Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| dodeca satellite: a conserved g+c-rich satellite from the centromeric heterochromatin of drosophila melanogaster. | to identify sequences from the centromeric region, we have constructed a drosophila melanogaster yeast artificial chromosome (yac) library and screened it with purified dna from the minichromosome dp(1;f)1187 derived from the x chromosome. we describe the structure of one clone isolated in this way. this yac is structurally unstable and contains tandemly repeated g+c-rich 11-mer and 12-mer units, which we call dodeca satellite. most of this satellite is located near the centromere of an autosome ... | 1992 | 1584802 |
| cloning and expression in yeast of a plant potassium ion transport system. | a membrane polypeptide involved in k+ transport in a higher plant was cloned by complementation of a yeast mutant defective in k+ uptake with a complementary dna library from arabidopsis thaliana. a 2.65-kilobase complementary dna conferred ability to grow on media with k+ concentration in the micromolar range and to absorb k+ (or 86rb+) at rates similar to those in wild-type yeast. the predicted amino acid sequence (838 amino acids) has three domains: a channel-forming region homologous to anim ... | 1992 | 1585180 |
| genes encoding a histone h3.3-like variant in arabidopsis contain intervening sequences. | two genes encoding a particular h3 histone variant were isolated from arabidopsis thaliana. these genes differ from the h3 genes previously cloned from arabidopsis and other plants by several interesting properties: (1) the two genes are located close to each other; (2) their coding regions are interrupted by two or three small introns, the two closest to the initiation codon being located at the same place in the two genes; (3) another, long intron is located in the 5'-untranslated region just ... | 1992 | 1593639 |
| the activation process of arabidopsis thaliana a1 gene encoding the translation elongation factor ef-1 alpha is conserved among angiosperms. | in arabidopsis thaliana, the activation process of the a1 ef-1 alpha gene depends on several elements. using the gus reporter gene, transient expression experiments have shown that mutations of upstream cis-acting elements of the a1 promoter, or the deletion of an intron located within the 5' non-coding region, similarly affect expression in dicot or monocot protoplasts. the results reported here strongly suggest that this 5' intron is properly spliced in zea mays. we show that two trans-acting ... | 1992 | 1600144 |
| nucleotide sequence of an arabidopsis thaliana oleosin gene. | 1992 | 1600152 | |
| [nuclear genome organization in arabidopsis thaliana]. | 1992 | 1603944 | |
| mapping and sequencing of an actively transcribed euglena gracilis chloroplast gene (ccsa) homologous to the arabidopsis thaliana nuclear gene cs(ch-42). | we mapped and sequenced a novel chloroplast gene encoding a protein (348 amino acids) which shows a high sequence identity with both the decoded nuclear cs(ch-42) gene product of arabidopsis thaliana, and the c-terminal half of the decoded 'crta' gene product of rhodobacter capsulatus. the chloroplast gene (ccsa) is split (two exons) and transcribed into a stable mrna of about 1200 nucleotides. the putative protein may be involved in the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments. | 1992 | 1607017 |
| exon-intron organization of the arabidopsis thaliana protein kinase genes cdc2a and cdc2b. | we have previously shown by cdna cloning that a higher plant, arabidopsis thaliana, possesses at least two cdc2 genes (cdc2a and cdc2b) similar to the cell-cycle-controlling cdc2 gene of schizosaccharomyces pombe. to understand the exon-intron organization of these genes, genomic clones were isolated and their nucleotide sequences determined. the coding and 5'-untranslated regions of cdc2a were interrupted by seven and one introns, respectively, whilst cdc2b contained three introns within the co ... | 1992 | 1618302 |
| fatty acid biosynthesis redirected to medium chains in transgenic oilseed plants. | medium-chain fatty acids (fas), found in storage lipids of certain plants, are an important renewable resource. seeds of undomesticated california bay accumulate laurate (12:0), and a 12:0-acyl-carrier protein thioesterase (bte) has been purified from this tissue. sequencing of bte enabled the cloning of a complementary dna coding for a plastid-targeted preprotein. expression of the complementary dna in the seeds of arabidopsis thaliana resulted in bte activity, and medium chains accumulated at ... | 1992 | 1621095 |
| nucleotide sequence of a gene from arabidopsis thaliana encoding a myb homologue. | a gene encoding a proto-oncogene, a myb-related gene named atmyb1, was cloned from arabidopsis thaliana, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. the atmyb1 gene contains an intron of 494 bp, and there are no highly homologous sequences present in the a. thaliana genome, but evidence was found that other myb-related genes exist. in the 5' flanking region, we found several typical cis-acting elements found in plant promoters. sequence comparisons revealed that the atmyb1 protein has a putative ... | 1992 | 1623193 |
| structure and sequence of a dehydrin-like gene in arabidopsis thaliana. | 1992 | 1623199 | |
| molecular genetic approaches to plant development. | higher plant morphogenesis has received renewed interest over the past few years. the improvement of molecular genetic approaches to generate tagged developmental mutants, for instance by t-dna insertion, facilitated the isolation and characterization of the altered genes. here we present recent progress on flower and root morphogenesis in the small crucifer arabidopsis thaliana. the current model of arabidopsis flower development is presented. we report on flower1 (fl1), which is a t-dna-tagged ... | 1992 | 1627476 |
| the isolation and characterisation of the tapetum-specific arabidopsis thaliana a9 gene. | the brassica napus cdna clone a9 and the corresponding arabidopsis thaliana gene have been sequenced. the b. napus cdna and the a. thaliana gene encode proteins that are 73% identical and are predicted to be 10.3 kda and 11.6 kda in size respectively. fusions of an rnase gene and the reporter gene beta-glucuronidase to the a. thaliana a9 promoter demonstrated that in tobacco the a9 promoter is active solely in tapetal cells. promoter activity is first detectable in anthers prior to sporogenous c ... | 1992 | 1627774 |
| structure and expression of kin2, one of two cold- and aba-induced genes of arabidopsis thaliana. | we report the isolation of the second member, kin2, of a family of two cold-inducible genes of arabidopsis thaliana. the proteins corresponding to the two genes have similarities to the small antifreeze proteins from winter flounder. kin1 and kin2 are organized in a close tandem array in the genome of a. thaliana. both have three exons separated by introns with approximately the same length and location. the coding regions are highly conserved while the introns and especially the 3' flanking seq ... | 1992 | 1627780 |
| nucleotide sequence of trni(cau) and rpl23 from arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast genome. | 1992 | 1630923 | |
| functional expression of a plant plasma membrane transporter in xenopus oocytes. | a full-length cdna clone for the h+/hexose co-transporter (stp1) from arabidopsis thaliana has been transcribed in vitro and the mrna injected into xenopus oocytes. under optimized conditions, oocytes injected with the stp1 mrna accumulated 3-o-[methyl-14c]glucose at rates of more than a 1000-fold greater than water-injected control oocytes. a hexose-elicited depolarization of the oocyte membrane potential was demonstrated, and uptake was shown to be stimulated by low external ph, confirming the ... | 1992 | 1633849 |
| specific immune detection and partial purification of g-proteins from arabidopsis thaliana. | 1992 | 1634011 | |
| sequence of the fourth and fifth photosystem ii type i chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes of arabidopsis thaliana and evidence for the presence of a full complement of the extended cab gene family. | a second locus (lhb1b) encoding photosystem ii type i chlorophyll a/b-binding (cab) polypeptides was identified in arabidopsis thaliana. this locus carries two genes in an inverted orientation. the predicted sequences of the polypeptides encoded by these two genes show substantial divergence in their amino termini relative to each other and to the proteins encoded by the three lhb1 cab genes previously characterized [10], but little divergence within the predicted primary structure of the mature ... | 1992 | 1643279 |
| fiddlehead: an arabidopsis mutant constitutively expressing an organ fusion program that involves interactions between epidermal cells. | in most circumstances plant epidermal cells do not respond to surface contact with adjacent plant parts. we have identified and characterized a mutant of arabidopsis thaliana, designated fiddlehead, where lateral appendages of the shoot fuse with one another. while fusion between floral organs is most frequent, leaf fusions also occur. using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, we show that adhesion takes place between epidermal cells and does not involve cytoplasmic union. we also sho ... | 1992 | 1644226 |
| structure and molecular evolutionary analysis of a plant cytochrome c gene: surprising implications for arabidopsis thaliana. | we have isolated a cytochrome c gene from arabidopsis thaliana (cv. columbia), which is the first cytochrome c gene to be cloned from a higher plant. genomic dna blot analysis indicates that there is only one copy of cytochrome c in arabidopsis. the gene consists of three exons separated by two introns. gene features such as regulatory regions, codon usage, and conserved splicing-specific sequences are all present and typical of dicotyledonous plant nuclear genes. we have constructed phenograms ... | 1991 | 1646338 |
| the centromere region of arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 1 contains telomere-similar sequences. | we describe the structure of an arabidopsis thaliana genomic clone containing two classes of repetitive dna elements derived from the centromere region of chromosome 1. one class is comprised of tandem arrays of a highly reiterated repeat containing degenerate telomere sequence motifs. adjacent to these telomere-similar repeats we found a dispersed repetitive element reiterated approximately five times in the a. thaliana genome. the nucleotide sequence of the dispersed repeat is unusual, being e ... | 1991 | 1648204 |
| nucleotide sequence of a cdna clone encoding chloroplast phosphoribulokinase from arabidopsis thaliana. | 1991 | 1651130 | |
| nucleotide sequence of a cdna clone encoding chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from arabidopsis thaliana. | 1991 | 1651131 | |
| transient gene expression in cassava using high-velocity microprojectiles. | the bacterial gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (gus) was transiently expressed in cassava leaves following the introduction of the gene by microparticle bombardment. the dna expression vector used to introduce the reporter gene is a puc 19 derivative and consisted of a camv 35s promoter (p35s), the gus coding region and 7s polyadenylation region. several other promoters and regulating sequences were tested for efficiency in cassava leaves. two derivatives of the p35s, one including a partial dup ... | 1991 | 1653061 |
| cloning and characterization of an inorganic pyrophosphatase gene from arabidopsis thaliana. | 1991 | 1654155 | |
| characterization of the structure and transcription of an ubiquitin fusion gene from maize. | we have identified a maize ubiquitin (ubi) fusion gene (ubf9) by screening a maize w22 genomic phage lambda library with a short (16-nucleotide) oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe derived from the sequence for the extension sequence of a yeast ub13 fusion gene. ubf9 consists of an ub monomer sequence (228 bp long) joined to an extension sequence (237 bp long). the extension sequence encodes a protein of 79 amino acids which shares extensive identity with similar extension aa sequences found in yeast ... | 1991 | 1660830 |
| cloning of a 16-kda ubiquitin carrier protein from wheat and arabidopsis thaliana. identification of functional domains by in vitro mutagenesis. | ubiquitin carrier proteins (e2s) are involved in the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to a variety of cellular target proteins in eukaryotes. here, we report the cloning of genes from wheat and arabidopsis thaliana that encode 16-kda e2s and a domain analysis of e2s by in vitro mutagenesis. the genes for e216kda, which we have designated wheat and at ubc1, encode proteins that are only 33% identical (58% similar) with a 23-kda e2 from wheat (encoded by the gene now designated wheat ubc4), but ar ... | 1991 | 1660887 |
| genetic transformation of arabidopsis thaliana zygotic embryos and identification of critical parameters influencing transformation efficiency. | an efficient procedure for agrobacterium-mediated transformation of zygotic embryos derived from three different arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes has been developed. this procedure yielded an average transformation rate of 76% for ecotype c24, and 15-20% for ecotypes landsberg-erecta and columbia. a critical step for optimal transformation was the preculture of embryos on a phytohormone-containing medium. light and electron microscopical studies showed that, during preculture, procambium cells of e ... | 1991 | 1662767 |
| macrostructure of the tomato telomeres. | the macrostructure of the tomato telomeres has been investigated by in situ hybridization, genomic sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. in situ hybridizations with a cloned telomeric sequence from arabidopsis thaliana indicated that the telomeric repeat of tomato cross-hybridizes with that of arabidopsis and is located at all telomeres. bal31 digestion kinetics confirmed that the tomato telomeric repeat represents the outermost dna sequence of each tomato chromosome. genomic sequenc ... | 1991 | 1668615 |
| development of an efficient transposon tagging system in arabidopsis thaliana. | we are currently developing a transposon tagging system in arabidopsis thaliana using the maize transposable elements ac and ds. in order to make the system as efficient as possible, four different antibiotic resistance markers have been tested for their usefulness in monitoring excision and reinsertion of transposons in the arabidopsis genome. owing to the low transposition frequency of wild-type ac in arabidopsis we have also tested a number of modifications to the ac element. deletion of the ... | 1991 | 1668839 |
| agl1-agl6, an arabidopsis gene family with similarity to floral homeotic and transcription factor genes. | the predicted products of floral homeotic genes, agamous (ag) from arabidopsis thaliana and deficiens a (def a) from antirrhinum majus, have been shown previously to share strong sequence similarity with transcription factors from humans (srf) and yeast (mcm1). the conserved sequence between these proteins is localized within a domain known to be necessary for the dna binding and for the dimerization of srf. we have isolated six new genes from a. thaliana, agl1-agl6, which also have this conserv ... | 1991 | 1672119 |
| construction and characterization of a yeast artificial chromosome library of arabidopsis which is suitable for chromosome walking. | a yeast artificial chromosome (yac) genomic library of arabidopsis thaliana was constructed in a derivative of the vector pyac4 which was modified to facilitate the production of end-specific probes for chromosome walking. experiments in which a subset of 2300 clones from the library were probed with 30 restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers indicated that, on the average, the entire genome is represented once in each 800 yac clones. thus, the complete library of more than 20,00 ... | 1991 | 1674816 |
| a novel class of plant proteins containing a homeodomain with a closely linked leucine zipper motif. | the homeobox, a 183 bp dna sequence element, was originally identified as a region of sequence similarity between many drosophila homeotic genes. the homeobox codes for a dna-binding motif known as the homeodomain. homeobox genes have been found in many animal species, including sea urchins, nematodes, frogs, mice and humans. to isolate homeobox-containing sequences from the plant arabidopsis thaliana, a cdna library was screened with a highly degenerate oligonucleotide corresponding to a conser ... | 1991 | 1675603 |
| mapping genes essential for embryo development in arabidopsis thaliana. | we have previously isolated and characterized over 90 recessive mutants of arabidopsis thaliana defective in embryo development. these emb mutants have been shown to differ in lethal phase, extent of abnormal development, and response in culture. we demonstrate in this report the value and efficiency of mapping emb genes relative to visible and molecular markers. sixteen genes essential for embryo development were mapped relative to visible markers by analyzing progeny of selfed f1 plants. embry ... | 1991 | 1678137 |
| [molecular genetical study of arabidopsis thaliana]. | 1991 | 1678194 | |
| differential induction of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase genes in arabidopsis thaliana by wounding and pathogenic attack. | we have isolated cdnas from two distinct genes encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (dahp) synthase (ec 4.1.2.15) in arabidopsis thaliana. predicted protein sequences from both genes, dhs1 and dhs2, and a potato dahp synthase gene are highly related, but none shows significant sequence similarity to conserved microbial dahp synthase proteins. despite this structural difference, the dhs1 cdna complements mutations in a yeast strain lacking dahp synthase activity. dhs1 rna levels i ... | 1991 | 1681544 |
| rdna intergenic region from arabidopsis thaliana. structural analysis, intraspecific variation and functional implications. | the ribosomal gene intergenic region from arabidopsis thaliana contains four clusters of mutually unrelated repeated sequences. by comparison with the respective regions in two other brassicaceae, raphanus and sinapis, the putative promoter sequence for rna polymerase i was located. the homologies suggest that the rna polymerase i promoter in brassicaceae ranges further upstream than in animals. upstream duplications of at least a part of the promoter region were found to be located between indi ... | 1991 | 1682499 |
| the glutamine synthetase gene family of arabidopsis thaliana: light-regulation and differential expression in leaves, roots and seeds. | glutamine synthetase (gs) plays an important role in the assimilation of nitrogen by higher plants. we present here a molecular analysis of the gs polypeptides, mrnas, and genes of arabidopsis thaliana. western blot analysis of leaf and root protein extracts revealed at least two distinct gs polypeptides; 43 kda and 39 kda gs polypeptides were present in leaves, while only a 39 kda gs was detected in roots. the 43 kda gs polypeptide is light-inducible. in etiolated seedlings only the 39 kda gs w ... | 1991 | 1684022 |
| a flourishing time for flower development. workshop on flower development, sponsored by fundación juan march, madrid, spain, march 11-13, 1991. | molecular genetics has recently erupted in the field of flower development, an area of research traditionally cultivated by plant physiologists. the isolation and molecular characterization of seven homeotic genes (four in antirrhinum majus and three in arabidopsis thaliana) that control both floral organogenesis and the transition from inflorescences to floral meristems is leading to major breakthroughs in the understanding of the mechanisms governing flower development. this has already had a ... | 1991 | 1684287 |
| genetic interactions among floral homeotic genes of arabidopsis. | we describe allelic series for three loci, mutations in which result in homeotic conversions in two adjacent whorls in the arabidopsis thaliana flower. both the structure of the mature flower and its development from the initial primordium are described by scanning electron microscopy. new mutations at the apetala2 locus, ap2-2, ap2-8 and ap2-9, cause homeotic conversions in the outer two whorls: sepals to carpels (or leaves) and petals to stamens. two new mutations of pistillata, pi-2 and pi-3, ... | 1991 | 1685111 |
| genome mapping with anchored clones: theoretical aspects. | as part of our effort to construct a physical map of the genome of arabidopsis thaliana we have made a mathematical analysis of our experimental approach of anchoring yeast artificial chromosome clones with genetically mapped rflps and rapds. the details of this analysis are presented and their implications for mapping the arabidopsis genome are discussed. | 1991 | 1686019 |
| mapping the arabidopsis genome. | we are engaged in a project to assemble a complete physical map of the arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. genome. the first stage of this project involved the analysis of approximately 20,000 random cosmid clones representing an 8- to 10-fold sampling redundancy. using computer matching programs, these clones have been assembled into some 750 contigs, encompassing 90-95% of the arabidopsis genome. we are currently attempting to bridge the gaps by selecting the missing clones by hybridization. as a ... | 1991 | 1688208 |
| the tub alpha 3 gene from zea mays: structure and expression in dividing plant tissues. | a gene (tub alpha 3) coding for an alpha-tub, expressed in dividing tissues, has been cloned from zea mays. the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence, 450 aa long, is very similar to the other plant alpha-tub (85-89% homology) so far reported, and in particular to the other two aa sequences (alpha 1-tub and alpha 2-tub) already published from the same species (93% homology). the genomic structure is also very similar, having three introns located at the same positions as in the tub alpha 1 and tub al ... | 1990 | 1701749 |
| a superfamily of arabidopsis thaliana retrotransposons. | we describe a superfamily of arabidopsis thaliana retrotransposable elements that consists of at least ten related families designated ta1-ta10. the ta1 family has been described previously. two genomic clones representing the ta2 and ta3 elements were isolated from an a. thaliana (race landsberg erecta) lambda library using sequences derived from the reverse transcriptase region of ta1 as hybridization probes. nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the ta1, ta2 and ta3 families share greater ... | 1991 | 1709409 |
| a tandem of alpha-tubulin genes preferentially expressed in radicular tissues from zea mays. | the identification of a cdna (mr19) corresponding to a maize alpha-tubulin and homologous genomic clones (mg19/6 and mg19/14) is described. the cdna has been isolated by differential screening of a cdna maize root library. we have found two alpha-tubulin genes in a tandem arrangement in the genomic clones, separated by approximately 1.5 kbp. one of the genes (gene i) contains an identical nucleotide sequence which corresponds to the cdna clone. the two deduced proteins from dna sequences are ver ... | 1990 | 1713800 |
| effect of light on the nadph-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase of arabidopsis thaliana. | a cdna encoding the nadph-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (pchlide reductase) of arabidopsis thaliana has been isolated and sequenced. the cdna contains the complete reading frame for the precursor of the pchlide reductase. the deduced amino acid sequence of the arabidopsis enzyme closely resembles the corresponding sequences of barley and oat. the cdna has been used as a template for the synthesis of the enzyme protein in escherichia coli. an antiserum was raised against this enzyme protein ... | 1991 | 1714319 |
| the war of the whorls: genetic interactions controlling flower development. | the analysis of mutations affecting flower structure has led to the identification of some of the genes that direct flower development. cloning of these genes has allowed the formulation of molecular models of how floral meristem and organ identity may be specified, and has shown that the distantly related flowering plants arabidopsis thaliana and antirrhinum majus use homologous mechanisms in floral pattern formation. | 1991 | 1715520 |
| two genes encoding the soybean translation elongation factor eef-1 alpha are transcribed in seedling leaves. | a cdna and a genomic dna library from soybean (glycine max l.) were used to identify and sequence two genes coding for the alpha-subunit of the translation elongation factor eef-1. within the coding part, the two genes (tefs1 and tefs2) diverge in 80 wobble positions thus yielding an identical protein composed of 447 amino acids. the soybean protein has about 95% similarity with eef-1 alpha proteins of arabidopsis thaliana and tomato. both genes s1 and s2 contain, within the coding part at a sit ... | 1991 | 1715783 |
| arabidopsis mutants deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. biochemical and genetic characterization of a plant oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine desaturase. | the overall fatty acid composition of leaf lipids in a mutant of arabidopsis thaliana was characterized by reduced levels of polyunsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids and an increased proportion of oleate as a consequence of a single recessive nuclear mutation. quantitative analysis of the fatty acid composition of individual lipids demonstrated that all the major phospholipids of the extrachloroplast membranes are affected by the mutation, whereas the chlorplast lipids show fatty acid compositions ... | 1992 | 1730697 |
| cdna and derived amino acid sequence of a cytosolic cu,zn superoxide dismutase from arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heyhn. | 1992 | 1731963 | |
| cdna sequence analysis and expression of two cold-regulated genes of arabidopsis thaliana. | the dna sequences of cdnas for two cor (cold-regulated) genes of arabidopsis thaliana l. (heyn) were determined. one cdna (approximately 70% full-length) corresponds to a cor gene, designated cor47, that encodes a 47 kda hydrophilic polypeptide. the data indicate that cor47 has amino acid sequence homology with group ii lea (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins, a class of proteins that accumulate late in embryo development. dna sequence analysis of a second cdna (containing the complete protei ... | 1992 | 1731964 |
| isolation and transcriptional competence of three trna(trp) genes from arabidopsis thaliana l. | 1992 | 1731970 | |
| the glucosinolate-degrading enzyme myrosinase in brassicaceae is encoded by a gene family. | a full-length cdna clone (mb3) and three partial clones (ma1, mb1 and mb2) which encode myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase, ec 3.2.3.1) were isolated from a sinapis alba (white mustard) cdna library. nucleotide sequence analysis of these clones revealed that they are encoded by a gene family. southern blot analysis with gene-specific probes showed that the gene family consists of a least two subfamilies (ma and mb) each with several members both in s. alba and in brassica napus (oilseed ra ... | 1992 | 1731996 |
| identification of an essential tyrosine residue in the catalytic site of a chitinase isolated from zea mays that is selectively modified during inactivation with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide. | chitinase isolated from zea mays seeds is inactivated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (edc) in the absence of exogenous nucleophiles. oligomers of n-acetylglucosamine,n,n',n",n"'-tetra-n-acetylchitotetraose (glcnac4), and to a lesser extent, n,n',n"-tri-n-acetylchitotriose (glcnac3) and n,n'-di-n-acetylchitobiose (glcnac2) provide partial protection against inactivation by the reagent. an examination of the concentration dependence of the protection afforded by glcnac4 revealed ... | 1992 | 1740436 |
| a genetic and molecular model for flower development in arabidopsis thaliana. | cells in developing organisms do not only differentiate, they differentiate in defined patterns. a striking example is the differentiation of flowers, which in most plant families consist of four types of organs: sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, each composed of characteristic cell types. in the families of flowering plants in which these organs occur, they are patterned with the sepals in the outermost whorl or whorls of the flower, with the petals next closest to the center, the stamens ev ... | 1991 | 1742498 |
| isolation of mutants of arabidopsis thaliana in which accumulation of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein is reduced to low levels. | we have found that arabidopsis thaliana is susceptible to infection with a crucifer strain of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv-cg); the coat protein of tmv-cg accumulated to a high level in uninoculated rosette leaves several days after inoculation. as a first step in the search for host-coded factors that are involved in virus multiplication, we isolated mutants of a. thaliana in which the accumulation of tmv-cg coat protein was reduced to low levels. of 6000 m2 plants descended from ethyl methanesulf ... | 1991 | 1745239 |
| isolation and sequence analysis of tga1 cdnas encoding a tomato g protein alpha subunit. | we have isolated cdnas for a gene coding for a g protein alpha subunit from tomato (lycopersicon esculentum, cv. vf36). this gene, named tga1, was isolated using a cdna of the arabidopsis thaliana g protein alpha subunit-encoding gene, gpa1, as a dna probe. the sequences of four cdna clones indicate that the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of the gene product (tg alpha 1) has 384 aa (44906 da). the predicted tg alpha 1 protein exhibits similarity to all known g protein alpha subunits. the aa ar ... | 1991 | 1748292 |
| isolation and analysis of cdnas encoding small gtp-binding proteins of arabidopsis thaliana. | we previously isolated a dna fragment from arabidopsis thaliana homologous to the mammalian ras gene and named it ara [matsui et al., gene 76 (1989) 313-319]. screening of cdna clones homologous to ara in a. thaliana resulted in the isolation of four homologous genes. the products of these genes, ara-2, ara-3, ara-4 and ara-5, showed conservation of amino acids (aa) in four regions, all of which are present in small gtp-binding proteins, and are important for gtpase/gtp-binding activities. these ... | 1991 | 1748311 |
| qualitative and quantitative genetic studies of arabidopsis thaliana. | 1991 | 1752410 | |
| arabidopsis thaliana h1 histones. analysis of two members of a small gene family. | we have isolated two arabidopsis thaliana cdna clones that encodes different h1 histone proteins. the h1-1 and h1-2 proteins are 274 and 273 amino acids in length, respectively. unlike the h1 histones within a single animal species, the two plant h1 proteins share little sequence similarity outside the protein's central globular domain. within the globular domain, a pentapeptide that is extremely well conserved in animal h1 histones, is not found in either of the plant proteins. southern blot an ... | 1991 | 1765064 |
| distribution of the rdna and three classes of highly repetitive dna in the chromatin of interphase nuclei of arabidopsis thaliana. | the distribution of the ribosomal rna (rrna) genes and three classes of highly repetitive dna in the chromatin of interphase nuclei of arabidopsis thaliana was studied for the first time through non-isotopic in situ hybridization and luminescence digital imaging microscopy. each of the three classes of highly repetitive dna exhibited a characteristic hybridization pattern, and one class was seen to be primarily localized on two chromocentres, which would allow it to distinguish a particular chro ... | 1991 | 1769272 |
| identification of pseudomonas syringae pathogens of arabidopsis and a bacterial locus determining avirulence on both arabidopsis and soybean. | to develop a model system for molecular genetic analysis of plant-pathogen interactions, we studied the interaction between arabidopsis thaliana and the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (pst). pst strains were found to be virulent or avirulent on specific arabidopsis ecotypes, and single ecotypes were resistant to some pst strains and susceptible to others. in many plant-pathogen interactions, disease resistance is controlled by the simultaneous presence of single plant resistan ... | 1991 | 1824334 |
| induction of arabidopsis defense genes by virulent and avirulent pseudomonas syringae strains and by a cloned avirulence gene. | we developed a model system to study the signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in the defense against pathogen attack. here we describe the identification and characterization of virulent and avirulent pseudomonas syringae strains that elicit disease or resistance symptoms when infiltrated into arabidopsis leaves. the virulent and avirulent strains were characterized by determining growth of the pathogen in arabidopsis leaves and by measuri ... | 1991 | 1824335 |
| two genes, atpc1 and atpc2, for the gamma subunit of arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast atp synthase. | arabidopsis thaliana has two genes (atpc1, atpc2) coding for gamma subunits of chloroplast atp synthase. the atpc1 and atpc2 were cloned and sequenced. they had no introns within the reading frames and coded for proteins of 373 and 386 amino acid residues, respectively, including putative transit sequences (50 and 60 amino acid residues, respectively). in contrast, the spinach gamma subunit gene had two introns within the reading frame. the mature sequences coded by the two genes of a. thaliana ... | 1991 | 1826905 |
| separate signal pathways regulate the expression of a low-temperature-induced gene in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. | a cdna clone corresponding to a novel low-temperature-induced arabidopsis thaliana gene, named lti140, was employed for studies of the environmental signals and the signal pathways involved in cold-induced gene expression. the single-copy lti140 gene encodes a 140 kda cold acclimation-related polypeptide. the lti140 mrna accumulates rapidly in both leaves and roots when plants are subject to low temperature or water stress or are treated with the plant hormone abscisic acid (aba), but not by hea ... | 1991 | 1830821 |
| cold acclimation and cold-regulated gene expression in aba mutants of arabidopsis thaliana. | we have examined the cold-induced enhancement of freezing tolerance and expression of cold-regulated (cor) genes in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh (landsberg 'erecta') and abscisic acid (aba)-deficient (aba) and aba-insensitive (abi) mutants derived from it. the results indicate that the abi mutations had no apparent effect on freezing tolerance, while the aba mutations did: cold-acclimated aba mutants were markedly impaired in freezing tolerance compared to wild-type plants. in addition, it wa ... | 1991 | 1834244 |
| identification of an autoinhibitory domain in the c-terminal region of the plant plasma membrane h(+)-atpase. | proteolytic (trypsin) treatment removes a small terminal segment from the 100-kda plant plasma membrane h(+)-atpase. this results in activation of h+ pumping across the plasma membrane, suggesting that an inhibitory domain is located in one of the terminal regions of the enzyme (palmgren, m.g., larsson, c., and sommarin, m. (1990) j. biol. chem. 265, 13423-13426). in order to identify the origin of the fragment released by trypsin, polyclonal antibodies were raised against the first 55 amino aci ... | 1991 | 1834646 |
| the gin recombinase of phage mu can catalyse site-specific recombination in plant protoplasts. | a mutant gin recombinase of the phage mu dna inversion system was successfully expressed in arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco protoplasts. site-specific recombination was monitored both physically and biologically with the help of a recombination assay system in which expression of a beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene requires gin-mediated recombination. we demonstrate that the wild-type gin protein is not able to promote recombination in plant protoplasts, presumably because plant cells do not contai ... | 1991 | 1836050 |
| cis and trans-acting elements involved in the activation of arabidopsis thaliana a1 gene encoding the translation elongation factor ef-1 alpha. | in a. thaliana the translation elongation factor ef-1 alpha is encoded by a small multigenic family of four members (a1-a4). the a1 gene promoter has been dissected and examined in a transient expression system using the gus reporter gene. deletion analysis has shown that several elements are involved in the activation process. one cis-acting domain, the tef 1 box, has been accurately mapped 100 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site. this domain is the target for trans-acting factors ... | 1991 | 1840652 |
| isolation, characterization and expression of a gene coding for a 2s albumin from bertholletia excelsa (brazil nut). | two genes, be2s1 and be2s2, coding for methionine-rich albumins of brazil nut (bertholletia excelsa h.b.k.) have been cloned and their sequence determined. the genes are members of a multigene family and one of them, i.e. be2s1, codes for one of the dominant 2s isoforms. its expression is highly regulated during seed development and with respect to tissue specificity. sequence analysis has shown that the genes contain one intron and that the promoter of be2s1 shows a canonical tata motif. the tr ... | 1991 | 1840683 |
| nucleotide sequence and characterization of a maize cytoplasmic ribosomal protein s11 cdna. | we isolated a zea mays cdna encoding the 40s subunit cytoplasmic ribosomal protein s11. the nucleotide sequence was determined and the derived amino acid sequence compared to the corresponding arabidopsis thaliana protein showing an homology of 90%. this ribosomal protein is encoded by a small multigene family of at least two members. the mrna steady-state level is about one order of magnitude higher in rapidly growing parts of the plant such as the roots and shoots of seedlings compared to full ... | 1991 | 1840689 |
| tryptophan mutants in arabidopsis: the consequences of duplicated tryptophan synthase beta genes. | the cruciferous plant arabidopsis thaliana has two closely related, nonallelic tryptophan synthase beta genes (tsb1 and tsb2), each containing four introns and a chloroplast leader sequence. both genes are transcribed, although tsb1 produces greater than 90% of tryptophan synthase beta mrna in leaf tissue. a tryptophan-requiring mutant, trp2-1, has been identified that has about 10% of the wild-type tryptophan synthase beta activity. the trp2-1 mutation is complemented by the tsb1 transgene and ... | 1991 | 1840915 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of genes expressed in shoot apical meristems. | the above-ground portion of a plant develops from the shoot apical meristem. an abundant source of apical meristems was obtained from cauliflower heads. meristematic cdnas were identified by differential screening and used to isolate corresponding arabidopsis thaliana genes. transcriptional promoters from arabidopsis clones were fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene and introduced into plants, and gus expression was used to analyze temporal and spatial regulation of the promoters. ... | 1991 | 1840916 |
| identification of the arabidopsis chl3 gene as the nitrate reductase structural gene nia2. | chlorate, the chlorine analog of nitrate, is a herbicide that has been used to select mutants impaired in the process of nitrate assimilation. in arabidopsis thaliana, mutations at any one of eight distinct loci confer resistance to chlorate. the molecular identities of the genes at these loci are not known; however, one of these loci--chl3--maps very near the nitrate reductase structural gene nia2. through the isolation, characterization, and genetic analysis of new chlorate-resistant mutants g ... | 1991 | 1840922 |
| the arabidopsis functional homolog of the p34cdc2 protein kinase. | the p34cdc2 protein kinase is a key component of the eukaryotic cell cycle, which is required for g1 to s-phase transition and for entry into mitosis. using a 380-base pair dna fragment obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification from an arabidopsis thaliana flower cdna library as a probe, we isolated and sequenced a cdc2-homologous cdna from arabidopsis. the encoded polypeptide has extensive homology with cdc2-like kinases. furthermore, when expressed in a cdc28ts saccharomyces strain, ... | 1991 | 1840925 |
| phytochrome control of the tms2 gene in transgenic arabidopsis: a strategy for selecting mutants in the signal transduction pathway. | introduction of the tms2 gene from agrobacterium tumefaciens into arabidopsis thaliana yields transgenic seedlings with a new selectable phenotype: the seedlings are strongly growth inhibited on micromolar concentrations of auxin amide substrates that do not significantly affect wild-type seedlings. the tms2 gene encodes an amidohydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of biologically inactive auxin amides into active auxins, which are toxic to plants at elevated concentrations. in the absence of ... | 1991 | 1841718 |
| genetic analysis of ethylene responses in arabidopsis thaliana. | the plant hormone ethylene mediates a number of developmental processes and responses to environmental stress in higher plants. our research efforts over the last three years have been focused on developing an understanding of the molecular basis of ethylene action in plants. to this end, we have isolated mutants in arabidopsis thaliana with altered responses to ethylene. one such mutant, designated etr, shows no measurable responses to ethylene and has reduced ethylene binding in leaf tissue in ... | 1991 | 1843406 |
| the phenotype of arabidopsis thaliana det1 mutants suggests a role for cytokinins in greening. | when grown in the absence of light, the det1 mutants of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. develop characteristics of light-grown plants as determined by morphological, cellular, and molecular criteria. further, in light-grown plants, mutations in the det1 gene affect cell-type-specific expression of light-regulated genes and the chloroplast developmental program. here we show that the addition of exogenously added cytokinins (either 2-isopentenyl adenine, kinetin, or benzyladenine) to the growth ... | 1991 | 1843409 |
| an arabidopsis thaliana g-box-binding protein similar to the wheat leucine zipper protein identified as hbp-1. | g-box (ccacgtgg) like sequences are present in a variety of plant promoters and in many cases they have been demonstrated to be required for maximal expression of the corresponding gene. a nuclear protein, gbf, interacts specifically with the g-box motif of several rbcs and cab promoters. here we describe the isolation of a cdna from arabidopsis thaliana that encodes a protein, designated gbf-1, with dna binding properties similar to gbf. gbf-1 is characterized by a basic/leucine zipper motif wh ... | 1991 | 1843410 |
| a model for cell-type determination and differentiation in plants. | we are using trichome formation on the plant arabidopsis thaliana as a model for the study of plant cell determination and differentiation. several of the genes that are required for trichome formation are defined by mutations. two mutations, ttg and gl1, prevent the initiation of trichome differentiation. thus, these mutations define products that are involved in the signalling of trichome determination. other mutations, gl2, gl3, dis1, and dis2, define genes that are involved in trichome matur ... | 1991 | 1843415 |
| evidence for a plasma membrane proton pump in phloem cells of higher plants. | metabolic energy is required for the loading of sucrose into the phloem and translocation of sugars throughout the plant. the proton electrochemical gradient generated by a plasma membrane proton pump (h(+)-atpase) is thought to provide energy for these processes. the plasma membrane h(+)-atpase is encoded by a multigene family in arabidopsis thaliana. here we characterize the expression of isoform aha3 (arabidopsis h(+)-atpase isoform 3). the aha3 mrna start site was mapped and 464 bp of the pu ... | 1991 | 1844877 |
| molecular characterization of an arabidopsis thaliana cdna encoding a small gtp-binding protein, rha1. | we have isolated a cdna encoding a small gtp-binding protein from an arabidopsis thaliana cdna library using an oligonucleotide probe derived from the most conserved domain of the ras superfamily. the cdna encodes a 21.8 kda protein, designated rha1, which shows high homology to members of the ras superfamily in the regions involved in gtp binding, gtpase activity, and membrane attachment. the amino acid sequence is 60% identical to the sequence of the mammalian rab5 protein, a small gtp-binding ... | 1991 | 1844882 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of posf21, an arabidopsis thaliana gene which shows characteristics of a b-zip class transcription factor. | we have isolated a putative transcription factor gene, posf21, from arabidopsis thaliana using an indirect cross-hybridization approach. cdna clones were isolated which encode single repeating amino acids. such sequences may function as activation domains in transcription factors and may be indicative for such proteins. the clone posf21 encodes a region very rich in glutamines. besides this putative activation domain it encodes a protein sequence which shows all the characteristics of a basic-do ... | 1991 | 1844885 |
| identification and map position of yac clones comprising one-third of the arabidopsis genome. | yac clones corresponding to 125 arabidopsis thaliana rflp markers have been identified. at least one yac clone has been isolated for each of the rflp markers tested. based on chef gel analysis of 196 clones, the mean insert size of the available arabidopsis yac libraries is approximately 160 kb. the yacs of known genetic map location encompass about 30% of the arabidopsis genome. the results presented here represent a first step towards assembly of an overlapping yac library of the a. thaliana g ... | 1991 | 1844889 |
| lambda yes: a multifunctional cdna expression vector for the isolation of genes by complementation of yeast and escherichia coli mutations. | this work describes a multifunctional phage lambda expression vector system, lambda yes, designed to facilitate gene isolation from eukaryotes by complementation of escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae mutations. lambda yes vectors have a selection for cdna inserts using an oligo adaptor strategy and are capable of expressing genes in both e. coli and s. cerevisiae. they also allow conversion from phage lambda to plasmid clones by using the cre-lox site-specific recombination system, re ... | 1991 | 1848010 |
| the ubiquitin-encoding multigene family of flax, linum usitatissimum. | ubiquitin (ubq), a 76-amino acid (aa) protein, is found in all eukaryotic organisms and is one of the most conserved proteins so far studied. it is implicated in many cellular processes. the ubq-encoding genes (ubq) are generally present as a multigene family. in flax, we have estimated that this multigene family contains at the most ten members. the initial flax ubq sequences were isolated from a flax genomic library in lambda embl4 using a heterologous arabidopsis thaliana ubq probe. an 916-bp ... | 1991 | 1850710 |
| transient occurrence of extrachromosomal dna of an arabidopsis thaliana transposon-like element, tat1. | analysis of 11 genomic clones containing the s-adenosylmethionine synthetase 1 gene (sam1) of arabidopsis thaliana revealed the presence of a 431-base-pair (bp) insertion in the 3' end of sam1 in one of these clones. the inserted sequence, called tat1, shows structural features of a transposon. it is flanked by a 5-bp duplication of the target site dna and has 13-bp inverted repeats at its termini. two highly homologous elements situated in a different genomic context were isolated from a genomi ... | 1991 | 1850833 |
| gap junction protein homologue from arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for connexins in plants. | an arabidopsis thaliana library constructed in the pbluescript expression vector lambda zap ii (stratagene) was screened with three affinity-purified antibodies raised against (i) rat liver connexin 32, (ii) a polypeptide from soybean root cells that migrates with a molecular mass of 29 kda in sds/polyacrylamide gels and is immunologically related to rat liver connexin, and (iii) a synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence in rat liver connexin 32. a single clone was obtained whose gene prod ... | 1991 | 1851993 |
| expression of nuclear trna(tyr) genes from arabidopsis thaliana in hela cell and wheat germ extracts. | the transcription of thirteen arabidopsis trna(tyr) genes in a trna gene cluster was studied in hela cell nuclear extracts. all trna(tyr) genes are efficiently transcribed. initiation of transcription starts at adenosine residues at positions -5 or -6, and termination occurs at an oligo(t) stretch located 17 to 21 bp downstream of the 3' end of the structural genes depending on the gene studied. maturation of intron-containing pre-trnas was compared in hela cell and wheat germ extracts and revea ... | 1991 | 1859869 |
| transient expression of beta-glucuronidase in arabidopsis thaliana leaves and roots and brassica napus stems using a pneumatic particle gun. | successful transient expression of beta-glucuronidase (gus) in arabidopsis thaliana leaves and roots and brassica napus stems was obtained after gene delivery with a pneumatic particle gun driven by compressed air. effects of the pneumatic pressure used to accelerate the particles (accelerating pressure; 85 to 200 kg/cm2) and of preculture periods of plant tissues (0 to 6 days) on the efficiency of gene delivery were studied. in a. thaliana leaves, best results were obtained at 115 kg/cm2 of acc ... | 1991 | 1863778 |
| nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genes trns(tga) encoding trna(tgaser) in oenothera berteriana and arabidopsis thaliana. | the genes encoding trna(tgaser) have been investigated in the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of oenothera berteriana and arabidopsis thaliana. sequence analysis shows four nucleotide (nt) differences between the two dicots, but only two differences between each dicot and the available monocot sequences. similarity comparisons identify these genes as encoding a native mt trna(tgaser), with less than 77% of the nt identical to the corresponding chloroplast trnas. | 1991 | 1874448 |
| expression of a cdna clone encoding the haem-binding domain of chlorella nitrate reductase. | a partial cdna clone coding for the haem-binding domain of nadh:nitrate reductase (ec 1.6.6.1) (nr) from the unicellular green alga chlorella vulgaris has been isolated, sequenced and expressed. a 1.2 kb cdna (pcvnr1) was isolated from a lambda gt11 expression library produced from polyadenylated rna extracted from nitrate-grown chlorella cells. pcvnr1 hybridized to a 3.5 kb mrna transcript that was nitrate-inducible and absent from ammonium-grown cells. the entire sequence of pcvnr1 was obtaine ... | 1991 | 1883330 |
| characterization of the gene encoding the 10 kda polypeptide of photosystem ii from arabidopsis thaliana. | we report the characterization of a 1388 bp genomic fragment from arabidopsis thaliana that encompasses the entire transcription unit of the gene encoding the precursor of 10 kda polypeptide of photosystem ii, 495 bp of the 5' flanking region and 73 bp of the 3' boundary of the gene. the deduced protein shows 78% and 73% homology, respectively, with its homologues from potato and spinach. the transcription of the gene seems to be greatly enhanced by light and only transcribed in substantial amou ... | 1991 | 1884004 |
| reversible inactivation of a transgene in arabidopsis thaliana. | fifty percent of arabidopsis thaliana plants transgenic for a hygromycin resistance gene failed to transmit the resistance phenotype to the progeny. the complete transgene was, however, inherited in all cases according to mendelian laws as observed by southern analysis. this discrepancy between genotype and phenotype was the result of a reduced level of transcript in the sensitive transformants. the gene inactivation occurred in plants with multicopy integration of the foreign dna. no definite c ... | 1991 | 1886604 |
| chloroplasts of arabidopsis thaliana homozygous for the ch-1 locus lack chlorophyll b, lack stable lhcpii and have stacked thylakoids. | we are interested in the mechanism of insertion of proteins into the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and the role that accessory pigments may play in this process. for this reason we have begun a molecular analysis of mutant plants deficient in pigments that associate with thylakoid membrane proteins. we have characterized plants that are homozygous for the previously isolated, recessive mutation chlorina-1 (ch-1) of arabidopsis thaliana. despite the lack of chlorophyll b and light-harvesting pro ... | 1991 | 1888897 |
| analysis of two linked genes coding for the acyl carrier protein (acp) from arabidopsis thaliana (columbia). | two linked genes, a1 and a2, coding for nearly identical isoforms of the acyl carrier protein (acp) were isolated from an arabidopsis thaliana (columbia) genomic library and sequenced. the amino acids deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the two genes indicate they encode distinct transit peptides, but the mature proteins are the same except for residue 79. both genes are predicted to contain three introns in similar positions, although they differ in sequence and length. the introns interrup ... | 1991 | 1893112 |
| molecular characterization and genetic origin of the brassica napus acetohydroxyacid synthase multigene family. | the brassica napus rapeseed cultivar topas contains an acetohydroxyacid synthase (ahas) multigene family consisting of five members (ahas 1-5). dna sequence analysis indicate that ahas1 and ahas3 share extensive homology. they probably encode the ahas enzymes essential for plant growth and development. ahas2 has diverged significantly from ahas1 and ahas3 and has unique features in the coding region of the mature polypeptide, transit peptide and upstream non-coding dna, which raises the possibil ... | 1991 | 1896019 |
| a genetic and physiological analysis of late flowering mutants in arabidopsis thaliana. | monogenic mutants of the early ecotype landsberg erecta were selected on the basis of late flowering under long day (ld) conditions after treatment with ethyl methanesulphonate or irradiation. in addition to later flowering the number of rosette and cauline leaves is proportionally higher in all mutants, although the correlation coefficient between the two parameters is not the same for all genotypes. forty-two independently induced mutants were found to represent mutations at 11 loci. the mutat ... | 1991 | 1896021 |
| nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel glycine-rich protein gene from arabidopsis thaliana. | a clone containing a gene coding for a novel glycine-rich protein has been identified in an arabidopsis thaliana genomic library. the gene codes for a 339 amino acid protein and is interrupted by a 686 bp intervening sequence. the gene is present in one copy only. transcripts accumulate mainly in hypocotyls and stems and the highest level is observed in rosettes before the start of stem elongation. the protein contains 71% of glycine residues and is highly hydrophobic. | 1991 | 1912511 |
| cloning and chromosomal mapping of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase from arabidopsis thaliana. | both cdna and genomic clones for the nuclear genes encoding chloroplast (cp) (gapa and gapb) and cytosolic (gapc) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) from arabidopsis thaliana have been isolated and characterized. genomic southern-blot analyses indicate that there is only one copy of each gapa, gapb and gapc gene in a. thaliana. comparison of the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences shows that the a and b subunits are highly similar (80% positional aa identity), while there is less sim ... | 1991 | 1916285 |