Publications

human rotavirus detection in stool specimens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and latex agglutination test.	a total of 194 stool samples from sick and healthy children were tested by three commercial tests: two rotavirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and one latex agglutination test (ltx). the concordance, sensibility and specificity of these tests were calculated. the results suggest to consider as positive the samples reactive to two enzyme immunoassays at least. the latex test, although less sensitive than enzygnost-rotavirus and rotazyme ii, was found to be especially useful for the r ...	1988	2853953
[isolation of immunoglobulins from the egg yolk of hens immunized with intestinal viruses].	antibodies from the yolk of eggs of chicken immunized with enteric viruses (simian rotavirus sa 11, poliomyelitis virus type 2, and coxsackie b2) were obtained. the time course of the emergence and amplification of antibody in the yolk was followed for several months by neutralization tests and enzyme immunoassay. the long-term persistence of a high antibody level in the yolk, the simplicity of generation of large amounts of chromatographically pure preparations, as well as specificity of chicke ...	1988	2854680
different electrophoretypes of human rotaviruses in hungary.	polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rotaviral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) extracted directly from faecal specimens collected in three different parts of hungary was applied to characterize and distinguish 21 randomly selected viral isolates. this technique made it possible to define 7 different electrophoretypes. of the isolates 11 exhibited an identical "long" electrophoretic migration pattern. "short" rna pattern was found in two cases, and one atypical rotavirus was also revealed ...	1987	2891275
human enteric coronaviruses: antigenic relatedness to human coronavirus oc43 and possible etiologic role in viral gastroenteritis.	in a group of infants with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, examination of paired sera for antibody to human coronavirus (hcv) oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus showed a peculiar pattern of serological response, restricted only to hcv oc43 surface antigens, in a significantly higher proportion than among age-matched controls. in another group of infants and young children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, fecal excretion of coronavirus-like particles was detected by electron ...	1985	2985710
the neurovirulence of human and animal rotaviruses in cercopithecus monkeys.	cercopithecus monkeys were inoculated according to the specifications of neurovirulence safety test for live rubella virus vaccine with rit 4237, a rotavirus vaccine candidate. rit 4237 is a high passage level of the nebraska calf diarrhoea virus (ncdv). the histological findings in the first test indicated some involvement of the central nervous system. the same test was therefore repeated with rit 4237, with a lower passage level of the ncdv strain, and with the 'wa' strain, a human virus grow ...	1985	2987270
genetic relatedness among human rotaviruses.	the genetic relatedness of 81 clinical rotavirus isolates to the human rotavirus prototype strains wa (subgroup 2, serotype 1) and ds-1 (subgroup 1, serotype 2) was examined by rna hybridization techniques. labeled single-stranded (+) transcripts of wa or ds-1 virus were incubated with denatured genomic rotaviral rnas, and the resulting hybrids were subjected to gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. nineteen of the specimens contained subgroup 1 rotavirus with a "short" rna migration pattern. ...	1985	2997383
assignment of simian rotavirus sa11 temperature-sensitive mutant groups b and e to genome segments.	recombinant (reassortant) viruses were selected from crosses between temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of simian rotavirus sa11 and wild-type human rotavirus wa. the double-stranded genome rnas of the reassortants were examined by electrophoresis in tris-glycine-buffered polyacrylamide gels and by dot hybridization with a cloned dna probe for genome segment 2. analysis of replacements of genome segments in the reassortants allowed construction of a map correlating genome segments providing func ...	1985	2998007
reassortment of human rotaviruses carrying rearranged genomes with bovine rotavirus.	rotaviruses isolated from chronically infected immunodeficient children were previously shown to contain rna yielding abnormal migration profiles on gels: normal rna segments were lost or decreased in concentration, and additional bands of dsrna were found which were derived (rearranged) from genome segments of lower molecular weight by concatemer formation. these viruses grew very slowly during passage in secondary rhesus monkey kidney cells. upon superinfection with the tissue culture-adapted ...	1985	2999313
rapid inactivation of rotaviruses by exposure to acid buffer or acidic gastric juice.	inactivation rates of three bovine and several primate-origin rotaviruses were determined during exposure to acid buffers at ph 2.0, ph 3.0 or ph 4.0. each rotavirus was inactivated at ph 2.0 (the acidity most resembling the normal fasting stomach) very rapidly, with half-lives for infectivity determined to be 1 min or less. each rotavirus was inactivated at a much slower rate at ph 3.0; inactivation at ph 4.0 was minimal. no remarkable differences in acid resistance between different rotavirus ...	1985	2999315
a human atypical rotavirus found in an ecuador infant with diarrhea.	one strain of atypical rotavirus, morphologically indistinguishable from known rotaviruses but lacking the common group antigen of typical rotavirus detectable by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), was isolated from one of 152 ecuadorian infants with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. the genome analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a unique rna pattern clearly distinct from that of typical rotaviruses.	1985	3000025
effect of relative humidity, atmospheric temperature, and suspending medium on the airborne survival of human rotavirus.	the wa strain of human rotavirus, grown in ma-104 cells, was suspended either in tryptose phosphate broth or feces from a case of rotaviral diarrhea. it was then aerosolized into a rotating drum using a collison nebulizer. the drum air was sampled using an all-glass impinger containing tryptose phosphate broth as collecting fluid. at 20 +/- 1 degree c, the virus aerosolized from tryptose phosphate broth was found to survive best at 50 +/- 5% relative humidity, where its half-life was 44.2 +/- 6. ...	1985	3000566
[human rotavirus].		1985	3010562
[propagation and detection of human rotavirus (wa strain) in cell cultures of the line ma 104].		1986	3014764
antigenic characterization and elisa detection of adult diarrhea rotaviruses.	recently, severe epidemics of diarrhea among both adults and children in china have been associated with an agent called adult diarrhea rotavirus (adrv). we have studied adrv from two areas of china (jinzhou and guangxi) and compared them with prototype group a, b, and c rotaviruses. the viral genomes were compared by electrophoresis of the rna genome segments in polyacrylamide gels, and the antigenic relatedness of these viruses was examined by immune electron microscopic studies using virus pr ...	1986	3016112
[translation in the wheat germ cell-free protein-synthesizing system of human rotavirus rna].		1985	3017011
clinical features of acute gastroenteritis associated with rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses, and bacteria.	in a prospective one year study, comprising children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to hospital or treated as outpatients, the clinical and laboratory features of rotavirus diarrhoea (168 cases) were compared with those of enteric adenovirus (32 cases), bacterial (42), mixed (16), and non-specific (135) infections. the rotavirus disease was remarkably consistent, with a sudden onset of vomiting, a high frequency of fever and dehydration, and a mean duration of diarrhoea of 5.9 days. outpati ...	1986	3017237
conservation of amino acid sequence of vp8 and cleavage region of 84-kda outer capsid protein among rotaviruses recovered from asymptomatic neonatal infection.	within the past few years, rotavirus strains were recovered from four discrete prolonged outbreaks of infection in newborn nurseries in which affected infants failed to develop significant symptoms. the virus strains recovered from each outbreak belonged to a different human rotavirus serotype and thus each of the four human rotavirus serotypes was associated with asymptomatic infection of neonates. marked conservation of sequence was observed among the fourth genes of the nursery rotavirus stra ...	1986	3018754
electropherotyping of human rotaviruses: an epidemiological survey of rotavirus infections in sicily.	an electrophoretic analysis of rotavirus rna segments was carried out on 522 faecal specimens, obtained from children hospitalized in sicily in the period 1981/85. one hundred and one viral isolates could be characterized with respect to the electrophoretic pattern of their genomic rnas. this analysis revealed that in 1981/82 different electropherotypes cocirculated in the infant population. in 1983 one of the patterns became prevalent; in 1984/85 only one electropherotype was detected, both in ...	1986	3021522
single gene substitution rotavirus reassortants containing the major neutralization protein (vp7) of human rotavirus serotype 4.	a series of reassortants was isolated from coinfection of cell cultures with wild-type bovine rotavirus (uk strain [serotype 6]) or rhesus rotavirus (strain mmu18006 [serotype 3]) and a tissue culture-adapted human rotavirus strain, st3 (serotype 4). monospecific antiserum or a set of monoclonal antibodies to the major outer capsid neutralization glycoprotein, vp7, of the animal rotavirus parent was used to select for reassortants with human rotavirus serotype 4 neutralization specificity. the m ...	1986	3021814
reassortant rotaviruses containing structural proteins vp3 and vp7 from different parents induce antibodies protective against each parental serotype.	genetic studies of reassortant rotaviruses have demonstrated that gene segments 4 and 9 each segregate with the serotype-specific neutralization phenotype in vitro. reassortant rotaviruses derived by coinfection of ma-104 cells with the simian strain sa11 and the antigenically distinct bovine strain ncdv were used to determine which viral genes coded for proteins which induced a protective immune response in vivo. in addition, reassortant rotaviruses containing only the gene segment 4 or 9 prote ...	1986	3021983
homotypic and heterotypic antibodies for prevention of experimental rotavirus gastroenteritis.	we investigated the abilities of homologous and heterologous antibody preparations to neutralize murine rotavirus in a mouse model of rotavirus infection. we found that incubation of virus with murine sera obtained from animals experimentally infected with the homologous epizootic diarrhea of infant mice strain of rotavirus resulted in inability of the virus to cause symptomatic disease in infant mice. sera from nonimmune mice and mice infected or immunized with a heterotypic strain of rotavirus ...	1986	3023437
gastroenteritis caused by human rotaviruses (serotype three) in a suckling mouse model.	the pathogenic potential of human rotaviruses of serotypes 1 through 4 was evaluated in suckling mice. oral inoculation of three different human rotaviruses of serotype 3 into 5-6 day old cd-1 mice caused disease characterized by diarrhea and dehydration. the mean 50% diarrhea inducing dose (dd50) was 5 x 10(5) pfu. histopathological examination of small intestines revealed villus epithelial cell vacuolization localized to the distal one-third of the villus. only serotype 3 rotaviruses exhibited ...	1987	3025888
[virus-related gastroenteritis].		1987	3026769
characterization of rotaviruses isolated from pigs with diarrhoea in venezuela.	the prevalence of porcine rotavirus infection was studied in 15 different herds located in the north-western region of venezuela. the presence of rotavirus was studied by direct electron microscopy (em) and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). from 136 samples analyzed during the six months of the study (september 1983-february 1984), 38 (27.9%) were found to be positive for rotaviruses, with infection more common in animals that were 4-6 weeks old. atypical rotaviruses were not dete ...	1987	3027954
analysis by rna-rna hybridization assay of intertypic rotaviruses suggests that gene reassortment occurs in vivo.	antigenic characterization of human and animal rotaviruses by the plaque reduction neutralization assay has shown the existence of naturally occurring intertypes. antiserum to m37, a rotavirus strain isolated from an asymptomatic neonate, neutralizes both wa and st3 strains, which are classified as serotype 1 and serotype 4 human rotaviruses, respectively. likewise, antiserum to sb-1a, a porcine rotavirus, neutralizes rotavirus strains belonging to serotype 4 or 5. plaque reduction neutralizatio ...	1987	3029162
longitudinal study of rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in families served by a pediatric medical practice: clinical and epidemiologic observations.	during 29 months of prospective longitudinal study of diarrhea in the home, human rotaviruses (hrvs) infected one or more members in 51% of 65 families, 35 of 126 children (28%) and 16 of 124 adults (13%). within the 33 affected families, 57% of 62 children and 25% of 65 adults were infected. hrv gastroenteritis peaked at 40/100 person years at ages 12 to 23 months and decreased to 5 episodes/100 person years in adults. among 25 children 0 through 36 months of age who had hrv infection, 88% were ...	1987	3031575
physicochemical stability and inactivation of human and simian rotaviruses.	the effects of various physical and chemical treatments on the stability of a human serotype 1 rotavirus and simian agent 11 (sa11) were compared by using a fluorescence focus assay. the infectivity of both strains was retained after storage at room temperature for 14 days, 4 degree c for 22 days, and -20 degree c for 32 days; lyophilization; and treatment at ph 3 to 11. both viruses were inactivated at ph 12, as was the human virus at ph 2, although this ph resulted in only partial inactivation ...	1987	3034154
detection of antibody to group b adult diarrhea rotaviruses in humans.	group b rotaviruses have been responsible for annual epidemics of severe diarrhea affecting both adults and children in china. we developed a specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent blocking assay to detect antibody to group b rotaviruses that will be useful to assess the role of group b rotavirus infections as a cause of human gastroenteritis. we tested 219 human sera and 18 immunoglobulin pools collected from eight countries for antibodies to both group a and group b rotaviruses. ov ...	1987	3034964
use of microplate cell culture and enzyme immunoassay in titration of serum neutralizing antibody against hochi strain of serotype 4 human rotavirus.	the tube neutralization test read by enzyme immunoassay developed by wyatt et al. (1983) for serotype determination of human rotavirus was modified so as to use stationary cultures of ma104 cells in a microtiter plate instead of roller tube cultures. sera obtained from different age groups were titrated for neutralizing antibody against serotype 4 human rotavirus hochi strain by this test and the results were compared with those obtained by the plaque neutralization test. there was a good correl ...	1986	3035256
enteric adenoviruses.	the 41 serotypes of human adenoviruses are classified into six subgenera (a-f) with different tropisms. enteric infections are caused in children by serotypes ad40 and ad41 of subgenus f. serotypes ad40 and ad41 transform embryonic cells but cannot induce tumours in newborn hamsters. they differ from all other (established) human adenoviruses by being unable to replicate in conventional cell cultures. ad40 and ad41 grow in 293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells immortalized by transfection with ...	1987	3036447
cold-adaptation of human rotavirus.	a human rotavirus strain was cold-adapted for possible future use as a live vaccine. the original strain was isolated in 1980 in primary cynomolgus monkey kidney cells and has a serotype i and subgroup ii antigenicity. the virus was serially passaged in african green monkey kidney cells; it was cultivated at 37 degrees c at the first stage of passages, and the cultivation temperature was then shifted down stepwise by 3 degrees c per each 10 passages. finally the virus was passaged 10 times at 25 ...	1987	3037821
perinatal viral infections.	in comparison to older children and adults, neonates are immunologically incompetent. they are susceptible to infections caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. these infectious agents may be acquired by neonates either prenatally, during the intrapartum period or postnatally. the purpose of this review is to emphasize the potential impact of viral infections contracted by neonates at the time of delivery or within the neonatal period. the viruses reviewed i ...	1987	3040392
effect of c-reactive protein on peritoneal macrophages. i. human c-reactive protein inhibits migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages.	the effect of human c-reactive protein (crp) isolated and purified from pooled patients' sera on macrophage function, especially on macrophage migration, was studied. peritoneal exudate cells (pec) from guinea pigs were used for macrophage migration inhibition (mmi) test of capillary method. migration of either pec or adherent purified macrophages exposed to crp were inhibited dose-dependently. these findings indicate that crp inhibits macrophage migration directly, not via activation of lymphoc ...	1988	3057332
history and rationale of oral rehydration and recent developments in formulating an optimal solution.	oral rehydration therapy with glucose-electrolyte solutions has been one of the major therapeutic advances of the century. this alarmingly simple intervention developed from a basic scientific observation in the laboratory, when it was shown that sodium and glucose transport in the small intestine are coupled and thus the presence of glucose in an electrolyte solution promotes absorption of both sodium ions and water. even more important, sodium/glucose co-transport continues despite the secreto ...	1988	3069448
a survey of virus infections in new zealand, 1982-6.	between 1982 and 1986 virus infections were identified in 16,372 cases. these identifications were based on virus isolation and/or serological evidence of infection by the main virus diagnostic laboratories at auckland, waikato, christchurch and dunedin hospitals, and at the national health institute. the most frequent virus identifications reported were herpes simplex (46.7%), rotavirus (11.8%), respiratory syncytial virus (5.7%), and adenovirus (5.6%). during this period of surveillance, the m ...	1988	3173872
human cryptosporidiosis in north queensland.	during a 12-month period, feces from 780 persons from the townsville region were evaluated by the kinyoun acid-fast strain, and 36 (4.6%) immunocompetent patients were found to have cryptosporidium oocysts. twenty-five index cases were identified; 13 (8.6%) cases from 151 patients were from palm island, an isolated aboriginal community in the wet tropics and 12 (1.9%) cases from 629 patients were from the dry tropics of townsville. all 11 secondary cases were associated with a person-to-person o ...	1988	3264149
viral vaccines and antivirals: current use and future prospects.	the evolution of viral vaccines from the time of jennerian prophylaxis to today's recombinant technology has been a continuing story of success. from the relatively crude or "first generation" vaccines for smallpox, rabies, and yellow fever followed a second and third generation of improved or new viral vaccines. the application of techniques for attenuating, inactivating, and partially purifying candidate viruses yielded safe, effective vaccines against influenza, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, ...	1988	3288231
laboratory evidence of human viral and selected nonviral infections in canada in 1985.		1986	3768823
clinical efficacy of the rit 4237 live attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine in infants vaccinated before a rotavirus epidemic.	in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 331 infants aged 6 to 12 months received orally, at an interval of 1 month, either two doses of live attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine strain rit 4237 or equivalent placebo. the vaccinations were carried out during september to november, a non-rotavirus season; only three cases of rotavirus diarrhea occurred in the study group before the vaccinations were completed. during the epidemic season from december to may, 31 patients with clinic ...	1985	3894608
experimental rotavirus diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived newborn calves: assay of treatment by administration of bacterially produced human interferon (hu-ifn alpha 2).	seven colostrum-deprived newborn calves were orally inoculated within 24 hours after birth with bovine rotavirus. three of them were intramuscularly injected with bacterially produced human interferon (hu-ifn alpha 2). the four control animals presented a severe diarrhoea for at least 48 hours, while only one of the treated calves suffered from a transient diarrhoea for a few hours. hu-ifn alpha 2 seems therefore able to control rotavirus diarrhoea in newborn calves, although it did not inhibit ...	1985	4062197
the major surface glycoprotein of simian rotavirus (sa11) contains distinct epitopes.	the polypeptide specificities on monoclonal antibodies previously derived against the sa11 simian, nic bovine, and wa human strains of rotavirus were determined by radioimmunoprecipitation of infected cell lysates. all the monoclonal antibodies derived using nic and wa were found to be directed against the major component of the inner capsid, while most of the sa11 monoclones were directed against the major outer capsid glycoprotein. when several sa11 glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies ...	1984	6085822
influence of breast milk on nosocomial rotavirus infections in infants.	to prevent nosocomial rotavirus infections in hospitalized children with various non-gastrointestinal diseases, 30 children (mean age five months) received 200 ml of fresh human milk per day in addition to the normal diet for their age. a matched group of children on formula diet served as a control. fecal samples were routinely screened for rotavirus by a commercial elisa test. in stools containing rotavirus, the virus rna segments were analysed by gel electrophoresis to identify the different ...	1984	6088396
detection of rotavirus in human stools by using monoclonal antibody.	a monoclonal antibody, 3f7, that reacts with the common rotavirus antigen on the sixth viral gene product was prepared. it was used in a direct monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassay (ria) as a diagnostic reagent for detection, in 3.5 h, of rotavirus in human pediatric stool specimens. in the 177 samples tested, a concordance of 96% was seen between the monoclonal ria and the well-established and commonly used commercially available rotazyme test. six discrepant specimens that were positive by mon ...	1984	6088573
isolation of human rotaviruses with a distinct rna electrophoretic pattern from indonesia.		1984	6090872
rotavirus-specific antibodies in fetal bovine serum and commercial preparations of serum albumin.	rotavirus-specific antibodies were detected in fetal bovine serum, bovine serum albumin, and human serum albumin by radioimmunoprecipitation with the ncdv strain of bovine rotavirus as the detecting antigen. fetal bovine sera neutralized bovine rotavirus in a plaque reduction neutralization test to titers of 1:20 or greater. immunoglobulins purified from fetal bovine serum by protein a-agarose affinity chromatography precipitated rotavirus antigens but did not neutralize bovine rotavirus. rotavi ...	1984	6092417
molecular cloning and sequencing of the reovirus (serotype 3) s1 gene which encodes the viral cell attachment protein sigma 1.	the complete sequence of the reovirus (serotype 3) s1 gene was obtained by using cloned cdna derived from the rna segment. this gene is 1416 nucleotides in length and contains two open reading frames. the first reading frame has a coding capacity of 455 amino acids, sufficient to account for the known s1 product, protein sigma 1 (42,000 mw). it possesses a signal peptide as well as three possible glycosylation sites. no homology could be detected when this gene sequence and the deduced amino aci ...	1984	6095208
an attempt to cultivate human rotavirus in human leukocytes culture (preliminary report).		1984	6097999
[human rotavirus persistence].	among 250 tissue specimens collected by aspiration biopsy from the duodenum, small intestine, and rectum of 187 patients, human rotavirus was found in 50 cases in marked cryostate sections by means of fluorescent-serological examinations. at a total rate of findings of 26.7%, rotavirus was repeatedly detected in 5.3% in rebiopsies during more than 10 months, therefore active persistence of human rotavirus must be taken into consideration.	1984	6098998
susceptibility of bovine rotavirus to interferon. brief report.	using the plaque assay or the cpe test (cytopathogenic effect), we investigated the action of human, simian (rhesus), bovine and murine interferons on bovine rotavirus adapted to grow on established rhesus monkey kidney cell line (ma 104) or georgia bovine kidney cell line (gbk). except for the murine interferon we used, which had no antiviral effect at all, the different interferons tested were clearly active.	1981	6173029
a randomised trial of oral gammaglobulin in low-birth-weight infants infected with rotavirus.	oral human gammaglobulin or placebo was given with each feed during the first week of life to 75 low-birth-weight babies. all were in a nursery where rotavirus was known to be endemic, 25 of the babies excreted rotavirus during the first 2 weeks of life. this group was regarded as the "challenge" group. gammaglobulin administration was associated with delayed excretion of rotavirus and with milder symptoms of infection. rotavirus-associated diarrhoea necessitating low-lactose feeds developed in ...	1982	6177981
serological analysis of the subgroup protein of rotavirus, using monoclonal antibodies.	ten monoclones directed to the 42,000-dalton inner structural protein of rotavirus were analyzed. eight monoclones reacted broadly with antigenic domains common to virtually all mammalian rotaviruses. two monoclones had specificities similar or identical to previously characterized subgroup specificities. these subgroup monoclones were more efficient in detecting subgroup antigen than either hyperimmune or postinfection antisera. using the subgroup monoclones, we determined that some animal as w ...	1983	6185436
action of commonly used disinfectants against enteroviruses.	the virucidal effect of some of the most commonly used hospital disinfectants against coxsackie b4, echovirus 11, poliovirus type 1 and rotavirus have been evaluated. it was found that 'chloros', 'totacide 28' and methylated spirits were completely virucidal to all the viruses under study. 'stericol' and 'lysol' had a limited effect while 'hibiscrub' and 'savlon' had no effect at all.	1983	6195231
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays adapted for serotyping of human rotavirus strains.	five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems were adapted for serotyping human rotavirus strains and were compared with a sensitive complement fixation test in terms of specificity and sensitivity. the assays differed mainly with regard to the antibody systems involved in the double sandwich. serotype differentiation of 34 rotavirus strains was achieved by determining a neutralization endpoint titer, either with a constant antiserum-varying antigen dilution method or vice versa. the procedure ...	1980	6243672
further studies on neonatal rotavirus infections.	forty newborn babies who were shown to be excreting rotaviruses within a few days of birth were tested daily for one month. most were found to excrete virus for only a short period of time. in 48% of babies, virus was found on one day only, in 25% it was present for two days, and in 10% for three days. most of these infections did not appear to confer lasting immunity. only 21% of young children who excreted virus as neonates had detectable circulating complement-fixing antibodies when eight to ...	1980	6244482
gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in an isolated pacific island group: an epidemic of 3,439 cases.	in the spring of 1964, 3,439 cases of acute gastroenteritis were reported from truk district, an island group in the mid-pacific. the causative agent was not identified in laboratory studies performed in that year. retrospective serologic studies 15 years later with the complement fixation test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay provided serologic evidence that this outbreak was caused by the human rotavirus that was first isolated in 1973.	1980	6245146
different polypeptide composition of two human rotavirus types.	human rotaviruses, which are placed into two groups according to their ribonucleic acid patterns obtained by gel electrophoresis, were characterized both by polypeptide components from purified virions and by polypeptides translated from their denatured ribonucleic acids in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. viruses assigned to different groups differed in the electrophoretic migration of the second largest of the polypeptides which compose the inner shell; polypeptides that had been synthetized in vi ...	1980	6247284
chronic rotavirus infection in immunodeficiency.	the characteristics of rotavirus infection in 23 children with a variety of primary immunodeficiency diseases were studied. stools and sera were tested for rotavirus by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the enzyme-linked fluorescent assay, respectively. four immunodeficient patients had diarrhea during the study period and all had rotavirus infection; rotavirus was not detected in the stools of the 19 asymptomatic immunodeficient patients. forty-six control children with diarrhe ...	1980	6247473
comparison of human rotaviruses isolated in mexico city and in santiago, chile, by electrophoretic migration of their double-stranded ribonucleic acid genome segments.	during the period october to december 1979, rotaviruses were obtained from infants and young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in mexico city and were compared by analysis of the migration of their double-stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) genome segments in gel electrophoresis. comparison of the results of this analysis and of those of similar studies carried out in 1977 and 1978 showed that the two rotavirus electropherotypes designated 2s and 21 have been continuously present and ...	1980	6254887
effects of antibodies, trypsin, and trypsin inhibitors on susceptibility of neonates to rotavirus infection.	levels of antirotaviral secretory immunoglobulin a were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in colostrum and milk samples collected daily for the first 5 days postpartum from 49 mothers breast-feeding their infants. the trypsin-inhibitory capacity of these lacteal secretion samples was assessed by their ability to inhibit the hydrolysis of alpha-n-benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide by trypsin. stools passed by these breast-fed infants and by an additional 43 bottle-fed infants were poo ...	1981	6257755
[etiologic and epidemiologic study of viral etiology of diarrhea in children].		1980	6258339
transfer of antirotaviral antibodies from mothers to their infants.	levels of rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin g (igg), iga, igm, and secretory immunoglobulin in maternal and cord serum, colostrum and milk, and infants' stools were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 92 mothers and their infants. although antirotaviral igg, iga, and secretory immunoglobulin were present in most maternal sera, only igg crossed the placenta. all samples of colostrum and milk tested contained antirotaviral secretory immunoglobulin and iga except those of two women in ...	1980	6260832
optimized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of human and bovine rotavirus in stools: comparison with electron-microscopy, immunoelectro-osmophoresis, and fluorescent antibody techniques.	detection of human and bovine rotavirus in stools is described using a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with poly-styrene microtest plates as solid phase, immunoglobulin fraction of rabbit antiserum to rotavirus (human) as catching antibody, and the same reagent labelled with horseradish peroxidase as conjugate. the elisa has been optimized with regard to simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity. in a comparative study, stool specimens from 81 infants ...	1981	6264024
inner structures of some coronaviruses.	when treated with formaldehyde, tween 80, sodium oleate and nonidet p-40, avian infectious bronchitis virus, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus as well as the human coronavirus show similar inner structures by negative staining. the first one is an inner membranous bag. this structure could be evaginated following treatments used and does not show the characteristic projections of coronaviruses. subseq ...	1981	6266623
staphylococcal protein a-enzyme immunoglobulin conjugates: versatile tools for enzyme immunoassays.	this report describes the use of peroxidase-labeled staphylococcal protein a to prepare conjugates suitable for direct enzyme immunoassays (eias). such conjugates were used to develop direct eia systems for the measurement of two antigens associated with human infections, human rotavirus and haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide. both systems were as sensitive or more sensitive than currently available eias for the measurement of standard antigens. in addition, both systems could be utili ...	1981	6267138
sequential passages of human rotavirus in ma-104 cells.	starting with a small amount of diarrheal feces containing human rotavirus (hrv), we succeeded in propagation of the virus using the roller culture technique with ma-104 cells. furthermore, we made a successful adaptation of hrv to a stationary culture and developed a plaque assay for the cell culture-adapted viruses. the 3 culture-adapted virus isolates, ku, yo, and 44 produced plaques (about 0.5-1.0 mm in diameter) under the overlay medium consisting of 0.6% purified agar, 3 micrograms of acet ...	1981	6273696
comparisons of rotavirus polypeptides by limited proteolysis: close similarity of certain polypeptides of different strains.	the polypeptides of sa11 rotavirus produced in virus-infected cells were analyzed by limited proteolysis, using staphylococcus aureus v8 protease. this clearly distinguished between all the known primary gene products of the virus and allowed relationships between other infected-cell proteins, and between infected-cell and virus structural proteins, to be ascertained. a comparison of the proteolysis cleavage patterns between sa11 rotavirus and the human rotavirus wa was also performed which demo ...	1981	6275113
development of serum and intestinal antibody response to rotavirus after naturally acquired rotavirus infection in man.	the temporal characteristics of the response of rotavirus specific igm, igg, iga in serum and secretory antibody in feces to rotavirus were studied in 77 hospitalized patients with rotavirus induced gastroenteritis. the response in serum was characterized by the sequential appearance of rotavirus specific igm, igg, and iga antibody. the igm antibody appeared to be higher in the acute phase of the disease and was subsequently replaced by the igg and iga antibodies. however, the titers of igg rota ...	1981	6276504
human rotavirus infection in efate, vanuatu.	serum and fecal samples collected from children with gastroenteritis and healthy children and adults living in efate, vanuatu (formerly the new hebrides), were tested for the presence of human rotavirus antigen or antibody by electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. virtually every subject was found to have detectable levels of antibody and age-specific studies showed that primary infections occur early in life. human rotavirus was demonstrated to be the cause of an outbreak of ...	1982	6277206
the 30- to 54-nm rotavirus-like particles in gastroenteritis: incidence and antigenic relationship to rotavirus.	the 30- to 54-nm rotavirus-like particles were observed in the stool specimens of 17 children with gastroenteritis. these small rotavirus-like particles were shown to be antigenically related to the commonly described 68-nm rotavirus using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). four specimens containing the small rotavirus-like particles were shown to contain an antigen of a common human rotavirus serotype (type 2). the findings of small rotav ...	1981	6278067
[isolation of human rotavirus in cell cultures and its antigenic and physicochemical properties (author's transl)].		1981	6278754
porcine pararotavirus: detection, differentiation from rotavirus, and pathogenesis in gnotobiotic pigs.	some characteristics of a newly recognized porcine enteric virus are described. tentatively, the virus was referred to as porcine pararotavirus (parv) because it resembled rotaviruses in respect to size, morphology, and tropism for villous enterocytes of the small intestine. however, it was antigenically distinct from porcine, human, and bovine rotaviruses and reoviruses 1, 2, and 3, and the electrophoretic migration pattern of parv double-stranded rna was distinct from the electrophoretic migra ...	1982	6279693
multiple sclerosis. electrofocused "bands" of oligoclonal csf igg do not carry antibody activity against measles, varicella-zoster or rotaviruses.	electrofocused serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens from patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) were analysed for immunoglobulins (ig) and for antibodies to measles, varicella-zoster and rotaviruses by an imprint immunofixation method. patterns of intrathecally synthesized antibodies to the 3 viruses differed from patterns of oligoclonal igg in the csf. a variable proportion of virus antibody bands (average 19% for measles antibodies, 8% for varicella-zoster antibodies, 31% for rotavirus ...	1982	6281394
complement-fixation test for rotavirus detection: comparison and analysis of different methods to reduce anti-complementary activity of some specimens.	the complement-fixation test may be used to detect rotaviral antigens directly in clinical specimens. however, a certain number of specimens tested for human rotaviruses by the complement-fixation test show an anti-complementary activity. by comparing eight techniques we analysed this anti-complementary activity and identified the best method for its reduction. pretreatment of clarified supernatant of stool suspensions by some methods resulted in a reduction of anti-complementary activity, witho ...	1982	6282917
two distinct electrophoretic migration patterns of rna segments of human rotaviruses prevalent in japan in relation to their serotypes.		1982	6287179
[infectious gastroenteritis in childhood (author's transl)].	stool specimens from 126 children with acute gastroenteritis and from 42 controls were screened bacteriologically and virologically including electron-microscopy. rota viruses were found in 36.5% of the children with diarrhoea, enteropathogenic e. coli in 13.5% and candida in 7.1%. these pathogens were not found in the controls. enteroviruses were found in almost the same frequency in both groups (13.5% in children with gastroenteritis, 16.6% in the controls). the etiologic role of adenoviruses, ...	1982	6287245
comparison of rotazyme and direct electron microscopy for detection of rotavirus in human stools.	a total of 115 stools were examined for rotavirus, using direct electron microscopy (em) and rotazyme. the overall agreement was 88.7%. of the negative results, there was 91.95% agreement. rotazyme reactions of three-plus or more gave a 100% agreement with em. the rotazyme test is a useful diagnostic aid in laboratories not capable of performing em.	1982	6290532
neonatal rotavirus infection: role of lacteal neutralising alpha1-anti-trypsin and nonimmunoglobulin antiviral activity in protection.	expressed breast milks (ebms) were collected from mothers of rotavirus (rv)-excreting babies and from mothers whose babies were rv free during an outbreak of asymptomatic rv infection in a newborn nursery to determine the role of lacteal anti-rv neutralising activity, alpha1-anti-trypsin activity, and nonimmunoglobulin antiviral factor in protection of neonates from rv infection, and although all of the above factors were present in the majority of the ebms, no correlation could be found between ...	1982	6290601
three human rotavirus serotypes demonstrated by plaque neutralization of isolated strains.	human rotaviruses were isolated directly from stool specimens of gastroenteritis patients in ma-104 cells in the presence of trypsin. for the plaque assay of the isolated strains, the optimal composition of overlay medium was determined. the antigenicity of the isolated strains was investigated by a plaque neutralization method, using antisera prepared against six strains having different electropherotypes of viral rna, and three different neutralization serotypes were demonstrated.	1982	6292112
enteric viruses of nonhuman primates.	the phylogenetic relationship of nonhuman primates to man implies that many of these animals could serve as surrogates for studies of diseases of man. many nonhuman primate species are susceptible not only to viruses of human origin but also to nonhuman primate viruses that are counterparts of viruses of man. all monkeys and great apes do not respond similarly to an antigenic stimulus. some agents are highly pathogenic for one species and completely innocuous for another. for example, poliovirus ...	1982	6293149
detection of human rotavirus by reversed passive hemagglutination (rpha) using antibody against a cultivable human rotavirus as compared with electron microscopy (em) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa).		1982	6294488
analysis of human rotavirus mixed electropherotypes.	mixed human rotavirus electropherotypes were detected in stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis in santiago, chile. these electropherotypes accounted for 10% of 149 samples studied. the finding of extra rna fragments with respect to the regular 11 genome segments suggests the possibility of simultaneous or sequential infection by more than one electropherotype in a single diarrhea event or occurrence of modification in the length of the rna segments during an infection. these pos ...	1983	6299944
prevalence of subgroup 1, 2, and 3 rotaviruses in belgian children suffering from acute diarrhea (1978-1981).	the relative prevalence of human rotavirus subgroups was studied during a 3-year period (1978-1981) by means of a sensitive complement fixation technique. among 93 rotavirus isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis in brussels, the prevalence of subgroups 1, 2, and 3 was, respectively 24, 17, and 32%. the remaining 27% of strains could not be typed, but no evidence for the existence of any new subgroup was found. the proportion of strains belonging to the different subgroups remained ro ...	1983	6300316
[electron-optic demonstration of rotaviruses in human small intestine epithelial cells].		1983	6303248
[hemagglutinating properties of man and monkey rotaviruses].		1983	6303254
isolation, propagation, and characterization of a second equine rotavirus serotype.	a rotavirus designated strain h-2 was isolated in primary african green monkey kidney cells from a foal with diarrhea. this cell culture-adapted strain was found to be similar, if not identical, to simian rotavirus (strains mmu18006 and sa-11) and canine rotavirus (strain cu-1) and, in addition, demonstrated a one-way antigenic relationship with five human rotavirus strains (p, b, no. 14, no. 15, and yo) of the third human rotavirus serotype by the plaque reduction neutralization test. this is t ...	1983	6309657
human rotaviruses and genome rna.		1983	6309998
an outbreak of rotavirus-associated neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.	an outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis occurred in two nurseries during 25 days in august 1982. eleven of the 40 patients in these nurseries during that time developed disease (attack rate 27.5%). in seven of the 10 patients with gastrointestinal disease, stool samples tested for human rotavirus were positive by elisa, whereas in 20 unaffected infants, no stools tested demonstrated hrv (p = 0.0001). eleven staff members had serologic evidence of recent hrv infec ...	1983	6310072
detection of rotavirus in respiratory secretions of children with pneumonia.		1983	6312006
method for recovery of enteric viruses from estuarine sediments with chaotropic agents.	an evaluation was made of the ability of chaotropes, low-molecular-weight ionic compounds which enhance the solubilization of hydrophobic compounds in water, to improve the recovery of enteric viruses from highly organic estuarine sediments. chaotropic agents alone were poor eluents of polioviruses from sediment but were effective when combined with 3% beef extract. chaotropes of lower potency, nano3, nacl, and kcl, were more efficient eluents than the stronger chaotropes, guanidium hydrochlorid ...	1983	6312884
avidin-biotin radioimmunoassay for human rotavirus.	rias have a number of advantages which make them ideally suited for use in diagnostic microbiology. these advantages include sensitivity, objectivity, and versatility. however, the widespread application of rias has been limited by the instability of the reagents required for the performance of available solid-phase rias. the relatively short half-life of gamma-emitting isotopes is particularly a problem in cases where multiple antigens must be assayed, since distinct radioactively labeled reage ...	1983	6313823
three different serotypes of human rotavirus determined using an interference test with coxsackievirus b 1.	ma104 cells were used to titrate human rotavirus, and its capacity to render the cells resistant to coxsackievirus b 1 infection enabled us to determine easily the infectious titer of three prototype human rotaviruses. when rabbit antisera prepared against these prototype viruses were used for the neutralization test, the viruses could be discriminated from each other by a specific neutralization test.	1984	6319585
age-specific prevalence of complement-fixing antibodies to sixteen viral antigens: a computer analysis of 58,500 patients covering a period of eight years.	the age-specific prevalence of cf antibodies against 16 viral antigens was determined by using the computerized data registry of the routine diagnostic laboratory of the authors' department. the material consisted of data based on serum specimens from about 58,500 patients. all ages from newborn infants to 90-year-olds were represented. the sera had been collected and tested with a cf screening test over a period of 8 years (1971-1978). several different antibody prevalence patterns were disting ...	1984	6319588
cultivation and subgroup determination of human rotaviruses from egyptian infants and young children.	primary african green monkey kidney cells were more sensitive than primary cynomolgus monkey kidney and ma104 cells for supporting the growth of human rotaviruses detected in diarrheal stools of egyptian infants and young children. in attempts to characterize these egyptian rotaviruses, only 31% of the strains tested in the form of fecal suspensions were identified as subgroup 1 or 2. after one passage in african green monkey kidney cells, 80% of the strains were identified as subgroup 1 or 2. o ...	1984	6321546
characterization of a human pararotavirus.	a virus isolate with the properties of a pararotavirus was found after routine analysis by rna electrophoresis of 658 samples of diarrheic feces from hospitalized infants and young children in mexico city. of the patients included in this survey, which was initiated in 1977, 29% excreted rotaviruses which were detected by their characteristic rna pattern after gel electrophoresis. the morphology and sedimentation coefficient of this pararotavirus, which was the apparent cause of a diarrhea with ...	1984	6323312
isolation and characteristics of an equine reovirus type 3 and an antibody prevalence survey to reoviruses in horses located in new york state.	reoviruses have been isolated from a number of species including human, bovine, feline, canine and equine. in most species they seem to produce mild to inapparent disease. we have isolated a reovirus type 3 from a foal with diarrhea. the virus designated the ralph strain has been propagated in both the ma-104 and a-72 cell lines. the strain produced cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in these cell cultures. tissue-cultured virus fixed complement in the presence of reovirus antibodies, but failed to do ...	1984	6326376
survey of human rotavirus propagation as studied by electrophoresis of genomic rna.	rotavirus rna isolated from three different environmental sources during the winter of 1981-1982 was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. our results demonstrate the presence of novel rna patterns, the coexistence of multiple electrophoretic patterns in rotavirus isolated from samples from a given ward, and that spread of a given electropherotype is limited.	1984	6327847
diagnosis of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis by rotavirus detection and serology.	in 127 infants and young children suffering from acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis, diagnosis of rotavirus infection was done by virus detection and serology. human rotavirus (hrv) detection was performed by direct electron microscopy (em), conventional immune electron microscopy (iem) and/or solid phase immune electron microscopy ( spiem ); rotavirus antigens were detected by indirect double-antibody sandwich (das) elisa and hrv isolation was attempted in ma-104 or llc-mk2 cell cultures. hrv ...	1984	6328225
rotavirus infection in normal nursery: epidemic and surveillance.	human rotavirus (hrv) epidemics have not been reported in normal full-term newborn nurseries in the us. this report describes an epidemic from april 27 to may 6, 1982 in which 23 infants were infected. diagnosis was confirmed with rotazyme (abbott) in 82% (23/28) of the neonates screened. five were asymptomatic; in the remaining 18 cases, the symptoms were usually mild and self-limited. transient shedding of the virus was found in 8% (4/52) of personnel screened, and only one of them was symptom ...	1984	6567612
sequence conservation within neutralization epitope regions of vp7 and vp4 proteins of human serotype g4 rotavirus isolates.	serotype g4 rotavirus isolates causing four separate epidemics of severe diarrhoea in young children in melbourne, australia (from 1974-1990) were investigated for sequence variation in genes encoding the outer capsid proteins, vp4 and vp7. complementary dna of the gene encoding the major outer capsid neutralization antigen, vp7, of eighteen isolates was synthesized and amplified by coupled reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. direct sequencing methods were used to derive the ded ...	1993	7504915
serological and genomic characterization of equine rotavirus vp4 proteins identifies three different p serotypes.	a series of viral reassortants was prepared between equine rotaviruses h1 (g5), h2 (g3), and l338 (g13) and human rotavirus st3 (g4). all contained the vp4 cognate gene segment 4 from the equine parental virus and the vp7 cognate gene segment 9 from st3. using these viruses and antisera prepared to them, it was shown that each of the three equine viruses possessed a serologically distinct vp4 or p serotype with a > or = 16-fold difference in reciprocal cross-neutralization titers. h1 vp4 was clo ...	1994	7514321