Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| congo/crimean haemorrhagic fever in iraq. | congo/crimean haemorrhagic fever was recognized for the first time in iraq in 1979. the first case was reported on 3 september 1979 and since then a further 9 patients have been investigated. eight patients gave a history of previous contact with sheep or cattle, while 2 patients, a resident doctor and an auxiliary nurse, acquired their infections in hospital by direct contact with patients. the causal virus was isolated from patients' blood and postmortem liver specimens. the virus isolates wer ... | 1981 | 6790183 |
| [crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibodies in people living in natural reservoirs]. | 1981 | 6798753 | |
| congo/crimean haemorrhagic fever virus from iraq 1979: i. morphology in bhk21 cells. | congo-crimean haemorrhagic fever virus, isolated from a patient in iraq, was grown, after passage in suckling mouse brain, in bhk cells. the particles matured after 8-9 days in these cells by budding, usually singly, into cytoplasmic vacuoles throughout the host cells. the virions had an overall diameter of 115 to 125 nm, including rounded surface spikes 15 nm long and 10 nm wide. the viral cores, surrounded by a lipid unit membrane, contained discrete electron-dense elements. it is suggested th ... | 1981 | 6798952 |
| immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf). | utilization of direct and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and solid-phase radioimmunoassay (spria) for the diagnosis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) allows the detection of low amounts of infectious virus (2 log ld50) or inactivated antigen and antibody to cchf within 5-6 hours. these methods were shown to be more sensitive, specific, rapid, and reproducible than the complement-fixation test, immunofluorescence, hemagglutination, or radial diffusion in gel. the exper ... | 1982 | 6800272 |
| antibodies to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in domestic animals in iraq: a seroepidemiological survey. | a seroepidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus and its circulation among animals in iraq was carried out in 1980. sera were collected from 2205 animals of different species in three different faunal areas of the country. sera were tested by complement fixation test for quantitative determination of antibodies to cchf virus. among 769 sheep tested 443 (57.6%) were positive; 279 of 562 (49.64%) goat sera; 122 of 411 (29.28%) cattle sera; 1 ... | 1981 | 6806205 |
| laboratory characteristics of the "yarmouk" strain of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus. | the "yarmouk" strain of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus lost 78% and 42% of its infective titers after treatment with ether and chloroform respectively. it lost completely its infectivity property after treatment with sodium deoxycholate. the virus was completely inactivated by heating at 56, 60 and 70 degrees c for 30, 10 and 5 minutes respectively. neither virus growth nor viral antigen were detected in primary cell cultures of lamb testis, rabbit kidney and chicken embryo fibrol ... | 1981 | 6806206 |
| serological evidence of human infection with congo-crimean hemorrhagic fever virus in greece. | 1982 | 6812443 | |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in oman. | 1995 | 7475685 | |
| antibodies to hemorrhagic fever viruses in domestic livestock in niger: rift valley fever and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever. | a repository of domestic animal sera collected in niger between 1984 and 1988 was assayed for antibody against two zoonotic hemorrhagic fever viruses known to be present in the west african sahel. a total of 2,540 serum samples from 2,324 cattle, sheep, goats, and camels were tested by an igg-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the 80% plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt80) for rift valley fever (rvf) virus antibody. of the 2,540 sera tested for rvf-specific igg antibod ... | 1995 | 7573699 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: management of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever--united states. | 1995 | 7616624 | |
| crimean congo-haemorrhagic fever treated with oral ribavirin. | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) is an often-lethal haemorrhagic fever caused by a tick-borne virus. there are no published data on ribavirin treatment of cchf-infected patients, despite established in-vitro and in-vivo sensitivity. we report three health workers--two surgeons and a hospital worker--infected with cchf virus in pakistan who were treated with oral ribavirin 4 g/day for four days, then 2.4 g/day for six days. intravenous ribavirin was unavailable. all three patients were sev ... | 1995 | 7637481 |
| host-passage-induced phenotypic changes in crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus. | changes in virulence of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus toward intracerebrally inoculated suckling mice (sm) were studied in relation to different host-passage histories. two cchf virus strains, one isolated from a human and the other from a tick, were passaged through various vertebrate and tick hosts and then reisolated and tested for their virulence toward sm. in various experiments, sm were inoculated with 12 different viral suspensions, each having a specific passage history. ... | 1995 | 7638437 |
| update: management of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever--united states. | in 1988, cdc published guidelines for managing patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (vhf) (1). pending a comprehensive review of the 1988 guidelines, this notice provides interim recommendations that update the 1988 guidelines for healthcare settings in the united states. this update applies to four viruses that cause syndromes of vhf: lassa, marburg, ebola, and congo-crimean hemorrhagic fever viruses; although the risk and/or mode of nosocomial transmission differs for each of these ... | 1995 | 7783731 |
| serodiagnosis of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever. | several methods for demonstrating antibody to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus were compared on serum samples taken from 101 patients during the acute stage of illness and at intervals for up to 59 months thereafter, with emphasis on early detection of the immune response. the deaths of 23 patients on days 5-14 of illness were ascribed to the effects of the disease; two patients died later from other causes. very few of the patients who died from the acute illness mounted an antibody respo ... | 1994 | 7995364 |
| [crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in senegal. latest data on the ecology of the cchf virus]. | the authors finalize the knowledge on the ecology of the cchf virus in senegal, west africa. they specify two new major data for the understanding of the viral ecology in west africa. the recognition of a bird species, common and widely distributed in senegal (tockus erythrorhynchus, coraciiformes, bucerotidae), that replicates the virus and infects the immature stages of its current parasite hyalomma marginatum rufipes in more than 90% of the cases, explains why the minimum infection rate of th ... | 1994 | 8003897 |
| experimental transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus by west african wild ground-feeding birds to hyalomma marginatum rufipes ticks. | hyalomma (h.) marginatum rufipes ticks commonly infest birds and are potential vectors of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus in west africa. an experimental model for investigating the role of birds in the cchf virus transmission cycle was developed. following cchf virus inoculation, antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in one red-beaked hornbill and one glossy starling, but not in two laughing doves and six domestic chickens. none of the birds showed a detecta ... | 1994 | 8024058 |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection in birds: field investigations in senegal. | in senegal, wild ground-feeding birds are frequently infested with immature ticks. in two areas where numerous crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus isolations were obtained from hyalomma marginatum rufipes adult ticks collected on ungulates, 175 birds were captured and sera collected. cchf antibodies were detected by elisa in 6/22 red-beaked hornbills (tockus erythrorhynchus), 2/11 glossy starlings (lamprotornis sp.) and 1/3 guinea fowls. the virus was isolated from h. m. rufipes nymphs ... | 1994 | 8059064 |
| detection of human antibodies to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus using expressed viral nucleocapsid protein. | diagnosis of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus infections is hampered by the problems of handling this human pathogen, which requires the highest levels of biological containment. recombinant antigens were examined for their potential as non-hazardous diagnostic reagents. the nucleocapsid (n) gene of the greek ap92 isolate of cchf virus was sequenced from cloned pcr products and the open reading frame was identified by homology to the n protein of a chinese isolate of cchf virus. the ... | 1994 | 8077915 |
| [surveillance of the circulation of arbovirus of medical interest in the region of eastern senegal]. | a study about the circulation of arboviruses of medical interest in southeastern senegal was conducted from 1988 to 1991, during and around the periods of transmission. specific igm antibodies were detected by elisa test in human sera, as a sign of a recent infection within 2 to 5 months. the comparison of the serological igm results from human surveys in different villages, and the isolations of arboviruses from mosquitoes during the same period of time permitted a rapid and global evaluation o ... | 1993 | 8099299 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibody to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in the sera of livestock and wild vertebrates. | igm antibody response to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus was monitored in experimentally infected sheep and cattle by an igm capture enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa). specific binding of antigen was detected by a rabbit anti-cchf horseradish peroxidase conjugate or a sandwich technique with hyperimmune mouse anti-cchf ascitic fluid and commercially available anti-mouse immunoglobulin peroxidase conjugate. the persistence of igm antibody activity was found to be of shorter duration ... | 1993 | 8270014 |
| ribavirin efficacy in an in vivo model of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchf) infection. | after intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection of infant mice with cchf virus, virus titers in liver remained significantly higher than in other organs except blood (serum). within the liver, virus antigen was first found by immunofluorescence (ifa) in kupffer cells followed by more extensive hepatic spread. later, virus was found in other organs including brain and heart. ribavirin treatment significantly reduced infant mouse mortality and extended the geometric mean time to death. ribavirin treatment ... | 1993 | 8279818 |
| antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and quantification of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the tick, hyalomma truncatum. | a viral antigen-capture elisa was compared to a viral plaque-assay on human cell monolayers for detection and quantification of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in triturated experimentally infected hyalomma truncatum ticks. in suspensions of ticks exposed as larvae to viremic mice, the elisa detected 13% positive as compared to 3% (n = 721) positive by plaque-assay. adult ticks inoculated with virus and sampled up to 102 days later were 84% positive by elisa compared to 36% (n = 273) posit ... | 1993 | 8320308 |
| experimental vector incompetence of a soft tick, ornithodoros sonrai (acari: argasidae), for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. | adults and nymphs of a soft tick, ornithodoros sonrai sautet & witkowski, were allowed to feed on suckling mice that had been experimentally infected with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus (ibar 10200 strain). the mean viral titer of mouse blood at the time of tick feeding was 10(3.2) plaque-forming units (pfu) per ml. samples of ticks were assayed on 12 occasions between days 0 and 31 after the viremic blood meal. mean cchf viral titers were 10(2.1) pfu per tick immediately after the ... | 1993 | 8459431 |
| transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in two species of hyalomma ticks from infected adults to cofeeding immature forms. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus was transmitted from infected adult hyalomma ticks to uninfected larval and nymphal hyalomma ticks while cofeeding on a guinea pig host that did not have a detectable viremia. when tested after feeding with infected adults, three (0.8%) of 370 h. truncatum larvae contained detectable cchf virus (mean virus titer 10(1.6) plaque-forming units [pfu]/tick). the virus was transmitted transstadially from infected larvae and was detected in 15 (1.2%) of 1,25 ... | 1993 | 8480867 |
| seroprevalence of five arboviruses in zebu cattle in the central african republic. | sequential blood samples taken from 237 adult and 147 young zebu cattle in the central african republic (car) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies to rift valley fever (rvf), dugbe (dug), crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf), chikungunya (chik) and wesselsbron (wsl) viruses. antibodies to dug and cchf viruses were detected in 70% and 61% respectively, of the sera from adult cattle, probably due to common antigens. this hypothesis is supported by th ... | 1996 | 8730305 |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in oman. | 1996 | 8758080 | |
| polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and identification of distinct variants of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the united arab emirates. | viral hemorrhagic fever has re-emerged in the united arab emirates (uae) since november 1993. genomic rna of crimean-congo hemorrhagic virus (c-chfv) was detected by a newly developed, nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in the sera of four (25.0%) of 16 suspected cases of viral hemorrhagic fever. the rt-pcr was based on oligonucleotide primers deducted from the small rna segment encoding the nucleoprotein of the virus. by comparison with a nucleotide sequence of a c- ... | 1996 | 8780459 |
| travel-related vector-borne virus infections in germany. | laboratory diagnosis of imported, vector-borne virus diseases during a 22-month-period in munich, germany, is summarized. in 13/317 germans returning from the mediterranean with suspected sandfly fever, acute sandfly fever, serotype toscana, was confirmed serologically: 84.6% of the infections were acquired in italy. of 249 german tourists with febrile disease returning from the tropics, acute infection with dengue virus was diagnosed serologically in 26 (10.4%): most infections were acquired in ... | 1996 | 8800806 |
| transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus by hyalomma impeltatum (acari:ixodidae) after experimental infection. | we examined the potential for hyalomma impeltatum schulze & schlottke ticks to transmit crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus. after feeding on 1-d-old mice that had been inoculated with cchf virus, larval h. impeltatum became infected with and subsequently transmitted cchf virus transstadially to nymphs. these nymphs transmitted virus horizontally to guinea pigs and transstadially to adults. a minimum of 13% of the adult h. impeltatum, exposed to virus as larvae, transmitted virus by bit ... | 1996 | 8840695 |
| [serologic diagnosis of crimean hemorrhagic fever in kosovo and metohia]. | in the period june-november 1995, 292 sera from 159 patients and 80 healthy persons from kosovo and metohia were tested for the presence of antibodies against the causative agents of crimean hemorrhagic fever (chf) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs). diffusion precipitation test in agar gel and indirect immunofluorescence assay were used. specific antibodies against chf virus were found in 6.9% and against hfrs virus in 15.1 patient's sera. antibodies against chf virus were proved ... | 1996 | 9229966 |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection in the western province of saudi arabia. | in 1990, an outbreak of suspected viral haemorrhagic fever involving 7 individuals occurred in mecca in the western province of saudi arabia. congo-crimean haemorrhagic fever (cchf), not previously known to be present in saudi arabia, was incriminated. a study of the epidemiology of this virus was therefore carried out in mecca, and in nearby jeddah and taif in 1991-1993; 13 species of ixodid ticks (5 hyalomma spp., 5 rhipicephalus spp., 2 amblyomma spp., 1 boophilus sp.) were collected from liv ... | 1997 | 9231193 |
| immunohistochemical and in situ localization of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus in human tissues and implications for cchf pathogenesis. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a potentially fatal disease that occurs in parts of africa, asia, and eastern europe, and that is caused by a recently emerged bunyavirus. rapid laboratory diagnosis of cchf infection is essential and is currently performed by virus isolation and serology. histopathologic studies have been limited to a small number of cases, and little is known about the cellular tropism of cchf virus and the pathogenesis of this disease. | 1997 | 9278612 |
| molecular investigation of a multisource outbreak of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in the united arab emirates. | during the investigation of an outbreak of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) in the united arab emirates (uae) between 1994 and 1995, blood samples from suspected cchf cases and ticks collected from livestock were tested for cchf virus by antigen-capture elisa and by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. phylogenetic analysis of partial small (s) segment nucleotide sequences from four ticks and five human samples showed that with one exception, all the human and tick viruses cl ... | 1997 | 9392588 |
| an outbreak of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in the united arab emirates, 1994-1995. | a multi-faceted investigation was conducted in the united arab emirates to characterize the epidemiologic and ecologic factors underlying an outbreak of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) noted in november 1994 among abattoir workers. a chart review was conducted among hospitalized suspected cases of viral hemorrhagic fever with onset between january 1994 and march 1995 coupled with serologic testing of available specimens for the presence of virus antigen and igg and igm antibodies by elisa ... | 1997 | 9392589 |
| detection of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus antibodies in humans and imported livestock in saudi arabia. | a survey of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus antibody, using the reversed passive haemagglutination inhibition test, was carried out in saudi arabia on sera from imported livestock at jeddah seaport, as well as humans who had contact with imported animals on farms and in quarantine stations. antibodies were detected in 3/354 (0.8%) humans, 88/2162 (4.1%) sheep, 14/432 (3.2%) goats and 1/182 (0.6%) cattle. camel and horse sera were negative. the sudanese small ruminants had the highest sero ... | 1997 | 9463660 |
| [adaptation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus to culture in vero-e6 cells]. | adaptation of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus to continuous culturing in vero-e6 cells was studied by coculturing of infected and intact cells. adapted strain hoja-a exerted a complete cytocidal effect and was characterized by a high level of virus accumulation in the early period of the infection. the resultant strain survived through more than 80 passages and retained the newly acquired properties; lyophilized, it can be stored for a long time. availability of such a strain op ... | 1997 | 9499243 |
| the use of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of viral nucleic acid in the diagnosis of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever. | a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was applied retrospectively to 80 stored serum samples from 45 confirmed crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) patients in southern africa, and it was found that viral rna could be detected in a proportion of samples up to day 16 of illness. early in the disease there is relatively good correlation between the results obtained by rt-pcr and virus isolation, but after the first week it appears that infective virus is progressively clear ... | 1998 | 9562407 |
| experimental infection of ostriches with crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus. | following the occurrence of an outbreak of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) among workers at an ostrich abattoir in south africa in 1996, 9 susceptible young ostriches were infected subcutaneously with the virus in order to study the nature of the infection which they undergo. the ostriches developed viraemia which was demonstrable on days 1-4 following infection, with a maximum intensity of 4.0 log10 mouse intracerebral ld50/ml being recorded on day 2 in 1 of the birds. virus was detecta ... | 1998 | 9825796 |
| biological and clinical responses of west african sheep to crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus experimental infection. | west african sheep appear to play a central role as virus hosts in the maintenance cycle of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus in endemic areas and also because of their role as a principal host of the cchf virus tick vector. in an effort to clarify cchf epidemiological significance in sheep, we studied the biological and clinical aspects of sheep experimentally infected with cchf virus. west african sheep breeds were infected either by intraperitoneal inoculation or by infestation wi ... | 1998 | 9923021 |
| [crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever]. | 1999 | 10088346 | |
| [experimental transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus: role of 3 vector species in the maintenance and transmission cycles in senegal]. | in this article, we published the role of three species of ticks amblyomma variegatum (fabricius, 1974), hyalomma marginatum rufipes (koch, 1844) and hyalomma truncatum (koch, 1844) in the maintenance and transmission of the cchf virus. the imagos of these species were infected by intracoelomic route. vertical transmission (transtasial and transovarial) and horizontal transmission for different stases were studied by isolation on newborn mice, polymerase chain reaction, indirect immunofluorescen ... | 1999 | 10229934 |
| [experimental transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus by rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (acarina:ixodidae)]. | we have conducted experiments to assess the ability of rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi tick to transmit the crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) and determine their reproductive cycle. the rh. e. evertsi was infected by intracoelomic (transparietal and intra-anal) inoculation during the imaginal stases and by oral feeding on an infected viremic goat during imaginal and nymphal stases. the infection rate, transovarial and trans-stasial cchf virus transmission were monitored for virus reisolation ... | 1999 | 10472436 |
| experimental infection of vaccinated slaughter ostriches in a natural, open-air feedlot facility with virulent newcastle disease virus. | the presence of virulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) since the 1993-94 epidemic in southern africa holds major implications for the export of ostrich products from this region. a challenge experiment with this field strain was conducted in open-air feedlot facilities under strict biosecurity measures. the experiment was designed to follow vaccination and preslaughter quarantine regulations currently enforced in south african export ostrich facilities in order to determine the viremia period an ... | 1999 | 10494412 |
| an outbreak of west nile fever among migrants in kisangani, democratic republic of congo. | in february 1998, an outbreak of acute febrile illness was reported from the kapalata military camp in kisangani, the democratic republic of congo. the illness was characterized by an acute onset of fever associated with severe headache, arthralgia, backache, neurologic signs, abdominal pain, and coughing. in 1 individual, hemorrhagic manifestations were observed. the neurologic signs included an altered level of consciousness, convulsions, and coma. malaria was initially suspected, but the pati ... | 1999 | 10674664 |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and tick survey in the sultanate of oman. | in 1995 and 1996, 4 persons from the sultanate of oman were confirmed with clinical crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf). to assess the prevalence of cchf virus infection in oman, a convenience sample of imported and domestic animals from farms, abattoirs and livestock markets was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to cchf virus. ticks were collected from selected animals, identified, pooled by species, host and location and tested for ... | 2000 | 10747269 |
| [the laboratory diagnosis of an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever at oblivskaya village, rostov province: proof of the etiological role of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus]. | the results of the molecular biological detection of the etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever in rostov province are presented. the role of the causative agents of astrakhan rickettsial fever, hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome, q fever, leptospirosis and listeriosis has been excluded by means of such immunochemical reactions as the direct and indirect immunofluorescent tests, the solid-phase immunoenzyme assay, the complement fixation test and the agglutination test. the relationship bet ... | 2000 | 10808570 |
| [crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in rostov province: the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak]. | the results of the epidemiological analysis of the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever which was caused by crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and occurred during the period of july 3-19, 1999, in the oblivskaya district of rostov province are presented. the specific epidemiological features of the outbreak have been determined. the possible versions of the appearance of the focus of infection and the role of ixodes ticks in the circulation of the infective agent are discussed. | 2000 | 10808571 |
| [introduction to sterilization and disinfection of medical wastes contaminated with human virus]. | in this paper, we describe sterilization and disinfection of medical wastes contaminated with blood borne-virus, such as ebola virus, marburg virus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, lassa virus, hepatitis b virus and human immunodeficiency virus. | 2000 | 10901040 |
| effects of heating plasma at 56 degrees c for 30 min and at 60 degrees c for 60 min on routine biochemistry analytes. | 2000 | 11085629 | |
| [sequencing and comparative analysis of the complete glycoprotein gene of three crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus chinese isolates]. | to determine the complete sequences of glycoprotein (m) gene of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) chinese isolates (xinjiang hemorrhagic fever virus, xhfv) ba66019, ba8402 ba88166 and to compare and analyze the relationships among the viruses. | 2001 | 11436635 |
| [virus-specific proteins of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever]. | a variant of asian strain hodzha of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (hodzha-a), adapted to vero-e6 culture and yielding high harvest in it, was used for analysis of the synthesis of virus-specific proteins and protein composition of virions. major virus-specific proteins with mol. weights 110, 83, 78, 55, 57, and 45 kd and minor low-molecular-weight proteins of 42, 36, 23, and 21 kd were detected by immunoprecipitation with hyperimmune ascitic fluid and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in infe ... | 2001 | 11450138 |
| the model of response to viral haemorrhagic fevers of the national institute for infectious diseases "lazzaro spallanzani". | viral haemorrhagic fevers (vhf) are severe and life-threatening diseases caused by a range of viruses. however, only four agents of vhf are known to be readily capable of person-to-person spread: lassa virus, crimean/congo haemorrhagic fever virus, ebola and marburg viruses. diseases caused by these viruses are endemic only in few areas in the world, most notably africa and some rural parts of the middle east and eastern europe. nonetheless, the increasing volume of international travel presents ... | 2001 | 11693443 |
| genetic characterization of the m rna segment of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains, china. | we report the genetic characterization of the m rna segment of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv). two cchfv strains isolated in xinjiang province, a region endemic for cchf in northwestern china, were studied. these strains, designated ba66019 and ba8402, were isolated in 1965 and 1984 from a cchf patient and hyalomma ticks, respectively. viral rna was extracted from suckling mouse brains infected with these two strains, amplified, and sequenced. the full-length m rna, consisting of ... | 2002 | 11749748 |
| immunofluorescence technique using hela cells expressing recombinant nucleoprotein for detection of immunoglobulin g antibodies to crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. | a hela cell line continuously expressing recombinant nucleoprotein (rnp) of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) was established by transfection with an expression vector containing the cdna of cchfv np (pks336-cchfv-np). these cells were used as antigens for indirect immunofluorescence (if) to detect immunoglobulin g antibodies to cchfv. the sensitivity and specificity of this if technique were examined by using serum samples and were compared to those of the if technique using cch ... | 2002 | 11825944 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in kosovo. | 2002 | 11880460 | |
| [isolation and identification of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the stavropol territory]. | the results of the isolation and identification of the causative agent of a haemorrhagic fever outbreak in the stavropol territory are presented. the virus isolated from blood of haemorrhagic fever patients by virological methods was identified in serological and molecular tests as crimean haemorrhagic fever virus. this epidemiological analysis testify to increased activity of the natural focus of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in this area due to a number of natural and other factors leading ... | 2001 | 11881502 |
| recombinant nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin g antibodies to crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. | the full-length nucleoprotein of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv; 482 amino acid residues) was expressed as a his-tagged recombinant protein (his-cchfv rnp) in the baculovirus system. the his-cchfv rnp was efficiently expressed in insect cells and purified by ni(2+) column chromatography. using this substrate, an immunoglobulin g (igg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed. we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the igg elisa, using serum samples previousl ... | 2002 | 11980926 |
| genetic diversity of the m rna segment among crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus isolates in china. | the complete nucleotide sequences of the medium (m) segment of seven chinese isolates of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus were determined. the m-segment rna of cchf virus comprises 5356-5377 nucleotides depending on the isolate and encodes a protein comprising 1689-1697 amino acids in a viral complementary sense. phylogenetic analysis of the m segment showed that the chinese cchf virus isolates were clustered into three groups, one of which was more closely related to a nigerian isol ... | 2002 | 12036327 |
| characterization of the glycoproteins of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is the cause of an important tick-borne disease of humans throughout regions of africa, europe, and asia. like other members of the genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae, the cchf virus m genome rna segment encodes the virus glycoproteins. sequence analysis of the cchf virus (matin strain) m rna segment revealed one major open reading frame that potentially encodes a precursor polyprotein 1,689 amino acids (aa) in length. comparison of the deduced ami ... | 2002 | 12072526 |
| rapid detection and quantification of rna of ebola and marburg viruses, lassa virus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, rift valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-pcr. | viral hemorrhagic fevers (vhfs) are acute infections with high case fatality rates. important vhf agents are ebola and marburg viruses (mbgv/ebov), lassa virus (lasv), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), rift valley fever virus (rvfv), dengue virus (denv), and yellow fever virus (yfv). vhfs are clinically difficult to diagnose and to distinguish; a rapid and reliable laboratory diagnosis is required in suspected cases. we have established six one-step, real-time reverse transcription- ... | 2002 | 12089242 |
| genetic detection and isolation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, kosovo, yugoslavia. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (c-chfv) strains were isolated from a fatal case and the attending physician in kosovo, yugoslavia. early, rapid diagnosis of the disease was achieved by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the physician was successfully treated with oral ribavirin. these cases yielded the first genetically studied c-chfv human isolates in the balkans. | 2002 | 12141973 |
| [characteristics of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus circulating in russia and central asia]. | five antigen-positive samples isolated from patients with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) and from hyalomma marginatum ticks collected in the european part of russia and three laboratory strains of cchf isolated in russia, uzbekistan, and tadjikistan were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and sequencing. comparison of nucleotide sequences of fragments of cchf virus genome s segment and phylogenetic analysis of russian strains showed that all cchf strains ... | 2002 | 12173427 |
| first documentation of human crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, kenya. | 2002 | 12194785 | |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in albania, 2001. | during the spring and summer of 2001, an outbreak of eight cases of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) occurred in albania. the epidemiological investigation, the clinical presentation of the cases, and the course of the disease are described. seven of the cases were laboratory confirmed. a nosocomial infection and a cluster of cases within a family were observed. genetic analysis of the cchf virus strain that caused the outbreak showed that it was clustered together with other european cchf ... | 2002 | 12226691 |
| [the isolation of dhori viruses (orthomyxoviridae, thogotovirus) and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (bunyaviridae, nairovirus) from the hare (lepus europaeus) and its ticks hyalomma marginatum in the middle zone of the volga delta, astrakhan region, 2001]. | in august, 2001, in the middle zone of the delta of the volga river, the astrakhan region, during investigation of the natural foci of west nile fever and crimean--congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), the material from the hare (lepus europaeus, pallas, 1778 (lagomorpha, leporidae) and collected from it the ticks hyalomna marginatum koch 1844, was obtained. 4 strains of dhori virus (orthomyxoviridae, thogotovirus) and 2 strains of cchf virus (bunyaviridae, nairovirus) were isolated. this is the first ... | 2002 | 12271723 |
| [serologic studies of xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in bachu county, 2001]. | to investigate the situation of xinjiang hemorrhagic fever (xhf) in patients who have been diagnosed as xhf by clinical methods and to predict the condition in people who were liable to infection and in the host-animals. | 2002 | 12411084 |
| [crimean hemorrhagic fever in the rostov region: epidemiological zoning and the activity of natural foci]. | the epidemiological zoning of the territory of the rostov region has been made with the use of the epidemic process patterns and the data indicating the links between the landscape and the natural focus of infection. the spread of infected ticks has been established. the participation of several carrier species in the circulation of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus has been confirmed. the mosaic character of their distribution and different levels of their contamination is of great prognos ... | 2002 | 12506623 |
| imported viral haemorrhagic fever with a potential for person-to-person transmission: review and recommendations for initial management of a suspected case in belgium. | viral haemorrhagic fevers are caused by a wide range of viruses. there are 4 types of viruses well known to spread from person to person and able to cause nosocomial outbreaks with a high case fatality rate: an arenavirus (lassa fever and more exceptionally the junin and machupo virus), a bunyavirus (crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever) and the filoviridae (ebola and marburg viruses). so far there have been only a limited number of imported cases of viral haemorrhagic fever in industrialized countr ... | 2002 | 12534129 |
| [genetic identification of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus during epidemic outbreak in kazakhstan in 2000]. | sera samples from patients suspected of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) taken during epidemic outbreak at the territory of sarysusky and moiynkumsky districts of the zhambyl region in kazakhstan, in 2000, were analysed by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and sequencing of virus genome fragments. genome rna of cchf virus was found in 2 assays. analysis of nucleotide sequences of fragments of s-segment of viral genome revealed in the sarysusky districts circ ... | 2002 | 12534268 |
| detection of immunoglobulin g to crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in sheep sera by recombinant nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunofluorescence assays. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus is a tick-borne virus that causes severe hemorrhagic symptoms with an up to 50% mortality rate in humans. wild and domestic animals, such as sheep, cattle and goats, are the reservoirs. the recombinant nucleoprotein-based crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody detection systems for sheep sera were developed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay techniques. the samples used for evaluation were 80 sera co ... | 2003 | 12565161 |
| genetic analysis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in russia. | genetic analysis of wild-type crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus strains recovered in the european part of russia was performed. reverse transcriptase pcr followed by direct sequencing was used to recover partial sequences of the cchf virus medium (m) genome segment (m segment) from four pools of hyalomma marginatum ticks and six human patients. phylogenetic analysis of the m-segment sequences from russian strains revealed a close relatedness of the strains (nucleotide sequence diversi ... | 2003 | 12574301 |
| molecular diagnostics of viral hemorrhagic fevers. | this review addresses the diagnostics of viral hemorrhagic fevers (vhfs). in the first part, an overview is given on classical methods of vhf diagnostics as well as novel molecular diagnostic tools. currently available polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays for diagnosis of vhf are summarized and discussed. in the second part, vhf diagnostics are described in particular for lassa fever, yellow fever, and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, based on cases that were imported into or occurred within e ... | 2003 | 12615304 |
| [use of a novel baculovirus vector to express nucleoprotein gene of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in both insect and mammalian cells]. | to construct a novel baculovirus vector which is capable of promoting the high-yield expression of foreign gene in mammalian cells and to express by this vector the nucleoprotein (np) gene of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) chinese isolate (xinjiang hemorrhagic fever virus, xhfv) ba88166 in insect and vero cells. | 2002 | 12665932 |
| treatment and prophylaxis with ribavirin for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever--is it effective? | 2003 | 12666854 | |
| [study on the molecular biology of hemorrhagic fever virus in xinjiang]. | to explore the relationship between the structure and function at molecular level and the routes of transmission of xinjiang hemorrhagic fever (xhf) virus. | 2002 | 12667358 |
| genetic variability of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in russia and central asia. | hyalomma marginatum ticks (449 pools, 4787 ticks in total) collected in european russia and dermacentor niveus ticks (100 pools, 1100 ticks in total) collected in kazakhstan were screened by elisa for the presence of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv). virus antigen was found in 10.2 and 3.0 % of the pools, respectively. rt-pcr was used to recover partial sequences of the cchfv small (s) genome segment from seven pools of antigen-positive h. marginatum ticks, one pool of d. niveus ti ... | 2003 | 12692285 |
| [specific epidemiologic features of crimean haemorrhagic fever in stavropol' region in 1999-2000]. | the results of the epidemiological analysis of morbidity in crimean haemorrhagic fever in the stavropol territory in 1999-2000 are presented. the epidemiological features, specifically characteristic of the manifestations of this infection in the territory, have been determined. | 2001 | 12718188 |
| [clinico-epidemiological characterization of crimean haemorrhagic fever in stavropol' region]. | the clinico-epidemiological analysis of morbidity in crimean haemorrhagic fever in the stavropol territory is presented. information on the clinical features, epidemiological characteristics and diagnostic criteria of the disease, as well as trends in its treatment, is given. | 2001 | 12718189 |
| [role of some wild birds and mammals in the natural foci of crimean haemorrhagic fever in stavropol' region]. | the results of the study on the role of some wild mammals and birds as feeding sources of for ticks hyalomma marginatum, the main vectors of crimean haemorrhagic fever virus in the stavropol territory, in the preimago phases of their development are presented. these phases (larvae and nymphs) were found on rooks, hooded crows, partridges, european brown hares and eared hedgehogs. the examination of domestic fowl resulted in finding larvae and nymphs in small amounts on turkeys. according to the ... | 2001 | 12718190 |
| [laboratory diagnostics of the outbreak of crimean haemorrhagic fever in southern russia]. | the results of the serological analysis of blood sera taken from patients with crimean haemorrhagic fever (chf) and from persons suspected for this disease are presented. these results made it possible to confirm that during the period of april 16-september 04, 2000, the outbreak of chf occurred on the territory of southern russia. in addition to the laboratory confirmation of the outbreak of chf by means of the enzyme immunoassay and the indirect immunofluorescence test the diagnostic work was ... | 2001 | 12718191 |
| [hyalomma marginatum koch in stavropol' region]. | ixodes ticks of the species hyalomma marginatum are widely spread in the semidesert and steppe landscape zones of the stavropol territory. the circle of the main hosts for the larvae and nymphs of these ticks includes many species of wild and domestic birds, european brown hare, four-toed and eared hedgehogs. rodents are of no great importance for ticks as a feeding source. adult ticks parasitize on agricultural animals, domestic dogs and attack humans. the prospects of further studies of the wa ... | 2001 | 12718195 |
| reverse genetics for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. | the widespread geographical distribution of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus (more than 30 countries) and its ability to produce severe human disease with high mortality rates (up to 60%) make cchf a major public health concern worldwide. we describe here the successful establishment of a reverse genetics technology for cchf virus, a member of the genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae: the rna polymerase i (pol i) system was used to generate artificial viral rna genome segments (mini ... | 2003 | 12719591 |
| a patient with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever serologically diagnosed by recombinant nucleoprotein-based antibody detection systems. | we treated a male patient with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf). the diagnosis of cchf was confirmed by reverse transcription-pcr and recombinant nucleoprotein (rnp)-based immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of serially collected serum samples. the patient was treated with intravenous ribavirin and recovered with no consequences. the study indicates that rnp-based cchf virus antibody detection systems are useful for confirming cchf virus infections. th ... | 2003 | 12738657 |
| the efficacy of oral ribavirin in the treatment of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in iran. | we compared the mortality rate among patients suspected of having crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) who received treatment with oral ribavirin and those who did not. ninety-seven (69.8%) of 139 treated patients suspected of having cchf survived, and 61 (88.9%) of 69 treated patients with confirmed cchf survived. the efficacy of oral ribavirin was 80% among patients with confirmed cchf and 34% among patients suspected of having cchf. considering the limitations of observational studies, we c ... | 2003 | 12802764 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoprotein proteolytic processing by subtilase ski-1. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is a tick-borne member of the genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae. the mature virus glycoproteins, gn and gc (previously referred to as g2 and g1), are generated by proteolytic cleavage from precursor proteins. the amino termini of gn and gc are immediately preceded by tetrapeptides rrll and rkpl, respectively, leading to the hypothesis that ski-1 or related proteases may be involved (a. j. sanchez, m. j. vincent, and s. t. nichol, j. virol. 76:7263 ... | 2003 | 12885882 |
| [genetic characteristics of the s-segment of rna from two strains of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus isolated in the south of russia and in uzbekistan]. | complete s-segment nucleotide sequences of genomic rna were determined for two crimea-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus strains, i.e. leiv 10145 uz isolated from ticks in uzbekistan, 1985, and leiv 29223 stv isolated from a patient in stavropol region, 2000. it was established that the s-segment length is 1672 and 1674 nucleotides. therefore, the initiating codon (for methionine) is located at positions 56-58; the length of translation frames for the nucleocapsid protein is 482 amino acid res ... | 2003 | 12924091 |
| phylogenetic analysis reveals a low rate of homologous recombination in negative-sense rna viruses. | recombination is increasingly seen as an important means of shaping genetic diversity in rna viruses. however, observed recombination frequencies vary widely among those viruses studied to date, with only sporadic occurrences reported in rna viruses with negative-sense genomes. to determine the extent of homologous recombination in negative-sense rna viruses, phylogenetic analyses of 79 gene sequence alignments from 35 negative-sense rna viruses (a total of 2154 sequences) were carried out. powe ... | 2003 | 13679603 |
| short report: crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in rawalpindi, pakistan, february 2002. | a nosocomial outbreak of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever occurred in rawalpindi, pakistan in february 2002. the identified index case died shortly after admission to a hospital. two of the health care workers became secondary cases; one of them died on day 13 after coming in contact with the index case. the other secondary case was successfully treated with oral ribavirin. | 2003 | 14628945 |
| role of actin filaments in targeting of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleocapsid protein to perinuclear regions of mammalian cells. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus is the causative agent of a severe disease throughout africa, europe, and asia. like other members of the genus nairovirus, the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus contains three genomic rna segments, the small (s), medium (m), and large (l) segments. the s segment encodes the viral nucleocapsid protein (np), while the m and l segments encode the glycoproteins and the rna-dependent rna polymerase, respectively. in this study, the site of expression and ass ... | 2004 | 14635015 |
| [laboratory diagnostics of crimean hemorrhagic fever by polymerase chain reaction]. | our group developed, within the present case study, two techniques' variations, i.e. a single-step rt-pcr and nested rt-pcr assays, for the purpose of detecting the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever rna virus in human samples. the above assays as well as those previously recommended by the ministry of health of the russian federation were simultaneously used in 14 clinical samples obtained from patients with crimean hemorrhagic fever. after assessing the detection accuracy, it was found that the d ... | 2003 | 14663884 |
| development of protein-based inhibitors of the proprotein of convertase ski-1/s1p: processing of srebp-2, atf6, and a viral glycoprotein. | processing of membrane-bound transcription factors such as sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (srebps) and the er-stress response factor atf6, and glycoproteins of some hemorrhagic fever viruses are initiated by the proprotein convertase ski-1/s1p. so far, no cellular protein-based inhibitor of the hydrophobic-amino acid specific ski-1 is known. the prosegment of the basic-amino acid specific convertases (e.g. furin and pc5) or alpha(1)-pdx, a variant of alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)-at ... | 2004 | 14970232 |
| genetic characterization of the m rna segment of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains isolated in russia and tajikistan. | the data on the structure of the m genome segment of cchf virus strains from russia and central asia (tajikistan) are presented. data obtained have been compared with other available published sequences of the middle segment of strains from china, nigeria, and pakistan. it has been found that all the known strains can be divided into four genetic groups, based on the nucleotide sequence of the m genome segment and an amino acid sequence of the glycoprotein precursor it encodes, whereas vlg/ti294 ... | 2004 | 14976418 |
| a simple assay for determining antiviral activity against crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a tick-borne virus that is emerging as a significant human pathogen in many regions of the world, including africa, asia, and europe. in this report, we describe a simple screening method for discovering new antiviral compounds directed against cchfv. antiviral activity was determined by assaying infected sw-13 cells (human adrenal gland carcinoma) for protection from cytopathic effect (cpe). by using an in vitro neutral red uptake assay, we were ... | 2004 | 15026198 |
| sequence determination of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus l segment. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus is highly pathogenic for humans and remains the only category a virus for which full sequence information is currently unavailable. in this study we completed cchf genome characterization by determining the l segment sequence using dugbe and cchf virus-specific oligonucleotides. sequence alignments revealed the presence of four previously described conserved regions in all bunyaviridae polymerases. interestingly, additional regions containing putative ... | 2004 | 15033561 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome l rna segment and encoded protein. | sequence analysis of the l rna genome segment and predicted encoded l polymerase protein of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus (genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae) demonstrates that they are approximately twice the size of those found in viruses of other bunyavirus genera. the cchf virus l segment and encoded protein (12,164 nucleotides and 3944 amino acids, respectively) are similar in size and sequence to those of the nairovirus dugbe virus (12,255/62% and 4036/62% nucleotide and ... | 2004 | 15033562 |
| human mxa protein inhibits the replication of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) belongs to the genus nairovirus within the family bunyaviridae and is the causative agent of severe hemorrhagic fever. despite increasing knowledge about hemorrhagic fever viruses, the factors determining their pathogenicity are still poorly understood. the interferon-induced mxa protein has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on several members of the bunyaviridae family, but the effect of mxa against cchfv has not previously been studied. here, ... | 2004 | 15047845 |
| crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus: sequence analysis of the small rna segments from a collection of viruses world wide. | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is a member of the genus nairovirus in the family bunyaviridae. it possesses a tripartite, single stranded rna genome of negative polarity consisting of large (l), medium (m) and small (s) segments. cchf virus is enzootic in life stock and wild animals in many parts of the middle east, asia and africa and is also recognised in southeast europe. severe disease, manifest as haemorrhagic fever and high mortality rates (up to 50%), is only recognised in ... | 2004 | 15084400 |
| possible horizontal transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus from a mother to her child. | the case of a child with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) presumably infected with cchf virus from her 27-year-old mother is described. the mother with cchf was treated with ribavirin and did not present with any symptoms of obvious hemorrhage. the child developed fever on the 5th day after the mother's onset. the partial virus genome was amplified by rt-pcr, and nested pcr from the child and the genome sequence were identical to that from the mother, indicating possible transmission of th ... | 2004 | 15118210 |
| genetic analysis of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in iran. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a potentially fatal disease caused by a tick-borne virus in the family bunyavridae. the disease occurs in parts of africa, asia, middle east, and eastern europe. during recent years, an increasing number of human cchf cases have been diagnosed in iran, but very little information is available on the prevalence and genetic diversity of cchfv in iran. in the present study, cchf virus (cchfv) isolates from nine iranian patients infected during 2002 were exa ... | 2004 | 15170636 |
| [circulation of west nile virus (flaviviridae, flavivirus) and some other arboviruses in the ecosystems of volga delta, volga-akhtuba flood-lands and adjoining arid regions (2000-2002)]. | comprehensive virological, serological as well as genetic studies of the ecology of west nile virus (wnv) as well as of some other arboviruses were undertaken in different ecosystems in the territories of the astrakhan region and of the kalmyk republic. the main carriers (mosquitoes, ticks, birds and mammals) were defined as involved in the circulation of viruses within the natural and anthropogenic biocenosis. phylogenetic examinations of isolated strains and samples, which were positive in rt- ... | 2004 | 15188655 |