects of temperature and water activity on growth rate of food spoilage moulds.	the influence of temperature (t) and water activity (aw) on the growth rate (mu) of seven moulds (alternaria alternata, aspergillus flavus, cladosporium cladosporioides, mucor racemosus, penicillium chrysogenum, rhizopus oryzae and trichoderma harzianum) was assessed in suboptimal conditions. firstly, the dependence of fungal growth on temperature, at aw 0.99, was modelled through an approach described previously for bacteria. a dimensionless growth rate variable: mu(dimalpha)=mu/mu (optalpha) d ...	2002	12032803
degradation of pyrene by indigenous fungi from a former gasworks site.	indigenous fungi isolated from soil of a former gasworks site were investigated in submerged cultures with pyrene as the sole carbon source. five fungal strains capable of degrading pyrene included one strain of trichoderma harzianum and four strains with characteristics of the genus penicillium. these are identified as penicillium simplicissimum, penicillium janthinellum, penicillium funiculosum and penicillium terrestre. a maximum of 75% of 50 mg l(-1) and 67% of 100 mg l(-1) of pyrene was rem ...	2002	12044679
characterisation of two 14-3-3 genes from trichoderma reesei: interactions with yeast secretory pathway components.	the 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed proteins taking part in numerous cellular processes. two genes encoding 14-3-3 proteins, ftt1 and ftt2, were isolated and characterised from the filamentous fungus trichoderma reesei. ftti showed the highest sequence identity (98% at the amino acid level) to the trichoderma harzianum protein th1433. fttii is relatively distinct from ftti, showing approximately 75% identity to other fungal 14-3-3 proteins. despite their sequence div ...	2002	12063166
trichosetin, a novel tetramic acid antibiotic produced in dual culture of trichoderma harzianum and catharanthus roseus callus.	the dual culture of trichoderma harzianum and catharanthus roseus callus produced an antimicrobial compound with a remarkable activity against the gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis. structural elucidation revealed that this compound, which we have named trichosetin, is a novel tetramic acid (2,4-pyrrolidinedione) antibiotic and a homolog of the fungal metabolite equisetin. this compound however, was not produced in the individual culture of t. harzianum or c. ros ...	2002	12132686
composting of a crop residue through treatment with microorganisms and subsequent vermicomposting.	preliminary studies were conducted on wheat straw to test the technical viability of an integrated system of composting, with bioinoculants and subsequent vermicomposting, to overcome the problem of lignocellulosic waste degradation, especially during the winter season. wheat straw was pre-decomposed for 40 days by inoculating it with pleurotus sajor-caju, trichoderma harzianum, aspergillus niger and azotobacter chroococcum in different combinations. this was followed by vermicomposting for 30 d ...	2002	12227532
selection of strain and optimization of mutanase production in submerged cultures of trichoderma harzianum.	nineteen fungal strains belonging to different genera were tested for extracellular mutanase production in shaken flasks. the optimal enzymatic activity was achieved by trichoderma harzianum f-470, a strain for which the mutanase productivity has not yet been published. some of factors affecting the enzyme production in shaken flasks and aerated fermenter cultures have been standardized. mandels mineral medium with initial ph 5.3, containing 0.25% mutan and inoculated with 10% of the 48-h myceli ...	2002	12371618
accurate and rapid viability assessment of trichoderma harzianum using fluorescence-based digital image analysis.	fluorescence microscopy and image analysis were evaluated in order to assess the viability of trichoderma harzianum, an economically important filamentous fungus. after the evaluation of the two most commonly used fluorochromes, acridine orange (ao) and fluorescein diacetate (fda) as metabolic indicator stains, ao gave ambiguous results and therefore fda was chosen. the lower stability at room temperature and fast fluorescence intensity decay (50% after only 30 s of illumination in uv light) cou ...	2002	12378609
extracellular laccases in ascomycetes trichoderma atroviride and trichoderma harzianum.	laccase activity in trichoderma harzianum and in our own isolate trichoderma atroviride was correlated with the production of the green pigment in conidial spores. the laccases of the two fungal species exhibit comparable kinetic parameters, ph optima and thermal sensitivity but differed in physiological properties, such as their catalytic activity during growth.	2002	12422522
colonisation of soilless growing media for tomato by trichoderma harzianum.	an experiment was conducted to evaluate the distribution of t. harzianum in soilless media used in greenhouse growing systems for tomatoes. growing media based on rockwool and based on coconut fibre were included. the fungus was applied to the roots of the plant by means of a conidial suspension. the upper plant parts were removed from the coconut fibre an the rockwool slab after 10 and 15 weeks respectively. both the coconut fibre and the rockwool slab were divided into fragments with a width o ...	2001	12425039
endophytic fungal beta-1,6-glucanase expression in the infected host grass.	mutualistic fungal endophytes infect many grass species and often confer benefits to the hosts such as reduced herbivory by insects and animals. the physiological interactions between the endophytes and their hosts have not been well characterized. fungal-secreted proteins are likely to be important components of the interaction. in the interaction between poa ampla and the endophyte neotyphodium sp., a fungal beta-1,6-glucanase is secreted into the apoplast, and activity of the enzyme is detect ...	2002	12427996
cloning and characterization of the naga gene that encodes beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase from aspergillus nidulans and its expression in aspergillus oryzae.	we isolated a beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase encoding gene and its cdna from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, and designated it naga. the naga gene contained no intron and encoded a polypeptide of 603 amino acids with a putative 19-amino acid signal sequence. the deduced amino acid sequence was very similar to the sequence of candida albicans hex1 and trichoderma harzianum nag1. yeast cells containing the naga cdna under the control of the gal1 promoter expressed beta-n-acetylglucosami ...	2002	12450128
genetic relatedness of trichoderma sect. pachybasium species based on molecular approaches.	molecular approaches including internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences of ribosomal dna, universal primer polymerase chain reaction (up-pcr) fingerprinting, and dna-dna hybridization were used to study the genetic relatedness of species within trichoderma sect. pachybasium. in the analysis of its and 5.8s sequences of ribosomal dna, parsimony analysis demonstrated that forty-one strains were distributed into five main groups supported by high bootstrap values. the species of trichoderma sect ...	2002	12455615
the expression of extracellular fungal cell wall hydrolytic enzymes in different trichoderma harzianum isolates correlates with their ability to control pyrenochaeta lycopersici.	four isolates of trichoderma harzianum (thn3, th11, th12 and th16) were selected for their ability to control the in vitro development of the tomato root pathogen pyrenochaeta lycopersici. analysis of the mechanisms involved in biocontrol showed that the formation of non-volatile metabolites appears to be one of those involved in biocontrol of p. lycopersici by all t. harzianum isolates tested. nevertheless, the higher secretion of chitinases, both in number of isoenzymes and activity by the th1 ...	2002	12462992
expression regulation of the endochitinase chit36 from trichoderma asperellum (t. harzianum t-203).	the presence of the endochitinase chit36 from trichoderma harzianum tm was assessed in several antagonistic trichoderma strains belonging to different molecular taxonomic groups. chit37 from t. harzianum cect 2413 was sequenced and found to display 89% homology with chit36 at the amino acid level. northern analysis showed that chit36y from t. asperellum is regulated both by glucose and nitrogen levels. stress conditions, colloidal chitin and n-acetyl-glucosamine are effective inducers of this ge ...	2002	12478390
purification of a chitinase from trichoderma sp. and its action on sclerotium rolfsii and rhizoctonia solani cell walls.	trichoderma harzianum is an effective biocontrol agent of several important plant pathogenic fungi. this trichoderma species attacks other fungi by secreting lytic enzymes, including beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinolytic enzymes. superior biocontrol potential may then be found in strains having a high capacity to produce these enzymes. we have therefore evaluated the capacity of six unidentified trichoderma spp. isolates to produce chitinolytic enzymes and beta-1,3-glucanases in comparison with t. ...	1997	12501351
transformation with green fluorescent protein of trichoderma harzianum 1051, a strain with biocontrol activity against crinipellis perniciosa, the agent of witches'-broom disease of cocoa.	a plasmid vector for fungal expression of an enhanced, red-shifted variant of the aequoria victoriae green fluorescent protein was constructed by fusion of the egfp gene to the highly expressed aspergillus nidulans gpd promoter and the a. nidulans trpc terminator. this construction was introduced by cotransformation, using benomyl selection, into trichoderma harzianum strain 1051, a strain being evaluated for the biological control of witches'-broom disease of cocoa caused by crinipellis pernici ...	1999	12501389
characterization of the surface hydrophobicity of filamentous fungi.	a method for the quantitative analysis of the hydrophobicity of the mycelial mat of filamentous fungi based on contact angle measurements is presented. it was tested for a range of fungi belonging to the classes of basidiomycetes, ascomycetes and deuteromycetes. the measured contact angles of the mycelial mats ranged between hydrophilic (<30 degrees) for the deuteromycetes fusarium oxysporum fo47 gus1 and trichoderma harzianum p1[pzega1] and hydrophobic (>60 degrees) for the ascomycete cladospor ...	2003	12558591