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ultrastructural studies on selenomonas ruminantium from the sheep rumen. 19734773919
propionate formation from cellulose and soluble sugars by combined cultures of bacteroides succinogenes and selenomonas ruminantium.succinate is formed as an intermediate but not as a normal end product of the bovine rumen fermentation. however, numerous rumen bacteria are present, e.g., bacteroides succinogenes, which produce succinate as a major product of carbohydrate fermentation. selenomonas ruminantium, another rumen species, produces propionate via the succinate or randomizing pathway. these two organisms were co-cultured to determine if s. ruminantium could decarboxylate succinate produced by b. succinogenes. when en ...19734796955
[selenomonas in the vagina]. 19684891229
morphological studies on selenomonas sputigena with reference to its flagellation. 19685247278
[electron microscopic studies on intracytoplasmic membranous structure and surface structure by means of negative staining method of selenomonas sputigena]. 19685251799
oxygen sensitivity of various anaerobic bacteria.anaerobes differ in their sensitivity to oxygen, as two patterns were recognizable in the organisms included in this study. strict anaerobes were species incapable of agar surface growth at po(2) levels greater than 0.5%. species that were found to be strict anaerobes were treponema macrodentium, treponema denticola, treponema oralis n. sp., clostridium haemolyticum, selenomonas ruminatium, butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and lachnospira multiparus. moderate anaerobes w ...19695370458
mechanism of propionate formation by selenomonas ruminantium, a rumen micro-organism. 19705530770
carbon dioxide requirement of various species of rumen bacteria.the carbon dioxide requirement of 32 strains of rumen bacteria, representing 11 different species, was studied in detail. increasing concentrations of co(2) were added as nahco(3) to a specially prepared co(2)-free medium which was tubed and inoculated under nitrogen. prior depletion of co(2) in the inoculum was found to affect the level of requirement; however, the complexity and buffering capacity of the medium did not appear to be involved. an absolute requirement for co(2) was observed for e ...19715541030
chemical structure of lipid a of selenomonas ruminantium. 19715562340
function of growth factors for rumen microorganisms. ii. metabolic fate of incorporated fatty acids in selenomonas ruminantium. 19685689520
function of growth factors for rumen microorganisms. i. nutritional characteristics of selenomonas ruminantium.nutritional characteristics of selenomonas ruminantium var. lactilytica isolated from a sheep rumen were studied. the organism required for growth the addition of a clarified rumen fluid to a trypticase-yeast extract medium with either lactate or glucose as an energy source. the requirement for rumen fluid was found to be satisfied by volatile fatty acids in glucose media and by biotin in lactate media. straight-chain saturated fatty acids with c(3) to c(10) carbon skeleton had been found to be ...19676020417
ammonia assimilation and glutamate formation in the anaerobe selenomonas ruminantium.selenomonas ruminantium was found to possess two pathways for nh4+ assimilation that resulted in net glutamate synthesis. one pathway fixed nh4+ through the action of an nadph-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh). maximal gdh activity required kcl (about 0.48 m), but a variety of monovalent salts could replace kcl. complete substrate saturation of the enzyme by nh4+ did not occur, and apparent km values of 6.7 and 23 mm were estimated. also, an nadh-linked gdh activity was observed but was not s ...19806102549
regulation of urease and ammonia assimilatory enzymes in selenomonas ruminantium.urease and glutamine synthetase activities in selenomonas ruminantium strain d were highest in cells grown in ammonia-limited, linear-growth cultures or when certain compounds other than ammonia served as the nitrogen source and limited the growth rate in batch cultures. glutamate dehydrogenase activity was highest during glucose (energy)-limited growth or when ammonia was not growth limiting. a positive correlation (r = 0.96) between glutamine synthetase and urease activities was observed for a ...19816114707
the bacteriology of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.plaque samples from 22 ulcerated sites in eight patients with anug were cultured using quantitative anaerobic procedures and were examined microscopically. the partial characterization of the predominant cultivable flora revealed a constant flora comprised of a limited number of bacterial types and a variable flora composed of a heterogeneous array of bacterial types. this constant flora would appear to be pathognomonic of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (anug) and included the various t ...19826122728
a note on the fermentation of pectin by pure strains and combined cultures of rumen bacteria.bacteroides ruminicola, pure or combined with selenomonas ruminantium, and lachnospira multiparus, pure or combined with succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, were grown on a medium with pectin as energy source. there was a difference in fermentation products between the pure and combined cultures and efficiency of substrate utilization was better with the combined cultures.19816168176
long-term nutrient starvation of continuously cultured (glucose-limited) selenomonas ruminantium.selenomonas ruminantium, a strictly anaerobic ruminal bacterium, was grown at various dilution rates (d = 0.05, 0.25, and 0.35 h-1) under glucose-limited continuous culture conditions. suspensions of washed cells prepared anaerobically in mineral buffer were subjected to nutrient starvation (24 to 36 h; 39 degrees c; n2 atmosphere). regardless of growth rate, viability declined logarithmically, and within about 2.5 h, about 50% of the populations were nonviable. after 24 h of starvation, the num ...19816170629
turn-over of phospholipids in selenomonas ruminantium.the particulate enzyme prepared from selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica catalyzed the formation of phosphatidylserine (ps) from cdp-diglyceride and serine, and phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) from ps. this indicates that ps and pe in this organism are synthesized through a similar pathway to that in escherichia coli. in turn-over experiments with [32p]orthophosphate and [14c]caproate, a rapid turn-over of pe was observed, while ethanolamine plasmalogen was relatively stable. the decrease o ...19846325403
anaerobic oral and dental infection.anaerobes make up a significant part of the oral and dental indigenous and pathogenic flora. their role in periodontal disease, root canal infections, infections of the hard and soft oral tissue, as well as their importance as foci for disseminated infectious disease is well established. despite the ubiquitous involvement of bacteria, significant progress in our understanding of specific microbial etiologies has occurred only in the past decade. estimates of the number of species recovered from ...19846372018
anaerobes as normal oral flora.the human mouth provides a suitable habitat for numerous bacterial genera. anaerobic genera or genera that include anaerobic members found in the oral cavity are actinomyces, arachnia, bacteroides, bifidobacterium, eubacterium, fusobacterium, lactobacillus, leptotrichia, peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, propionibacterium, selenomonas, treponema, and veillonella. the incidence of anaerobes varies with age of the individual and with specific sites sampled. in edentulous infants, the incidence of a ...19846372039
clinical, microbiological and immunological features associated with the treatment of active periodontosis lesions.clinical, microbiological and immunological factors were examined using data from a subject with periodontosis. the subject was monitored at bimonthly intervals for 26 months at 6 sites per tooth for redness, plaque, suppuration, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and attachment level. using attachment level measurements and the tolerance method of analysis, sites with active disease and control (inactive) sites of equal pocket depth were selected. subgingival plaque samples were taken from thes ...19846386896
purification and properties of selenomonas ruminantium lysine decarboxylase.selenomonas ruminantium, a strictly anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium isolated from sheep rumen, contains lysine decarboxylase (y. kamio et al., j. bacteriol. 145:122-128, 1981). this report describes the synthesis, purification, and characterization of the enzyme. lysine decarboxylase was synthesized in cells grown in chemically defined medium without lysine. the enzyme was purified approximately 1,800-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. the native enzyme of approximate molecular weight 88,00 ...19836401702
alpha-ketoglutarate metabolism by cytochrome-containing anaerobes.during growth in the presence of tracer amounts of exogenously supplied alpha-keto[1-14c]glutarate (akg) or alpha-keto [5-14c]glutarate, cytochrome-containing bacteroides fragilis strain 2044 and bacteroides vulgatus strain 8482 incorporated extremely small amounts of radioactivity into cell macromolecules and protoheme. under identical conditions, bacteroides "l" strain 7cm and bacteroides buccae strain j1 incorporated substantial label from [5-14c]akg, but not [1-14c]akg, into cellular macromo ...19836413047
the uptake and utilization of entodinium caudatum, bacteria, free amino acids and glucose by the rumen ciliate entodinium bursa.washed suspensions of entodinium bursa were incubated anaerobically with entodinium caudatum, ten species of bacteria and a yeast. the rate of uptake and digestion of these micro-organisms was investigated. protozoa grown in vivo did not engulf proteus mirabilis or klebsiella aerogenes but rapidly took up bacillus megaterium. selenomonas ruminantium, torulopsis glabrata and streptococcus bovis, although only the last was digested with release of soluble material into the medium. protozoa grown i ...19846427172
selenite uptake and incorporation by selenomonas ruminantium.selenite uptake and incorporation in selenomonas ruminantium was constitutive with an inducible component. it was distinct from sulphate or selenate transport, since sulphate and selenate did not inhibit uptake, nor could sulphate or selenate uptake be demonstrated. selenite uptake had an apparent km of 1.28 mm and a vmax of 148 ng se min-1 mg-1 protein. uptake was sensitive to inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol (dnp), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (cccp), azide, iodoacetic acid (iaa) a ...19846442129
bacteriology of experimental gingivitis in children.children are more resistant to gingivitis than are adults. to determine possible differences in their periodontal floras, an experimental gingivitis study, identical in design to one reported earlier with young adults, was conducted with four 4- to 6-year-old children. the incidence of sites that developed gingival index scores of 2 in children was less than one-third of the incidence observed in adults. the composition of the flora of each child was statistically significantly different from th ...19846480100
effects of chetomin on growth and acidic fermentation products of rumen bacteria.chetomin, an antibiotic metabolite of chaetomium spp., was tested in the form of its tetrathiol derivative for its effects on growth and carbohydrate metabolism by five strains of functionally important rumen bacteria. the compound was bacteriostatic for the strains tested and gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to inhibition than gram-negative bacteria. in an anaerobic broth dilution assay using a medium lacking rumen fluid, the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of chetomin which co ...19836686488
changes in metabolism and cell size of the anaerobic bacterium selenomonas ruminantium 0078a at the onset of growth in continuous culture.initial metabolism of selenomonas ruminantium 0078a in continuous culture was characterized by a high lactate and low volatile fatty acid production; this was associated with poor growth as determined by bacterial dry weight production, yet individual cells were considerably larger than those of the inoculum. biomass production increased, cell size decreased and the fermentation pattern reverted to the characteristic low lactate and high volatile fatty acid production after approximately 90 h gr ...19846746466
the uptake and metabolism of bacteria, amino acids, glucose and starch by the spined and spineless forms of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.spined and spineless forms of entodinium caudatum were obtained by growth in vivo in the presence and absence, respectively, of entodinium bursa. washed suspensions of both forms engulfed all the bacteria tested although the spined form took them up 1.3 to 1.9 times more rapidly per unit volume of protozoon than did the spineless form. buytrivibrio fibrisolvens and selenomonas ruminantium were rapidly digested by the spined form after engulfment. free amino acids were taken up on average 3.1 tim ...19806775042
chemical structure of peptidoglycan in selenomonas ruminantium: cadaverine links covalently to the d-glutamic acid residue of peptidoglycan.the peptidoglycan of selenomonas ruminantium, a strictly anaerobic bacterium, contains cadaverine (y. kamio, y. itoh, y. terawaki, and t. kusano, j. bacteriol. 145:122-128, 1981). this report describes the chemical structure of the peptidoglycan of this bacterium. the [14c]cadaverine-labeled peptidoglycan was degraded with the lytic enzymes prepared from streptomyces albus g into three small fragments including a major fragment (band a compound). bank a compound was composed of l-alanine, d-glut ...19816783621
the influence of extracellular hydrogen on the metabolism of bacteroides ruminicola, anaerovibrio lipolytica and selenomonas ruminantium.strains of three anaerobic rumen bacteria, bacteroides ruminicola, anaerovibrio lipolytica and selenomonas ruminantium, were able to use extracellular h2 to reduce fumarate to succinate. each bacterium possessed membrane-bound hydrogenase and fumarate reductase activity. membrane-bound cytochrome b was reducible by h2 and oxidizable by fumarate in each bacterium. the apparent km values for hydrogen of the hydrogenases were 4 . 5 x 10(-6) m, 1 . 4 x 10(-5) m and 4 . 4 x 10(-5) m for b. ruminicola ...19806785381
ultrasonic dispersion of pure cultures of plaque bacteria and plaque.this study compared the sonic sensitivity of 12 gram-negative and two gram-positive bacteria commonly encountered in plaque associated with periodontal diseases. pure bacterial cultures were grown to standard turbidity, diluted in 1/4 strength prereduced anaerobically sterilized ringer's solution, and aliquots dispersed for 0-180 s, using an mse sonic oscillator at 6 micron under 80% n2, 10% h2 and 10% co2. viable recoveries were determined on anaerobically cultured trypticase soy 5% blood agar ...19816947390
an approach to the definition of periodontal disease syndromes by cluster analysis.clinical syndromes of 22 untreated patients with advanced destructive periodontal disease were analyzed using cluster analysis. clinical characteristics coded for each patient included age, sex, measures of gingival inflammation, plaque, suppuration, pocket depth, attachment level, extent and pattern of bone loss, rate of change in pocket depth, and correlation coefficients between certain clinical measurements. microbiologic features included darkfield enumeration of 10 morphologically distinct ...19826960022
polyclonal b-cell activation induced by extracts of gram-negative bacteria isolated from periodontally diseased sites.the objective of this research was to determine whether gram-negative bacteria frequently isolated from periodontally diseased sites contained polyclonal b-cell activators. polyclonal b-cell activation, which results in nonspecific activation of multiple b-cell clones was analyzed by a hemolysis-in-gel assay designed to detect a broad range of antibody specificities. extracts from numerous bacterial strains, including bacteroides gingivalis, bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus, b. ...19816975240
biosynthesis of cadaverine-containing peptidoglycan in selenomonas ruminantium.cadaverine links covalently to the d-glutamic acid residue of the peptidoglycan in selenomonas ruminantium, a strictly anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium (kamio, y., itoh, y., and terawaki, y (1981) j. bacteriol. 146, 49-53). this report describes the enzymatic properties of the particulate enzyme preparation in s. ruminantium which catalyzes the addition of cadaverine to the alpha-carboxyl group of d-glutamic acid residue of the peptidoglycan. incorporation of cadaverine into the peptidoglycan ...19827037782
selenomonas sputigena septicemia.selenomonas sputigena is a curved motile anaerobic gram-negative rod that is a part of the normal upper respiratory tract of man. we present a case of speticemia associated with this organism and believe it to be the first such report describing systemic disease.19817037840
effect of ph on growth rates of rumen amylolytic and lactilytic bacteria.the relationship between the ph of the medium and specific growth rates, in well-buffered media at 38.5 degrees c, was determined for three strains of butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and for one strain each of streptococcus bovis, selenomonas ruminantium subsp. lactilytica. megasphaera elsdenii, veillonella alcalescens, and propionibacterium acnes. the ph optima for growth were between 6.1 and 6.6 for all six species, and the upper ph limits were between 7.3 and 7.8. the lower limit ph values for grow ...19827125656
isolation and presumptive identification of adherent epithelial bacteria ("epimural" bacteria) from the ovine rumen wall.one hundred sixty-one strains of adherent bacteria were isolated under anaerobic conditions from four sites on the rumen epithelial surface of sheep fed hay or a hay-grain ration. before isolation of bacteria, rumen tissue was washed six times in an anaerobic dilution solution, and viable bacteria suspended in the washings were counted. calculation indicated that unattached bacteria would have been removed from the tissue by this procedure, but a slow and progressive release of attached bacteria ...19817195191
characterization of the cecal bacteria of normal pigs.one hundred ninety-two isolates from cecal contents of three normal weaned pigs were obtained by means of anaerobic roll tube methods and were characterized. seventy-eight percent of the isolates were gram-negative. the most numerous species isolated from each of the pigs was bacteroides ruminicola. this species accounted for 35% of the isolates that were characterized, and selenomonas ruminantium accounted for 21% of the isolates. other gram-negative bacteria isolated from all three pigs were b ...19817235711
effects of lasalocid or monensin on lactate-producing or -using rumen bacteria.lasalocid or monensin inhibited most of the lactate-producing rumen bacteria (butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, eubacterium cellulosolvens, e. ruminantium, lachnospira multiparus, lactobacillus ruminis, l. vitulinus, ruminococcus albus, r. flavefaciens, streptococcus bovis). minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from .38 to 3.0 micrograms/ml. among the lactate producers, those that produce succinate as a major end product (bacteroides, selenomonas, succinimonas, succinivibrio) were not inhibited by ...19817275867
comparative in vitro activity of new beta-lactam antibiotics against anaerobic bacteria.several new beta-lactam antimicrobial agents have been introduced in the last few years. in this investigation, the in vitro activities of several recently introduced cephalosporins (cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftizoxime), moxalactam, and n-formimidoyl thienamycin were compared with those of cefoxitin, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 203 strains of anaerobic bacteria. at achievable serum levels, all of the antimicrobial agents were active against essentially 100% of the s ...19817325628
utilization of ammonia nitrogen by intestinal bacteria isolated from pigs.in a medium containing ammonia, proteose peptone, and cysteine as nitrogen sources, 17 of 24 bacteroidaceae strains, 3 of selenomonas strains, 1 of 7 curved rods, 3 of 7 spirochaetaceae strains, 8 of 20 eubacterium strains, 8 of 13 peptococcaceae strains, 3 of 4 clostridium strains, 19 of 20 enterobacteriaceae strains, and 1 of 8 streptococcus strains utilized ammonia nitrogen preferentially to proteose peptone nitrogen. to determine the ability of intestinal microbes to synthesize amino acids f ...19807356320
isolation and characterization of outer and inner membranes of selenomonas ruminantium: lipid compositions.the isolation procedure and characterization of the outer and inner membranes from selenomonas ruminatium cells, a strictly anaerobic bacterium, are described. the metabolic fate of [14c]decanoate incorporated into the outer and inner membranes was examined. the percent distribution of radioactivities in the outer and inner membranes was about 40 and 50% of the total incorporated activity, respectively. approximately 47% of the radioactivity incorporated into the outer membrane was recovered in ...19807364719
outer membrane proteins and cell surface structure of selenomonas ruminantium.the protein compositions of the membrane preparations from selenomonas ruminantium grown in glucose or lactate medium were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate- and two-dimensional (first, isoelectric focusing; second, sodium dodecyl sulfate) polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. the outer membrane from both glucose- and lactate-grown cells contained two major proteins with apparent molecular weights of 42,000 and 40,000. these proteins existed as peptidoglycan-associated proteins in the oute ...19807364720
effect of ph on the efficiency of growth by pure cultures of rumen bacteria in continuous culture.a total of 10 strains of rumen bacteria, selenomonas ruminantium hd4, megasphaera elsdenii b159, butyrivibrio fibrisolvens a38, streptococcus bovis jb1, lactobacillus vitulinus ga1, bacteroides ruminicola b14, b. ruminicola ga33, ruminococcus albus 7, ruminococcus flavefaciens c94, and bacteroides succinogenes s85, were grown in energy-limiteh of the medium reservoir was lowered approximately 0.3 ph units, and the energy source concentration remaining in the culture vessel, optical density, cell ...19807387158
cytoplasmic reserve polysaccharide of selenomonas ruminantium.selenomonas ruminantium accumulated large quantities of intracellular polysaccharide when grown in simple defined medium in a chemostat, particularly at low dilution rate under nh3 limitation when the carbohydrate content of the cells was greater than 40% of the dry weight. this polysaccharide was used as a source of energy under conditions of energy starvation. abundant, densely staining cytoplasmic granules were observed by electron microscopy in sections stained by the periodic acid-thiocarbo ...19807387159
ammonia saturation constants for predominant species of rumen bacteria.ammonia saturation constants were determined for representative pure cultures of predominant, anaerobic, fermentative rumen bacteria. based on growth experiments with ammonia limited continuous cultures, average estimates for ammonia saturation constants of bacteroides amylophillus and bacteroides ruminicola were 10.5 and 23.5 microm ammonia-nitrogen, respectively. with ammonia-limited linear-growth cultures, the estimates for the ammonia saturation constants of b. amylophilus, b. ruminicola, an ...19807419777
cadaverine is covalently linked to peptidoglycan in selenomonas ruminantium.cadaverine was found to exist as a component of cell wall peptidoglycan of selenomonas ruminantium, a strictly anaerobic bacterium. [14c]cadaverine added to the growth medium was incorporated into the cells, and about 70% of the total radioactivity incorporated was found in the peptidoglycan fraction. when the [14c]cadaverine-labeled peptidoglycan preparation was acid hydrolyzed, all of the 14c counts were recovered as cadaverine. the [14c]cadaverine-labeled peptidoglycan preparation was digeste ...19817462141
phylogenetic placement of dialister pneumosintes (formerly bacteroides pneumosintes) within the sporomusa subbranch of the clostridium subphylum of the gram-positive bacteria.the nucleotide sequence of the 16s rrna gene of the type strain of dialister pneumosintes was determined. phylogenetic analysis revealed that this species belongs to the sporomusa branch of the clostridium subphylum of the gram-positive bacteria and should therefore be excluded from the family bacteroidaceae. within this branch, which encompasses several other gram-negative taxa, such as acidaminococcus, pectinatus, phascolarcobacterium, quinella, selenomonas, and zymophilus, dialister showed a ...19957537075
the cellular location of prevotella ruminicola beta-1,4-d-endoglucanase and its occurrence in other strains of ruminal bacteria.prevotella ruminicola b(1)4, tc1-1, tf1-3, and ts1-5 all produced immunologically cross-reacting 88- and 82-kda carboxymethyl cellulases (cmcases). p. ruminicola 23, 118b, 20-63, and 20-78 had much lower cmcase activities, and western blots (immunoblots) showed no cross-reaction with the b(1)4 cmcase antiserum. fibrobacter succinogenes s85 and selenomonas ruminantium hd4 and d produced cmcase, but these enzymes were smaller and did not cross-react with the b(1)4 cmcase antiserum. the b(1)4 cmcas ...19957574639
effect of extracellular lactate on growth of rumen lactate producers.the addition of na-lactate (50-150 mmol/l) to media with glucose had only marginal effect on the growth of rumen lactate-producing bacteria at ph between 6.5 and 5.8. butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was somewhat more sensitive to external lactate than streptococcus bovis, lactobacillus fermentum and selenomonas ruminantium. it can be concluded that rumen lactate producers, which proliferate at the onset of rumen lactic acidosis, are not influenced by the lactate accumulation, except some non-specific ...19947619002
a defined medium for rumen bacteria and identification of strains impaired in de novo biosynthesis of certain amino acids.a completely defined growth medium has been developed to determine the nitrogen requirements for several species of ruminal bacteria, and has revealed two strains which are impaired in de novo biosynthesis of certain amino acids. using nh4cl as a sole nitrogen source, the medium supported growth of butyrivibrio, selenomonas, prevotella and streptococcus species. one strain of b. fibrisolvens (e14) and one strain of p. ruminicola (ga33) did not grow in the presence of nh4cl until the medium was s ...19957639995
proposal of quinella ovalis gen. nov., sp. nov., based on phylogenetic analysis.quin's oval is a relatively large bacterium often seen in the rumens of sheep fed diets containing some readily fermented carbohydrates. it has not been obtained in axenic cultures, but a number of its features have been determined by various methods, such as studying cell suspensions purified from rumen fluid by differential centrifugation. we obtained similarly purified suspensions from a sheep fed a diet containing a large amount of molasses. nearly complete 16s rrna sequence analysis of thes ...19937684240
the in vitro uptake and metabolism of peptides and amino acids by five species of rumen bacteria.streptococcus bovis jb1, prevotella ruminicola b(1)4, selenomonas ruminantium z108, fibrobacter succinogenes s85 and anaerovibrio lipolytica 5s were incubated with either 14c-peptides (mol. wt, 200-1000) or 14c-amino acids to compare their rates of uptake and metabolism. in experiment 1, the bacteria were grown and incubated in a complex medium, but no uptake of 14c-labelled substrates occurred. when casein digest was omitted, uptake rates of 14c-peptides were different (p < 0.01) with each spec ...19957698948
nutrient transport by ruminal bacteria: a review.fermentation pathways have been elucidated for predominant ruminal bacteria, but information is limited concerning the specific transport mechanisms used by these microorganisms for c, energy, and n sources. in addition, it is possible that changes in ruminal environmental conditions could affect transport activity. five carrier-mediated soluble nutrient transport mechanisms have been identified in bacteria: 1) facilitated diffusion, 2) shock sensitive systems, 3) proton symport, 4) na+ symport, ...19947730197
isolation and characterization of a new restriction endonuclease, sru30di, from selenomonas ruminantium.the restriction endonuclease (enase) sru30di, an isoschizomer of stui, which recognizes the sequence 5'-agg/cct-3', was purified from a natural isolate of selenomonas ruminatinum. the enase was isolated from cell extracts using single-step purification by phosphocellulose column chromatography. activity of sru30di is inhibited by overlapping dcm methylation. the enase is extremely stable at 37 degrees c and is active over a wide range of ph, temperature and salt concentrations.19957789798
periodontopathogens in elderly chinese with different periodontal disease experience.if an etiological relationship exists between destructive periodontal disease and putative periodontopathogens, they would be expected to have a very low prevalence in periodontally healthy elderly persons. to test this hypothesis, 2 subgroups of elderly, rural chinese (a periodontally "best" and a "worst" group, each comprising 15 persons) were identified in 1990 from a cohort aged 55-69 years, examined in 1984. assessment of changes in periodontal status over the 6-year period were possible by ...19957790524
cyclic amp in ruminal and other anaerobic bacteria.an examination of camp levels in predominant species of ruminal bacteria and other anaerobic bacteria was conducted. cellular camp concentrations of glucose-grown cultures of butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 49, prevotella ruminicola d31d, selenomonas ruminantium hd4 and d, megasphaera elsdenii b159, streptococcus bovis jb1, bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 5482, and clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 were determined at various times during growth by a competitive binding radioimmunoassay procedure. the r ...19947851742
microbiota of rapidly progressive periodontitis lesions in association with clinical parameters.the microbial population in 73 rapidly progressive periodontitis (rpp) lesions in 10 young adults aged 25 to 35 years (5 males, 5 females) was studied in relation to the clinical parameters probing depth, bleeding on probing, and suppuration, which were recorded at the sampled sites. porphyromonas gingivalis was found to predominate (26.7%) in 73 periodontal lesions with clinical probing depth > 6 mm, followed by bacteroides forsythus (23.6%), and prevotella intermedia (15.7%). the prevalence of ...19947853132
multiple lactate dehydrogenase activities of the rumen bacterium selenomonas ruminantium.the lactate utilizing strain of selenomonas ruminantium 5934e was found to contain three lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activities in sonicated cell extracts. one activity, an nad dependent l-ldh (l-nldh) was measured at 15-fold greater levels in extracts of cells grown to mid-exponential phase on glucose compared to cells grown to the equivalent growth stage on dl-lactate. a second nldh activity specific for d-lactate (d-nldh) was detected at similar levels in both lactate-grown cell extracts and ...19947921257
the oral gram-negative anaerobic microflora in young children: longitudinal changes from edentulous to dentate mouth.eruption of primary teeth has a great influence on the oral environment by providing suitable niches for bacterial colonization. the composition of oral gram-negative anaerobic microflora was investigated in 21 young children (mean age 32 months) with primary dentition. the bacterial findings of samples were compared with those of the same children collected at their edentulous infant period (mean age 3 months). during the primary period, 2 samples were collected from each child: a sample with d ...19947936718
in vitro activity of meropenem compared with imipenem, metronidazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin/sulbactam against anaerobes.the aim of the present study was to compare the in vitro activity of meropenem (ici 194660, cas 96036-03-2) with imipenem, metronidazole, clindamycin, ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam against a variety of anaerobic bacteria using an agar dilution method. 423 clinical isolates were tested belonging to 70 species of 15 anaerobic genera. they included bacteroides fragilis (n = 62), bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (n = 45), prevotella bivia (n = 11), fusobacterium nucleatum (n = 12), clostridium per ...19947945523
[rumen bacterial metabolism as affected by extracellular redox potential].the redox potential (eh) in the digestive tract of ruminants varies mostly within the ranges from -300 to +200 mv, in the rumen medium: from -130 to -200 mv. eh and ph changes are of a linear character. enhanced fermentation moves eh towards negative values and improves growth of microorganisms. eh values become even more negative as affected by na2s, naoh, cysteine and nahso3. addition of picrate, sodium nitrate, hydrochloric acid, copper sulphate, gaseous oxygen and particularly heavy metals ( ...19947974836
alternative strategies of 2-deoxyglucose resistance and low affinity glucose transport in the ruminal bacteria, streptococcus bovis and selenomonas ruminantium.streptococcus bovis and selenomonas ruminantium grew in the presence of the glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2-dg), but the cells no longer had high affinity glucose transport. in s. bovis, 2-dg resistance was correlated with a decrease in phosphoenolpyruvate (pep)-dependent glucose phosphotransferase (pts) activity. the 2-dg-selected s. bovis cells relied solely upon a low affinity, facilitated diffusion mechanism of glucose transport and a 2-dg-resistant glucokinase (atp-dependent). the glucoki ...19947988891
influence of yucca shidigera extract on ruminal ammonia concentrations and ruminal microorganisms.an extract of the desert plant yucca shidigera was assessed for its possible benefit in ruminal fermentation. the extract bound ammonia in aqueous solution when concentrations of ammonia were low (up to 0.4 mm) and when the extract was added at a high concentration to the sample (20%, vol/vol). the apparent ammonia-binding capability was retained after autoclaving and was decreased slightly following dialysis. acid-precipitated extract was inactive. no evidence of substantial ammonia binding was ...19948031077
restriction endonucleases from selenomonas ruminantium which recognize and cleave 5'-at/taat-3'.two natural isolates from fallow-deer rumen identified as selenomonas ruminantium were found to produce a restriction endonuclease which we called sru4di. this enzyme was isolated from cell extracts by phosphocellulose chromatography. analysis of the sru4di recognition site showed that sru4di recognizes the hexanucleotide sequence 5'-at/taat-3' generating 5'dinucleotide protruding ends upon cleavage and thus is a true isoschizomer of vspi, a restriction enzyme isolated from vibrio sp.19948042908
factors affecting l-lactate utilization by selenomonas ruminantium.studies were conducted to evaluate factors that affect l-lactate utilization by the ruminal bacterium selenomonas ruminantium hd4. l-lactate uptake decreased over time both in the presence and absence of 10 mm l-malate. compared with uptake in the absence of malate, 10 mm l-malate increased l-lactate uptake at 30 s and 45 min. because l-malate had little effect on l-lactate uptake for cells grown on soluble carbohydrates compared to lactate-grown cells, it seems that the stimulation due to l-mal ...19948056684
ability of acidaminococcus fermentans to oxidize trans-aconitate and decrease the accumulation of tricarballylate, a toxic end product of ruminal fermentation.mixed ruminal bacteria convert trans-aconitate to tricarballylate, a tricarboxylic acid which chelates blood divalent cations and decreases their availability (j. b. russell and p. j. van soest, appl. environ. microbiol. 47:155-159, 1984). decreases in blood magnesium in turn cause a potentially fatal disease known as grass tetany. trans-aconitate was stoichiometrically reduced to tricarballylate by selenomonas ruminantium, a common ruminal bacterium in grass-fed ruminants (j. b. russell, appl. ...19948074529
adherence of oral microorganisms to guided tissue membranes: an in vitro study.microorganisms can adhere and colonize on an exposed guided tissue regeneration (gtr) membrane thus developing a nidus of infection. the purpose of this study was to compare early bacterial adhesion to three different gtr membranes. expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, polyglactin 910, and collagen were used as the test membranes. in part i of this study 15 different oral microbes were used to compare their relative ability to adhere to the membranes. six of the most strongly adherent bacteria (act ...19948164114
srui restriction endonuclease from selenomonas ruminantium.srui, specific restriction endonuclease, has been characterized from selenomonas ruminantium isolated from the rumen of fallow deer. results from the study demonstrate that s. ruminantium 18d possesses a type ii restriction endonuclease, which recognizes the sequence 5'-ttt decreases aaa-3'. the recognition sequence of srui was identified using digestions on pbr322, pbr328, puc18, m13mp18rf, pacyc184 and lambda dna. the cleavage patterns obtained were compared with computer-derived data. srui re ...19938262361
microbiology of the pericoronal pouch in mandibular third molar pericoronitis.the microorganisms associated with mandibular third molar pericoronitis were investigated using direct microscopy and anaerobic culture method. the pericoronal pouch was sampled with paper points in a) 8 patients without mandibular third molar pericoronitis and b) 6 patients with mandibular third molar pericoronitis. under the microscope, the microflora was found to be a complex mixture comprising gram-positive and gram-negative cocci, rods and filaments (including fusiform and curved rods), mot ...19938265205
utilization of xylooligosaccharides by selected ruminal bacteria.the ability of ruminal bacteria to utilize xylooligosaccharides was examined. xylooligosaccharides were prepared by partially hydrolyzing oat spelt xylan in phosphoric acid. this substrate solution was added (0.2%, wt/vol) to a complex medium containing yeast extract and trypticase that was inoculated with individual species of ruminal bacteria, and growth and utilization were monitored over time. all of the xylanolytic bacteria examined were able to utilize this oligosaccharide mixture as a gro ...19938285663
isolation and characterization of selenomonas ruminantium strains capable of 2-deoxyribose utilization.microbes from ruminal contents of cattle were selectively enriched by using 2-deoxyribose (2dr) as a substrate for growth. bacterial isolates growing on 2dr were gram-negative, curved, motile rods. the isolates grew on a broad range of substrates, including deoxyribose, glucose, ribose, mannitol, and lactate as well as ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides. the strains also grew on rhamnose (6-deoxymannose) but not dna. organic acids produced from growth on hexoses and pentoses included aceta ...19938357244
analysis of intestinal flora of a patient with congenital absence of the portal vein.a 14-year-old female patient, admitted for a closer examination of liver tumour (hepatocellular adenoma), was diagnosed as having a congenital absence of the portal vein. the blood ammonia level (approximately 120 micrograms dl-1) in the superior mesenteric vein was markedly low compared to the normal value of 300-350 micrograms dl-1 in the portal vein. the decreased ammonia concentration and urease activity of the patient's faeces were demonstrated. the dominant intestinal flora in the faeces o ...19938364525
binding and degradation of lectins by components of rumen liquor.the binding of 15 different plant lectins to feed particles and microbes in rumen liquor, and their degradation were studied in vitro. the rate of degradation assessed from the label released when radioactive iodine-labelled lectins were incubated with rumen liquor conflicted with the rates calculated from measurements of the survival of the antigenic structure (immuno-rocket electrophoresis) or the biological function (haemagglutination) of the lectins. thus solubilization of the radioactive la ...19938420916
p-coumaroyl and feruloyl arabinoxylans from plant cell walls as substrates for ruminal bacteria.growth of the ruminal bacteria ruminococcus flavefaciens fd1, selenomonas ruminantium hd4, and butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 49 was limited by ester-linked feruloyl and p-coumaroyl groups. the limitation of growth on phenolic acid-carbohydrate complexes varied with individual bacteria and appeared to be influenced by ability to hydrolyze carbohydrate linkages.19938434931
evidence for catabolite inhibition in regulation of pentose utilization and transport in the ruminal bacterium selenomonas ruminantium.pentose sugars can be an important energy source for ruminal bacteria, but there has been relatively little study regarding the regulation of pentose utilization and transport by these organisms. selenomonas ruminantium, a prevalent ruminal bacterium, actively metabolizes xylose and arabinose. when strain d was incubated with a combination of glucose and xylose or arabinose, the hexose was preferentially utilized over pentoses, and similar preferences were observed for sucrose and maltose. howev ...19938439166
characterization, sequence, and replication of a small cryptic plasmid from selenomonas ruminantium subspecies lactilytica.a 2.5-kb cryptic plasmid, pjdb21, from the gram-negative ruminal anaerobe, selenomonas ruminantium subspecies lactilytica, was mapped and sequenced. five open reading frames (orfs) were predicted and expression of two orfs was demonstrated. analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of the orf 1 protein indicated approximately 30% homology with the replication protein (rep) common to many gram-positive plasmids, and a highly conserved sequence representing the origin of replication in these p ...19938469719
isolation and attempted introduction of sugar alcohol-utilizing bacteria in the sheep rumen.bacteria that use sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol and dulcitol (galactitol) were isolated from the sheep rumen following enrichments in which bacteria were grown in rumen fluid medium where the sugar alcohol was the only added energy source. only isolates obtained with sorbitol and maltitol grew sufficiently rapidly to be considered for enrichment by the sugar alcohol in vivo. isolate ss2, a strain of selenomonas ruminantium var. lactilytica which grew on sorbitol at 0.87 h-1, was selected for furth ...19938486540
an analysis of the subgingival microflora in randomly selected subjects.the aim of this study was to describe the presence of some microbial species in the subgingival microflora of a randomly selected subject sample. a further objective was to analyze the association between some microbiological characteristics and the periodontal conditions of the subjects. a total of 171 individuals aged 30-65 years were included. a pooled subgingival plaque sample was obtained from the mesial aspect of the 6 ramfjord teeth by the use of the paper-point method. the samples were p ...19938510980
aspartame as a source of essential phenylalanine for the growth of oral anaerobes.phenylalanine and aspartic acid requirements were determined for 13 species of oral bacteria using the chemically defined medium omiz-w1. none of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, bacteroides forsythus, eikenella corrodens, selenomonas sputigena, treponema pectinovorum, t. socranskii, or wolinella recta required either of these amino acid constituents of aspartame (l-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine methylester). phenylalanine was essential for the growth of capnocytophaga gingivalis, eubacterium ti ...19938514113
antimicrobial activity of lasalocid against selenomonas ruminantium--effect of changes in ph induced by changing glucose concentration.a significant decrease in ph occurred in the culture medium when cells of selenomonas ruminantium hd-4 were incubated in the presence of relatively high concentrations of glucose (0.4 and 1.0%). forty microm lasalocid reduced cell growth to 35.5 and 35.7% of control growth, respectively, for 0.05 and 0.4% glucose, while growth was completely inhibited by 40 microm lasalocid in the presence of 1.0% glucose. in the presence of 80 microm lasalocid, cells were unable to grow within 24 hr at any gluc ...19958519886
human root caries: microbiota in plaque covering sound, carious and arrested carious root surfaces.the plaque microbiota covering sound or carious root surfaces were studied and compared with that covering arrested root caries lesions. from each of these categories five extracted teeth were examined. the experimental design of the study allowed us to relate the qualitative and quantitative microbial composition to the degree of integrity of the root surface. plaque was sampled by a newly developed 'mowing' technique. plaque samples were cultured anaerobically on nonselective columbia blood ag ...19958521441
degradation and utilization of xylan by the ruminal bacteria butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and selenomonas ruminantium.the cross-feeding of xyland hydrolysis products between the xylanolytic bacterium butyrivibrio fibrisolvens h17c and the xylooligosaccharide-fermenting bacterium selenomonas ruminantium ga192 was investigated. cultures were grown anaerobically in complex medium containing oat spelt xylan, and the digestion of xylan and the generation and subsequent utilization of xylooligosaccharide intermediates were monitored over time. monocultures of b. fibrisolvens rapidly degraded oat spelt xylan, and a po ...19958534103
survey of urease activity in ruminal bacteria isolated from domestic and wild ruminants.a total of 909 strains, including selenomonas ruminantium, lactobacillus sp., enterococcus sp. and staphylococcus sp., from the rumen of 104 domestic and wild ruminants was used in tests for urease activity. tests showed that 56.7% of s. ruminantium strains and 18.5% of lactobacilli manifested medium urease activity with mean values of 14.4 +/- 2.5 and 13.85 +/- 0.25 nkat ml-1, respectively. most of the enterococcus faecium (62.2%) and all of the e. faecalis isolates expressed urease activity wi ...19958569526
conversion of oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid by two species of ruminal bacteria.bacteria able to convert oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid were isolated from the ovine rumen. the solid hydroxy fatty acid produced from bacterial fermentations containing oleic acid was recovered by filtration, extraction into ether and crystallisation. the identity of the product was confirmed by hplc and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. one 10-hydroxystearic-acid-producing bacterial group was represented by two strains of an anaerobic gram-negative curved rod with tufts of flagella o ...19958579822
rumen fermentation and metabolic profile in conventional and gnotobiotic lambs.observations were carried out of actual acidity, volatile fatty acid (vfa) concentrations, enzyme activity in the rumen, total protein, urea, total lipid and glucose in the serum of conventional (cl) and gnotobiotic lambs (gl) in the period of milk nutrition. the inoculum of gnotobiotic lambs contained streptococcus bovis, prevoxella ruminicola, butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and selenomonas ruminantium at a concentration of 1.10(6) each. throughout the observation period the ph of the rumen contents ...19958585797
genetic transfer of lactate-utilizing ability in the rumen bacterium selenomonas ruminantium.matings between the lactate-utilizing, tetracycline-sensitive selenomonas ruminantium strains 5521c1 and 5934e and the lactate-non-utilizing, tetracycline-resistant strain fb322 resulted in putative recombinant strains capable of growth on lactate. analysis of total protein by sds-page and chromosomal dna by hybridization, indicated that the recombinants were derived from strain fb322. dna hybridization produced no evidence that plasmid transfer occurred, leaving chromosomal dna transfer as the ...19968588888
the action of thymol on oral bacteria.several effects of thymol, a plant-derived antimicrobial agent, on porphyromonas gingivalis, selenomonas artemidis and streptococcus sobrinus were examined. the extremely rapid efflux of intracellular constituents evoked by thymol is consistent with its postulated membranotropic effects. correlations between leakage-inducing concentrations of thymol and minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations suggest that membrane perforation is a principal mode of action of thi ...19958602337
effect of extracellular hydrogen on organic acid utilization by the ruminal bacterium selenomonas ruminantium.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracellular h2 on organic acid utilization by two lactate-utilizing strains of selenomonas ruminantium (hd4, h18). both strains were able to grow (optical density at 600 nm > or = after 9 h) on either aspartate, fumarate, or malate in the presence of 1 atmosphere (atm) of h2. succinate was the major end product produced in these fermentations. when cells were incubated with lactate plus 1 atm h2, growth was minimal little lactate was fe ...19968640106
ecology, metabolism, and genetics of ruminal selenomonads.selenomonas ruminantium is one of the more prominent and functionally diverse bacteria present in the rumen and can survive under a wide range of nutritional fluctuations. selenomonas is not a degrader of complex polysaccharides associated with dietary plant cell wall components, but is important in the utilization of soluble carbohydrates released from initial hydrolysis of these polymers by other ruminal bacteria. selenomonads have multiple carbon flow routes for carbohydrate catabolism and at ...19968729959
hexose phosphorylation by the ruminal bacterium selenomonas ruminantium.three strains of selenomonas ruminantium (d, ga192, and h18) were surveyed for phosphorylation of d-glucose and 2-deoxyglucose by phosphoenolpyruvate and atp. cells of all three strains that had been treated with toluene had high rates of hexose phosphorylation with either phosphoryl donor; this activity was constitutive in strain d. glucose phosphorylation that was dependent on phosphoenolpyruvate was maximal at ph 7.2, remained fairly high at ph 6.5, but decreased (> or = 65%) at ph 5.0 for al ...19968744219
clinical, microbiological and immunological profile of healthy, gingivitis and putative active periodontal subjects.thirteen periodontally healthy subjects were monitored clinically for 6-12 months. clinical measurements at 6-weekly intervals included duplicate pd measurements, presence of plaque, redness, and bleeding on probing. baseline measurements consisted of 2 visits 1 wk apart. microbial samples were taken from 11 of the subjects who had completed at least 8 months of monitoring. levels of serum antibodies to 12 periodontal species were determined from 10 subjects. standard deviations of replicate pd ...19968814590
human root caries: microbiota of a limited number of root caries lesions.the microbiota of root caries lesions of different grades of severity were studied. fourteen lesions were examined. the experimental design of the study allowed correlation of histopathologically distinguishable stages with specific and distinct microbial populations. dentin samples were ground in a sterile mortar and cultured anaerobically on nonselective columbia blood agar plates supplemented with 5% hemolyzed human blood and on media selective for lactobacillus spp. and streptococci. the cul ...19968850584
hydration of oleic acid by a selenomonas strain from the ovine rumen.a selenomonas sp., isolated from the ovine rumen, was characterized with regard to its ability to hydrate oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid. hydration occurred only in stationary phase in a medium containing 0.1%, 0.5% (w/v) galactose or 0.5% (w/v) glucose, but not in a medium containing 1% galactose. growth under a hydrogen headspace did not result in the production of stearic acid, the biohydrogenated product of oleic acid. linoleic and linolenic acids (0.1% v/v) were not hydrated. it is co ...19968862016
influence of calcium concentration on the antimicrobial activity of lasalocid against selenomonas ruminantium.the present study was designed to examine the interaction between the effects of lasalocid and ca2+ on the growth and structure of selenomonas ruminantium hd-4. lasalocid, at a dose of 10 microm, inhibited cell growth almost completely after 12 hr incubation in the presence of relatively high extracellular concentrations of ca2+ (from 5 to 50 mm), but only slightly reduced cell growth in the presence of 0.2 mm ca2+. with ca2+ alone, cell growth was also inhibited at 12 hr as a function of the co ...19968877974
specific spoilage organisms in breweries and laboratory media for their detection.the gram positive bacteria are generally regarded as the most hazardous beer spoilage organisms in modern breweries, especially the lactobacilli: l. brevis, l. lindneri, l. curvatus, l. casei, l. buchneri, l. coryneformis, l. plantarum, l. brevisimilis, l. malefermentans and l. parabuchneri and the pediococci: p damnosus, p. inopinatus and p. dextrinicus. micrococcus kristinae is the only species within the micrococci relevant to brewing. the gram negative strictly anaerobic bacteria are apparen ...19968913814
use of fura-2/am to measure intracellular free calcium in selenomonas ruminantium.this paper describes a procedure for loading the acetoxymethyl ester of fura-2 (fura-2/am), and the subsequent measurement of the concentration of intracellular free ca2+ ([ca2+]i) in selenomonas ruminantium (s. ruminantium) using this technique. to ascertain the optimal loading conditions, the effect was examined on the loading of fura-2/am of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (edta), lysozyme, pluronic f127 alone, or the simultaneous application of edta and pluronic f127. individual administrat ...19968944431
growth and fermentation responses of selenomonas ruminantium to limiting and non-limiting concentrations of ammonium chloride.the objective of this study was to assess fermentation product, growth rate and growth yield responses of selenomonas ruminantium hd4 to limiting and non-limiting ammonia concentrations. the ammonia half-inhibition constant for s. ruminantium in batch culture was 296 mm. cells were grown in continuous culture with a defined ascorbate-reduced basal medium containing either 0.5, 5, 25, 50, 100 or 200 mm nh4cl and dilution rates were 0.07, 0.14, 0.24 or 0.40 h-1. ammonia was the growth-limiting nut ...19968987647
the role of ciliate protozoa in the lysis of methanogenic archaea in rumen fluid.predation by ciliate protozoa can account for 90% of the eubacterial protein turnover in the rumen. however, little is known about the factors affecting the lysis of archaea in rumen fluid. bacterial lysis was followed from the release of acid-soluble 14c from 14c leucine-labelled bacteria. the rumen methanogen methanobrevibacter mf1 was broken down more rapidly than other non-ruminal archaea in rumen fluid withdrawn from sheep harbouring either a mixed protozoa population or monofaunated with p ...19968987902
schwartzia succinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., another ruminal bacterium utilizing succinate as the sole energy source.four strains of gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacteria that were curved rods which were motile by means of flagella originating from the concave side of the cells and which fermented succinate quantitatively to propionate were isolated from high dilutions of rumen ingesta obtained from cows on pasture. the bacteria were asaccharolytic and not proteolytic and did not ferment amino acids or peptides. succinate was the only substrate fermented. rumen fluid together with yeast extract ...19978995818
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