Publications

a 3'-coterminal nested set of independently transcribed mrnas is generated during berne virus replication.	by using poly(a)-selected rna from berne virus (bev)-infected embryonic mule skin cells as a template, cdna was prepared and cloned in plasmid puc9. recombinants covering a contiguous sequence of about 10 kilobases were identified. northern (rna) blot hybridizations with various restriction fragments from these clones showed that the five bev mrnas formed a 3'-coterminal nested set. sequence analysis revealed the presence of four complete open reading frames of 4743, 699, 426, and 480 nucleotide ...	1990	2293666
blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels in donkeys and mules near a secondary lead smelter in jamaica, 1987-88.	during the course of an investigation into community lead poisoning near a secondary lead smelter in jamaica, blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels were measured in 8 exposed and 6 (3 jamaican, 3 us) unexposed donkeys and mules. the blood lead levels of 6 animals in the contaminated area ranged from 7.5 to 33 micrograms/dl (mean = 17.6 micrograms/dl), compared to 1.8 and 2.4 in unexposed jamaican animals. more striking was the difference in zinc protoporphyrin levels; all 8 exposed donkeys a ...	1990	2301150
blood and urinary profiles of free-ranging desert mule deer in arizona.	as a corollary to a more comprehensive study on their ecology, we documented blood and urinary profiles for 10 free-ranging desert mule deer (odocoileus hemionus crooki) (five males, five females) captured by net-gun shot from a helicopter during february 1988 in saguaro national monument, arizona. pursuit with the helicopter for netting deer ranged from 3 to 15 min. blood profiles included seven hematological characteristics and 12 serum chemistries, electrolytes, hormones and enzymes. urine sa ...	1990	2304204
identification of anatomic features of the equine clitoris as potential growth sites for taylorella equigenitalis.	a median clitoral sinus, as a space canalized from epithelial cells, was distinguishable developmentally in equine fetuses from 33-mm crown-rump length (crl) to 500-mm crl (including a mule of 21-mm crl). in saggital sections of the clitoris of a 480-mm crl fetus, indentations under the transverse frenular fold were identified as lateral sinuses of the clitoris. unlike the median sinus, they were shallow; it therefore could not be anatomically substantiated that the lateral sinuses were of suffi ...	1990	2365620
comparative studies on megatrypanum trypanosomes from cervids.	trypanosomes were isolated by culture from 2 out of 50 blood samples collected from reindeer (rangifer tarandus l.) in northern sweden and from a blood sample from a moose (alces alces) from southern sweden. the parasites were indistinguishable morphologically from other trypanosomes reported from cervids, both as epimastigotes in axenic culture at 27 degrees c and as bloodstream-like trypomastigotes cultured on mammalian fibroblasts at 37 degrees c. surface carbohydrate and isoenzyme comparison ...	1990	2382100
detection of papillomaviruses in cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed and mule deer.	naturally occurring cutaneous fibromas affecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o hemionus), and cutaneous fibropapillomas of domestic cattle were tested for papillomavirus using indirect immunofluorescence (if), peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap), and negative-stain electron microscopic techniques. papillomavirus was consistently detected using rabbit antiserum against papillomavirus group-specific antigen in all mule deer fibromas and bovine fibropapillomas; only 16 of ...	1985	2408523
prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against california and bunyamwera serogroup viruses in deer from mountainous areas of california.	plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization was used to evaluate the status of bunyavirus activity in deer in mountainous areas of california. antibodies against 9 bunyaviruses were measured in 337 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus, o. hemionus californicus, and o. hemionus inyoensis) and black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus). more deer from high mountainous areas had neutralizing antibodies against jamestown canyon virus than did deer from low mountainous areas (23% vs. 9%; p les ...	1989	2496610
fetal and maternal brain and plasma levels of cocaine and benzoylecgonine following chronic subcutaneous administration of cocaine during gestation in rats.	the distribution of cocaine and the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (be) in brain and plasma of sprague-dawley rat dams and their near-term fetuses was assessed 0.5 and 2 h post-injection on gestational day 20 following chronic daily subcutaneous injections of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg/3 ml cocaine hydrochloride beginning on gestational day 8. plasma concentrations of cocaine reached in the dams were found to be in the range of, or to exceed, those reported in human cocaine users. dose-related incr ...	1989	2498938
tubuloreticular inclusions in equine connective tissue neoplasms.	abnormal irregularly branched and anastomosing tubules within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were observed by transmission electron microscopy in tumour cells comprising connective tissue neoplasms (sarcoids) from three horses and a mule. these tubuloreticular inclusions were also observed in cultured tumour cells from one of these horses examined, but were not detected in fibroblasts (fibrocytes), epidermis, or vascular endothelial cells in skin biopsy specimens from five clinically healthy ...	1989	2547853
preparation of leukotriene b4 antibodies in sheep.	the antibody response of eight sheep immunised against leukotriene b4-keyhold limpet haemocyanin (ltb4-klh) was investigated. four suffolk x mule sheep and two soay sheep received subcutaneous injections of conjugate over a period of 11-21 weeks, and two suffolk x mule sheep received intramuscular and subcutaneous injections for 11 weeks. all eight animals reacted successfully to immunisation and produced antibodies of high affinity and specificity for ltb4. the antiplasma could be used for radi ...	1989	2560936
the nature of the unconventional slow infection agents remains a puzzle.	unconventional slow infections are progressive transmissible degenerative disorders of the central nervous system. the human diseases belonging to this group are creutzfeld-jakob disease, kuru, and gerstmann-straussler syndrome. scrapie, transmissible mink encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk, and the recently discovered bovine spongiform encephalopathy are similar diseases found in animals. unusual characteristics of the unconventional slow infections clearly distinguish ...	1989	2568119
[performance testing of mules and haflinger horses used as pack animals].	during 20 weeks blood constituents in peripheral blood (erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, sedimentation rate, activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase-1-isoenzyme, glucose, lactate, total bilirubin), pulse and respiration rate were determined at rest and after exercise. significant increase of blood values after exercise could be noted in relation to the intensity of exercise and the ...	1989	2646099
patellar subluxation. a recent history.	for 15 years (1955 to 1970), i was plowing "new ground" pretty much by myself. when you plow behind an old mule and hit a stump hole full of cottonmouth moccasins, you have to get on the move in a hurry and figure out some solution to the predicament or you won't get your corn planted. so, i was not treating the overweight, knock-kneed, loose-jointed, teenaged girl, but the young boy or girl who thought that he or she was an athlete and had dreams of being a star. if rehabilitation did not work, ...	2009	2752433
reversal by tolazoline hydrochloride of xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride immobilizations in free-ranging desert mule deer.	we captured 10 free-ranging desert mule deer (odocoileus hemionus crooki) (five males and five females) by net-gun from a helicopter and immobilized them with xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) (100 mg) and ketamine hcl (300 to 400 mg) injected intramuscularly. arousal and ambulation times were 13.9 +/- 4.2 and 14.3 +/- 4.2 min in eight deer injected intravenously with tolazoline hcl (3.0 mg/kg). we observed a curvilinear relationship (r = 0.50, p less than 0.01) between rectal temperature and time af ...	1989	2761006
bot fly larvae (cephenemyia spp., oestridae) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from utah.	ninety-nine mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from four utah counties (cache, utah, sanpete and sevier) were examined for larvae of cephenemyia spp. in 1985 and 1986. numbers of first, second and third stage bot fly instars were related to age, sex, year and geographic location of the mule deer. fawns and adult deer greater than or equal to 5.5 yr had a significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) higher intensity (means = 37 and means = 68, respectively) of infection than the 1.5- and 2.5-yr-old ...	1989	2810568
[isolation from ducks of a hypervirulent strain of duck plague virus and an avian type 6 paramyxovirus].	this paper describes the isolation and identification of a duck plague virus (dp) and a paramyxovirus (pmv6), from the livers and intestines collected in 4-month old mule ducks, under fattening, exhibiting 75% mortality and necrotic-haemorrhagic gross lesions. these viruses were isolated in specific pathogen free (spf) muscovy duck eggs and spf chicken eggs respectively. then the dp virus was adapted to duck and chicken fibroblasts. the disease was reproduced in 2-week old spf muscovy ducklings, ...	1987	2827947
bluetongue in free-ranging pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) in wyoming: 1976 and 1984.	at least 3,200 pronghorn (antilocapra americana) died during a bluetongue (bt) epizootic in eastern wyoming during late september and early october 1976. in august and september 1984, another bt epizootic occurred in northeastern wyoming resulting in 300 known pronghorn deaths. in 17 pronghorn examined postmortem, hemorrhages and edema were the most common gross pathologic changes. microscopic changes included hemorrhage, edema, arterial fibrinoid necrosis, lymphoid depletion in splenic and lymp ...	1988	2832621
serologic survey of selected pathogens in white-tailed and mule deer in western nebraska.	exposure of free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in western nebraska to selected livestock pathogens was determined by serology and attempted virus isolation. antibodies to bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were present in both species of deer. no serologic reactors to brucella or anaplasma were found. attempts to isolate bluetongue virus were negative.	1986	2845156
expression of lectin binding in cutaneous papillomas of animals.	a group of spontaneously occurring animal papillomas which were negative or positive for papillomavirus group-specific antigen were examined with a battery of biotinylated lectins including con a, wga, succinylated-wga, pna and uea-i. canine papillomas, equine papillomas, white-tailed deer fibromas, mule deer fibromas, and bovine fibropapillomas were examined. each lectin had a specific staining pattern. no obvious differences in staining patterns between normal skin, viral antigen-positive and ...	1988	2850306
use of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize xylazine-induced immobilization in north american cervidae.	four captive moose (alces alces), 4 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and 5 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with xylazine (0.63 to 1.29 mg/kg of body weight, im). mean induction times for the moose were 17 minutes and for the deer, 14 and 10 minutes, respectively. according to published data and past experience, the dosage of xylazine used would be expected to provide 115, 120, and 100 minutes of immobilization in captive moose, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, respec ...	1985	2867079
parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: protostrongylidae) and a protostrongylid nematode in woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) of alberta, canada.	two size-groups of dorsal-spined, first-stage, nematode larvae were found in feces of woodland caribou, rangifer tarandus caribou (gmelin), in alberta from 1976-1982. larvae from caribou feces in northeastern alberta were 451 +/- 17 micrograms in length, while those from west-central alberta were 362 +/- 18 micrograms in length. larvae collected from west-central alberta developed to the infective stage, experimentally, in the terrestrial gastropod triodopsis multilineata (say) and were infectiv ...	1986	2869151
a comparison of the mineral composition of milk of domestic and captive wild equids (equus przewalski, e. zebra, e. burchelli, e. caballus, e. assinus).	milk samples were obtained in early and/or late lactation from przewalski horses, hartmann's zebras, grant's zebras, domestic horses, ponies and a mule mare made pregnant by embryo transfer. samples were compared for their content of total solids, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc and iron. milk from the przewalski horses, hartmann's zebra and the domestic horse had similar mineral composition and the content of minerals was higher in early than in late lactati ...	1986	2876831
the mechanical mule: can you help?		1988	2970027
epidemiology of two orbiviruses in california's native wild ruminants: preliminary report.	between 1978 and 1983 we collected more than 1,500 serum samples from california's native black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 4 races of mule deer (o. h. sp.), tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes), roosevelt elk (c. e. roosevelti), pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), california bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis californiana), peninsular bighorn sheep (o. c. cremnobates) and desert bighorn sheep (o. c. nelsoni) and analyzed them for agar gel precipitating (agp) antibodies to b ...	1985	2989899
spontaneous poxviral dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in wyoming.		1985	3001374
epizootic vesicular stomatitis in colorado, 1982: some observations on the possible role of wildlife populations in an enzootic maintenance cycle.	sera obtained from wild ungulates, carnivores, and rodents in colorado were tested for neutralizing (n) antibody against vesicular stomatitis, new jersey serotype (vsnj), virus to determine their involvement in the 1982 colorado vsnj epizootic in domestic animals. viremic and n antibody responses of two local rodent species to a 1982 colorado isolate of vsnj were determined in the laboratory. the rodents produced only weak viremias, but all developed n antibody. n antibody prevalences for vsnj i ...	1987	3035241
malpais spring virus: a new vesiculovirus from mosquitoes collected in new mexico and evidence of infected indigenous and exotic ungulates.	two virus isolates, 1 each from aedes campestris and psorophora signipennis mosquitoes collected in south central new mexico in august 1985, were shown by neutralization tests to be identical to each other, but not to any of more than 250 arthropod-borne and other viruses. electron microscopy of 1 isolate (85-488nm, chosen as the prototype) indicated that this strain shares morphologic characteristics with viruses of the family rhabdoviridae. indirect fluorescent antibody tests indicated that th ...	1988	3061310
an unusual structure in the primary cyst wall of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis.	disc-shaped plaques were found in the primary cyst wall of sarcocysts of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis in mule deer in montana. ultrastructurally, the plaques were 190.5 nm in diameter, 161.6 nm thick and consisted of six distinct layers with microfilaments arising from the innermost layer. these unusual plaques have not been reported previously for any species of sarcocystis.	1986	3083102
sarcocystis infections in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in montana and the descriptions of three new species.	four structural types of sarcocysts of sarcocystis were found in skeletal muscles of mule deer in montana. type i sarcocysts were thin walled (1 to 3 micron) and belonged to s hemionilatrantis. types ii to iv sarcocysts were thick walled (2 to 10 microns) and new names were proposed for them. type ii sarcocysts with long villar projections were named s hemioni. type iii sarcocysts with club-shaped villi of uneven thickness were named s youngi. type iv sarcocysts with walls of uneven thickness an ...	1986	3087246
neisseria mule, horse, or donkey.		1988	3130392
hamster challenge potency assay for evaluation of mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccines.	a hamster immunization challenge assay described in the accompanying paper (m. f. barile, d. k. f. chandler, h. yoshida, m. w. grabowski, r. harasawa, and s. razin, infect. immun. 56:2443-2449, 1988) was used to examine protection against mycoplasma pneumoniae disease by passive immunization and to evaluate the protective potency of a formalin-inactivated whole-cell and a cell extract m. pneumoniae vaccine. passive immunization with a globulin fraction of hyperimmune mule antiserum to m. pneumon ...	1988	3137170
prevalence and distribution of elaeophora schneideri wehr and dikmans, 1935 in mule deer in utah.		1985	3157010
lungworms (dictyocaulus arnfieldi): prevalence in live equids in kentucky.	prevalence of natural infections of the lungworm, dictyocaulus arnfieldi, was investigated in kentucky in 5,437 live equids (horses, ponies, and asses) on 91 farms by examination of fecal samples over a 15-month-period from january 28, 1983 to april 19, 1984. for the 91 farms investigated, asses only were examined on 1 farm; for the other 90 farms, examinations were made of horses on all of them, of ponies on 4 farms, and of asses on 9 farms. larvae of d arnfieldi were found in fecal samples of ...	1985	3160271
cytogenetical analysis of the germ cell in the domestic drake and mule drake.	experiments were conducted to study the germ cell of testes in the domestic drake (tsaiya drake) and the mule drake. the histological sections of testes of both drakes were compared in this study. the results showed that rapid testicular growth did not occur until 7 weeks of age in domestic drakes and 15 weeks of age in the mule drakes. the rate of growth of the testes and the increase in the ratio of testes weight to body weight in domestic drakes at different ages were much more rapid than in ...	1988	3244816
assessment of pregnancy in sheep by analysis of plasma progesterone using an amplified enzyme immunoassay technique.	an amplified enzyme immunoassay kit for progesterone analysis was used to diagnose pregnancy in a flock of 130 mule ewes. an accuracy of 100 per cent was obtained after the analysis of progesterone in plasma samples taken 15 to 16 days after mating. in mule ewes a plasma progesterone level greater than 5.9 nmol/litre was indicative of pregnancy. in the validation of the technique, duplicate ewe plasma samples and progesterone standards were compared with a radio immunoassay technique; the regres ...	1987	3307117
fertile mules.		1988	3343668
experimental anaplasmosis in mule deer: persistence of infection of anaplasma marginale and susceptibility to a. ovis.	an experimental anaplasma marginale infection was induced in a splenectomized mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) which persisted subclinically at least 376 days as detected by subinoculation into susceptible cattle. anaplasma ovis was experimentally transmitted from sheep to a splenectomized and a spleen-intact mule deer, and back to sheep. the pathogenesis in deer was very similar to that seen in sheep using ovine blood inoculations.	1988	3352081
use of an intraruminal soluble glass bolus containing melatonin for early lamb production.	the use of melatonin to advance the onset of seasonal oestrus is potentially useful for early lamb production. a number of delivery systems for melatonin have been developed and this study evaluates an intraruminal soluble glass bolus under field conditions. anoestrous, non-lactating mule and dorset cross mule ewes were treated in late june with two types of bolus of different solubilities (melatonin 1, 'slow release' and melatonin 2, 'extra slow release'). rams were introduced in mid-august for ...	1988	3363812
a fertile mule and hinny in china.	anecdotal reports of fertility in female mules (jack donkey x mare) and hinnies (stallion x jenny donkey) have appeared in the literature over the years, but scientists have generally regarded them with scepticism. the fact that some of these hybrids can come into estrous and ovulate makes fertility conceivable, given that opportunity for mating arises. in china, where mules are bred extensively for work on the farms, a fertile female mule and a fertile female hinny have now been verified by chr ...	1988	3378453
characterization of berne virus genomic and messenger rnas.	from 380s particles of berne virus (proposed family toroviridae) one species of polyadenylated rna was isolated. using agarose gel electrophoresis its length was estimated as 20 kb or greater. when assayed under hypertonic transfection conditions genomic rna was found to be infectious; rnase treatment destroyed the infectivity. the positive polarity of the molecule was confirmed by filter spot hybridization using cdna prepared against poly(a)-selected rna from infected cells. in embryonic mule s ...	1988	3411297
electrophysiological studies on atrial fibrillation.	we tested the multiple-wavelet hypothesis by studying the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in normal mules, horses, cows, calves, and goats. persistence of atrial fibrillation in animals with a large atrial mass was compared with results in adult goats and calves having a smaller atrial mass. atrial stimulation in clinically normal cows, mules, calves, and goats was accomplished using an intra-atrial stimulating catheter with rapid atrial pacing (30/s). once initiated, atrial fi ...	1987	3449503
mitochondrial dna analysis of hybridization between sympatric white-tailed deer and mule deer in west texas.	sympatric populations of white-tailed deer and mule deer (odocoileus virginianus and odocoileus hemionus, respectively) on a west texas ranch share a common mitochondrial dna restriction map genotype. phylogenetic analysis indicates that this genotype is more characteristic of o. virginianus than of o. hemionus. the genotype of west texas deer differs from that of o. virginianus from south carolina by five mutational events (1.3% sequence divergence), whereas it differs from that of o. hemionus ...	1986	3467326
pediculosis of mule deer and white-tailed deer fawns in captivity.		1986	3505970
studies on the association of aspergillus fumigatus with ocular infections in animals.	the occurrence and aetiological significance of aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic pathogen, have been studied in 93 animals with various ophthalmological problems. a total of 93 eye swabs collected from 35 mules, 26 dogs, 13 fowl, 11 cattle, five buffaloes and three camels were investigated mycologically for the presence of a fumigatus. the pathogen was isolated in pure and heavy growth from the swabs from two dogs, one bull, one mule and one fowl. the fungus was also demonstrated directly ...	1986	3511605
clostridium botulinum type b toxicosis in a herd of cattle and a group of mules.	clostridium botulinum type b toxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of generalized weakness and death in a group of cows and mules fed from the same batch of rye silage. one severely affected cow was treated and recovered, as did other less severely affected cows. all affected mules died. the remaining cattle in the herd were then vaccinated before continued feeding of the silage.	1986	3512502
autogenous dermis-fat "baseball" orbital implant.	a new procedure has been devised for the construction of an autogenous dermis-fat orbital implant, in which two figure-eight-shaped dermis-fat grafts are sutured together into a baseball shape. correct implant size can be determined by preplacement of different-sized mule spheres and testing for accurate fit. the "baseball" implant eliminates deep orbital fat which is distant from a vascular supply, and because it is covered with dermis, it maximizes graft vascularization, thus promoting surviva ...	2012	3550559
serological evidence of california serogroup virus activity in oregon.	we wished to demonstrate evidence of the presence of california serogroup viruses in oregon and to test for the presence of certain other arboviruses in large ungulates. blood samples from black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) from nine counties in oregon were tested by serum-dilution plaque reduction neutralization for antibody to california serogroup viruses, including snowshoe hare, california encep ...	1987	3586196
[cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mule (equus caballus x equus asinus) in an endemic area of the state of rio de janeiro].		1986	3587005
merogony and gametogony of eimeria mccordocki (protozoa-eimeriidae) in the mule deer, odocoileus h. hemionus.	eimeria mccordocki and e. madisonensis oocysts were isolated from feces of 21 of 40 captive mule deer in fort collins, colorado. the two species were separated from each other by infecting one mule deer fawn, and the life cycle of e. mccordocki was studied for the first time. four to six-weeks-old mule deer fawns were inoculated orally with e. mccordocki and killed 9, 13 and 15 days after infection. asexual and sexual stages of life cycle developed in the ileum of mule deer, only in the surface ...	1987	3590606
cutaneous leishmaniasis is frequent in equines from an endemic area in rio de janeiro, brazil.	in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rio de janeiro state where a mule had been found infected, a systematic search among equines was performed, resulting in the detection of leishmania parasites in skin lesions of 30.8% of the animals, which included horses and mules. the eventual role of equines in the epidemiology of the human disease is being investigated.	1986	3613980
spontaneous seminoma in a mule.		1986	3732242
traumatic reticulopericarditis in a mule deer.		1986	3735600
the peplomers of berne virus.	using [3h]glucosamine and [3h]mannose labels, two virus-specific glycosylated polypeptide species with mr values of about 200,000 (200k) and in the 75k to 100k range, respectively, were recognized in berne virus-infected embryonic mule skin cells. in purified virions only the latter glycoprotein occurred. concanavalin a was bound to the virion as evidenced by reduction in infectivity. analyses using sds-page, blotting and glycoprotein identification with concanavalin a and horseradish peroxidase ...	1986	3783129
dourine in southern africa 1981-1984: serological findings from the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort.	the distribution of positive dourine cases found on the complement fixation test at the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort from 1981 to 1984, is recorded. within the republic of south africa, foci of infection occurred in the johannesburg, pretoria, potchefstroom, rustenburg, upington, lichtenburg, kroonstad, louis trichardt, middelburg (cape) and mossel bay state veterinary districts. in bophuthatswana, transkei, lesotho, south west africa and swaziland, positive cases were also recor ...	1986	3806561
visceral helminth communities of sympatric mule and white-tailed deer from the davis mountains of texas.	hybridizing populations of mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus) from the davis mountains of texas were examined to determine similarities in species composition of their helminth communities and if abundances of helminth species in those communities varied across host species and seasonal factors. only three cestode and three nematode species were recovered. there were very low abundances of species and little diversity in the helminth communities of both hosts. comm ...	1987	3820412
plague in a free-ranging mule deer from wyoming.		1987	3820418
species-specific non-expression of ribosomal rna genes in a mammalian hybrid, the mule.	the expression of nucleolus organizer activity in diploid cells was investigated in a model system for mammalian hybrids, the horse-ass cross (mule), by means of sequential ag-nor and chromomycin a3/distamycin a-dapi (cdd) staining in lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl). as a rule we found species-specific non-expression of the horse-derived nor chromosomes in the mule, whereas the ass-derived nor chromosomes were active. the results of pbl interphase studies were compatible wit ...	1986	3829827
prevalence and ultrastructure of three types of sarcocystis in mule deer, odocoileus hemionus (rafinesque), in montana.	infection with sarcocystis (protozoa: sarcocystidae) was diagnosed in 130 of 153 (85%) samples of muscle from mule deer around bozeman, montana. three structurally distinct mature and microscopic sarcocysts with characteristic cyst walls were found. cyst walls of type i sarcocysts were about 2 microns thick and had characteristic inverted tee-shaped villar projections; these cysts were considered to be s. hemionilatrantis hudkins and kistner, 1976. cyst walls in type ii sarcocysts were thick-wal ...	1985	3928909
epizootiology of sarcocystis infections in mule deer fawns in oregon.	from 1974 to 1977, 62 wild mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns from steens mountain, ore were euthanatized in autumn (23 deer), winter (21 deer), and spring (18 deer). the number of sarcocysts of sarcocystis spp was counted in histologic sections of various muscular organs. sarcocysts were seen in the muscle specimens of 14 of the 23 deer euthanatized in autumn (september to november) and in specimens from all 39 deer euthanatized in winter (december and january) and spring (march and april). ...	1985	3935614
precipitating antibodies against micropolyspora faeni in equines in north-western india.	prevalence of serum precipitins against micropolyspora faeni, thermoactinomyces vulgaris and aspergillus fumigatus, employing the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (coie) and ouchterlony's double diffusion (dd) techniques, is reported in 162 of the equines stationed at two military installations in north-western india. m. faeni specific precipitins were demonstrable in 58 of 112 mules from site i in the mountainous region whereas the results were negative for all of the 50 horses examined from site i ...	1985	3937491
amyloid plaques in spongiform encephalopathy of mule deer.	amyloid plaques were demonstrable in central nervous system tissues of adult captive mule deer affected with chronic wasting disease, a transmissible primary spongiform encephalopathy. plaques were detected in tissues of 13 of 21 (62 per cent) spontaneously affected animals from 2 to 4 years of age or older, but were not found in 16 unaffected deer of from a few months to 12 years of age.	1985	3973104
mule spinner's disease.	mule spinner's disease represents the occurrence of scrotal cancer in cotton textile workers exposed to mineral oils on a long-term basis while working on a machine called "the mule." we describe a 66-year-old cotton textile worker who had frequent scrotal contact with mineral oils and later had multiple squamous cell carcinomas of the scrotum develop. he also had a variety of other keratotic lesions develop on the scrotum that histopathologically demonstrated features of verruca, lichenoid kera ...	2014	3977358
inheritance of equus asinus serum albumin variants in hybrid offspring.	data from mule offspring of mares bred to an ai-cd jack document that the control of ai-c and ai-d zone variants in equus asinus is due to the action of autosomal, codominant alleles, aic and aid.	1985	3980976
breed and species comparison of amino acid transport variation in equine erythrocytes.	the amino acid permeability of red blood cells from equus caballus (thoroughbred, arab, shire and pony), e przewalskii (przewalski's horse), e asinus (donkey and mule) and e burchelli (common or plains zebra) was measured. individual animals exhibited stable but widely differing rates of l-[u-14c]alanine uptake in the range 5 to 1554 mumol (litre cells)-1 h-1 (0.2 mm extracellular l-alanine, 37 degrees c). of the thoroughbreds tested, 30 per cent had red blood cells which were essentially imperm ...	1985	4012037
fertile mule in china and her unusual foal.		1985	4045884
failure of yohimbine to reverse ketamine anesthesia in rhesus monkeys.	yohimbine hydrochloride has been used experimentally to reverse the anesthetic effects of ketamine and xylazine in dogs, cats, cattle and mule deer, but there are no reports of its use in nonhuman primates. nine adult female rhesus monkeys were given an intravenous dose of either 0.5 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochloride or saline 10 minutes after intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride. there was no difference in the duration of anesthesia between the yohimbine and saline treatm ...	1985	4046554
male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and jack donkey.	whereas mules are normally considered sterile, reports of fertile female mules persist. however, none subjected to cytogenetical and blood typing analyses could be confirmed as having indeed been mules that transmitted maternal markers to their alleged offspring. reported here is the case of a cytogenetically verified female mule whose alleged male foal qualifies as offspring by a male donkey. the male foal is karyotypically a mule.	1985	4056372
light and electron microscopic comparisons of cutaneous fibromas in white-tailed and mule deer.	cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), when compared with normal skin of the same species, had a thinner basement membrane; thickened stratum spinosum with numerous melanocytes, desmosomes, polyribosomes, and tonofilaments; focal hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum containing numerous large, electron-dense keratohyalin granules with irregular borders and containing occasional cells with diffuse intranuclear virus particles; and a moderately thickened stratum corneum ...	1985	4062029
lymphocyte blastogenesis, complement fixation, and fecal culture as diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in north american wild ruminants and domestic sheep.	the efficacy of the lymphocyte blastogenesis and complement-fixation tests and fecal culture for detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection was assessed in bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o virginianus), bighorn x mouflon (o musimon) hybrid sheep, and domestic sheep. spontaneously infected bighorns were tested at the time of capture; experimentally infected animals were tested monthly for 12 months or p ...	1985	4073642
bcg treatment of periocular sarcoid.	twenty-six horses and five mules with periocular sarcoids were treated with intralesional injections of a purified bacillus of calmette and guerin (bcg) cell walls in oil suspension. all sarcoids were cured and the horses and mules remained free from recurrence of sarcoid during the two-year follow-up period.	1985	4076159
copper and manganese concentrations in the hair of mule deer.		1985	4077629
yohimbine antagonism to xylazine in free-ranging mule deer and desert bighorn sheep.		1985	4077656
[study of the phylogeny of related species--horse, donkey and mule--by a labeling technic].		1974	4217225
recovery of parasitic nematodes from the gastro-intestinal tract of a mule at autopsy.		1972	4280033
arbovirus serology in north dakota mule and white-tailed deer.		1973	4361503
cutaneous streptothricosis in a mule.		1974	4407376
meiosis in interspecific equine hybrids. i. the male mule (equus asinus x e. caballus) and hinny (e. caballus x e. asinus).		1974	4430187
further proof of genetic inactivation of the x chromosome in the female mule.		1972	4557323
g6pd expression and x chromosome late replication in fibroblast clones from a female mule.		1972	4557324
trypanosomes from mule deer in new mexico and colorado.		1972	4673718
development of the germ cells in the ovary of the mule and hinny.		1973	4692339
epizootiologic studies of anaplasmosis in oregon mule deer.		1973	4784318
experimental infection of immature mule deer with elaeophora schneideri.		1974	4810215
dermatomycosis in a mule deer in alberta.		2016	4810221
oil and cancer.	a relatively high incidence of cancer of the skin, especially of the scrotum, due to occupational contact with mineral oil has been observed among shale oil workers and cotton mule spinners and, since the second world war, among machine operators in the birmingham region. a study has been made of the factors causing this high incidence and evidence is given that the respiratory and digestive tracts as well as the skin may be affected. the preventive measures are described and the suggestion made ...	1974	4858528
immunological similarity of horse, donkey and mule haemoglobins.		1967	4963570
rumen microbial ecology in mule deer.	mule deer rumen microbial populations from animals in the natural habitat in utah and from captive deer fed various rations were studied. the microorganisms were characterized on the basis of morphology and gram reaction. rumen samples contained 13 identifiable types of bacteria and one genus of ciliate protozoa (entodinium). highest rumen bacterial populations were produced on rations containing barley. no differences in proportions of ruminal bacteria in the various morphological groups could ...	1969	4978925
blood serum electrolytes in a colorado mule deer population.		1972	5021007
carotene and vitamin a in the liver and blood serum of a rocky mountain mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus population.		1972	5032169
total serum protein in a population of mule deer.		1972	5035260
studies on the biology of an antlered female mule deer.		1972	5035263
non-random x chromosome expression in female mules and hinnies.		1971	5094834
non-random late replication of x chromosomes in mules and hinnies.		1971	5094835
evidence for selective differences between cells with an active horse x chromosome and cells with an active donkey x chromosome in the female mule.		1971	5094847
bilateral testicular degeneration in a wild mule deer (odocroileus hemionus).		1971	5167770
tissue distribution of radiocesium in the mule deer.		1971	5212289
cytological and biochemical correlation of late x-chromosome replication and gene inactivation in the mule.	the correlation between late x-chromosome replication and the quantitation of different x-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase electrophoretic forms was studied in a natural hybrid, the female mule. in all four animals examined, a significant deviation from the expected 1: 1 ratio of random x-chromosome inactivation was observed, with the donkey x-chromosome the more frequently late-replicating one. the relative amounts of horse and donkey enzymes activities in lysates of mule skin fibroblas ...	1971	5276759
[chromosome study in an equine family: mare, horse and mule].		1966	5299389
eimeria ivensae sp. n. from the mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus, in montana.		1969	5372089
a new technique for restraining antlerless mule deer.		1969	5388169