Publications

[cloning and structural analysis of the operon of ribosomal rna of corynebacterium glutamicum].		1989	2612356
high efficiency electroporation of intact corynebacterium glutamicum cells.	high-frequency electroporation of whole corynebacterium glutamicum cells without enzymatic pretreatment was achieved. under optimized conditions concerning growth stage, washing of cells, cell concentration and pulse parameter transformation efficiencies of far more than 10(7) transformants per microgram pwst4b plasmid dna were reached. using electroporation, linearised and subsequently religated plasmid as well as chimeric ligase reaction products were directly introduced into c. glutamicum wit ...	1989	2612892
molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and fine-structural analysis of the corynebacterium glutamicum fda gene: structural comparison of c. glutamicum fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase to class i and class ii aldolases.	the corynebacterium glutamicum fda gene encoding fructose-1,6-biphosphate (fbp) aldolase has been isolated by complementation of an escherichia coli mutant. the nucleotide sequence of a 3371 bp chromosomal fragment containing the c. glutamicum fda gene was determined. the n-terminal amino acid sequence of c. glutamicum fbp aldolase identified the correct initiation site for the fda gene, and a molecular weight of 37,092 was predicted for the fda polypeptide. s1 nuclease mapping identified the tr ...	1989	2615658
a new bacteriophage of corynebacterium glutamicum isolated from swine waste.	a bacteriophage for corynebacterium glutamicum strain lp-6 was isolated from swine waste. it belongs to the siphoviridae family or bradley morphologic group b, has a narrow host range, and is sensitive to chloroform and resistant to carbon tetrachloride. the phage is unstable (96% inactivation) in swine waste stored for 4 months at 22 c. the dna has a molecular weight of approximately 20 md, cohesive ends, and numerous restriction endonuclease sites. the phage differs from other known c glutamic ...	1989	2619124
characterization of a wide host range plasmid panv-6 from citrobacter diversus.	panv-6 is a 5.85 kb, streptomycin resistant, high copy number plasmid isolated from a multi drug resistant clinical isolate of c. diversus by transformation in escherichia coli c-600. the plasmid was very stable, noncurable and could not be amplified with chloramphenicol. it was non-conjugative among enterobacteriaceae hosts. plasmid was transferred by transformation to several gram negative and gram positive hosts. these included esch. coli, serratia marcescens, salmonella typhimurium, klebsiel ...	1989	2644170
[cloning and study of corynebacterium glutamicum genes complementing ilva and thra2 mutations in escherichia coli].	molecular cloning and expression of corynebacterium glutamicum genes complementing escherichia coli mutations thra2 and ilva was performed. it was demonstrated that the thra2 gene of c. glutamicum is located close to thrb on ecori dna fragment 4.1 kb long. the fragment was cloned in puc18 vector. the thra2 gene is expressed in the recombinant plasmid pobt3 under control of the vector puc18 plac promoter. in e. coli minicells, the genes thra2 and thrb determined synthesis of proteins of mr 43kd a ...	1989	2659439
cloning and nucleotide sequence of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-coding gene of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc13032.	as a first step in determining the importance of the anaplerotic function of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepc) in amino acid biosynthesis, the ppc gene coding for pepc of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc13032 has been cloned by complementation of an escherichia coli ppc mutant strain. pepc activity encoded by the cloned gene is not affected by acetyl-coa under conditions where the e. coli enzyme is strongly activated, whereas acetyl-coa is able to relieve inhibition by l-aspartate used singl ...	1989	2666264
transport of branched-chain amino acids in corynebacterium glutamicum.	the transport of branched-chain amino acids was characterized in intact cells of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13032. uptake and accumulation of these amino acids occur via a common specific carrier with slightly different affinities for each substrate (km[ile] = 5.4 microm, km[leu] = 9.0 microm, km[val] = 9.5 microm). the maximal uptake rates for all three substrates were very similar (0.94 - 1.30 nmol/mg dw.min). the optimum of amino acid uptake was at ph 8.5 and the activation energy was de ...	1989	2705860
the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene of corynebacterium glutamicum: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression.	the ppc gene of corynebacterium glutamicum encoding phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) carboxylase was isolated by complementation of a ppc mutant of escherichia coli using a cosmid gene bank of chromosomal c. glutamicum dna. by subsequent subcloning into the plasmid puc8 and deletion analysis, the ppc gene could be located on a 3.3 kb sali fragment. this fragment was able to complement the e. coli ppc mutant and conferred pep carboxylase activity to the mutant. the complete nucleotide sequence of the pp ...	1989	2779518
in vivo and in vitro modulation of nk and adcc activities of mouse spleen cells by peptidoglycan monomer (pgm).	the ability of peptidoglycan monomer (pgm), an immunomodulator obtained from brevibacterium divaricatum, to modulate nk and adcc activities of spleen cells was tested in mice with constitutively weak (c57b1) or strong nk activity (cba, c3h). in weak reactors, i.v. injection of pgm enhanced the nk and adcc activity as effectively as a known stimulator, poly i.c, and the dynamics of the response was comparable. in strong reactors, pgm caused two peaks of the adcc response, and one peak of nk stimu ...	1989	2813963
sequence analysis of the brevibacterium lactofermentum trp operon.	brevibacterium lactofermentum, a gram-positive bacterium, is a commercially important amino acid producer. in this organism, the tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes are encoded within a 7725 bp hapii-bamhi fragment. seven open reading frames were identified as trp genes by complementation tests with various b. lactofermentum and escherichia coli tryptophan auxotrophs. following the nomenclature established for e. coli and serratia marcescens, the b. lactofermentum trp genes were designated trpl, trp ...	1987	2823076
organization and regulation of the corynebacterium glutamicum hom-thrb and thrc loci.	the genes encoding the three terminal enzymes in the threonine biosynthetic pathway, homoserine dehydrogenase (hom), homoserine kinase (thrb) and threonine synthase (thrc) have been isolated from corynebacterium glutamicum. the c. glutamicum hom and thrb genes were subcloned on a 3.6 kb sali-generated chromosomal fragment. the c. glutamicum thrc gene was shown not to be linked to the hom-thrb locus. l-methionine represses the cloned homoserine dehydrogenase and homoserine kinase similar to that ...	1988	2835590
nucleotide sequence and fine structural analysis of the corynebacterium glutamicum hom-thrb operon.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the corynebacterium glutamicum hom-thrb operon has been determined and the structural genes and promoter region mapped. a polypeptide of mr 46,136 is encoded by hom and a polypeptide of mr 32,618 is encoded by thrb. both predicted protein sequences show amino acid sequence homology to their counterparts in escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis. the promoter region has been mapped by s1-nuclease and deletion analysis. located between -88, rna start site and -2 ...	1988	2835591
nucleotide sequence of the lysa gene of corynebacterium glutamicum and possible mechanisms for modulation of its expression.	sequence analysis localized the lysa gene of corynebacterium glutamicum strain as019 within a 1.35 kb open reading frame, potentially encoding a 445 amino acid product. immediately downstream from this gene we found a potential rho-independent transcription terminator, while the 5' flanking region (300 bp) harbors unusual topological and structural features, located in the vicinity of a potential ribosome binding site. within this upstream region, enzymatic and genetic analyses indicated the occ ...	1988	2836698
a host-vector system for an arthrobacter species.	an efficient host-vector system has been developed for an industrial strain of arthrobacter sp. (nrrl b3728)used for glucose isomerase production. protoplasts of arthrobacter were generated by treating the cells with 0.5 mg lysozyme ml(-1) for 60 min in a solution containing 0.5 m-sucrose. around 30% of the protoplasts regenerated on agar containing 0.5 m-sodium succinate as osmotic stabilizer. three hybrid vectors, pbl2100, pcg1100 and pcg2100, were constructed by combining the escherichia coli ...	1988	2846755
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of genes involved in the lysine pathway of brevibacterium lactofermentum.	the brevibacterium lactofermentum genes which complement escherichia coli lysa and asd-1 mutants were identified, respectively, as a 1.9-kilobase psti-clai fragment and a 2.5-kilobase psti fragment by cloning into pbr325. southern blot transfers show hybridization to chromosomal fragments of identical size. the putative b. lactofermentum asd and lysa products are 44 and 48 kilodaltons, respectively.	1985	2864331
comparative susceptibility of a peptidoglycan monomer from brevibacterium divaricatum and its anhydromuramyl analogue to hydrolysis with n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase. isolation and characterization of anhydromuramyl-peptidoglycan monomer.	peptidoglycan monomer, glcnac-beta-(1----4)-murnac-l-ala-d-igln[ (l)-meso-a2pm-(d)-amide-(l)-d-ala-d-ala] (pgm), from brevibacterium divaricatum is composed of the disaccharide pentapeptide containing muramic acid with a reducing end (ca. 90-95%) and of the anhydromuramyl analogue (anhydromuranyl-pgm; ca. 5-10%), according to analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (fab-ms). the two peptidoglycan analogues cannot be separated by simpl ...	1988	2900248
new bacteriophage-like particles in corynebacterium glutamicum.	three new phage-like particles (cg1, cg2, and cgk1) were isolated from corynebacterium glutamicum cbii. particles cg1 and cg2 are dna phages with long, noncontractile tails, cgk1 is a killer particle according to electron microscopy. a heat-stable low-molecular-weight bacteriocidal substance affecting various coryneform bacteria was observed to be joined to the killer particle cgk1.	1985	2982237
determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the brevibacterium lactofermentum plasmid pam330 and the analysis of its genetic information.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the plasmid pam330 derived from brevibacterium lactofermentum atcc 13869 was determined using the dideoxy chain termination method. analysis of the sequence allowed us to observe seven open reading frames, one of which showed the presence of the promoter and the shine-dalgarno (sd) sequences upstream from the initiation codon.	1985	3003705
transfection of corynebacterium lilium protoplasts.	a protoplast transfection system has been developed for a lysine-producing bacterium, corynebacterium lilium, using the dna of phage cl31. phage cl31 is lytic and specific to c. lilium and has a genome of approximately 48 kb. the transfection procedure involves a polyethylene-glycol-mediated introduction of the dna into lysozyme-treated cells and has a maximum efficiency of 3 x 10(4) transfectants per microgram dna.	1985	3007654
protoplast transformation in coryneform bacteria and introduction of an alpha-amylase gene from bacillus amyloliquefaciens into brevibacterium lactofermentum.	the goal of this study was to investigate the likelihood of developing useful transformation systems for coryneform bacteria. two species of coryneform bacteria, brevibacterium lactofermentum and corynebacterium lilium, were transformed with chimeras constructed from pub110 and a cryptic coryneform plasmid (pgx1901). c. lilium protoplasts were also efficiently transfected with phage cs1 dna. high transformation and transfection frequencies were obtained after only 2 min of lysozyme treatment of ...	1986	3008649
structural characteristics of the corynebacterium lilium bacteriophage cl31.	bacteriophage cl31 was isolated on a corynebacterium lilium strain. out of 30 strains tested, only cl31 was able to form plaques on corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13287, brevibacterium lactofermentum atcc 21086, and arthrobacter sp. strain si55, but at a very low frequency. this phage belongs to group b of bradley's classification (d. e. bradley, bacteriol. rev. 31:230-314; 1967). its head is 53 nm in diameter, and its tail is 396 nm in length. the phage capsid contains three major proteins, of ...	1987	3033280
utilization of glutamate accumulating bacterial cells for production of ribonucleotides.	corynebacterium glutamicum cells are industrially used for glutamate production. however, the waste that contains microbial cells, cellular debris, residual sugars, ammonia and metabolites seriously pollutes the environment. the cells are recovered and utilized for ribonucleotide production so that the pollution caused by the cells is eliminated. nucleic acid is extracted from the cells and is hydrolyzed with nuclease p1 from penicillium citrinum. the hydrolysate is fractionated with dowex-50 an ...	1985	3033725
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the homoserine kinase (thrb) gene from brevibacterium lactofermentum.	five dna fragments carrying the thrb gene (homoserine kinase e.c. 2.7.1.39) of brevibacterium lactofermentum were cloned by complementation of escherichia coli thrb mutants using pbr322 as vector. all the cloned fragments contained a common 3.1 kb dna sequence. the cloned fragments hybridized among themselves and with a 9 kb bamhi fragment of the chromosomal dna of b. lactofermentum but not with the dna of e. coli. none of the cloned fragments were able to complement thra and thrc mutations of e ...	1987	3035340
nucleotide sequence of the homoserine kinase (thr b) gene of brevibacterium lactofermentum.		1987	3035505
thin bridgelike connections between cells in mycobacterium bovis bcg and in corynebacterium glutamicum.		1988	3060045
[characteristics of lysine transport in a wild type strain and lysine-producing mutant of corynebacterium glutamicum].	an active transport system high specific for 1-lysine was found in the cells of the wild strain of corynebacterium glutamicum, km being about 10 microm. accumulation of lysine was higher, if the cells were cultivated on a medium containing glucose. the cells of the homoserine-deficient lysine producer have no alterations in the lysine transport. the lysine transport was also studied in three lysine producing analog resistant mutants (two mutants are resistant to aminoethylcysteine and one to lys ...	1986	3081884
phylogenetic analysis of the coryneform bacteria by 5s rrna sequences.	nucleotide sequences of 5s rrnas from 11 coryneform bacteria were determined. these were the type strains of corynebacterium glutamicum, corynebacterium xerosis, brevibacterium linens, arthrobacter globiformis, cellulomonas biazotea, aureobacterium testaceum, curtobacterium citreum, pimelobacter simplex, and caseobacter polymorphus and representative strains of "corynebacterium aquaticum" and corynebacterium xerosis. a phylogenetic tree constructed from the sequences of these bacteria and publis ...	1987	3106318
transformation of corynebacterium diphtheriae, corynebacterium ulcerans, corynebacterium glutamicum, and escherichia coli with the c. diphtheriae plasmid png2.	the transfection and transformation of members of two species of pathogenic corynebacteria, corynebacterium diphtheriae and corynebacterium ulcerans, is described. protoplasts were produced by treatment with lysozyme following growth in glycine, and a medium was defined on which a significant fraction of the osmotically sensitive cells were regenerated. transfections were carried out with dna from corynephage 782, a member of the beta family of converting phages, and transformations were perform ...	1987	3110777
general organization of the genes specifically involved in the diaminopimelate-lysine biosynthetic pathway of corynebacterium glutamicum.	we utilized diaminopimelate-lysine mutants of escherichia coli k12 to clone the genes specifically involved in the corynebacterium glutamicum diaminopimelate-lysine anabolic pathway. from a cosmid genomic bank of c. glutamicum strain as019, we isolated cosmids psm71, psm61 and psm531, that are respectively able to complement dapa/dapb, dapd, and lysa mutants of e. coli. dna hybridization analysis indicates that these complementing genes are located on the chromosome of c. glutamicum in at least ...	1988	3131636
[molecular cloning and the expression of the genes of amino acid biosynthesis of corynebacterium glutamicum in escherichia coli cells].	cloning of genes for threonine and lysine biosynthesis from corynebacterium glutamicum was performed in escherichia coli cells using the plasmid vector lambda psl5. the cloned genes are identified via complementation of thrb and lysa mutations. the gene complementing thrb of e. coli is located within a 4.1 kb ecori fragment of c. glutamicum chromosomal dna. all the recombinant phasmids complementing the lysa gene of e. coli contain common 2.2 kb and 3.3 kb ecori c. glutamicum dna fragments. the ...	1988	3141247
pseudomonas aeruginosa diaminopimelate decarboxylase: evolutionary relationship with other amino acid decarboxylases.	the lysa gene encodes meso-diaminopimelate (dap) decarboxylase (e.c.4.1.1.20), the last enzyme of the lysine biosynthetic pathway in bacteria. we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the lysa gene from pseudomonas aeruginosa. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the lysa gene product revealed extensive similarity with the sequences of the functionally equivalent enzymes from escherichia coli and corynebacterium glutamicum. even though both p. aeruginosa and e. coli are gram-neg ...	1988	3143046
cloning of the trp genes from the archaebacterium methanococcus voltae: nucleotide sequence of the trpba genes.	a cosmid bank of methanococcus voltae dna was obtained in escherichia coli after ligation of partially hindiii-digested m. voltae dna in the hindiii site of the transferable cosmid pvk100. the bank was used to perform complementation experiments with e. coli auxotrophic mutants. five cosmids complementing trpa shared three adjacent hindiii fragments of 2.1, 2.3 and 14 kb. two of these cosmids also complemented trpd and carried an additional 4.2 kb hindiii fragment. the trpa- and trpd- complement ...	1988	3146017
microbial synthesis of l-[15n]leucine l-[15n]isoleucine, and l-[3-13c]-and l-[3'-13c]isoleucines studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.	the preparation of leucine and isoleucine labeled with 15n and of site-specific 13c-labeled isoleucines is described. this method is based on the induction of the biosynthetic pathways specific for branched chain amino acids in glutamic acid producing bacteria, and controlled provision of stable isotope labeled precursors. corynebacterium glutamicum (atcc 13032), a glutamic acid overproducer, was incubated in leucine production medium which consisted of a basal medium supplemented with [15n]ammo ...	1988	3149160
regulation of enzymes of lysine biosynthesis in corynebacterium glutamicum.	the regulation of the six enzymes responsible for the conversion of aspartate to lysine, together with homoserine dehydrogenase, was studied in corynebacterium glutamicum. in addition to aspartate kinase activity, the synthesis of diaminopimelate decarboxylase was also found to be regulated. the specific activity of this enzyme was reduced to one-third in extracts of cells grown in the presence of lysine. aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase, dihydrodipicolinate red ...	1988	3151991
nucleotide sequence of the threonine synthase (thrc) gene of brevibacterium lactofermentum.		1988	3186450
nucleotide sequence of the homoserine dehydrogenase (thr a) gene of brevibacterium lactofermentum.		1987	3320973
a peptidoglycan monomer as an antitumor agent in mice: stimulation of phagocytosis by resident peritoneal macrophages with peptidoglycan monomer.	peptidoglycan monomer (dissacharide-pentapeptide, pgm) from brevibacterium divaricatum is an immunomodulator and an antitumor agent. as part of our investigation of the antitumor properties of pgm in mice, its potential to stimulate phagocytosis by resident peritoneal macrophages was assessed. inbred cba/h/zg tau mice (kept under conventional conditions) were used, and a simple and brief method was developed to evaluate phagocytosis. it consisted of a short (10 min) coincubation of yeast cells ( ...	1988	3373235
the expression of cellulomonas fimi cellulase genes in brevibacterium lactofermentum.	the exoglucanase gene (cex) and the endoglucanase a gene (cena) from cellulomonas fimi were subcloned into the escherichia coli/brevibacterium lactofermentum shuttle vector pbk10. both genes were expressed to five to ten times higher levels in b. lactofermentum than in e. coli, probably because these genes were expressed from c. fimi promoters. in b. lactofermentum virtually all of the enzyme activities were in the culture supernatant. this system will facilitate analysis of the expression of th ...	1987	3443308
characterization of the corynebacteriophage cg33.	bacteriophage cg33 was isolated from a strain of corynebacterium glutamicum that had become contaminated during an industrial fermentation. cg33 was assigned to bradley's group b since it had a polyhedral head 40 nm wide and a short non-contractile and striated tail 78 nm long. adsorption to its host, c. glutamicum atcc 13287, was enhanced in the presence of ca2+. the latent period was 18 min at 34 degrees c; the burst size was 16 p.f.u. ml-1. cg33 also formed plaques on c. lilium atcc 15990 but ...	1987	3449603
complete nucleotide sequence of a native plasmid of brevibacterium lactofermentum.		1986	3453107
identification of a promoter sequence in the plasmid pul340 of brevibacterium lactofermentum and construction of new cloning vectors for corynebacteria containing two selectable markers.	a strong promoter p1 has been found in plasmid pul340, a cloning vector used to transform corynebacteria. this promoter is also expressed efficiently in escherichia coli. a gene (cat) for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from streptomyces acrimycini and a gene (hyg) for hygromycin phosphotransferase from streptomyces hygroscopicus were subcloned in different positions of the brevibacterium lactofermentum plasmid pul340. both resistance genes are expressed in b. lactofermentum from their own pro ...	1987	3479377
molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the corynebacterium glutamicum phea gene.	the phea gene of corynebacterium glutamicum encoding prephenate dehydratase was isolated from a gene bank constructed in c. glutamicum. the specific activity of prephenate dehydratase was increased six-fold in strains harboring the cloned gene. genetic and structural evidence is presented which indicates that prephenate dehydratase and chorismate mutase were catalyzed by separate enzymes in this species. the c. glutamicum phea gene, subcloned in both orientations with respect to the escherichia ...	1986	3525519
a shuttle vector system for brevibacterium lactofermentum.	we have constructed a shuttle vector that replicates in escherichia coli, corynebacterium glutamicum and brevibacterium lactofermentum, by fusion of a 4.4-kb cryptic plasmid isolated from b. lactofermentum and a derivative of pbr322. resistance to erythromycin which is expressed in all three bacteria has been a useful selective marker. the frequency of homospecific transformation was 1.5 x 10(5) transformants/micrograms of hybrid plasmid dna.	1986	3549456
nucleotide sequence of the meso-diaminopimelate d-dehydrogenase gene from corynebacterium glutamicum.		1987	3588313
structure and function of the trp operon control regions of brevibacterium lactofermentum, a glutamic-acid-producing bacterium.	the trp genes of brevibacterium lactofermentum lie within a 7.72-kb hapii-bamhi fragment whose sequence has been determined (matsui et al., 1986). the 5'- and the 3'-flanking regions of this gene cluster were subcloned as a 1.8-kb psti-psti and a 0.6-kb xhoi-bamhi fragment, respectively. the 5'-flanking region encodes two open reading frames (orfs); one corresponds to trpl, while the other corresponds to the n-terminal half of the trpe gene. within the 17 amino acid residues of the predicted lea ...	1987	3609747
two single-base-pair substitutions causing desensitization to tryptophan feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthase and enhanced expression of tryptophan genes of brevibacterium lactofermentum.	a 5-fluorotryptophan-resistant mutant, termed 1041, was isolated from brevibacterium lactofermentum aj12036. the anthranilate synthase of 1041 was insensitive to feedback inhibition by tryptophan, and the specific activities of the anthranilate synthase and anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase of 1041 were 29- and 23-fold higher than those in parental strain aj12036, respectively. a single-base change (adenine to cytosine) that resulted in a ser-to-arg substitution was found in the trpe struct ...	1987	3667535
glutamicin cbii, a bacteriocin-like substance produced by corynebacterium glutamicum.	corynebacterium glutamicum cbii, in the stationary phase of growth, was found to produce spontaneously a substance resembling bacteriocins by its bactericidal properties. this substance designated glutamicin cbii was observed to exhibit bactericidal activity against coryneform bacteria (12 species tested) but not against unrelated gram-positive (3) and gram-negative (3) bacteria, while its action on bacteria with no quite known relatedness to the coryneform group (14) was found to be variable. g ...	1986	3729373
an efficient method for the introduction of viral dna into brevibacterium lactofermentum protoplasts.	a method for the introduction of a bacteriophage dna into brevibacterium lactofermentum protoplasts is described. frequencies of 10(5) infective centres per micrograms dna were easily achieved, the relationship between the number of infective centres and the amount of dna being linear up to 5 micrograms dna per assay. this method can be used to introduce foreign dna into these bacteria.	1986	3806056
complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the brevibacterium lactofermentum tryptophan operon.		1986	3808947
cloning and expression of tryptophan genes from brevibacterium lactofermentum in escherichia coli.	a gene bank from the amino acid producer brevibacterium lactofermentum has been prepared in escherichia coli using pbr322 as vector. four clones containing genetic information needed to complement mutations in a,b,c and d genes from e. coli have been isolated. the cloned fragments range between 4.3 kb (pult61) and 7.9 kb (pult62). all the four clones contain genetic information that complements trpb gene from e. coli. the cloned trpb gene is very stable and is maintained extrachromosomally in e. ...	1985	3910042
cloning vector system for corynebacterium glutamicum.	a protoplast transformation system has been developed for corynebacterium glutamicum by using a c. glutamicum-bacillus subtilis chimeric vector. the chimera was constructed by joining a 3.0-kilobase cryptic c. glutamicum plasmid and the b. subtilis plasmid pbd10. the neomycin resistance gene on the chimera, phy416, was expressed in c. glutamicum, although the chloramphenicol resistance gene was not. the various parameters in the transformation protocol were analyzed separately and optimized. the ...	1985	3921526
high-frequency transformation of brevibacterium lactofermentum protoplasts by plasmid dna.	an efficient polyethylene glycol-assisted method for transformation of brevibacterium lactofermentum protoplasts that uses plasmid vectors has been developed. two small plasmids, pul330 (5.2 kilobases) and pul340 (5.8 kilobases), both containing the kanamycin resistance gene from transposon tn5 and the replication origin of the natural plasmid pbl1 of b. lactofermentum, were selected as vectors. supercoiled forms of the plasmids yielded a 100-fold higher transformation frequency than did linear ...	1985	3980445
freeze-fracture observations of corynebacterium glutamicum: the occurrence of an outer membrane-like structure and the influence of temperature on the cytoplasmic membrane.	in order to elucidate temperature-dependent morphological changes in the cell envelope of the gram-positive l-lysine-overproducing corynebacterium glutamicum 9366 we carried out freeze-fracture investigations of native cells and studied their fatty acid composition. in addition to the cytoplasmic membrane c. glutamicum possesses at the periphery of the cell an additional fracture plane which is unusual in gram-positive bacteria and is designated here as outer membrane-like structure. the fractur ...	1985	4087157
construction of novel shuttle vectors and a cosmid vector for the glutamic acid-producing bacteria brevibacterium lactofermentum and corynebacterium glutamicum.	novel cloning vectors for glutamic acid-producing bacteria have been constructed. two cryptic plasmids, pam330 from brevibacterium lactofermentum and phm1519 from corynebacterium glutamicum, were used as precursors, and recombined with pbr325 or pub110. resultant composite plasmids were able to propagate and to express the cmr or kmr phenotype in b. lactofermentum and c. glutamicum. a smaller, high-copy-number plasmid, paj43, was also isolated following deletion of a part of the pam330-pbr325 co ...	1985	4092934
production of amino acids by fermentation. i. development of auxotrophs micrococcus glutamicus for the production of individual amino acid-particularly l-lysine.		1974	4466818
amino acid excretion by prototrophic colony and colour variants in micrococcus glutamicus.		1974	4480484
quantitative assessment of the mutagenic effect of ethyl methanesulfonate in micrococcus glutamicus.		1972	4552837
[physiological and cytological characteristics of 2 strains of micrococcus glutamicus in the process of lysine biosynthesis].		1973	4701627
glutamic acid production with gel-entrapped corynebacterium glutamicum.		1973	4748854
regulation of l-lysine production by aspartic acid family amino acids in homoserine auxotroph of micrococcus glutamicus.		1973	4783397
isolation and study of the composition of a peptidoglycan complex excreted by the biotin-requiring mutant of brevibacterium divaricatum nrrl-2311 in the presence of penicillin.		1974	4829438
[pigmented mutants of micrococcus glutamicus and their properties].		1972	5086809
[effect of aeration and biotin concentration on the metabolism of micrococcus glutamicus mutant 1544].		1969	5345750
effect of citrate on use of glucose by resting cells of corynebacterium glutamicum.		1970	5437392
product inhibition of the fermentative formation of glutamic acid.	the addition of penicillin to cells of corynebacterium glutamicum growing in 5-liter fermentors initiated the excretion of glutamic acid. the rate of glutamate production in fermentors declined continuously with time and reached 75% of the initial rate in 24 hr after penicillin had been added. the addition of glutamate to resting cell suspensions had only a slight effect on sugar utilization but caused a marked decrease in glutamate excretion. it is suggested that the high level of glutamate acc ...	1970	5480097
[on some peculiarities of metabolism of dwarf mutant of micrococcus glutamicus, producer of lysine].		1968	5732039
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its deficiency in mutants of corynebacterium glutamicum.	corynebacterium glutamicum is a member of a group of taxonomically related glutamate-excreting bacteria which utilize glucose both by the embden-meyerhof and the pentose phosphate pathways, the latter sequence accounting for 10 to 38% of the glucose metabolized. some of the properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in crude extracts of c. glutamicum were studied. the enzyme was rapidly inactivated by dilution in tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-hydrochloride buffer. this inactivation was p ...	1969	5788701
reversal by citrate of the iodoacetate and fluoride inhibition of glutamic acid production by corynebacterium glutamicum.	citrate reversal of iodoacetate inhibition of glutamate synthesis is nonmetabolic. reversal of fluoride inhibition is metabolic, occurring only at low mg concentrations.	1969	5807160
thiamine-dependent accumulation of tetramethylpyrazine accompanying a mutation in the isoleucine-valine pathway.	a mutant of corynebacterium glutamicum was found to accumulate high concentrations of a material which crystallized upon cooling of the broth. the compound was identified as tetramethylpyrazine. the mutant was found to require isoleucine, valine, leucine, and pantothenate for growth. all four requirements probably result from the loss of a single enzyme of the isoleucine-valine pathway. since similar mutants of neurospora crassa accumulate acetoin, the present mutant probably forms tetramethylpy ...	1967	6039355
[effect of glutamic acid oversynthesis on the development of cyanide-resistant respiration in the bacterium corynebacterium glutamicum].	the composition of the respiratory chains of the wild stain corynebacterium glutamicum and of its mutant differing in their ability for the glutamic acid oversynthesis in a medium with melassa was studied. under excess of biotine and the parent strain is incapable of acid oversynthesis, while the mutant forms and excretes the acid. both bacterial strains contain menaquinone and equal sets of cytochromes c550, b556, b563, and a600. the membrane-bound dehydrogenases of the parent strain are repres ...	1982	6129002
microbial production of l-[15n]glutamic acid and its gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.	l-[15n]glutamic acid was prepared in high yields via a fermentative process. brevibacterium lactofermentum, growing on a medium containing 97% enriched 15nh4cl as a sole isotopic precursor, excreted mostly l-[15n]glutamic acid. the l-[15n]glutamic acid was purified and identified. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to demonstrate its usefulness in clinical studies.	1983	6137971
protoplast transformation of glutamate-producing bacteria with plasmid dna.	a method for polyethylene glycol-induced protoplast transformation of glutamate-producing bacteria with plasmid dna was established. protoplasts were prepared from cells grown in the presence of penicillin by treatment with lysozyme in a hypertonic medium. the concentration of penicillin during growth affected the efficiency of formation, regeneration, and polyethylene glycol-induced dna uptake of protoplasts. regeneration of protoplasts was accomplished on a hypertonic agar medium containing so ...	1984	6145700
glutamate excretion triggering mechanism: a reinvestigation of the surfactant-induced modification of cell lipids.	lipid alterations induced by surfactants to trigger glutamate excretion were investigated with an industrial strain of corynebacterium glutamicum. the lipid composition of this strain was determined for cultures in a synthetic medium and in a complex medium. a distribution of complex lipids between the cell wall and the cell membrane is proposed. depending on growth conditions, 70-85% of the cell fatty acids had saturated chains in cells grown with surfactants. in the synthetic medium up to 80% ...	1984	6150674
functional expression of the genes of escherichia coli in gram-positive corynebacterium glutamicum.	hybrid plasmids were constructed by combining in vitro the escherichia coli plasmid pga22, which carries the genes determining resistance to kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin, with the cryptic plasmids, pcg1 and pcg2, of corynebacterium glutamicum. the hybrid plasmids were introduced into c. glutamicum and e. coli and replicated in both hosts. they expressed all the e. coli resistance phenotypes except ampicillin resistance in c. glutamicum. the levels of antibiotic inactiv ...	1984	6384727
[microbiological production of l-lysine. i. the substrate specificity for the growth and lysine productivity of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13286].		1983	6417982
[microbiological production of l-lysine. ii. the inhibitory action of l-threonine and l-lysine on the lysine productivity of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13286].		1983	6417983
[taxonomic position of the lysine producer brevibacterium flavum].	brevibacterium flavum 22 and 22l producing lysine and glutamic acid should be reclassified as corynebacterium glutamicum on the basis of their chemotaxonomic characteristics: the iv type of the cell wall, corynomycolic acids c32--c34, 57.8% of gc in dna.	1984	6423939
role of biotin in the production of lysine by brevibacterium lactofermentum.	to investigate the role of biotin in lysine production, brevibacterium lactofermentum atcc 21086 was grown in an acid-hydrolysed whey permeate medium with and without added biotin. added biotin stimulated lysine production and growth of b. lactofermentum. five micrograms of biotin/100 ml was the optimum level of addition. biotin increased the uptake of 14c-glucose and affected fatty acid composition of cell wall lipids. cell walls of test organisms contained less 16:0 and more 18:2 fatty acids t ...	1984	6434904
[nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide synthesis by microorganisms].	the ability of five bacterial strains, i.e., brevibacterium ammoniagenes atcc 6872, brevibacterium flavum atcc 14067, brevibacterium 22, corynebacterium atcc 21084, micrococcus glutamicus atcc 13032, to utilize exogenous precursors (nicotinamide and adenine or atp) was investigated during nad synthesis under fermentation conditions and during incubation of acetone-dried cells. it was found that dry cells of brevibacterium three strains were most active. however, under fermentation conditions br. ...	1981	6459575
peptidoglycans as promoters of slow-wave sleep. ii. somnogenic and pyrogenic activities of some naturally occurring muramyl peptides; correlations with mass spectrometric structure determination.	the structures of components of the sleep-promoting material purified from human urine were established by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, as reported in the accompanying paper (martin, s. a., karnovsky, m. l., krueger, j. m., pappenheimer, j. r., and biemann, k. (1984) j. biol. chem. 259, 12652-12658). we report here that two substances isolated from that preparation, viz. n-acetylglucosaminyl-1,6 -anhydro-n-acetylmuramyl-ala-gamma-glu-diaminopimelyl-ala) and that compound lacking the ...	1984	6490637
immunotherapy of lewis lung carcinoma with hydrosoluble peptidoglycan monomer (pgm).	the water-soluble peptidoglycan monomer (pgm) isolated from the culture fluid of brevibacterium divaricatum, which has immunostimulating activity, has been examined for its antitumor effects in c57bl mice bearing lewis lung carcinoma. the formation of spontaneous lung metastases from sc tumor implants is significantly inhibited. the growth of sc primary tumors, including advanced ones, is also significantly inhibited, though to a less pronounced extent than the growth of metastases. the effects ...	1983	6553516
in vivo 15n nmr studies of regulation of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production by brevibacterium lactofermentum.	glutamic acid producer brevibacterium lactofermentum intact cells were used to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo 15n nmr to follow nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production throughout the growth cycle. the induction of glutamic acid production by different growth conditions was studied. intracellular and extracellular levels of free metabolites were estimated as function of oxygen supply and biotin concentration. 15n nmr enabled us to distinguish two phases during the fermentation. at ...	1983	6630214
immunotherapy of b-16 melanoma with peptidoglycan monomer.	b-16 melanoma-bearing mice received intravenously or intratumorally one or multiple injections of peptidoglycan monomer (pgm) derived from brevibacterium divaricatum cell wall. multiple injections of this non-toxic, water-soluble, low-molecular-weight peptidoglycan reduced the growth rate of tumor nodule on the leg, but did not significantly prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice. one milligram of pgm administered 3 or 7 days after tumor inoculation inhibited formation of pulmonary metastase ...	1983	6683639
[production of genetic recombinants in brevibacterium ammoniagenes and brevibacterium divaricatum by protoplast fusion].		1982	6757055
biosynthesis of l-lysine in corynebacterium glutamicum on sucrose, ethanol and acetic acid.	production of l-lysine was followed in two lysine-accumulating mutants of corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13287 in media containing sucrose, ethanol, acetic acid or a mixture of acetic acid and ammonium or sodium acetate. it was found that acetate is the best substitution for sucrose.	1980	6774937
[intracellular pool of free amino acids in a wild strain of corynebacterium glutamicum and its lysine-producing mutants].	the intracellular content of free amino acids was measured in the wild-type strain of corynebacterium glutamicum 13032 and its lysine producing mutants 410 and 133, resistant to the combined effect of threonine and s-2-aminoethyl cysteine, a lysine analog. after 18- and 48-hour cultivation of all strains the major components of the amino acid pool were glutamic acid, alanine and lysine, and those of the cell-free supernatant were alanine and lysine. after 18-hour cultivation the lysine content i ...	1981	6798561
[carbon isotope fractionation by aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms].	the isotope effects of carbon were studied in auxotrophic mutants of the following aerobic microorganisms: escherichia coli, corynebacterium, bacillus subtilis, brevibacterium and micrococcus glutamicus. intramolecular isotope heterogeneity was found in position of the total carbon differed from that of the carbon of the carboxyl in the amino acid. in the lysine released by corynebacterium grown on acetate, the carboxyl carbon is enriched with 13c by 8%o comparing with the total carbon of the am ...	1982	6806574
[phage mc-2: structure and the mechanism of corynebacterium glutamicum infection].		1982	7151675
directed mutagenesis of a regulatory palindromic sequence upstream from the brevibacterium lactofermentum tryptophan operon.	a cloned 9.6-kb fragment of brevibacterium lactofermentum dna, carrying the entire trp operon and upstream regulatory sequences, produces a polycistronic 7.0-kb transcript as detected by hybridization with an internal probe. the transcription start point (tsp) was identified by s1 mapping. the operator-promoter (op) region subcloned in escherichia coli and b. lactofermentum promoter-probe vectors exhibited about tenfold higher activity in b. lactofermentum. a 14-bp wild-type (wt) palindrome loca ...	1994	7510262
molecular analysis and characterization of a broad-host-range plasmid, pep2.	plasmid pep2 was found to encode a protein, repa, which is essential and rate limiting for its replication in escherichia coli and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. mutations which altered the rate of synthesis of this protein in e. coli affected the copy number and segregational stability of pep2 in the two hosts. repa contains 483 amino acid residues and has the calculated molecular weight of 53,925. it shows 45% amino acid residue identity with open reading frame orf2 of psr1, a plasmid iso ...	1994	7521871
nucleotide sequence, expression and transcriptional analysis of the corynebacterium glutamicum glta gene encoding citrate synthase.	citrate synthase catalyses the initial reaction of the citric acid cycle and can therefore be considered as the rate-controlling enzyme for the entry of substrates into the cycle. in corynebacterium glutamicum, the specific activity of citrate synthase was found to be independent of the growth substrate and of the growth phase. the enzyme was not affected by nadh or 2-oxoglutarate and was only weakly inhibited by atp (apparent ki = 10 mm). these results suggest that in c. glutamicum neither the ...	1994	7522844
organization of the outer layers of the cell envelope of corynebacterium glutamicum: a combined freeze-etch electron microscopy and biochemical study.	the cell surface of corynebacterium glutamicum grown on solid medium was totally covered with a highly ordered, hexagonal surface layer. also, freeze-fracture revealed two fracture surfaces which were totally covered with ordered arrays displaying an hexagonal arrangement and the same unit cell dimension as the surface layer. the ordered arrays on the concave fracture surface, closest to the cell surface, were due to the presence of particles while those on the convex fracture surface were their ...	1995	7549917
identification of channel-forming activity in the cell wall of corynebacterium glutamicum.	the cell wall of the gram-positive corynebacterium glutamicum was prepared. it contained an ion-permeable channel with a single-channel conductance of about 6 ns in 1 m kcl. the mobility sequence of the ions in the channel is similar to that in the aqueous phase, suggesting that it is a water-filled channel wide enough to allow unhindered diffusion of ions. the results indicate that we have identified the hydrophilic pathway through the mycolic acid layer of c. glutamicum.	1995	7559365
the erythromycin resistance gene of the corynebacterium xerosis r-plasmid ptp10 also carrying chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and tetracycline resistances is capable of transposition in corynebacterium glutamicum.	the clinical isolate corynebacterium xerosis m82b carries the 50-kb r-plasmid ptp10 that confers resistance to the antibiotics chloramphenicol, kanamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. a detailed restriction map of ptp10 was constructed by cloning and analyzing restriction fragments of ptp10 in escherichia coli. the resistance determinants of ptp10 were located by studying the phenotype of the recombinant plasmids in e. coli and corynebacterium glutamicum. restriction patterns of fragments enc ...	1995	7568464
functional analysis of sequences adjacent to dape of corynebacterium glutamicum reveals the presence of arop, which encodes the aromatic amino acid transporter.	an initially nonclonable dna locus close to a gene of l-lysine biosynthesis in corynebacterium glutamicum was analyzed in detail. its stepwise cloning and its functional identification by monitoring the amino acid uptakes of defined mutants, together with mechanistic studies, identified the corresponding structure as arop, the general aromatic amino acid uptake system.	1995	7592354
unbalance of l-lysine flux in corynebacterium glutamicum and its use for the isolation of excretion-defective mutants.	we found that the simple addition of l-methionine to the wild type of corynebacterium glutamicum results in excretion of the cellular building block l-lysine up to rates of 2.5 nmol/min/mg (dry weight). biochemical analyses revealed that l-methionine represses the homoserine dehydrogenase activity and reduces the intracellular l-threonine level from 7 to less than 2 mm. since l-lysine synthesis is regulated mainly by l-threonine (plus l-lysine) availability, the result is enhanced flux towards l ...	1995	7608075
construction of lysine-producing strains by gene disruption and replacement in brevibacterium divaricatum.	gene disruption and replacement techniques were applied to block the biosynthesis of threonine and methionine and thus to construct genetically stable lysine producers in a glutamate-producing bacteria, brevibacterium divaricatum. the homoserine dehydrogenase gene (hom), homoserine kinase gene (thrb) and hom-thrb operon were amplified as 1.8, 1.25 and 2.8 kb fragments from b. divaricatum by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and cloned in an e. coli-coryneform bacteria shuttle vector, psumn18. thes ...	1995	7624444
production of isoleucine by overexpression of ilva in a corynebacterium lactofermentum threonine producer.	overproduction of isoleucine, an essential amino acid, was achieved by amplification of the gene encoding threonine dehydratase, the first enzyme in the threonine to isoleucine pathway, in a corynebacterium lactofermentum threonine producer. threonine overproduction was previously achieved with c. lactofermentum atcc 21799, a lysine-hyperproducing strain, by introduction of plasmid pgc42 containing the corynebacterium homdr and thrb genes (encoding homoserine dehydrogenase and homoserine kinase ...	1995	7632398
the biosynthesis of threonine by mammalian cells: expression of a complete bacterial biosynthetic pathway in an animal cell.	the coding regions for the escherichia coli gene for aspartokinase i/homoserine dehydrogenase i (thra) and the corynebacterium glutamicum gene for aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) have been subcloned into a simian virus 40 (sv40)-based mammalian expression vector. both enzyme activities are expressed in mouse 3t3 cells after transfer of the corresponding chimaeric gene. the kinetic parameters are similar to those of the native bacterial enzymes, and aspartokinase i/homoserine dehydrogen ...	1995	7639721