Publications

crown condition surveys in italian forests: issues in reporting findings.	this study examines defoliation and discoloration findings collected throughout the italian level i network between 1997 and 2000. prior to this period no quality assurance procedures had been implemented, so that earlier findings cannot be considered reliable. the aim of the study is to compare different indices used in reporting findings, in order to determine the full potential and limitations of each. in international surveys, findings are normally expressed in terms of individual trees pres ...	2003	12841687
the putative gymnosperm plant defensin polypeptide (spi1) accumulates after seed germination, is not readily released, and the spi1 levels are reduced in pythium dimorphum-infected spruce roots.	the putative plant defensin spi1 cdna from the conifer norway spruce (picea abies) is the only known plant defensin-like sequence from a gymnosperm. the predicted translational product spi1 was not detected in the embryo or other parts of the seed by means of antibodies, but it accumulated in the root cortex after germination. in roots of seedlings infected with the root pathogenic oomycete pythium dimorphum and the blue stain fungus ceratocystis polonica, variable levels of spi1 was detected du ...	2003	12856937
quantifying ozone uptake at the canopy level of spruce, pine and larch trees at the alpine timberline: an approach based on sap flow measurement.	micro-climatic and ambient ozone data were combined with measurements of sap flow through tree trunks in order to estimate whole-tree ozone uptake of adult norway spruce (picea abies), cembran pine (pinus cembra), and european larch (larix decidua) trees. sap flow was monitored by means of the heat balance approach in two trees of each species during the growing season of 1998. in trees making up the stand canopy, the ozone uptake by evergreen foliages was significantly higher than by deciduous ...	2003	12860097
brassinolide improves embryogenic tissue initiation in conifers and rice.	somatic embryogenesis (se), the most promising technology for the large-scale production of high-value coniferous trees from advanced breeding and genetic engineering programs, is expected to play an important role in increasing productivity, sustainability, and the uniformity of future u.s. forests. to be successful for commercial use, se technology must work with a variety of genetically diverse trees. initiation in loblolly pine ( pinus taeda l.), our main focus species, is often recalcitrant ...	2003	12879262
seasonal changes in stem radius and production of new tracheids in norway spruce.	the progress of xylem formation in norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) was measured during one growing season in southern finland. stem radius was monitored continuously with band dendrometers, and the formation of new tracheids was determined by examination of small increment cores taken twice weekly. tracheid production started in june and ceased in august. xylem formation was fastest in early july, when 0.75-1.25 new tracheids were formed per day. the rate of xylem formation was significa ...	2003	12952782
developmental lignification and seasonal variation in beta-glucosidase and peroxidase activities in xylem of scots pine, norway spruce and silver birch.	we examined the relationship between beta-glucosidase and peroxidase activities and xylem lignification in the stems of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and silver birch (betula pendula roth) during the 1999 growing season. examination of stem cross sections stained with safranin and alcian blue for lignin and cellulose, respectively, indicated that radial growth of pine and spruce xylem began in late may, whereas the growth of birch xylem was initiated 2 ...	2003	12952784
the dibenzodioxocin lignin substructure is abundant in the inner part of the secondary wall in norway spruce and silver birch xylem.	a specific condensed lignin substructure, dibenzodioxocin, was immunolocalized in differentiating cell walls of norway spruce ( picea abies (l.) h. karsten) and silver birch ( betula pendula roth) xylem. a fluorescent probe, alexa 488 was used as a marker on the dibenzodioxocin-specific secondary antibody. for the detection of this lignin substructure, 25-microm cross-sections of xylem were viewed with a confocal laser-scanning microscope with fluorescein isothiocyanate fluorescence filters. in ...	2004	13680231
repeated freeze-thaw cycles induce embolism in drought stressed conifers (norway spruce, stone pine).	freezing and thawing lead to xylem embolism when gas bubbles caused by ice formation expand during the thaw process. however, previous experimental studies indicated that conifers are resistant to freezing-induced embolism, unless xylem pressure becomes very negative during the freezing. in this study, we show that conifers experienced freezing-induced embolism when exposed to repeated freeze-thaw cycles and simultaneously to drought. simulating conditions at the alpine timberline (128 days with ...	2003	14520570
the timing of bud burst and its effect on tree growth.	a phenology model for estimating the timings of bud burst--one of the most influential phenological phases for the simulation of tree growth--is presented in this study. the model calculates the timings of the leafing of beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and oak (quercus robur l.) and the may shoot of norway spruce (picea abies l.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) on the basis of the daily maximum temperature. the data for parameterisation and validation of the model have been taken from 40 climate ...	2004	14564495
drought stress alters the concentration of wood terpenoids in scots pine and norway spruce seedlings.	drought is known to have an impact on the resistance of conifers to various pests, for example, by affecting resin flow in trees. little is known, however, about the quantitative and qualitative changes in resin when trees are growing in low moisture conditions. we exposed scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings to medium and severe drought stress for two growing seasons and analyzed the monoterpenes and resin acids in the main stem wood after two y ...	2003	14584671
juvenile nitrogen uptake capacities and root architecture of two open-pollinated families of picea abies. effects of nitrogen source and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.	this study was carried out to find early physiological differences occurring in young seedlings between two contrasting picea abies open-pollinated families (opf), one with high- and one with low-growth performance in the field by, determining their n uptake capacities and their root architecture. we used three potential n-sources in forest soil solution, no3-, nh4+ and amino acids, to establish n uptake rates by the plants, whether or not associated with a fungus isolated from the field and ide ...	2003	14610890
detecting differences in crown transparency assessments between countries using the image analysis system croco.	estimates of crown transparency calculated using the semi-automatic image analysis system croco were compared with the visual estimates of survey teams from 12 european countries. for each of five european species (norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.), silver fir (abies alba mill.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), beech (fagus sylvatica l.), oak (quercus robur l.)) 15 trees were assessed. in 64% of the comparisons, croco estimates and the survey teams' scores differed significantly, while d ...	2003	14632089
ophiostoma kryptum sp. nov. from larix decidua and picea abies in europe, similar to o. minus.	an unknown species of ophiostoma was isolated from european larch (larix decidua) infested by tetropium gabrieli (coleoptera: cerambycidae) and norway spruce (picea abies) infested by tetropium sp. in austria. the fungus is similar to o. minus, but distinguished from it by the ecology, colony morphologies on oa and mea, and phylogenetic analysis of aligned dna sequences of the its region of the rdna operon and the partial beta-tubulin gene. it is described here as o. kryptum sp. nov. the new spe ...	2003	14635771
albatrellus citrinus sp. nov., connected to picea abies on lime rich soils.	field observations indicated that a morphotype of albatrellus subrubescens seemed connected to picea abies and lime rich soils, while the original morphotype seemed connected with pinus sylvestris and indifferent to lime. we conducted a molecular study (its sequencing of 22 albatrellus specimens) to test the hypothesis that we in fact had discovered a new species. our results confirmed the hypothesis, i.e. the picea taxon (604 bp its) had little intraspecific variation in spite of 1600 km distan ...	2003	14635772
nutrient contents and concentrations in relation to growth of picea abies and fagus sylvatica along a european transect.	mineral nutrition of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and beech (fagus sylvatica l.) was investigated along a transect extending from northern sweden to central italy. nitrogen (n) concentrations of needles and leaves in stands growing on acid soils did not differ significantly between central italy and southern sweden (1.0 +/- 0.1 mmol n g(-1) for needles and 1.9 +/- 0.14 mmol n g(-1) for leaves). in both species, foliar n concentrations were highest in germany (1.2 mmol n g(-1) for need ...	1997	14759887
responses of picea, pinus and pseudotsuga roots to heterogeneous nutrient distribution in soil.	the spatial distribution of plant-available mineral nutrients in forest soils is often highly heterogeneous. to test the hypothesis that local nutrient enrichment of soil leads to increased root proliferation in the nutrient-rich soil zone, we studied the effects of nutrient enrichment on the growth and nutrient concentrations of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) roots. three-year-old seedlings were gr ...	1997	14759912
evidence that longer needle retention of spruce and pine populations at high elevations and high latitudes is largely a phenotypic response.	there is abundant evidence that evergreen conifers living at high elevations or at high latitudes have longer-lived needles than trees of the same species living elsewhere. this pattern is likely caused by the influence of low temperature in combination with related factors such as a short growing season and low nutrient availability. because it is not known to what degree such patterns result from phenotypic versus genotypic variation, we evaluated needle longevity for common-garden-grown lowla ...	1996	14871702
leaching of dissolved organic carbon and carbon dioxide emission after compost application to six nutrient-depleted forest soils.	the objective of this study was to assess the effect of compost application on soil respiration and dissolved organic carbon (doc) output of nutrient-depleted forest soils. an amount of 6.3 kg m(-2) mature compost was applied to the forest floor of european beech (fagus sylvatica l.), norway spruce (picea abies karst.), and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) stands at soiling and unterlüss, germany. cumulative soil respiration significantly increased by 499 g c m(-2) in the spruce stand at unterlü ...	2004	14964362
transport and metabolism of gibberellins in relation to flower bud differentiation in norway spruce (picea abies).	a mixture of tritiated and deuterated gibberellin a(4) (ga(4)) was injected into the xylem of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst) propagules, below an elongating shoot, or applied directly on the needles of an elongating shoot. the distribution of [(2)h(2)]ga(4) and [(3)h]ga(4) in the needles, stems and buds was determined after 4, 12 and 24 h. after 4 h, most of the xylem-injected ga(4) was found in the needles, whereas after 24 h, most of the ga(4) was found in the stem, with a small portio ...	1995	14965927
phenological measurements of microsporogenesis in trees.	the value of two heat sum methods, one linear (degree days > 5 degrees c) and the other curvilinear (period units), were assessed together with calendar days as predictors of the duration of microsporogenesis in seven natural stands of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and eleven natural stands of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.). microsporogenesis was divided into two subperiods: march 19 to tetrads (i.e., the end of meiosis) and tetrads to anthesis. the total period from march 19 to anth ...	1995	14965934
allocation of mass in trees subject to nitrogen and magnesium limitation.	it has previously been shown that lack of magnesium, potassium or manganese depresses allocation of new mass to roots in trees, and that these elements often occur in low amounts in declining forest stands. a model for tree growth and nutrient uptake was used to examine the effect of allocation pattern of new plant mass on growth and development in soils with low nutrient concentrations. growth parameters and empirical allocation functions from steady-state experiments with birch (betula pendula ...	1995	14965958
tree rings as pb pollution archives? a comparison of 206pb/207pb isotope ratios in pine and other environmental media.	tree rings, if validated as an environmental archive for pollution, would provide a convenient, geographically widespread archive for studying the temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants. we collected tree-ring records from scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), ranging in age from 100 to 300 years and from one spruce (picea abies), from sites in southern and northern sweden and analyzed their stable lead isotopic composition (206pb/207pb). these results are compared to the pb iso ...	2004	14967509
use of provenance tests to predict response to climate change: loblolly pine and norway spruce.	provenance tests are often used to determine genetic responses of seed sources to transfer to different climates. this study was undertaken to determine whether provenance tests can be used to predict tree response to rapid climate changes in situ. data from provenance tests of loblolly pines (pinus taeda l.), norway spruce (picea abies l. karst) and other southern pines (subsect. australes loud.) were interpreted using regression models to relate growth to temperature variables. results of diff ...	1994	14967650
adaptation to climatic changes of the timing of bud burst in populations of pinus sylvestris l. and picea abies (l.) karst.	to assess the long-term effects of the projected climatic change on scots pine and norway spruce in finland, observations were made on the timing of bud burst in provenance experiments established in 1931-1932 and in 1978. significant differences in the timing of bud burst were found between seed origins. the northernmost origins flushed earlier than origins from southern regions. however, no correlation was found between the effective temperature sum at which bud burst took place and the annual ...	1994	14967662
canopy dynamics and aboveground production of five tree species with different leaf longevities.	canopy dynamics and aboveground net primary production (anpp) were studied in replicated monospecific and dual-species plantations comprised of species with different leaf longevities. in the monospecific plantations, leaf longevity averaged 5, 6, 36, 46 and 66 months for quercus rubra l., larix decidua miller, pinus strobus l., pinus resinosa ait. and picea abies (l.) karst., respectively. specific leaf area, maximum net photosynthesis per unit mass (a/mass), leaf n per unit mass (n(leaf)/mass) ...	1993	14969905
the effect of paxillus involutus fr. on aluminum sensitivity of norway spruce seedlings.	non-mycorrhizal norway spruce seedlings (picea abies karst.) and norway spruce seedlings colonized with paxillus involutus fr. were grown in an axenic silica sand culture system. after successful mycorrhizal colonization, the seedlings were exposed to 200 or 800 micro m alcl(3) for 10 weeks. in both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings, exposure to al significantly reduced root growth and the uptake of mg and ca. after 5 weeks of exposure to 800 micro m al, the mycorrhizal seedlings had sig ...	1993	14969908
effects of root temperature on growth and photosynthesis in conifer seedlings during shoot elongation.	growth and gas exchange characteristics were studied in pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and spruce (picea abies karst.) seedlings grown in hydroponic culture in the presence of n (50 mg l(-1)) and transferred at the start of their second growing season to tap water at 5, 8, 12, 16 or 20 degrees c (air temperature between 18-20 degrees c) for 3 weeks (pine) or 5 weeks (spruce). root growth of both species was completely inhibited at root temperatures of 5 and 8 degrees c, but increased almost exponent ...	1992	14969980
estimation of leaf area index in fourteen southern wisconsin forest stands using a portable radiometer.	projected leaf area index (lai) and beer-lambert law extinction coefficients (k) were estimated for 28-year-old picea abies (l.) karst., larix decidua mill., pinus resinosa ait., and pinus strobus l. plantations using vertical profile data obtained with a portable integrating radiometer (sunfleck ceptometer). predicted lai values were compared with direct measures of lai. based on dimensional analysis, lai ranged from 5.0 for larix decidua to 10.5 for picea abies. significant inverse relationshi ...	1990	14972910
changes in carbon allocation patterns in spruce and pine trees following irrigation and fertilization.	the paper presents an overview of the results of long-term fertilization and irrigation experiments in stands of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.). large increases in stemwood production during the first 12 years of the experiments were achieved by fertilization especially when a balanced mixture of macro- and micronutrients was applied. the effect of irrigation alone was small, but it greatly enhanced the response of the ground vegetation to the applic ...	1986	14975853
foliar mineral composition, fertilization and dieback of norway spruce in the belgian ardennes.	needles from healthy norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) at willerzie in the west ardennes and from trees with symptoms of dieback at langesthal in the east ardennes were analyzed by age class for mineral composition. both stands were on acid oligotrophic soils. at willerzie, needles were sampled from plots fertilized 12 to 17 years earlier (dolomitic lime plus n, p and k) as well as unfertilized plots. effects of fertilization included increased levels of calcium, manganese, phosphorus, and ...	1986	14975893
the dal10 gene from norway spruce (picea abies) belongs to a potentially gymnosperm-specific subclass of mads-box genes and is specifically active in seed cones and pollen cones.	transcription factors encoded by different members of the mads-box gene family have evolved central roles in the regulation of reproductive organ development in the flowering plants, the angiosperms. development of the stamens and carpels, the pollen- and seed-bearing organs, involves the b- and c-organ-identity mads-box genes. b- and c-type gene orthologs with activities specifically in developing pollen- and seed-bearing organs are also present in the distantly related gymnosperms: the conifer ...	2003	14984037
a full saturated linkage map of picea abies including aflp, ssr, estp, 5s rdna and morphological markers.	based on an f(1) progeny of 73 individuals, two parental maps were constructed according to the double pseudo-test cross strategy. the paternal map contained 16 linkage groups for a total genetic length of 1,792 cm. the maternal map covered 1,920 cm, and consisted of 12 linkage groups. these parental maps were then integrated using 66 intercross markers. the resulting consensus map covered 2,035 cm and included 755 markers (661 aflps, 74 ssrs, 18 estps, the 5s rdna and the early cone formation t ...	2004	14991106
induced responses to pathogen infection in norway spruce phloem: changes in polyphenolic parenchyma cells, chalcone synthase transcript levels and peroxidase activity.	polyphenolic parenchyma cells (pp cells) in norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) stem phloem play important roles in constitutive and inducible defenses. to determine whether anatomical and molecular changes in pp cells are correlated with tree resistance, we infected two norway spruce clones with the pathogenic fungus ceratocystis polonica (siem.) c. moreau. the fungus induced significantly different lesion lengths in the two clones, indicating that one clone was more resistant to the fungus ...	2004	14996655
vegetation of the selected forest stands and land use in the carpathian mountains.	within the framework of the project "effects of forest health on biodiversity with emphasis on air pollution in the carpathian mountains" 26 permanent study sites were established in the vicinity of the ozone monitoring sites. the study sites were located on the nw-se transect through the western (12 sites), eastern (11 sites) and southern (3 sites) carpathians in forest ecosystems typical of each area. some of the forest monitoring sites were located in national parks, biosphere reserves and ar ...	2004	15046837
chemical and morphological characteristics of key tree species of the carpathian mountains.	concentrations of al, b, ca, cu, fe, k, mg, mn, n, na, p, s and zn in the foliage of white fir (abies alba), norway spruce (picea abies) and common beech (fagus sylvatica) from 25 sites of the carpathian mts. forests (czech republic, poland, romania, slovakia and ukraine) are discussed in a context of their limit values. s/n ratio was different from optimum in 90% of localities when compared with the european limit values. likewise we found increase of fe and cu concentrations compared with thei ...	2004	15046839
the influence of o3, no2 and so2 on growth of picea abies and fagus sylvatica in the carpathian mountains.	at 17 long-term pollution monitoring sites throughout the carpathian mountains, tree growth patterns and variation in growth rate were examined to determine relationship of tree growth to specific pollutants. canopy dominant picea abies and fagus sylvatica were selected at each site. basal area increment (bai) values were calculated from raw ring widths and used as an estimate of tree growth. across all sites, bai chronologies were highly variable, therefore local conditions and forest structure ...	2004	15046841
forest health status in the carpathian mountains over the period 1997-2001.	the results of forest health status assessments in the carpathian mountains from the monitoring networks developed by the european union scheme on the protection of forest against atmospheric pollution (eu scheme) and international co-operative programme on assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests (icp-forests), have led to a better understanding of the impact of air pollution and other stressors on forests at the regional scale. during the period 1997-2001, forests in the c ...	2004	15046844
effects of acid rain on growth and nutrient concentrations in scots pine and norway spruce seedlings grown in a nutrient-rich soil.	the effects of artificially applied acid precipitation on growth and nutrient concentrations of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.) seedlings were investigated in a long-term acid irrigation experiment in field conditions. seedlings of northern and southern origin were planted in boxes containing peat and composted soil rich in nutrients, and sprinkler irrigated with water acidified with nitric and sulphuric acids to ph 3 or ph 4 for periods varying from ...	1995	15091531
conifer aphids in an air-polluted environment. ii. host plant quality.	scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings were transported to five forest sites at increasing distances from a pulp mill emitting mainly so(2). levels of compounds which may have nutritional or defensive value for aphids on pine and spruce seedlings were studied. glucose and fructose concentrations were significantly increased in pine and spruce needles near the pulp mill. there were no changes in sucrose and starch concentrations. in pine shoots, tot ...	1993	15091864
monoterpenes emitted to air from industrial barking of scandinavian conifers.	monoterpenes released to air were determined during single-log barking of timber at a saw-mill and during tumble drum barking of pulpwood at a tmp mill. characteristic proportions of fourteen compounds were assessed by adsorbent sampling and gas chromatography. for scots pine (pinus sylvestris), the bicylic monoterpenes alpha-pinene and 3-carene predominated. for norway spruce (picea abies), alpha-pinene followed by beta-pinene were the major components. the proportions of beta-phellandrene and ...	1993	15091881
general methods and materials.	in the winter of 1982-83 an experiment was initiated at the university of hohenheim to investigate the long-term effects of near ambient concentrations of o(3), so(2), and simulated acidic rain and fog, alone and in combination, on mineral cycling, physiology, biochemistry and anatomy of norway spruce (picea abies l. karst.), silver fir (abies alba mill.) and european beech (fagus silvatica l.) seedlings in model ecosystems. open-top chambers above soil lysimeters were protected with shelters 1 ...	1990	15092174
mineral content in the soil and tree foliage.	seedlings of fir (abies alba mill.) and spruce (picea abies l. karst.) were fumigated with so(2), o(3) and so(2) + o(3) in open-top chambers (otcs) for almost 5 vegetation periods. as background stress, simulated rain of ph 4.0 was applied. nutrient content of soil, soil solutions, and trees was investigated and balanced. in the upper partition of the soil high concentrations of exchangeable ca(2+) were found in all chambers. the so(2) and so(2) + o(3) treatments led to increased ca(2+), mg(2+) ...	1990	15092176
co2/h2o gas exchange parameters of one- and two-year-old needles of spruce and fir.	gas exchange was characterized in one- and two year-old spruce (picea abies l. karst.) and fir seedlings (abies alba mill.) which had been exposed to low levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide and simulated rain or a combination of all three variables in open top chambers from 1983 through 1988. the gas exchange measurements were carried out in march 1988 at the end of the five year experiment. the twigs examined did not exhibit any visible sign of injury, specifically no differences were apparent betw ...	1990	15092177
analyses of enzyme activities and other metabolic criteria after five years of fumigation.	enzymatic activity (peroxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase), foliage buffering capacity, soluble protein and nitrogen content were measured in current and previous year needles from young spruce (picea abies) and fir (abies alba). the trees were exposed to low levels of so(2) and/or o(3) and simulated acidic precipitation (ph 4.0) in open-top chambers from 1983 through 1988. needle samples were taken during march 1988 at the end of the five-year fumigation period. exposure to ...	1990	15092181
visible injury responses.	during a five year experiment on the causes of forest disease, symptoms of visible injury and pest infestations in trees treated with various air pollutants in open-top chambers were observed. though the long-term experiment was originally not intended to include such investigations, insect infestation and some discoloration of the trees (beech, fagus sylvatica; fir, abies alba; spruce, picea abies) could not be avoided. abundance and size of some of the insects were measured after two years and ...	1990	15092183
monoterpenes and microbial metabolites in the soil.	volatile microbial metabolites were analysed in the soil beneath 15 h year-old picea abies which had been fumigated for 5 consecutive years with charcoal-filtered air enriched with ozone and sulphur dioxide. major compounds which could be attributed to the metabolism of basidiomycete fungi were oct-1-en-3-ol, oct-1-en-3-one and 1,3-octadiene. they were accompanied by other c(8)-compounds. the lower amounts of c(8)-compounds observed in the soil of the sulphur dioxide and ozone treatment chambers ...	1990	15092185
performance of some growth variables.	european beech (fagus sylvatica l.), norway spruce (picea abies l. karst.) and silver fir (abies alba mill.) were exposed to low concentrations of ozone (o(3)) and sulfur dioxide (so(2)), alone and combined, and simulated acid rain (ph 4.0) in sheltered open-top chambers in hohenheim (southwest germany) for almost five years. the concentrations of o(3) and so(2) used were related to annual ambient average found in southern west germany. two control chambers were ventilated with charcoal filtered ...	1990	15092188
regional variation in surface properties of norway spruce and scots pine needles in relation to forest decline.	measurements of leaf wettability (contact angle), amounts of epicuticular wax and of surface dust are reported for scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l) karst) trees growing at 12 sites in europe from sw germany to ne scotland. at each site, three year classes (current year, 1 and 2-year-old) of needles were sampled from the mid-crown of up to 12 trees. trees were selected at random from two strata, those showing visible decline symptoms (i.e. loss of needles or dis ...	1989	15092422
ozone-induced nitrate formation in needles and leaves of picea abies, fagus sylvatica and quercus robur.	much attention has been paid to ozone as a major cause of novel forest decline in europe. in combination with acidic mist, o(3) has been observed to increase ion leaching. besides cations lake mg(2+), ca(2+), k(+), nh(4)(+), considerable amounts of nitrate were found to be leached by acidic mist from needles of norway spruce. controlled fumigation experiments, with 100, 300, and 600 microg o(3)m(-3) over 22 days continuously, have led to a nitrate accumulation of 94.1 +/- 14.8, 119.4 +/- 28.7 an ...	1988	15092611
role of climate, crown position, tree age and altitude in calculated ozone flux into needles of picea abies and pinus cembra: a synthesis.	ozone (o(3)) flux into norway spruce (picea abies) and cembran pine (pinus cembra) needles was estimated under ambient conditions at six rural sites between 580 and 1950 m a.s.l. we also assessed age-related differences in o(3) flux by examining changes in leaf conductance across the life span of norway spruce. at the leaf level o(3) flux into the needles was effectively controlled by stomatal conductance and, hence by factors such as temperature, irradiance and humidity, which control stomatal ...	2000	15092874
ozone exposure-response relationships for biomass and root/shoot ratio of beech (fagus sylvatica), ash (fraxinus excelsior), norway spruce (picea abies) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris).	current-year seedlings of beech, ash, norway spruce and scots pine were exposed during one growing season to different, but moderate, ozone (o(3)) scenarios representative for switzerland (50, 85, 100% ambient, 50% ambient+30 nl l(-1)) in open-top chambers (otcs) and to ambient o(3) concentrations in the field. biomass significantly decreased with increasing o(3) dose in all species except for spruce. losses of 25.5% (ash), 17.4% (beech), 9.9% (scots pine) were found per 10 microl l(-1) h accumu ...	2000	15092880
container-grown tree seedling responses to sodium chloride applications in different substrates.	seedlings of norway maple (acer platanoides), silver birch (betula pendula), norway spruce (picea abies) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris) were grown in selected sodium chloride (nacl) concentrations, soil types and under different watering regimes. plants were raised from seeds, except for scots pine plants which were obtained from a commercial source. among the plant species tested, scots pine was the most tolerant to soil salinity, while norway spruce was the most susceptible. for both norway ...	2000	15092891
trends in needle and soil chemistry of norway spruce and scots pine stands in south sweden 1985-1994.	the nutrient status of the trees and soil in 42 stands of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in scania, south sweden was followed from 1985 to 1994. samples from needles taken in winter 1985, 1987, 1990, and 1994, and soils in 1988 and 1993 were analyzed. concentrations, as well as ratios to n, of k and cu in needles of both species decreased by approximately 40% from 1985 to 1994. soil analyses indicate ongoing soil acidification and leaching of mineral ...	1998	15093309
chemopreventive effects of hydroxymatairesinol on uterine carcinogenesis in donryu rats.	hydroxymatairesinol (hmr), obtained from the heartwood of spruce (picea abies), has been demonstrated to exert chemo-preventive effects on the development of mammary tumors in rats. to examine the influence of hmr on uterine carcinogenesis, adult donryu rats were initiated with a single intrauterine treatment of n-ethyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (enng) at 11 weeks of age and fed thereafter 0, 200, or 600 ppm hmr mixed in the soy-containing diet until 15 months of age. incidences of uterine ade ...	2004	15096654
the rapid yellowing of spruce at a mountain site in the central black forest (germany). combined effects of mg deficiency and ozone on biochemical, physiological and structural properties of the chloroplasts.	biochemical, physiological and ultrastructural changes of the chloroplasts were examined in the course of the rapid yellowing process of spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) at a mg-deficient and ozone polluted mountain site (schöllkopf mountain, central black forest, germany, 840 m a.s.l.). while at an early stage of yellowing the chlorophyll (chl) content of the needles decreased slowly, significant changes occurred in the chloroplasts: the lability of the light-harvesting chl a/b protein complex ...	2004	15128030
avoidance of nonhost plants by a bark beetle, pityogenes bidentatus, in a forest of odors.	the bark beetle, pityogenes bidentatus (coleoptera: scolytidae), searches in mixed conifer and deciduous forests of northern europe for suitable branches of its host, scots pine ( pinus sylvestris). we tested whether odors from several diverse nonhost trees and plants common in the habitat (e.g., mountain ash, sorbus aucuparia; oak, quercus robur; alder buckthorn, frangula alnus; blueberry, vaccinium myrtillus; raspberry, rubus idaeus; and grass, deschampsia flexuosa) would reduce the attraction ...	2004	15146267
boron retranslocation in scots pine and norway spruce.	we previously traced 10b-enriched boric acid from shoots to roots to demonstrate the translocation of boron (b) in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings. to gain a more detailed understanding of b translocation, we sought: (1) to demonstrate b retranslocation directly, by showing that foliar-applied 10b is located in the new growth after dormancy; and (2) to assess whether shoot-applied b affects growth in the long term. we applied 10b-enriched bo ...	2004	15234898
competition modifies effects of enhanced ozone/carbon dioxide concentrations on carbohydrate and biomass accumulation in juvenile norway spruce and european beech.	elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide ([co2]) and ozone ([o3]) affect primary metabolism of trees in opposite ways. we studied their potential interactions on carbohydrate concentrations and contents. two hypotheses currently under debate were tested. (1) stimulation of primary metabolism by prolonged exposure to elevated [co2] does not compensate for the adverse effects of o3 on carbohydrate accumulation and biomass partitioning to the root. (2) growth in a mixed-species planting will repre ...	2004	15234902
mono and diterpene production in escherichia coli.	mono- and diterpenoids are of great industrial and medical value as specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. production of these compounds in microbial hosts, such as escherichia coli, can be limited by intracellular levels of the polyprenyl diphosphate precursors, geranyl diphosphate (gpp), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp). to alleviate this limitation, we constructed synthetic operons that express three key enzymes for biosynthesis of these precursors: (1). dxs,1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosph ...	2004	15236249
evidence for subdivision of the root-endophyte phialocephala fortinii into cryptic species and recombination within species.	the genetic structure of the root-endophyte phialocephala fortinii was analyzed in three study sites using 11 single-copy rflp probes. a total of 541 strains isolated from surface-sterilized, fine roots (diameter 0.5-3 mm) of norway spruce (picea abies) were examined. the average gene diversity (h) was high in all three study sites. cluster analysis showed that up to four well-separated clusters of multi-locus haplotypes were present within the sites. significant population subdivision was detec ...	2004	15275663
variation in transcript abundance during somatic embryogenesis in gymnosperms.	somatic embryogenesis of norway spruce (picea abies l.) is a versatile model system to study molecular mechanisms regulating embryo development because it proceeds through defined developmental stages corresponding to specific culture treatments. normal embryonic development involves early differentiation of proembryogenic masses (pems) into somatic embryos, followed by early and late embryogeny leading to the formation of mature cotyledonary embryos. in some cell lines there is a developmental ...	2004	15294754
effects of soil type, irrigation volume and plant species on treatment of log yard run-off in lysimeters.	wet storage of timber and pulpwood produces large quantities of run-off water. a study was conducted to determine the purification efficiency of soil-plant systems for log yard run-off. sixteen 1200-l lysimeters (1.2 m deep soil columns) with clay or sand soil were planted with willow (salix sp.) or alder (alnus glutinosa), and irrigated with run-off from a norway spruce (picea abies) log yard. drainage water was analysed for total organic carbon (toc), phenols, total p and total n in order to d ...	2004	15325190
biogeochemistry of organotin compounds and tin in a forested catchment in germany.	organotin compounds (otc) are highly toxic pollutants that have been shown to affect many aquatic ecosystems. little is known about the input and fate of otc in terrestrial ecosystems. here, soil pools, concentrations and fluxes in bulk precipitation, throughfall, fog, litterfall and runoff of otc and sntotal were investigated in a forested ecosystem (picea abies, karst.) in ne bavaria, germany. the concentrations of otc and sntotal were generally in the order fog>throughfall>bulk precipitation. ...	2004	15336905
dendroremediation of trinitrotoluene (tnt). part 1: literature overview and research concept.	for decades, very large areas of former military sites have been contaminated diffusely with the persistent nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt). the recalcitrance of the environmental hazard tnt is to a great extent due to its particulate soil existence, which leads to slow but continuous leaching processes. although improper handling during the manufacture of tnt seems to be a problem of the past in developed countries, environmental deposition of tnt and other explosives is sti ...	2004	15341318
morphological-anatomical characterization and molecular identification of tomentella stuposa ectomycorrhizae and related anatomotypes.	species in the genus tomentella (thelephoraceae) belong to the most frequent and widespread ectomycorrhizal (em) fungi found in temperate and boreal forests. although several unidentified tomentelloid morphotypes have been presented as common members of em communities in coniferous and broad-leaved forests, few tomentelloid em have been identified and described in detail. in this study, ten tomentelloid em isolates collected from populus alba, quercus cerris and picea abies stands in hungary and ...	2005	15517422
modeling tree water deficit from microclimate: an approach to quantifying drought stress.	tree water deficit estimated by measuring water-related changes in stem radius (deltaw) was compared with tree water deficit estimated from the output of a simple, physiologically reasonable model (deltawe), with soil water potential (psisoil) and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (vpd) as inputs. values of deltaw were determined by monitoring stem radius changes with dendrometers and detrending the results for growth. we followed changes in deltaw and deltawe in pinus sylvestris l. and quercus ...	2005	15574396
forest soil respiration rate and delta13c is regulated by recent above ground weather conditions.	soil respiration, a key component of the global carbon cycle, is a major source of uncertainty when estimating terrestrial carbon budgets at ecosystem and higher levels. rates of soil and root respiration are assumed to be dependent on soil temperature and soil moisture yet these factors often barely explain half the seasonal variation in soil respiration. we here found that soil moisture (range 16.5-27.6% of dry weight) and soil temperature (range 8-17.5 degrees c) together explained 55% of the ...	2004	15578226
development of a nested pcr detection procedure for nectria fuckeliana direct from norway spruce bark extracts.	a pair of primers specific for nectria fuckeliana, a bark infecting pathogen predominantly of norway spruce (picea abies), were designed from comparisons of nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of nine isolates from norway, lithuania, switzerland, austria, slovakia, scotland (larix sp.) and new zealand (pinus radiata), and other closely related nectriaceous species, including neo. neomacrospora, and 'n'. mammoidea, to which it exhibits taxonomic ...	2005	15621436
differences in growth characteristics and dynamics of elements absorbed in seedlings of three spruce species raised on serpentine soil in northern japan.	serpentine soils are characterized by the presence of heavy metals (ni and cr) and excess mg; these elements often suppress plant growth. picea glehnii is nevertheless distributed widely on serpentine soils in northern japan. growth characteristics were compared among p. glehnii, picea jezoensis (distributed in the same region) and picea abies (planted for timber production), and concentrations of elements in various tissues over time and the amount of ectomycorrhizal infection in short roots we ...	2005	15650010
bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki x aizawai applied to spruce flowers reduced dioryctria abietella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) infestation without affecting seed quality.	we investigated the effects of bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki x aizawai (bt) on infestation levels of two lepidopteran insects as well as on seed quality in norway spruce, picea abies l. (karst.) in central sweden. spruce flowers (female strobili) were sprayed with a 0.2% suspension (wt:wt) of the bt preparation turex 50 wp, 25,000 iu/mg in water. to expose even those lepidopteran larvae that feed exclusively embedded within the cone tissue, the bt treatment was applied to open flowers, ...	2004	15666734
similarities and effectiveness of test environments in selecting and deploying desirable genotypes.	rooted cuttings of 40 different clones (genotypes) of picea abies (l.) karst were planted in seven test environments (p, h, l, s, b, m and k) in northern germany. type-b genetic correlations between the pairs of test sites were estimated, and a cluster diagram based on inter-site genetic correlations for height was used to illustrate the general pattern of similarities among the test sites. principal component analysis (pca) showed that the first three principal components explained 97% of the v ...	2004	15672260
gibberellin inhibitors improve embryogenic tissue initiation in conifers.	somatic embryogenesis (se), the most promising technology to multiply high-value coniferous trees from advanced breeding and genetic engineering programs, is expected to play an important role in increasing productivity, sustainability, and uniformity of future forests in the united states. for commercial use, se technology must work with a variety of genetically diverse trees. initiation in loblolly pine (lp; pinus taeda l.), our main focus species, is often recalcitrant for desirable genotypes ...	2004	15688237
epiphytic lichen diversity on dead and dying conifers under different levels of atmospheric pollution.	based on literature data, epiphytic lichen abundance was comparably studied in montane woodlands on healthy versus dead or dying conifers of europe and north america in areas with different levels of atmospheric pollution. study sites comprised picea abies forests in the harz mountains and in the northern alps, germany, picea rubens-abies balsamea forests on whiteface mountain, adirondacks, new york, u.s.a. and picea engelmannii-abies lasiocarpa forests in the salish mountains, montana, u.s.a. d ...	2005	15701398
effect of chalara longipes on decomposition of humic acids from picea abies needle litter.	the effect of the saprotrophic ascomycete chalara longipes on the decomposition of humic acids was determined in a cultivation experiment. the fungus was incubated in liquid cultures in a full-strength (f system) and an organic nitrogen-free medium (f-n system), both amended with pure humic acids isolated from spruce forest litter. fungal biomass production was highest in the f system with humic acids and lowest in the f-n system, the effect of organic nitrogen and humic acids being significant ...	2004	15702548
new, rare or remarkable microfungi in the italian alps (carnic alps)--part ii--other microfungi.	in addition to the collection of ascomycotina in the carnic alps (see new, rare or remarkable microfungi in the italian alps (carnic alps) part i ) we were able to treasure about 300 species of parasitic and saprophytic microfungi. among them basidiomycetes, ascomycetes and deuteromycets like bostrichonema polygoni (unger) schrot. on polygonum viviparum l., chrysomyxa rhododendri de by on picea abies (l.) karsten, coleosporium tussilaginis (pers.) berk. i=c. cacaliae otth.] on adenostyles glabra ...	2004	15756827
bacterial endophytes from seeds of norway spruce (picea abies l. karst).	endophytic bacteria from wooden plants and especially seed-associated endophytes are not well studied. fresh seeds collected from four norway spruce trees (picea abies) from different locations in the slovene subalpine region were surface-sterilised and dissected into a seed coat, embryo and endosperm. the presence of endophytes was detected by culturing methods and by direct amplification of the eubacterial 16s rdna gene. both approaches identified bacteria from genera pseudomonas and rahnella ...	2005	15766788
effects of elevated pco2 and/or po3 on c-, n-, and s-metabolites in the leaves of juvenile beech and spruce differ between trees grown in monoculture and mixed culture.	three and four-year-old saplings of beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) grown in monoculture and mixed culture were exposed in phytotrons to (1) ambient air, (2) elevated po(3), (3) elevated pco(2), or (4) elevated pco(2) plus elevated po(3). after 5 months, the contents of soluble sugars, starch, soluble amino compounds, non-structural proteins (nsp), as well as reduced (gsh) and oxidized (gssg) glutathione were determined in the leaves of both species in order to as ...	2005	15820662
[position of betula ermanii population ecotone in changbai mountains].	the vegetation on the northern slope of changbai mountains forms a vertical zone due to the vertical differentiation of moisture and heat conditions. ecotones are obviously existed between different vegetation zones, but it is difficult to decide their positions. in the area from 1400 m to 2200 m elevation, we adopted the methods of gradient sampling, fractal analysis, population pattern analysis, and interspecific competition index analysis to describe betula ermanii population ecotone. the res ...	2004	15825429
estimating foliage biomass in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) and norway spruce (picea abies) plots.	dynamic decomposition models are needed to estimate changes in the carbon stock of boreal soil because these changes are difficult to measure directly. an important aboveground carbon flux to the soil is foliage litterfall. to estimate this flux, both the amount and the turnover rate of the foliage biomass component must be known. several methods for estimating foliage biomass of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.), including biomass equations and biomass ...	2005	15870050
assessment of cone-damaging insects in a swedish spruce seed orchard and the efficacy of large-scale application of bacillus thuringiensis variety aizawai x kurstaki against lepidopterans.	in a 2-yr study, we investigated the efficacy of large-scale application of the biological insecticide bacillus thuringiensis variety aizawai x kurstaki (btk) in a swedish spruce, picea abies l. (karst.), seed orchard for controlling damage caused by four lepidopteran species: dioryctria abietella den et. schiff. (pyralidae), eupithecia abietaria götze, e. analoga djakonov (geometridae), and cydia strobilella (l.) (tortricidae). the frequencies of these species, and strobilomyia anthracina czern ...	2005	15889731
clustered root distribution in mature stands of fagus sylvatica and picea abies.	distribution of small roots (diameter between 2 mm and 5 mm) was studied in 19 pits with a total of 72 m(2) trench profile walls in pure stands of fagus sylvatica and picea abies. root positions within the walls were marked and transformed into x-coordinates and y-coordinates. in a gis-based evaluation, zones of potential influence around each root were calculated. the total potential influence produced isoline maps of relative root influence zones, thus indicating small root clustering. the que ...	2005	15891852
above-ground space sequestration determines competitive success in juvenile beech and spruce trees.	a 2-yr phytotron study was conducted to investigate the intra- and inter-specific competitive behaviour of juvenile beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies). competitiveness was analysed by quantifying the resource budgets that occur along structures and within occupied space of relevance for competitive interaction. ambient and elevated co(2) and ozone (o(3)) regimes were applied throughout two growing seasons as stressors for provoking changes in resource budgets, growth and allocation ...	2005	15948841
origin and evolution of kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein.	kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (kcbp), a member of the kinesin-14 family, is a c-terminal microtubule motor with three unique domains including a myosin tail homology region 4 (myth4), a talin-like domain, and a calmodulin-binding domain (cbd). the myth4 and talin-like domains (found in some myosins) are not found in other reported kinesins. a calmodulin-binding kinesin called kinesin-c (spkinc) isolated from sea urchin (strongylocentrotus purpuratus) is the only reported kinesin with a ...	2005	15951483
fine roots in stands of fagus sylvatica and picea abies along a gradient of soil acidification.	root length of naturally grown young beech trees (fagus sylvatica l.) was investigated in 26 forest plots of differing base saturation and nitrogen deposition. the relative length of finest roots (<0.25 mm) was found to decrease in soils with low base saturation. a similar reduction of finest roots in plots with high nitrogen deposition was masked by the effect of base saturation. the formation of adventitious roots was enhanced in acidic soils. the analysis of 128 soil profiles for fine roots o ...	2005	15964116
treatment of log yard run-off by irrigation of grass and willows.	log yard run-off is a potential environmental risk, among other things because it creates an oxygen deficiency in receiving watercourses. this study was conducted to investigate the purification efficiency of soil-plant systems with couchgrass (elymus repens) and willows (salix sp.) when intensively irrigated with run-off from an open sprinkling system at a norway spruce (picea abies) log yard. the purification efficiency was determined both at the field scale (couchgrass) and in 68-l lysimeters ...	2006	15996802
susceptibility to low-temperature photoinhibition in three conifers differing in successional status.	susceptibility to photoinhibition of the evergreen conifers abies alba mill., picea abies (l.) karst. and pinus mugo turra was investigated in an unheated greenhouse during winter and spring 2003. photosynthetic performance of the seedlings was assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence and analyses of chlorophyll and total carotenoid concentrations in needles. during winter months, maximum quantum yield of psii photochemistry (ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, fv/fm) was significantly grea ...	2005	15996958
autumn frost hardiness in norway spruce plus tree progeny and trees of the local and transferred provenances in central sweden.	reforestation with provenances from locations remote from the planting site (transferred provenances) or the progeny of trees of local provenances selected for superior form and vigor (plus trees) offer alternative means to increase yield over that obtained by the use of seed from unselected trees of the local provenance. under swedish conditions, norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) of certain transferred provenances generally has an advantage in productivity relative to the local provenance ...	2005	15996961
air pollution, precipitation chemistry and forest health in the retezat mountains, southern carpathians, romania.	in the retezat mountains concentrations of o3, no2 and so2 in summer season 2000-2002 were low and below toxicity levels for forest trees. while nh3 concentrations were low in 2000, the 2001 and 2002 concentrations were elevated indicating possibility for increased n deposition to forest stands. more than 90% of the rain events were acidic with ph values <5.5, contributing to increased acidity of soils. crown condition of norway spruce (picea abies) and european beech (fagus sylvatica) was good, ...	2005	16005766
meteorological factors and air pollution in lithuanian forests: possible effects on tree condition.	this study investigates changes in tree condition and environmental factors in lithuania during the active growing season in 1991-2001. the average crown defoliation and the proportion of healthy trees of pinus sylvestris, picea abies, betula sp., fraxinus excelsior, alnus incana, alnus glutinosa, populus tremula, and quercus robur, meteorological (average temperature, amount of precipitation, hydrothermal coefficient) and air pollution data (acidity of precipitation, concentrations of so2, no2 ...	2005	16005769
tree species (picea abies and fagus sylvatica) effects on soil water acidification and aluminium chemistry at sites subjected to long-term acidification in the ore mts., czech republic.	the effect of european beech (fagus sylvatica) and norway spruce (picea abies) on acid deposition and soil water chemistry was studied at a site in the ore mts., czech republic, that has been subjected to decades of elevated acidic deposition. dry deposition onto the spruce canopy significantly increased acid input to the soil in comparison to the beech canopy. as a result soil waters were more acidic; al, so4(2-), and no3- concentrations were significantly higher; and ca and k concentrations we ...	2005	16054698
defense-related genes expressed in norway spruce roots after infection with the root rot pathogen ceratobasidium bicorne (anamorph: rhizoctonia sp.).	to study the mechanisms of inducible disease resistance in conifers, changes in transcript accumulation in roots of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings exposed to the root rot pathogen ceratobasidium bicorne erikss. and ryv. (anamorph: rhizoctonia sp.) were monitored by differential display (dd). because c. bicorne attacks root tips, a desiccation treatment was added to exclude genes induced by pathogen-related desiccation stress. the dd analysis was defined by the use of 11 sets o ...	2005	16137939
long lasting nitrate leaching after bark beetle attack in the highlands of the bavarian forest national park.	during the past decade bark beetle (ips typographus) attacks killed nearly all of the norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst.] stands in the unmanaged zone in the highlands of the bavarian forest national park. this study was conducted to predict if and how long the catastrophic event might cause elevated nitrate no3(-) concentration in seepage water, and if the presence of ground vegetation may reduce no3(-) leaching. a chronosequence approach was used to investigate no3(-) leaching before and a ...	2005	16151229
mycorrhiza helper bacterium streptomyces ach 505 induces differential gene expression in the ectomycorrhizal fungus amanita muscaria.	the interaction between the mycorrhiza helper bacteria streptomyces nov. sp. 505 (ach 505) and streptomyces annulatus 1003 (ach 1003) with fly agaric (amanita muscaria) and spruce (picea abies) was investigated. the effects of both bacteria on the mycelial growth of different ectomycorrhizal fungi, on ectomycorrhiza formation, and on fungal gene expression in dual culture with ach 505 were determined. the fungus specificities of the streptomycetes were similar. both bacterial species showed the ...	2005	16159334
fungal communities in mycorrhizal roots of conifer seedlings in forest nurseries under different cultivation systems, assessed by morphotyping, direct sequencing and mycelial isolation.	fungi colonising root tips of pinus sylvestris and picea abies grown under four different seedling cultivation systems were assessed by morphotyping, direct sequencing and isolation methods. roots were morphotyped using two approaches: (1) 10% of the whole root system from 30 seedlings of each species and (2) 20 randomly selected tips per plant from 300 seedlings of each species. the first approach yielded 15 morphotypes, the second yielded 27, including 18 new morphotypes. the overall community ...	2005	16177926
stem breakage of trees and energy dissipation during rockfall impacts.	the capacity of individual trees to dissipate the energy released by rockfalls has previously only been quantified based on data obtained from static tree-pulling tests or from dynamic impact tests on wood samples. we predicted that these data are not representative of the maximum amount of energy that can be dissipated by living trees during rockfall impacts. to test this prediction, we carried out rockfall experiments on a forested slope in the french alps. to calculate the rock's energy befor ...	2006	16203715
competitive strategies in adult beech and spruce: space-related foliar carbon investment versus carbon gain.	in central europe, fagus sylvatica and picea abies represent contrasting extremes in foliage type, crown structure and length of growing season. in order to examine the competitive strategies of these two co-occurring species, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) the space occupied by the foliage of sun branches is characterized by greater foliar mass investment compared to shade branches, (2) the carbon (c) gain per unit of occupied space is greater in sun than in shade branches, and (3) ann ...	2005	16205957
species-specific allometric scaling under self-thinning: evidence from long-term plots in forest stands.	experimental plots covering a 120 years' observation period in unthinned, even-aged pure stands of common beech (fagus sylvatica), norway spruce (picea abies), scots pine (pinus sylvestris), and common oak (quercus petraea) are used to scrutinize reineke's (1933) empirically derived stand density rule [see text], n=tree number per unit area, [see text]=mean stem diameter), yoda's (1963) self-thinning law based on euclidian geometry ([see text] [see text]=mean biomass per tree), and basic assumpt ...	2006	16247620
phenotypic and dna sequence data comparisons reveal three discrete species in the ceratocystis polonica species complex.	ceratocystis polonica and c. laricicola are two morphologically similar species that occur on conifers and reside in the ceratocystis coerulescens species complex. they, however, represent two ecologically distinct entities. c. polonica causes blue stain on norway spruce (picea abies) and other spruce species (picea spp.) in eurasia and is associated with the bark beetles ips typographus, i. typographus japonicus, i. amitinus and i. duplicatus. in contrast, c. laricicola lives in a symbiotic rel ...	2005	16279408
daylength and temperature during seed production interactively affect adaptive performance of picea abies progenies.	adaptive traits in picea abies (norway spruce) progenies are influenced by the maternal temperatures during seed production. here, we have extended these studies by testing the effects of maternal photoperiod and temperature on phenology and frost hardiness on progenies. using eight phytotron rooms, seeds from three unrelated crosses were made in an environmental 2 x 2 factorial combination of long and short days and high and low temperatures. the progenies were then forced to cease growth rapid ...	2005	16313642
monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of a community of the tree-root endophyte phialocephala fortinii s.l.	phialocephala fortinii sensu lato was isolated from picea abies roots that had been collected from the same 3 x 3-m forest plot in 2001 and 2004, to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of this fungal community. rflp analysis was used to define the multilocus haplotype (mlh) of each isolate. pielou's measure of association and chi(2) tests of independence were employed to examine the randomness of patterns of spatial distribution of mlh observed in 2001 and 2004. population differentiation ...	2005	16313647