Publications

citrobacter diversus and neonatal brain abscess.	a 23-day-old infant presented with apnea and was found to have citrobacter diversus meningitis and brain abscess. the organism persisted in brain abscess fluid for over 4 weeks despite adequate antibiotic therapy. cranial computed tomography demonstrated persistent radiolucencies in both frontal lobes, and midline shift, long after completion of antibiotic therapy. effective therapy of c. diversus meningitis and brain abscess may require use of an antibiotic active within phagocytes, and judicio ...	1987	3334014
pathogenesis of brain abscess formation in an infant rat model of citrobacter diversus bacteremia and meningitis.	the pathogenesis of citrobacter diversus meningitis and brain abscess was studied in infant rats. two-day-old rats were inoculated intraperitoneally and intranasally with c. diversus. c. diversus strain 4277, lacking the 32,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein that appears to be a marker for strains causing meningitis in human neonates, was more likely to produce bacteremia, meningitis, and death in rats than was strain 4036, which possesses this outer membrane protein. strain 4036 was, h ...	1988	3335794
vertical transmission of citrobacter diversus from mother to infant.		1988	3368261
carriage of citrobacter diversus among young children in baltimore.		1988	3368273
antimicrobial activity of imipenem against 1386 clinical isolates.	1386 isolates from clinical specimens were tested against imipenem by disc agar diffusion. the bacteria used in this study consisted of escherichia coli, enterobacter aerogenes, e. agglomerans, e. cloacae, klebsiella pneumoniae, k. oxytoca, k. ozanae, proteus mirabilis, p. vulgaris, providencia stuartii, p. rettgeri, acinetobacter calcoaceticus, citrobacter diversus, c. freundii, morganella morganii, serratia liquefaciens, s. marcescens, hafnia alvei, aeromonas hydrophila, pseudomonas aeruginosa ...	1986	3468319
efficacy and tolerance of oral ofloxacin in treating various infections.	66 patients were given daily doses of ofloxacin between 400 and 800 mg for 10 days to 6 months. they were suffering from exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (15), soft tissue phlegmon (11), complicated urinary tract infections (7), bronchopneumonia (7), chronic osteomyelitis in exacerbation (8), chronic prostatitis in exacerbation (5), lower urinary tract infections (3), chronic otitis media (3), acute otitis (3), acute bronchitis (1), lung abscess (2) or liver abscess (1). pathogens included pse ...	1987	3481312
antimicrobial activity and beta-lactamase stability of sk&f 88070 compared with other agents.	the in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of sk&f 88070 (7-[[2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino]-3-[[ [1-(2-sulfaminoethyl)-1h-tetrazol-5-yl]thio]methyl]-3- cephem-4-carboxylic acid) a new parenteral cephalosporin was investigated against 780 types of bacteria. sk&f 88070 inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, salmonella species, shigella species, morganella morganii, and citrobacter diversus at less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml. i ...	1986	3485506
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of two oral cephalosporins, ceftetrame (ro 19-5247) and cefetamet (ro 15-8074).	ceftetrame (ro 19-5247) and cefetamet (ro 15-8074), two new orally administered aminothiazolyl imimomethoxy cephalosporins, inhibited hemolytic streptococci and streptococcus pneumoniae at less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml but were less active against staphylococci than were cephalexin and cefaclor. they did not inhibit s. faecalis, s. faecium, listeria monocytogenes, corynebacterium jk species, or pseudomonas aeruginosa. haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis, and neisseria gonor ...	1986	3490827
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of a new difluoro oxacephem, 6315-s.	6315-s, a novel difluoromethyl thioacetamido oxacephem, had in vitro activity comparable to that of cefotaxime and moxalactam against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca, citrobacter diversus, salmonella spp., and shigella spp., inhibiting 90% at less than or equal to 0.25 microgram/ml. it inhibited piperacillin- and cefoperazone-resistant isolates in these species. 6315-s did not inhibit cefotaxime- or moxalactam-resistant citrobacter freundii, enterob ...	1986	3492172
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of a new penem, cgp 31608.	the in vitro activity of cgp 31608, a new penem, against aerobic and anaerobic organisms was evaluated and compared with those of other beta-lactams. cgp 31608 inhibited escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, k. oxytoca, proteus mirabilis, citrobacter diversus, and salmonella, shigella, aeromonas, and yersinia spp. with mics for 50% of the strains (mic50s) of 2 to 4 micrograms/ml and mic90s of 4 micrograms/ml, compared with cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, and imipenem mics of less than 0.2 ...	1987	3496845
citrobacter diversus ula27 produces two forms of a chromosomal beta-lactamase.	a multi-resistant clinical isolate of citrobacter diversus, particularly resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, has been studied. the strain produced constitutively high levels of beta-lactamase which efficiently hydrolysed cephaloridine but not ampicillin. the apparent km value for cephaloridine (125 +/- 25 microm) was within the range usually observed for beta-lactamases in similar bacteria. the strain possessed two forms of the enzyme as indicated by isoelectric focusing patterns, hplc ...	1987	3497915
fractionation and characterization of two beta-lactamases in citrobacter diversus ula-27 strain by chromatofocusing.		1987	3500180
use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in pediatric infections: relative merits of intravenous administration.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) has traditionally been employed as an oral formulation for infections in ambulatory pediatric patients. however, therapeutic concentrations of tmp and smz in serum and csf are more consistently attained after intravenous administration. serum half-life increases with the age of the child, and few significant toxic effects are observed with intravenous administration. either the necessity to optimize bioavailability because of the underlying seriousness of ...	1987	3554455
in vitro susceptibility of citrobacter species to various antimicrobial agents.	the in vitro activities of 16 antimicrobial agents against 14 clinical isolates of citrobacter diversus and 27 isolates of citrobacter freundii were studied. c. freundii isolates were more resistant, being susceptible only to amikacin, netilmicin, gentamicin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin. c. diversus isolates were susceptible to many more of the agents tested.	1987	3606084
[meningitis and brain abscess caused by levinea malonatica in a newborn infant].		1986	3707283
[neonatal sepsis and urinary tract infection due to citrobacter diversus].		1986	3732947
molecular epidemiology of neonatal meningitis due to citrobacter diversus: a study of isolates from hospitals in maryland.	six cases of neonatal meningitis due to citrobacter diversus were diagnosed in three baltimore (maryland) hospitals between 1983 and 1985. using plasmid profiles, biotypes, serotypes, and chromosomal restriction endonuclease digests as epidemiological markers, we studied 63 isolates of c. diversus (including four isolates from cerebrospinal fluid) from these and seven other hospitals in maryland. within two of the three hospitals with meningitis cases, the same strain of c. diversus was isolated ...	1986	3734491
occurrence and clinical significance of tyrosine clearing positive citrobacter freundii in human faecal specimens.	59 tyrosine clearing positive citrobacter strains were isolated from a total of 2062 human faecal specimens, specifically from 1167 healthy people and from 895 patients suffering from different gastrointestinal syndromes. all strains were identified biochemically as citrobacter freundii. citrobacter diversus 100% positive for tyrosine clearing could not be isolated in any case. citrobacter freundii was found twice as frequently in stools of healthy human beings than of patients. there is a stati ...	1986	3788353
outbreak of neonatal citrobacter diversus meningitis in a suburban hospital.	between february and june, 1983, four cases of citrobacter diversus neonatal meningitis were identified at a suburban baltimore hospital. one of the 4 infants died at age 13 months, 2 (both of whom had brain abscesses) have evidence of developmental delay and 1 appears to be normal after 33 months of follow-up. a review of microbiology records revealed that c. diversus had been present in the hospital nursery prior to identification of the first infant with meningitis, with isolation from infant ...	1987	3822617
mezlocillin, ceftizoxime, and amikacin alone and in combination against six enterobacteriaceae in a neutropenic site in rabbits.	closed-space, locally neutropaenic infection sites were simulated in rabbits by implanting subcutaneous semipermeable chambers inoculated with 5 x 10(4) cfu/ml of escherichia coli (one strain), citrobacter diversus (one strain), klebsiella pneumoniae (two strains) or serratia marcescens (two strains). four hours after inoculation, treatment was begun with amikacin (15 mg/kg), mezlocillin (100 mg/kg), or ceftizoxime (50 mg/kg) alone or in two-drug combinations. antibiotics were given intramuscula ...	1985	3856563
the activity of cefbuperazone, a 7 alpha-methoxy 7 beta acyl ureido cephalosporin.	the activity of cefbuperazone, a 7 alpha-methoxy ureido cephalosporin, was determined against 726 clinical isolates. ninety percent of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, citrobacter diversus, proteus mirabilis, enterobacter aerogenes, proteus vulgaris, morganella morganii, salmonella, and shigella species were inhibited by less than or equal to 6.3 micrograms/ml. cefbuperazone was more active than cefamandole, cefoxitin and piperacillin against these species. concentrat ...	1985	3879464
bacteremias due to citrobacter diversus and citrobacter freundii. incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome.	from 1974 to 1982, 38 patients developed citrobacter bacteremia at two adult community-teaching hospitals in the detroit medical center (incidence, 1.2 cases per 10,000 discharges). citrobacter accounted for 0.7% of all bacteremias during the study period. of 31 cases reviewed, citrobacter bacteremia frequently developed in elderly patients (65%) and was hospital acquired (77%). initial sites of infection included the urinary tract (39%), gastrointestinal tract (27%), wound (10%), and unknown (1 ...	1985	3899035
the in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefpirome (hr 810), a pyridine cephalosporin agent active against staphylococci, enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the in vitro activity of cefpirome, a new cyclopyridinium cephalosporin, was evaluated against 947 aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. cefpirome inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., citrobacter diversus, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, proteus mirabilis, aeromonas spp., salmonella spp., shigella spp. and haemophilus and neisseria species at less than or equal to 0.4 mg/l. it had activity comparable to that of cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, and moxalactam again ...	1985	3928497
treatment of gram-negative infections with aztreonam.	twenty-one patients with serious gram-negative infections were treated with aztreonam. twenty of these were clinical and microbiologic cures; there was one clinical improvement with microbiologic persistence. no bacteria became resistant. cure rates were: bone and joint (11 of 11); skin and soft tissue (six of six); pneumonia (two of two); perinephric abscess (one of one); and intra-abdominal abscess (zero of one). the bacteria responsible for these infections included pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 ...	1985	4038577
population analysis of susceptibility to cefotaxime in enterobacteriaceae.	population analysis of susceptibility to cefotaxime (ctx) in eight species of enterobacteriaceae was carried out. one strain of each species was examined. the strains represented their individual species as regards natural susceptibility to ampicillin (a) and carbenicillin (ca). cephalothinase activity of the parental strains and strains selected on the plates with the highest concentration that allowed growth was determined by an ultraviolet assay. the populations of the a-susceptible/ca-suscep ...	1985	4083013
[meningitis in the newborn caused by levinea malonatica].		1974	4462496
sensitivity of citrobacter freundii and citrobacter koseri to cephalosporins and penicillins.	an examination of 99 field and reference strains of citrobacter freundii showed 79% of them to be resistant to cephaloridine and sensitive to carbenicillin, while 96% of 45 field and reference strains of citrobacter koseri examined were sensitive to cephaloridine and resistant to carbenicillin. susceptibility tests with these two antibiotics are therefore useful in separating the two species of citrobacter.	1974	4496972
recognition of citrobacter diversus in the clinical laboratory.	characteristics and antibiotic sensitivities of citrobacter diversus are described, and a minimal number of diagnostic tests to identify this organism in a clinical laboratory are suggested.	1973	4568887
the serology of citrobacter koseri, levinea malonatica, and levinea amalonatica.		1974	4599660
neonatal meningitis caused by citrobacter koseri.	three cases of neonatal meningitis, two of which were fatal, occurred in a premature baby unit during a period of one week. a fourth case occurred in the same unit six months later. citrobacter koseri was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of all four cases. detailed biochemical and serological examination of the organisms showed that two distinct bioserotypes were involved.	1973	4696833
[urinary infection with levinea malonatica].		1973	4703343
neonatal meningitis caused by citrobacter koseri.		1973	4727063
clinical and bacteriologic observations on a recently recognized species of enterobacteriaceae, citrobacter diversus.		1973	4743548
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefmenoxime.	the activity of cefmenoxime, an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was studied against 650 bacteria. it was slightly less active than cefotaxime and more active than moxalactam against staphylococci. it had activity similar to that of cefotaxime and ceftizoxime against group a and b streptococci and streptococcus pneumoniae. it did not inhibit streptococcus faecalis or listeria spp. cefmenoxime had activity similar to that of cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, and moxalactam against escherichia co ...	1982	6100427
[interest of gamma-glutamyltransferase in "enterobacteriaceae" (author's transl)].	gamma-glutamyltransferase (gammagt) could be detected in 86,6% of 3,027 strains of enterobacteriaceae, by the use of gamma-l-glutamin-p-nitranilide acid for substrate. the following species produced gamma gt: citrobacter freundii, levinea malonatica, l. amalonatica, klebsiella pneumoniae, k. oxytoca, k. ozaenae, enterobacter aerogenes, e. cloacae, e. agglomerans, e. gergoviae, k. ozaenae, enterobacter aerogenes, e. cloacae, e. agglomerans, e. gergoviae, hafnia alvei, erwinia carotovora, serratia ...	1980	6104464
citrobacter diversus meningitis and brain abscess associated with bacteroides melaninogenicus.		1984	6151172
beta-lactamase inhibitory activity of iodopenicillanate and bromopenicillanate.	iodopenicillanate and bromopenicillanate were shown to be effective inhibitors of a variety of beta-lactamases. staphylococcus aureus isolates were synergistically inhibited by iodopenicillanate and bromopenicillanate combined with ampicillin. methicillin-resistant s. aureus was not synergistically inhibited. escherichia coli which possessed tem beta-lactamase activity had a reduction in ampicillin minimal inhibitory concentration, but an e. coli isolate which had chromosomal beta-lactamase and ...	1983	6299186
bacterial changes in the urine samples of patients with long-term indwelling catheters.	the bacterial flora in the urine samples of 15 nursing home patients with long-term, indwelling catheters were examined monthly for one year. there was a rapidly changing polymicrobial flora averaging 2.0 changes per month in species with colony counts greater than 100,000/ml, and 3.2 changes per month when changes in species, biogram, and quantity of bacteria were considered. the flora changed significantly more frequently, and cultures of pseudomonas aeruginosa, providencia stuartii, and citro ...	1984	6331806
comparative in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of fr 17027, a new orally active cephalosporin.	fr 17027, a new orally absorbed cephalosporin ester, inhibited group a and b streptococci and streptococcus pneumoniae at less than or equal to 0.1 micrograms/ml, which is similar to the inhibition concentration of amoxicillin and cefaclor, and was more active than cephalexin. it was less active (mic, 25 micrograms/ml) against staphylococci than was cephalexin, and it did not inhibit streptococcus faecalis or listeria monocytogenes. fr 17027 inhibited beta-lactamase-producing isolates of neisser ...	1984	6333207
comparative efficacy of piperacillin versus carbenicillin for complicated urinary tract infections.	in this controlled, randomized clinical trial we compared piperacillin and carbenicillin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. 24 patients received piperacillin 150 mg/kg/day for 7.2 +/- 2.75 days and 17 patients received carbenicillin 200 mg/kg/day for 7.5 +/- 2.90 days. patients were evaluated for clinical and bacteriologic responses and tolerance to therapy. although the clinical cure rate significantly favored carbenicillin treatment (p less than 0.01), the sum of the per ...	1984	6395464
third-generation cephalosporins: a critical evaluation.	six third-generation cephalosporins--cefotaxime, moxalactam, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, and cefmenoxime--are reviewed; covered are chemistry and structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical utility, adverse effects, and cost effectiveness. the third-generation cephalosporins have a similar mechanism of action to that of other beta-lactam antibiotics. none of the agents is particularly active against certain gram-positive bact ...	1984	6432420
pharmacokinetics and bacteriological efficacy of moxalactam (ly127935), netilmicin, and ampicillin in experimental gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis.	moxalactam (ly127935) is a 1-oxa-beta-lactam which was active in vitro against the majority of 128 strains of gram-negative enteric bacilli isolated from meningitis in neonates. pharmacokinetics and bacteriological efficacy of ly127935 were studied in a lapin meningitis model. the average penetration of this investigational oxa-cephalosporin into cerebrospinal fluid of infected rabbits was 23% compared with 25% for netilmicin and 11% for ampicillin. the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of ly12 ...	1980	6448576
hypoprothrombinemia associated with moxalactam treatment of a septic sternoclavicular arthritis due to citrobacter diversus.		1981	6456139
citrobacter meningitis and cerebral abscess in early infancy: cure by moxalactam.	a 7-week-old boy developed multiple cerebral abscesses as a complication of neonatal citrobacter diversus meningitis. he was successfully treated medically with the experimental beta-lactam antibiotic, moxalactam. this is the first nonsurgical cure of brain abscess in early infancy. fifty-eight percent of all previously reported cases of citrobacter meningitis were complicated by brain abscess, mandating early, and serial computed tomography scanning in patients afflicted with the disorder. moxa ...	1981	6458777
nosocomial meningitis due to citrobacter diversus in neonates: new aspects of the epidemiology.	two term neonates born within four days of each other at a small hospital developed sepsis and meningitis caused by a unique strain of citrobacter diversus not previously reported to cause meningitis. eleven (27.5%) of 40 other infants admitted to the nursery during the epidemic period developed rectal or umbilical colonization by c. diversus. contact soon after birth with either of two nurses was more common among infected or colonized infants than among infants who were not infected or coloniz ...	1984	6470529
citrobacter koseri isolated in israel, 1972-83.	cultures of citrobacter koseri (syn. c. diversus), an opportunistic pathogen that was isolated in israel during 1972-83, were studied by sero- and biotyping and for susceptibility to antibacterial agents. of 1,172 cultures, 96% were isolated from adults, more than half from urinary tract infections. other frequent sources were superficial wounds and discharges from the respiratory and genital tracts. seventeen strains originated from blood cultures of patients with sepsis and four from the cereb ...	1984	6511332
citrobacter koseri (syn. c. diversus): biotype, serogroup and drug resistance patterns of 517 strains.	the names citrobacter koseri and c. diversus are synonyms for a species of enterobacterium with a particular ability to cause neonatal meningitis. 517 strains belonging to this species were examined using biotyping and serotyping techniques. 40% of the strains belonged to serogroups o2 and o1 and 72% belonged to biotypes d and a. strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid belonged to several different serogroups and biotypes but serogroups o2 and o3 and biotypes d and a were the most common. all ...	1983	6550615
direct dilution sampling, quantitation, and microbial assessment of open-system ventilation circuits in intensive care units.	in a systematic approach, 37 duplicate samples of open system circuits (bennett ma-1 ventilators) of patients in medical and surgical intensive care units were processed by direct and serial (apha guidelines) dilutions. the paired difference test on 15 of the in-use circuitry solution samples indicated no difference between the direct and serial dilution methods (p less than 0.001). seventy-seven additional respiratory therapy circuitry samples from similar intensive care patients were analyzed ...	1983	6575015
conservative management of citrobacter diversus meningitis with brain abscess.		1984	6588321
citrobacter ventriculitis in a neonate responsive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.	there are increasing reports of citrobacter central nervous system infections in neonates. these organisms cause brain abcesses in a high percentage of patients. they may be resistant to commonly used antibiotics. we report a term male infant with underlying meningo-myelocoele and hydrocephalus in whom citrobacter diversus meningitis and ventriculitis developed. initial antibiotic therapy including intraventricular amikacin failed to sterilize the ventricles or alter a deteriorating clinical cou ...	1983	6602026
the origin and properties of beta-lactamase satellite bands seen in isoelectric focusing.	citrobacter diversus 2046e and branhamella catarrhalis 2001e each produce a constitutive, chromosomally mediated broad-spectrum beta-lactamase. isoelectric focusing of both enzymes revealed patterns of multiple 'satellite' bands. the principal satellite bands of each enzyme were isolated and characterized. individual bands of each enzyme gave similar substrate profiles, molecular weights and responses to inhibitors to one another. the results support the theory that satellite bands are due to th ...	1983	6604722
development of resistance to cephalosporins in clinical strains of citrobacter spp.	the predominant beta-lactam antibiogram of citrobacter freundii resembles that of enterobacter cloacae in demonstrating resistance to cephalothin and cefoxitin with susceptibility to the newer cephalosporins. four representative strains of c. freundii were reversibly induced to high-level beta-lactamase production by cefoxitin, and mutants with stable, high-level production were selected with cefamandole. the mutants were resistant to several second- and third-generation cephalosporins. comparis ...	1984	6610388
in vitro evaluation of augmentin by broth microdilution and disk diffusion susceptibility testing: regression analysis, tentative interpretive criteria, and quality control limits.	augmentin (beecham laboratories, bristol, tenn.), a combination drug consisting of two parts amoxicillin to one part clavulanic acid and a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor, was evaluated in vitro in comparison with ampicillin or amoxicillin or both for its inhibitory and bactericidal activities against selected clinical isolates. regression analysis was performed and tentative disk diffusion susceptibility breakpoints were determined. a multicenter performance study of the disk diffusion test was ...	1983	6625554
antibacterial activity of aztreonam: a synthetic monobactam. a comparative study with thirteen other antibiotics.	the in vitro activity of aztreoman (sq 26, 776), a new monocyclic beta-lactam antimicrobial agent, was determined against 1720 bacteria, all clinical isolates, and compared with that of thirteen beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. aztreonam inhibited 90% of citrobacter diversus, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter agglomerans, e. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, proteus morganii, proteus rettgeri, proteus vulgaris and salmonella sp. by less than or equal to 0.4 micrograms m ...	1983	6684718
citrobacter diversus osteomyelitis. a case report.		1984	6747194
citrobacter infections in humans: experience at the seattle veterans administration medical center and a review of the literature.	the genus citrobacter is a distinct group of human pathogens comprising three species: citrobacter freundii (biotypes a and b), citrobacter amalonaticus, and citrobacter diversus. in this review the clinical and microbiologic experience during 1972-1978 at the seattle veterans administration medical center (seattle, wash.) with 298 isolates of citrobacter is analyzed in relation to a survey of the literature. the most common sources of citrobacter isolates were urine, sputum, and soft tissue exu ...	1980	6763304
neonatal meningitis caused by citrobacter diversus: case report.		1982	6810211
[rapid determination of the synergy of clavulanic acid and beta lactams by measuring the intracellular atp by bioluminescence].	twenty clinical isolates of ampicillin- and carbenicillin-resistant or susceptible (two strains) gram-negative rods, producing at least one beta-lactamase, were examined for susceptibility to a combination of ampicillin or carbenicillin with clavulanic acid (enzymatic inhibitor). synergy was evaluated by the reduction of the beta-lactam agar dilution mic and by the measurement of intracellular ayp using firefly bioluminescence. the potentiation effect of clavulanic acid was variable, depending o ...	1982	6819796
septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint due to citrobacter diversus.		1983	6842477
in vitro activity of apalcillin compared with that of other new penicillins and anti-pseudomonas cephalosporins.	apalcillin, a naphthydridine derivative of ampicillin, was compared with ticarcillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone against gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial isolates and with cefsulodin and tobramycin against pseudomonas aeruginosa. the minimal concentrations of apalcillin at which 50 and 90% of hospital isolates of escherichia coli were inhibited were similar to those of mezlocillin and piperacillin (1.6 and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively). apalci ...	1982	6981375
screening of bacterial isolates for mannose-specific lectin activity by agglutination of yeasts.	a total of 393 clinical bacterial isolates were tested for their ability to agglutinate yeast cells of either saccharomyces cerevisiae or candida albicans. a positive agglutination of yeasts that could be prevented by methyl alpha-d-mannoside was taken as an indication for the possible presence of a mannose-specific lectin (carbohydrate-binding protein) on the surface of the tested bacteria. agglutination tests on glass slides showed that 38% of all the isolates tested were positive in their cap ...	1980	6989854
antigenic scheme for citrobacter koseri (syn. c. diversus, levinea malonatica); three new antigens recognized in strains from israel.	an antigenic scheme for citrobacter koseri was described previously and consisted of 14 'o' antigens. three additional antigens are now added to the scheme and type strains for these antigens are designated. their origins and their biochemical and serological reactions are described.	1981	7007489
rapid presumptive identification of citrobacter diversus as an aid in controlling infections.	during an outbreak of neonatal meningitis caused by kanamycin-resistant citrobacter diversus, a field procedure for presumptive identification of the organism was evaluated, and using it resulted in the early recognition of patients colonized by the epidemic strain of c. diversus. rectal and nasopharyngeal specimens were plated and incubated on macconkey agar containing 10 micrograms of kanamycin per ml. after 18 h of incubation, lactose-nonfermenting colonies present on the selective medium wer ...	1981	7024304
citrobacter diversus urinary tract infection.		1982	7081167
[citrobacter diversus bacteria (classification position, role in pathology)].		1980	7223190
citrobacter diversus brain abscess and meningitis in neonates.	brain abscess is an infrequent complication of meningitis, including cases caused by gram-negative enteric bacteria in neonates. because brain abscesses recently developed in four of five neonates with citrobacter diversus meningitis at one institution, we reviewed cases of c diversus meningitis reported in the literature and those enrolled in the neonatal meningitis cooperative study groups and reported to the centers for disease control. seventy-four cases in neonates were identified, and a br ...	1981	7230384
fatal neonatal central nervous system infection caused by citrobacter diversus.	citrobacter diversus is a serious, albeit rare, offender of the central nervous system (cns) in the neonatal period and in early infancy. we report here a case of neonatal cns infection caused by c. diversus. the course of the illness was one of rapid deterioration, leading to recurrent seizures, coma and death. since neonatal c. diversus cns infection carries a grave prognosis, intraventricular administration of gentamicin should be considered.	1981	7263196
[sero- and biovars of levinea malonatica (syn. citrobacter diversus, citrobacter koseri) in clinical material (author's transl)].	the biochemical and serological examination of 31 strains of levinea malonatica isolated from faeces, urine, sputum, wound infections and blood showed no correlation of bio- or serovars with the origin of the strains. serological cross-reactions between o-antigens of l. malonatica and certain salmonella, shigella and yersinia enterocolitica serovars were analysed. they are low-titred and seem to be of minor importance. sensitivity testing revealed the resistance of l. malonatica against penicill ...	1981	7269856
epidemic nosocomial meningitis due to citrobacter diversus in neonates.	five infants born at one hospital over a two-year period developed meningitis due to a serotype o2 strain of citrobacter diversus; four infants developed brain abscesses due to this organism. the initial prevalence of stool colonization in infants was 79%; eventually 140 infants (10%) and six nurses (6%) were found to be colonized. one colonized infant remained in the hospital for the entire two-year period. the strains were of two biotypes marked by the presence (biotype d) or absence (biotype ...	1981	7276635
"bacteriological bit": citrobacter diversus osteomyelitis in a neonate.		1981	7307414
antigenic scheme of citrobacter koseri.	an antigenic scheme, based on the determination of 17 somatic and 9 flagellar antigens, is proposed for citrobacter koseri. seven of the flagellar antigens constituted the specific phase (a through g), and the others (1 and 2) were nonspecific. of the 238 theoretically possible serotypes, 48 were identified among 680 cultures examined.	1981	7334075
gram-negative sepsis in neonates: a nursery outbreak due to hand carriage of citrobacter diversus.	an outbreak of citrobacter diversus infections occurred in a newborn nursery at a 350-bed community hospital during september and october 1978. two infants developed sepsis and meningitis and nine additional infants had asymptomatic umbilical colonization. these infants did not differ from control, noncolonized infants with respect to numerous clinical and environmental variables. surveillance cultures failed to implicate an environmental source for the citrobacter. however, cultures of nursery ...	1980	7375234
bifocal cervical spondylodiscitis due to citrobacter diversus.	spondylodiscitis due to citrobacter diversus is rare. an unusual case of bifocal cervical spondylodiscitis following transurethral prostatectomy is reported. c. diversus was detected by urinary cultures and locally by intervertebral disc puncture. satisfactory recovery occurred after treatment with imipenem and amikacin, and then imipenem alone. citrobacter infections are still rare in adults but are increasing in immunocompromised patients and sometimes occur in healthy subjects following surge ...	1994	7698842
no lumbar puncture in the evaluation for early neonatal sepsis: will meningitis be missed?	we performed this investigation to assess whether selective approaches to performing lumbar puncture (lp) in the early neonatal period will result in a missed or delayed diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.	1995	7761203
[antibacterial activities of isepamicin against fresh clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli].	to investigate antibacterial activities of isepamicin (isp), mics of isp as well as other aminoglycosides (ags) were determined against many strains of gram-negative bacilli that were clinically isolated in 1993. 1. no isp-resistant strains were observed among isolates of escherichia coli, citrobacter diversus, klebsiella spp., enterobacter spp. or proteus mirabilis. 2. isp-resistant strains were observed among isolates of citrobacter freundii, serratia spp., proteus vulgaris, morganella morgani ...	1994	7933534
inhibition of campylobacter jejuni colonization in chicks by defined competitive exclusion bacteria.	campylobacter enteritis in humans has been linked to consumption of chicken. reducing campylobacter jejuni colonization in chickens can potentially reduce campylobacter infections in humans. in this study, the reduction of c. jejuni colonization in chicks by oral administration of defined competitive exclusion (ce) cultures, 2.5% dietary carbohydrates, or ce cultures and carbohydrates was examined. prevention, elimination, or direct challenge of campylobacter infection was simulated by administe ...	1994	8017915
phylogenetic tree and sequence similarity of beta-lactamases.	beta-lactamases are the main cause of beta-lactam resistance in many pathogenic bacteria. these enzymes can be detected in a variety of pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic bacteria. the cyanobacteria are also known to produce a beta-lactamase. recently, the amino acid sequences and the three-dimensional structures of some of these beta-lactamases have been clarified. on the basis of the amino acid sequences of 47 beta-lactamases and the computer-aided analysis, a phylogenetic tree is proposed i ...	1993	8025724
a new class of proteins regulating gene expression in enterobacteria.	ymoa and hha are highly similar bacterial proteins downregulating gene expression in yersinia enterocolitica and escherichia coli, respectively. the phenotype of ymoa mutants evokes that of mutants affected in some histone-like proteins. this paper describes complementation of a ymoa mutation in y. enterocolitica by the hha gene from e. coli. we show that ymoa and hha are not only very similar proteins but that they are functionally interchangeable. genetic experiments indicate that hha can also ...	1994	8145648
recurring ventriculitis due to citrobacter diversus: clinical and bacteriologic analysis.	neonatal meningitis due to citrobacter diversus is usually accompanied by the development of brain abscesses and tends to have high rates of morbidity and mortality. we report a case of a newborn with c. diversus meningitis and brain abscesses who relapsed after initial antibiotic therapy and from whom c. diversus was recovered from cerebrospinal fluid 4 years later during a neurosurgical procedure. genetic differences in the early and late isolates were discovered, and explanations for this phe ...	1993	8218687
classification of citrobacteria by dna hybridization: designation of citrobacter farmeri sp. nov., citrobacter youngae sp. nov., citrobacter braakii sp. nov., citrobacter werkmanii sp. nov., citrobacter sedlakii sp. nov., and three unnamed citrobacter genomospecies.	dna relatedness studies (hydroxyapatite method) were done on 112 strains of citrobacteria. by using the recommended definition of a genomospecies 11 genomospecies were identified in the genus citrobacter. these genomospecies were separable by their biochemical profiles. citrobacter koseri (citrobacter diversus) and citrobacter amalonaticus proved to be homogeneous species, as previously described. c. amalonaticus biogroup 1, as described by farmer et al. (j. clin. microbiol. 21:46-76, 1985), was ...	1993	8240948
[antimicrobial activity of cefodizime against fresh clinical isolates].	in order evaluate antimicrobial activities of cefodizime (cdzm), minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic's) of cdzm and other control drugs were determined against various clinical isolates, that were sent to our center from nation-wide medical institutions or were isolated and identified in our laboratory from various specimens of infected patients. the followings are a summary of the results: 1. bacterial species with no or few strains resistant to cephems including cdzm included streptococcus ...	1993	8254888
erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin: use of frequency distribution curves, scattergrams, and regression analyses to compare in vitro activities and describe cross-resistance.	mics of erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin for 852 recent clinical isolates were determined by broth microdilution methods. frequency distribution curves, scattergrams, and regression analyses were used to compare in vitro activities and describe cross-resistance. clarithromycin was the most active drug against bacteroides spp. but the least active against haemophilus influenzae. azithromycin was most active against h. influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, pasteurella multocida, and fus ...	1993	8257127
peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, mediastinitis, and nonclostridial anaerobic myonecrosis: a case report.	peritonsillar abscess is a potentially life-threatening complication of acute tonsillitis. on occasion, peritonsillar abscess can extend to neck spaces and/or to the mediastinum. we describe a case of a patient with a peritonsillar abscess that extended to the neck, producing bilateral retropharyngeal abscesses and myonecrosis of the strap muscles. culture of a specimen of the necrotic muscle yielded prevotella intermedia, prevotella buccae, lactobacillus catenaforme, another lactobacillus speci ...	1993	8324135
intravenous streptomycin use in a patient infected with high-level, gentamicin-resistant streptococcus faecalis.	to report a case of intravenous streptomycin sulfate use in a patient infected with high-level, gentamicin-resistant streptococcus faecalis.	1993	8329788
the use of imipenem-cilastatin in neonatal meningitis caused by citrobacter diversus.	citrobacter diversus is a cause of severe meningitis in neonates and infants. it is unique in its propensity to produce brain abscesses that play an important role in the poor prognosis associated with this condition. the recommended therapeutic regimen of third-generation cephalosporines, aminoglycosides and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is usually disappointing. we describe the use of imipenemcilastatin in successfully treating citrobacter diversus meningitis complicated by brain abscesses.	1993	8338984
whole-cell repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction allows rapid assessment of clonal relationships of bacterial isolates.	repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) enables the generation of dna fingerprints which discriminate bacterial species and strains. we describe the application of whole-cell methods which allow specimens from broth cultures or colonies from agar plates to be utilized directly in the pcr mixture. the rep-pcr-generated dna fingerprints obtained with whole-cell samples match results obtained with genomic dna templates. examples with different gram-negative bacteria (e ...	1993	8349778
beta-lactamase of lysobacter enzymogenes: cloning, characterization and expression of the gene and comparison of the enzyme to other lactamases.	the gene for the periplasmic beta-lactamase of lysobacter enzymogenes was isolated as part of a 1017 bp ecori fragment and the nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined. it has a g+c content of 71.5% and encodes a 27 amino acid signal sequence and the mature beta-lactamase of 276 amino acids which has a mass of 29,146 da. the enzyme appears to be unique to l. enzymogenes but its amino acid sequence shows a high degree of homology with the amino acid sequences of the lactamase from citrobact ...	1993	8360618
comparative antimicrobial activity of lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin against > 500 bacterial isolates.	an agar dilution technique was used to compare the antimicrobial activities of lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin against 544 strains of bacterial isolates. among the five quinolone agents tested, ciprofloxacin was the most active. enoxacin was the most active after ciprofloxacin against escherichia coli, enterobacter aerogenes, proteus mirabilis, shigella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, and haemophilus influenzae with an mic90 of < or = 0.25 micrograms/ml. ofloxacin ...	1993	8396196
gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis: a twenty-one-year experience.	we reviewed our experience with gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis in neonates and infants from 1969 through 1989. ninety-eight patients were identified. their ages were from 1 day to 2 years with a median of 10 days. in 25 patients (26%), predisposing factors were identified, the most common of which were neural tube defects and urinary tract anomalies. the causative agents were escherichia coli (53%), klebsiella-enterobacter species (16%), citrobacter diversus (9%), salmonella species ...	1993	8419603
citrobacter diversus ventriculitis and brain abscesses in an adult.	a case of citrobacter diversus brain abscesses following urinary infection in an adult is described. the patient was treated with surgical drainage, netilmicin and cefotaxime. citrobacter species cns infection is discussed.	1993	8473769
slya, a regulatory protein from salmonella typhimurium, induces a haemolytic and pore-forming protein in escherichia coli.	a chromosomal fragment from salmonella typhimurium, when cloned in escherichia coli, generates a haemolytic phenotype. this fragment carries two genes, termed slya and slyb. the expression of slya is sufficient for the haemolytic phenotype. the haemolytic activity of e. coli carrying multiple copies of slya is found mainly in the cytoplasm, with some in the periplasm of cells grown to stationary phase, but overexpression of slyb, a 15 kda lipoprotein probably located in the outer membrane, may l ...	1995	8544813
vertical transmission of citrobacter diversus documented by dna fingerprinting.	to confirm the vertical transmission of citrobacter diversus from a mother to her infant and to evaluate the epidemiologic usefulness of a new automated procedure for analysis of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-generated dna fingerprints.	1995	8568200
a comparative study of the bbl crystal enteric/nonfermenter identification system and the biomerieux api20e and api20ne identification systems after overnight incubation.	the bbl crystal enteric/nonfermenter (crystal, becton dickinson microbiology systems) is a new multi-test identification system for gram negative rods requiring no oil overlay or addition of reagents. one hundred and three selected gram negative rod isolates from routine clinical specimens were tested in parallel using the appropriate api20e or api20ne (biomerieux) reading after overnight incubation. the isolates included in the study, and the number tested, were as follows: acinetobacter sp, 8; ...	1995	8771156
escherichia hermannii: susceptibility pattern to beta-lactams and production of beta-lactamase.	the susceptibility pattern of escherichia hermannii, although closely related to escherichia coli according to its biochemical patterns, was clearly distinguishable by its susceptibility to beta-lactams by both diffusion and dilution methods from e. coli penicillinase producing or non-producing strains, citrobacter diversus, klebsiella pneumoniae, and klebsiella oxytoca. beta-lactamase clavulanate-sensitive activity was localized with various isoelectric points from 7.0 to 8.5. no cross hybridiz ...	1995	8830019
chromosomal beta-lactamase genes of klebsiella oxytoca are divided into two main groups, blaoxy-1 and blaoxy-2.	the chromosomally encoded beta-lactamase gene (blaoxy-2) of the wild-type klebsiella oxytoca sl911 was cloned and sequenced. its nucleotide sequence similarity with the previously sequenced k. oxytoca beta-lactamase gene (blaoxy-1) (y. arakawa, m. ohta, n. kido, m. mori, h. ito, t. komatsu, y. fujii, and n. kato, antimicrob. agents chemother. 33:63-70, 1989) is 87.3%, and its amino acid similarity is 89.7%. this group of k. oxytoca beta-lactamases is related to chromosomal beta-lactamases of cit ...	1996	8834897
[use of semi-solid diasalm medium for isolation of salmonella enteritidis].	the diagnostic semi-solid salmonella agar (diasalm) was compared with two commercial semi-solid rappaport-vasiliadis media (msrv by oxoid and srva, basis by himedia) using 52 strains of salmonella and 10 strains of interfering gram-negative bacteria. the diagnostic potency for salmonellae was higher in diasalm than in msrv or srva. unlike the rappaport-vasiliadis media, diasalm contains a diagnostic system consisting of lactose, saccharose and bromocresol purple, allowing the differentiation of ...	1996	8966968
transmission of citrobacter koseri from mother to infant documented by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	we describe a case in which citrobacter koseri (formerly c. diversus) was transmitted from a pregnant mother with chorioamnionitis and bacteremia to her infant who was bacteremic at birth and in apparent septic shock. two highly discriminating molecular methods, ribotyping and pulsed field gel electrophoresis, were used to examine restriction fragment length polymorphisms within the genomic dna of maternal and infant isolates. both techniques identified the maternal and infant isolates as the sa ...	1996	8985657
[antimicrobial activity of cefodizime against clinical isolates].	in order to evaluate antimicrobial activity of cefodizime (cdzm), minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of cdzm and control drugs were determined against clinical isolates collected from nation-wide medical institutions and in our laboratory from september to december of 1992 and from september to december of 1995. the results are summarized as follows: 1. bacterial species with no or few strains resistant to cdzm included streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, citrobacter koseri, pr ...	1996	8986558
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by citrobacter diversus: case report.		1997	8994770
[antimicrobial activities of cefetamet against clinical isolates from urinary tract infection].	in order to evaluate antimicrobial activity of cefetamet (cemt), minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of cemt and control drugs were determined against gram-negative rods mainly from complicated urinary tract infections examined in our laboratory from april to september of 1994. the results are summarized as follows; 1. the obtained strains were citrobacter diversus 20, citrobacter freundii 30, enterobacter aerogenes 20, enterobacter cloacae 30, serratia marcescens 30, proteus mirabilis 30, ...	1996	9032594