Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| trifluoroethanol stabilizes a helix-turn-helix motif in equine infectious-anemia-virus trans-activator protein. | the solution structure of the 75-amino-acid trans-activator (tat) protein of the equine infectious-anemia virus in trifluoroethanol-containing solution was determined by two-dimensional and three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, resulting in a total of 838 nuclear-over-hauser-enhancement distance restraints, and restrained molecular-dynamics simulations. in contrast to the recently determined structure of this protein in trifluoroethanol-free ph 6.3 solution, the hydrophobic ... | 1994 | 7957222 |
| major histocompatibility complex-restricted cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes from horses with equine infectious anemia virus recognize env and gag/pr proteins. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) can control some viral infections and may be important in the control of lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1. since there is limited evidence for an in vivo role of ctl in control of lentiviruses, dissection of immune mechanisms in animal lentiviral infections may provide needed information. horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) a lentivirus, have acute plasma viremia which is terminated in immunocompetent horses. viremic ... | 1994 | 8107209 |
| enhancement of eiav replication and disease by immunization with a baculovirus-expressed recombinant envelope surface glycoprotein. | the potential for antibody-dependent enhancement of replication of macrophage/monocyte tropic viruses has posed a significant problem in the development of vaccines for several animal and human viruses and has raised significant concern in the design of potential aids vaccines. using the previously described equine infectious anemia virus/shetland pony system as a model for hiv-1 vaccine development, we have evaluated the efficacy of a recombinant subunit vaccine containing a baculovirus-express ... | 1994 | 8116252 |
| expression of functional protease and subviral particles by vaccinia virus containing equine infectious anaemia virus gag and 5' pol genes. | cells infected with vaccinia viruses expressing the equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) gag gene (vgag) or gag plus the 5' pol encoding protease (vgag/pr) were evaluated with monoclonal antibody to a p26 capsid protein linear epitope (qeiskfltd). both recombinant viruses expressed gag precursor protein (55k) whereas only vgag/pr expressed a detectable gag-pol fusion protein (82k) with a functional protease, shown by subviral particles containing processed p26. horses inoculated with vgag/pr p ... | 1994 | 8151302 |
| translation of equine infectious anemia virus bicistronic tat-rev mrna requires leaky ribosome scanning of the tat ctg initiation codon. | we have examined the translational regulation of the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) bicistronic tat-rev mrna. site-directed mutagenesis of the tat leader region followed by expression of the tat-rev cdna both in vitro and in transiently transfected cells established that tat translation is initiated exclusively at a ctg codon. increasing the efficiency of tat translation by altering the ctg initiator to atg resulted in a dramatic decrease in translation of the downstream (rev) cistron, in ... | 1993 | 8382305 |
| sequence-specific resonance assignments of the 1h-nmr spectra of a synthetic, biologically active eiav tat protein. | the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) trans-activating (tat) protein is a close homologue of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tat protein. both of these proteins bind to an rna trans-activation responsive element (tar). we synthesized chemically a protein with the sequence of the 75 amino acid tat protein from eiav. the chemically synthesized protein was shown to be biologically active. circular dichroism (cd) and 1h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy were used to structural ... | 1993 | 8395203 |
| equine infectious anemia. | the ability of eiav to persistently infect horses in the face of a profound immune response by the host makes it a potentially devastating disease for the horse population of the united states. its ability to evade host immune defenses by lying dormant in apparently healthy animals and by rapidly changing its antigenic determinants is proving to be a major obstacle to vaccine development. because most infected horses appear clinically normal and a large proportion of horses in this country remai ... | 1993 | 8395326 |
| isolation of an 11-kda protein associated with the topoisomerase i activity from equine infectious anemia virus. | we have previously demonstrated the presence of topoisomerase i (topo i) activity in purified retroviral particles (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus type 1, equine infectious anemia virus-eiav and moloney murine leukemia virus). in our present work, an attempt was made to determine the nature and origin of the protein that is associated with this activity. for that purpose we have isolated the topo i activity from equine infectious anemia virus cores and showed that a major protein band of an ... | 1996 | 8607786 |
| inhibitory activity of the equine infectious anemia virus major 5' splice site in the absence of rev. | the major 5' splice site of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) conforms to the consensus 5' splice site in eight consecutive positions and is located immediately upstream of the gag aug. our results show that the presence of this 5' splice site on the eiav gag mrna decreases gag production 30- to 60-fold. this is caused by inefficient nuclear mrna export and inefficient mrna utilization. inhibition could be overcome by providing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rev/rev-responsive element, ... | 1996 | 8648699 |
| detection of equine infectious anemia viral rna in plasma samples from recently infected and long-term inapparent carrier animals by pcr. | control of equine infectious anemia (eia) is currently based on detection of anti-eia virus (eiav) antibodies. however, serologic diagnostic methods may give false-negative results in infected horses that fail to respond adequately or are in the early stages of infection. we developed a reverse transcriptase nested pcr (rt-npcr) assay for the detection of viral gag gene sequences in plasma from eiav-infected horses. the ability of rt-npcr to detect field strains of eiav was investigated by assay ... | 1996 | 8735102 |
| structural studies of the equine infectious anemia virus trans-activator protein. | trans-activator (tat) proteins are necessary components for the completion of the t replication cycle of lentiviruses. the three-dimensional structure of the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) tat protein (e-tat) was studied with cd spectroscopy, nmr spectroscopy, and restrained molecular-dynamics calculations. no stable elements of regular secondary structure were detected, but the sequence regions responsible for nucleic acid binding showed helix-forming tendency, e-tat exhibits a flexible ... | 1996 | 8797834 |
| initiation of (-) strand dna synthesis from trna(3lys) on lentiviral rnas: implications of specific hiv-1 rna-trna(3lys) interactions inhibiting primer utilization by retroviral reverse transcriptases. | initiation of minus (-) strand dna synthesis was examined on templates containing r, u5, and primer-binding site regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), and equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) genomic rna. dna synthesis was initiated from (i) an oligoribonucleotide complementary to the primer-binding sites, (ii) synthetic trna(3lys), and (iii) natural trna(3lys), by the reverse transcriptases of hiv-1, fiv, eiav, simian immunodeficiency ... | 1996 | 8816751 |
| structure of equine infectious anemia virus proteinase complexed with an inhibitor. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), the causative agent of infectious anemia in horses, is a member of the lentiviral family. the virus-encoded proteinase (pr) processes viral polyproteins into functional molecules during replication and it also cleaves viral nucleocapsid protein during infection. the x-ray structure of a complex of the 154g mutant of eiav pr with the inhibitor hby-793 was solved at 1.8 a resolution and refined to a crystallographic r-factor of 0.136. the molecule is a dimer ... | 1996 | 8844837 |
| a primary production deficit in the thrombocytopenia of equine infectious anemia. | the purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms responsible for the thrombocytopenia that develops following infection of horses by the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). immunocompetent arabian foals and arabian foals with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid), which lack functional b and t lymphocytes, were experimentally infected with eiav. levels of viremia and a number of clinical and hematologic parameters were examined prior to and following infection. thrombocyt ... | 1996 | 8892906 |
| analysis of the long terminal repeat from a cytopathic strain of equine infectious anemia virus. | sequential passage of the tissue culture-adapted prototype strain of eiav in fetal donkey dermal (fdd) cell cultures generated a virus stock which exhibits cytopathic effects in fdd cell cultures. in this study, the effects of the long terminal repeat (ltr) region on virus replication and cytopathogenicity were examined. the fdd-adapted virus ltr was found to contain a number of base pair mutations and a large insertion within the u3 region in comparison with the previously characterized ltr, la ... | 1996 | 8918926 |
| retroviruses and systemic lupus erythematosus. | in some animal models of autoimmune diseases the roles of exogenous and endogenous retroviruses are clearly defined. in ungulates caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus or maedi-visna virus infections cause a well-defined autoimmune disease and the appearance of seropositivity of the animals is of diagnostic value. likewise, in mrl lpr/lpr mice insertion of a retrotransposon into the fas gene could clearly be shown to cause survival of autoreactive lymphocytes. desp ... | 1996 | 8930671 |
| maturation of the cellular and humoral immune responses to persistent infection in horses by equine infectious anemia virus is a complex and lengthy process. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) provides a natural model system by which immunological control of lentivirus infections may be studied. to date, no detailed study addressing in parallel both the humoral and cellular immune responses induced in horses upon infection by eiav has been conducted. therefore, we initiated the first comprehensive characterization of the cellular and humoral immune responses during clinical progression from chronic disease to inapparent stages of eiav infection. u ... | 1997 | 9094660 |
| characterization and mutational studies of equine infectious anemia virus dutpase. | the macrophage tropic lentivirus, equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), encodes a dutpase in the pol gene that is required for efficient replication in macrophages. two naturally occurring variants of the enzyme were expressed as recombinant proteins in escherichia coli; metal chelate affinity chromatography was used to purify histidine-tagged recombinant enzymes to greater than 80% homogeneity in a single chromatographic step. biochemical and enzymatic analyses of these preparations suggest th ... | 1997 | 9187238 |
| localized sequence heterogeneity in the long terminal repeats of in vivo isolates of equine infectious anemia virus. | the role of in vivo long terminal repeat (ltr) sequence variation of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) has not been explored. in this study, we investigated the heterogeneity found in the ltr sequences from seven eiav-seropositive horses: three horses with clinical disease and four horses without any detectable signs of disease. ltr sequences were targeted in this study because the ltr u3 enhancer region of tissue culture-derived isolates has been identified as one of the few ... | 1997 | 9188555 |
| mutations in hiv reverse transcriptase which alter rnase h activity and decrease strand transfer efficiency are suppressed by hiv nucleocapsid protein. | structural studies of authentic hiv reverse transcriptase (rt) suggest a role for the p51 carboxyl terminus in forming an active rnase h conformation [rodgers, d. w., gamblin, s. j., harris, b. a., ray, s., culp, j. s., hellmig, b., woolf, d. j., debouck, c. & harrison, s. c. (1995) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 92, 1222-1226]. we have purified mutant rt heterodimers containing deletion of 5, 9, or 13 amino acids from the p51 carboxyl terminus. these "selectively deleted" heterodimers have been ana ... | 1997 | 9192628 |
| flow cytometric method for detecting thiazole orange-positive (reticulated) platelets in thrombocytopenic horses. | to evaluate a method for detecting thiazole orange-positive (to+, reticulated) platelets in equine blood, using flow cytometry. | 1997 | 9328660 |
| elevation of cytokines associated with the thrombocytopenia of equine infectious anaemia. | thrombocytopenia is a common finding in infection with equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav), a lentivirus with some homology to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the thrombocytopenia of eia, like that in some hiv patients, appears to have a multifactorial pathogenesis. to investigate the decreased platelet production seen in experimental eia, the levels of three potential negative regulators of platelet production--tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta (tg ... | 1997 | 9349475 |
| frequency of memory cytotoxic t lymphocytes to equine infectious anemia virus proteins in blood from carrier horses. | horses with equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) have episodes of viremia and disease; however, most eventually become inapparent carriers. a possible mechanism of control is cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl). to evaluate ctl in inapparent carriers with low viral loads, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were stimulated in vitro with autologous eiav-infected pbmc and human il-2 to detect memory ctl (ctlm). in initial studies, three carriers had ctlm and one of these had low-level effector ct ... | 1997 | 9375012 |
| disease induction by virus derived from molecular clones of equine infectious anemia virus. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), a macrophage-tropic lentivirus, causes persistent infections of horses. a number of biologic features, including the rapid development of acute disease, the episodic nature of chronic disease, the propensity for viral genetic variation, and the ability for many infected animals to eventually control virus replication, render eiav a potentially useful model system for the testing of antiretroviral therapies and vaccine strategies. the utility of the eiav sys ... | 1998 | 9420249 |
| development and characterization of an in vivo pathogenic molecular clone of equine infectious anemia virus. | an infectious nonpathogenic molecular clone (19-2-6a) of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) was modified by substitution of a 3.3-kbp fragment amplified by pcr techniques from a pathogenic variant (eiav(pv)) of the cell culture-adapted strain of eiav (eiav(pr)). this substitution consisted of coding sequences for 77 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the integrase, the s1 (encoding the second exon of tat), s2, and s3 (encoding the second exon of rev) open reading frames, the complete env ... | 1998 | 9445039 |
| application of equine infectious anemia virus core proteins produced in a baculovirus expression system to serological diagnosis. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) core proteins were obtained from a baculovirus expression system. recombinant baculoviruses (rbvs) highly expressed the gag precursor and p26 antigens in an rbv-infected sf21 cell culture supernatant. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) were conducted using the expressed proteins to detect antibodies from experimentally infected horses. the expressed antigens showed low background levels, high specificity and sensiti ... | 1997 | 9492183 |
| biological characterization of rev variation in equine infectious anemia virus. | sequence analysis identified significant variation in the second exon of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) rev. functional analysis indicated that limited amino acid variation in rev significantly altered the export activity of the protein but did not affect rev-dependent alternative splicing. eiav rev can mediate export through two independent cis-acting rev-responsive elements (rres), and differences among rev variants were more pronounced when both rres were present. variation in rev may ... | 1998 | 9557734 |
| the aspartic proteinase from equine infectious anaemia virus. | 1998 | 9561197 | |
| regulation of equine infectious anemia virus expression. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) is an ungulate lentivirus that is related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). much of the understanding of lentiviral gene regulation comes from studies using hiv. hiv studies have provided insights into molecular regulation of eiav expression; however, much of the regulation of eiav expression stands in stark contrast to that of hiv. this review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of eiav regulation by comparing and contrasting eiav ge ... | 1998 | 9570509 |
| differential requirements for alternative splicing and nuclear export functions of equine infectious anemia virus rev protein. | the rev protein of equine infectious anemia virus (erev) exports unspliced and partially spliced viral rnas from the nucleus. like several cellular proteins, erev regulates its own mrna by mediating an alternative splicing event. to determine the requirements for these functions, we have identified erev mutants that affect rna export or both export and alternative splicing. mutants were further characterized for subcellular localization, nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, and multimerization. none o ... | 1998 | 9632773 |
| hyperglobulinemia and lymphocyte subset changes in naturally infected, inapparent carriers of equine infectious anemia virus. | to determine blood protein concentration, immunoglobulin concentration, and lymphocyte profiles in equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) seropositive, naturally infected horses without clinical signs of disease. | 1998 | 9706205 |
| analysis of the polymerization kinetics of homodimeric eiav p51/51 reverse transcriptase implies the formation of a polymerase active site identical to heterodimeric eiav p66/51 reverse transcriptase. | homodimeric eiav p51/51 and heterodimeric eiav p66/51 reverse transcriptase were purified in order to compare the different modes of dna synthesis supported by the enzymes. analysis of the dimerization behavior of the eiav enzymes indicates that the dimer stability of eiav reverse transcriptase enzymes is higher than that of their hiv-1 reverse transcriptase counterparts. eiav p51/51 polymerizes dna distributively whereas dna synthesis by eiav p66/51 is processive. steady-state and pre-steady-st ... | 1998 | 9724526 |
| identification of retroviral late domains as determinants of particle size. | retroviral gag proteins, in the absence of any other viral products, induce budding and release of spherical, virus-like particles from the plasma membrane. gag-produced particles, like those of authentic retrovirions, are not uniform in diameter but nevertheless fall within a fairly narrow distribution of sizes. for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag protein, we recently reported that elements important for controlling particle size are contained within the c-terminal region of ... | 1999 | 9971814 |
| photoactivated virucidal properties of tridentate 2,2'-dihydroxyazobenzene and 2-salicylideneaminophenol platinum pyridine complexes. | the potent photoactivated virucidal activity of tridentate 2,2'-dihydroxyazobenzene- and 2-salicylideneaminophenol platinum pyridine complexes 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 against enveloped viruses (e.g., eiav, hiv, and hsv) is described. | 1999 | 10021936 |
| increased interleukin-6 activity in the serum of ponies acutely infected with equine infectious anaemia virus. | seven ponies were infected with the virulent wild-type wyoming strain of equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav). infection status was monitored by serum reverse transcriptase activity, rectal temperature, and complete blood count. preinfection serum and serum obtained during the initial febrile episode following infection were assayed for interleukin 6 (il-6) activity. postinfection il-6 activity was significantly increased as compared to preinfection values. the magnitude of increase in il-6 wa ... | 1999 | 10088717 |
| long terminal repeat sequences of equine infectious anaemia virus are a major determinant of cell tropism. | the wyoming strain of equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) is a highly virulent field strain that replicates to high titre in vitro only in primary equine monocyte-derived macrophages. in contrast, wyoming-derived fibroblast-adapted eiav strains (malmquist virus) replicate in primary foetal equine kidney and equine dermis cells as well as in the cell lines fea and cf2th. wyoming and malmquist viruses differ extensively both in long terminal repeat (ltr) and envelope region sequences. we have c ... | 1999 | 10092016 |
| effects of long terminal repeat sequence variation on equine infectious anemia virus replication in vitro and in vivo. | the long terminal repeat (ltr) is reported to be one of the most variable portions of the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) genome. to date, however, no information is available on the effects of observed sequence variations on viral replication properties, despite a widespread assumption of the biological importance of eiav ltr variation. eiav ltr sequence variability is confined mostly to a small portion of the enhancer within the u3 segment of the ltr. analysis of published eiav ltr seque ... | 1999 | 10544113 |
| canine cyclin t1 rescues equine infectious anemia virus tat trans-activation in human cells. | human immunodeficiency virus-1 tat protein and human cyclin t1 mediate transcriptional activation by enhancing the elongation efficiency of rna polymerase ii. activation of transcription of the related equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) requires a similar protein known as etat, which does not function in human cells. expression of equine cyclin t1 in human cells rescues etat function, suggesting a general mechanism of transcription activation among lentiviruses. here we present the cloning of ... | 2000 | 10683321 |
| structural and biochemical studies of retroviral proteases. | retroviral proteases form a unique subclass of the family of aspartic proteases. these homodimeric enzymes from a number of viral sources have by now been extensively characterized, both structurally and biochemically. the importance of such knowledge to the development of new drugs against aids has been, to a large extent, the driving force behind this progress. high-resolution structures are now available for enzymes from human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, simian immunodeficiency viru ... | 2000 | 10708846 |
| aminoglycoside-arginine conjugates that bind tar rna: synthesis, characterization, and antiviral activity. | regulation of hiv gene expression is crucially dependent on binding of the trans-activator protein, tat, to the trans-activation response rna element, tar, found at the 5' end of all hiv-1 transcripts. tat-tar interaction is mediated by a short arginine-rich domain of the protein. disruption of this interaction could, in theory, create a state of complete viral latency. a new class of small-molecule peptidomimetic tar rna binders, conjugates of aminoglycosides and arginine, was recently designed ... | 2000 | 10715103 |
| suboptimal splice sites of equine infectious anaemia virus control rev responsiveness. | the rev protein of equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) was shown previously to stimulate the expression of a heterologous cat reporter gene when the 3' half of the eiav genome was present downstream in cis. however, computer analysis could not reveal the existence of a stable rna secondary structure that could be analogous to the rev-responsive element of other lentiviruses. in the present study, the inhibitory rna element designated the cis-acting repressing sequence (crs) has been localized ... | 2000 | 10769069 |
| binding of equine infectious anemia virus rev to an exon splicing enhancer mediates alternative splicing and nuclear export of viral mrnas. | in addition to facilitating the nuclear export of incompletely spliced viral mrnas, equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) rev regulates alternative splicing of the third exon of the tat/rev mrna. in the presence of rev, this exon of the bicistronic rna is skipped in a fraction of the spliced mrnas. in this report, the cis-acting requirements for exon 3 usage were correlated with sequences necessary for rev binding and transport of incompletely spliced rna. the presence of a purine-rich exon spli ... | 2000 | 10779344 |
| immune responses and viral replication in long-term inapparent carrier ponies inoculated with equine infectious anemia virus. | persistent infection of equids by equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) is typically characterized by a progression during the first year postinfection from chronic disease with recurring disease cycles to a long-term asymptomatic infection that is maintained indefinitely. the goal of the current study was to perform a comprehensive longitudinal analysis of the course of virus infection and development of host immunity in experimentally infected horses as they progressed from chronic disease to ... | 2000 | 10846078 |
| mutations occurring during serial passage of japanese equine infectious anemia virus in primary horse macrophages. | an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), named v26, was previously obtained after 50 passages of the japanese virulent strain v70 in primary macrophage culture. to clarify the differences between both viruses, their full-length sequences were determined. there were higher mutations in s2 (6.15% amino acid difference) and ltr (10.7% nucleotide difference). the presumed initiation codon of the s2 gene was absent from the sequence of v26. there was a large insertion within the long-term ... | 2000 | 10930666 |
| general effect of sam68 on rev/rex regulated expression of complex retroviruses. | we have previously demonstrated that overexpression of sam68 functionally substitutes for, as well as synergizes with, hiv-1 rev in rre-mediated gene expression and virus replication. in addition, c-terminal deletion mutants of sam68 exhibit a transdominant negative phenotype in hiv replication. we now report that sam68 also enhances the activities of rev-like proteins of other complex retroviruses (e.g. htlv-1 and eiav) on their respective rna targets. furthermore, we demonstrate that sam68 can ... | 2000 | 10962565 |
| an in vitro transcription system that recapitulates equine infectious anemia virus tat-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat activity demonstrates a role for positive transcription elongation factor b and associated proteins in the mechanism of tat activation. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) activates transcription via a tat protein, a tar element, and the equine elongation factor positive transcription elongation factor b (p-tefb). in human cells, eiav tat (etat) can inhibit the ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat (htat) to activate transcription from the hiv-1 long terminal repeat, demonstrating that eiav tat can interact nonproductively with human p-tefb. to study the mechanism of eiav tat and hiv-1 tat activation, we d ... | 2000 | 10964778 |
| antigenic drift of viruses within a host: a finite site model with demographic stochasticity. | we theoretically study the antigenic drift of viruses within an infected host, as observed in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) infections, assuming that a finite number of antigen-determining sites at the viral envelop gene are responsible for the specific immune response. the pattern of antigen evolution becomes more complex than that predicted from the previous one-dimensional antigen space models. if the viral growth rate is sufficiently large, the ... | 2000 | 11029069 |
| differential responses of equus caballus and equus asinus to infection with two pathogenic strains of equine infectious anemia virus. | most in vivo studies with equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) have been performed in horses and ponies (equus caballus) with little published information available detailing the clinical responses of donkeys (equus asinus) to infection with this virus. consequently, donkeys were inoculated with two strains of eiav (eiav(pv) and eiav(wy)) which have been documented to produce disease in e. caballus. four ponies, 561, 562, 564 and 567 and two donkeys, 3 and 5 were infected with eiav(pv) and one ... | 2001 | 11230932 |
| binding sites for rev and asf/sf2 map to a 55-nucleotide purine-rich exonic element in equine infectious anemia virus rna. | the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) rev protein (erev) negatively regulates its own synthesis by inducing alternative splicing of its mrna. this bicistronic mrna contains four exons; exons 1 and 2 encode tat, and exons 3 and 4 encode rev. when rev is expressed, exon 3 is skipped to produce an mrna that contains only exons 1, 2, and 4. the interaction of erev with its cis-acting rna response element, the rre, is also essential for nuclear export of intron-containing viral mrnas that encode ... | 2001 | 11278454 |
| functional roles of equine infectious anemia virus gag p9 in viral budding and infection. | previous studies utilizing gag polyprotein budding assays with transfected cells reveal that the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) gag p9 protein provides a late assembly function mediated by a critical y(23)p(24)d(25)l(26) motif (l-domain) to release viral particles from the plasma membrane. to elucidate further the role of eiav p9 in virus assembly and replication, we have examined the replication properties of a defined series of p9 truncation and site-directed mutations in the context of ... | 2001 | 11559809 |
| proteins related to the nedd4 family of ubiquitin protein ligases interact with the l domain of rous sarcoma virus and are required for gag budding from cells. | the late assembly (l) domain of retrovirus gag, required in the final steps of budding for efficient exit from the host cell, is thought to mediate its function through interaction with unknown cellular factors. here, we report the identification of the nedd4-like family of e3 ubiquitin protein ligases as proteins that specifically interact with the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) l domain in vitro and in vivo. we screened a chicken embryo cdna expression library by using a peptide derived from the rsv ... | 2001 | 11562473 |
| arp/warp and molecular replacement. | the aim of arp/warp is improved automation of model building and refinement in macromolecular crystallography. once a molecular-replacement solution has been obtained, it is often tedious to refine and rebuild the initial (search) model. arp/warp offers three options to automate that task to varying extents: (i) autobuilding of a completely new model based on phases calculated from the molecular-replacement solution, (ii) updating of the initial model by atom addition and deletion to obtain an i ... | 2001 | 11567158 |
| cis-acting sequences may contribute to size variation in the surface glycoprotein of bovine immunodeficiency virus. | genetic recombination is an important mechanism of retrovirus variation and diversity. size variation in the surface (su) glycoprotein, characterized by duplication and insertion, has been observed during in vivo infection with several lentiviruses, including bovine immunodeficiency virus (biv), equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. these duplication/insertion events are thought to occur through a mechanism of template switching/strand transfer during re ... | 2001 | 11714975 |
| envelope glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains from diverse lentiviruses interact with the prenylated rab acceptor. | lentivirus envelope glycoproteins have unusually long cytoplasmic domains compared to those of other retroviruses. to identify cellular binding partners of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope transmembrane protein (gp41) cytoplasmic domain (cd), we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen of a phytohemagglutinin-activated human t-cell cdna library with the siv gp41 cd. the majority of positive clones (50 of 54) encoded the prenylated rab acceptor (pra1). pra1 is a 21-kda protein associat ... | 2002 | 11739697 |
| functional replacement and positional dependence of homologous and heterologous l domains in equine infectious anemia virus replication. | we have previously demonstrated by gag polyprotein budding assays that the gag p9 protein of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) utilizes a unique ypdl motif as a late assembly domain (l domain) to facilitate release of the budding virus particle from the host cell plasma membrane (b. a. puffer, l. j. parent, j. w. wills, and r. c. montelaro, j. virol. 71:6541-6546, 1997). to characterize in more detail the role of the ypdl l domain in the eiav life cycle, we have examined the replication prop ... | 2002 | 11799151 |
| design, production, safety, evaluation, and clinical applications of nonprimate lentiviral vectors. | 2002 | 11883086 | |
| oncoretroviral and lentiviral vector-mediated gene therapy. | oncoretroviral vectors and lentiviral vectors offer the potential for long-term gene expression by virtue of their stable chromosomal integration and lack of viral gene expression. consequently, their integration allows passage of the transgene to all progeny cells, which makes them particularly suitable for stem cell transduction. however, a disadvantage of oncoretroviral vectors based on moloney murine leukemia virus (momlv) is that cell division is required for transduction and integration, t ... | 2002 | 11883092 |
| further characterization of equine foamy virus reveals unusual features among the foamy viruses. | foamy viruses (fvs) are nonpathogenic, widely spread complex retroviruses which have been isolated in nonhuman primates, cattle, cats, and more recently in horses. the equine foamy virus (efv) was isolated from healthy horses and was characterized by molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis. here, to further characterize this new fv isolate, the location of the transcriptional cap and poly(a) addition sites as well as the main splice donor and acceptor sites were determined, demonstrat ... | 2002 | 12072521 |
| multiple rna splicing and the presence of cryptic rna splice donor and acceptor sites may contribute to low expression levels and poor immunogenicity of potential dna vaccines containing the env gene of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). | the env gene is an excellent candidate for inclusion in any dna-based vaccine approach against equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). unfortunately, this gene is subjected to mutational pressure in e. coli resulting in the introduction of stop codons at the 5' terminus unless it is molecularly cloned using very-low-copy-number plasmid vectors. to overcome this problem, a mammalian expression vector was constructed based on the low-copy-number plg338-30 plasmid. this permitted the production of f ... | 2002 | 12135633 |
| characterization of a cytolytic strain of equine infectious anemia virus. | a novel strain of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) called vma-1c that rapidly and specifically killed infected equine fibroblasts (ed cells) but not other infectible cell lines was established. this strain was generated from an avirulent, noncytopathic strain of eiav, ma-1. studies with this new cytolytic strain of virus have permitted us to define viral parameters associated with eiav-induced cell killing and begin to explore the mechanism. vma-1c infection resulted in induction of rapid c ... | 2003 | 12551976 |
| the use of fluorescence polarization assays for the detection of infectious diseases. | fluorescence polarization assays (fpas) have been shown to have great utility in the detection of infectious diseases. examples are presented of the use of o-polysaccharides (opss) for the detection of antibodies in serum, whole milk and whole blood to gram negative organisms (brucella spp., salmonella spp.). the use of proteins and peptides are also described for the detection of mycobacterium bovis and equine infectious anemia virus. fluorescence polarization inhibition assays (fpias) are disc ... | 2003 | 12678702 |
| equine infectious anemia in mules: virus isolation and pathogenicity studies. | there appears to be a lack of information concerning responses of mules to natural infection or experimental inoculation with equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). in the present study eiav was isolated from mules, for the first time, and its pathogenicity in naturally infected and experimentally inoculated animals was investigated. two naturally infected (a and b) and three eiav free mules (c, d and e) were used for this purpose. mule a developed clinical signs, whereas mule b remained asympto ... | 2003 | 12860076 |
| enhancement of equine infectious anemia virus virulence by identification and removal of suboptimal nucleotides. | pathogenicity was reportedly restored to an avirulent molecular clone of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) by substitution of 3' sequences from the pathogenic variant strain (eiav(pv)). however, the incidence of disease in horses/ponies was found to be significantly lower (p = 0.016) with the chimeric clone (eiav(uk)) than with eiav(pv). this was attributable to 3' rather than 5' regions of the proviral genome, where eiav(uk) differs from the consensus eiav(pv) sequence by having a 68-bp dup ... | 2003 | 12954224 |
| characterization of rna elements that regulate gag-pol ribosomal frameshifting in equine infectious anemia virus. | synthesis of gag-pol polyproteins of retroviruses requires ribosomes to shift translational reading frame once or twice in a -1 direction to read through the stop codon in the gag reading frame. it is generally believed that a slippery sequence and a downstream rna structure are required for the programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting. however, the mechanism regulating the gag-pol frameshifting remains poorly understood. in this report, we have defined specific mrna elements required for sufficien ... | 2003 | 12970412 |
| aip1/alix is a binding partner for hiv-1 p6 and eiav p9 functioning in virus budding. | hiv-1 and other retroviruses exit infected cells by budding from the plasma membrane, a process requiring membrane fission. the primary late assembly (l) domain in the p6 region of hiv-1 gag mediates the detachment of the virion by recruiting host tsg101, a component of the class e vacuolar protein sorting (vps) machinery. we now show that hiv gag p6 contains a second region involved in l domain function that binds aip1, a homolog of the yeast class e vps protein bro1. further, aip1 interacts wi ... | 2003 | 14505569 |
| attempts to adapt equine infectious anemia virus to small animals. | 1950 | 14792980 | |
| pu.1 binding to ets motifs within the equine infectious anemia virus long terminal repeat (ltr) enhancer: regulation of ltr activity and virus replication in macrophages. | binding of the transcription factor pu.1 to its dna binding motif regulates the expression of a number of b-cell- and myeloid-specific genes. the long terminal repeat (ltr) of macrophage-tropic strains of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) contains three pu.1 binding sites, namely an invariant promoter-proximal site as well as two upstream sites. we have previously shown that these sites are important for eiav ltr activity in primary macrophages (w. maury, j. virol. 68:6270-6279, 1994). since ... | 2004 | 15016863 |
| equine infectious anemia virus (eiav): what has hiv's country cousin got to tell us? | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) is a lentivirus, of the retrovirus family, with an almost worldwide distribution, infecting equids. it causes a persistent infection characterized by recurring febrile episodes associating viremia, fever, thrombocytopenia, and wasting symptoms. the disease is experimentally reproducible by inoculation of shetland ponies or horses with eiav pathogenic strains. among lentiviruses, eiav is unique in that, despite a rapid virus replication and antigenic variatio ... | 2004 | 15236678 |
| design and in vivo characterization of self-inactivating human and non-human lentiviral expression vectors engineered for streptogramin-adjustable transgene expression. | adjustable transgene expression is considered key for next-generation molecular interventions in gene therapy scenarios, therapeutic reprogramming of clinical cell phenotypes for tissue engineering and sophisticated gene-function analyses in the post-genomic era. we have designed a portfolio of latest generation self-inactivating human (hiv-derived) and non-human (eiav-based) lentiviral expression vectors engineered for streptogramin-adjustable expression of reporter (amys(deltas), eyfp, samy, s ... | 2004 | 15258250 |
| adaptive immunity is the primary force driving selection of equine infectious anemia virus envelope su variants during acute infection. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) is a lentivirus that causes persistent infection in horses. the appearance of antigenically distinct viral variants during recurrent viremic episodes is thought to be due to adaptive immune selection pressure. to test this hypothesis, we evaluated envelope su cloned sequences from five severe combined immunodeficient (scid) foals infected with eiav. within the su hypervariable v3 region, 8.5% of the clones had amino acid changes, and 6.4% had amino acid chan ... | 2004 | 15308724 |
| ctl from eiav carrier horses with diverse mhc class i alleles recognize epitope clusters in gag matrix and capsid proteins. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are important for controlling equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). because gag matrix (ma) and capsid (ca) are the most frequently recognized proteins, the hypothesis that ctl from eiav-infected horses with diverse mhc class i alleles recognize epitope clusters (ec) in these proteins was tested. four ec were identified by ctl from 15 horses and 8 of these horses had diverse mhc class i alleles. two of the eight had ctl to ec1, six to ec2, five to ec3, and four to ... | 2004 | 15327905 |
| leukoencephalitis associated with selective viral replication in the brain of a pony with experimental chronic equine infectious anemia virus infection. | neurologic disease occurs sporadically in horses infected with the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). this report describes a case of clinically severe neurologic disease in a pony experimentally infected with eiav. this pony did not have fever or anemia, which are the characteristic clinical signs of disease. the histopathologic changes were characterized as lymphohistiocytic periventricular leukoencephalitis. polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization data showed that the brain le ... | 2004 | 15347829 |
| lentiviral-mediated delivery of bcl-2 or gdnf protects against excitotoxicity in the rat hippocampus. | nutrient deprivation during ischemia leads to severe insult to neurons causing widespread excitotoxic damage in specific brain regions such as the hippocampus. one possible strategy for preventing neurodegeneration is to express therapeutic proteins in the brain to protect against excitotoxicity. we investigated the utility of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav)-based vectors as genetic tools for delivery of therapeutic proteins in an in vivo excitotoxicity model. the efficacy of these vectors ... | 2005 | 15585409 |
| lentivector-mediated smn replacement in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. | spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is a frequent recessive autosomal disorder. it is caused by mutations or deletion of the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (smn) gene, leading to depletion in smn protein levels. the treatment rationale for sma is to halt or delay the degeneration of motor neurons, but to date there are no effective drug treatments for this disease. we have previously demonstrated that pseudotyping of the nonprimate equine infectious anemia virus (using the lentivector gen ... | 2004 | 15599397 |
| specificity of serum neutralizing antibodies induced by transient immune suppression of inapparent carrier ponies infected with a neutralization-resistant equine infectious anemia virus envelope strain. | it has been previously reported that transient corticosteroid immune suppression of ponies experimentally infected with a highly neutralization resistant envelope variant of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), designated eiav(deltapnd), resulted in the appearance of type-specific serum antibodies to the infecting eiav(deltapnd) virus. the current study was designed to determine if this induction of serum neutralizing antibodies was associated with changes in the specificity of envelope determ ... | 2005 | 15604441 |
| discerning an effective balance between equine infectious anemia virus attenuation and vaccine efficacy. | among the diverse experimental vaccines evaluated in various animal lentivirus models, live attenuated vaccines have proven to be the most effective, thus providing an important model for examining critical immune correlates of protective vaccine immunity. we previously reported that an experimental live attenuated vaccine for equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), based on mutation of the viral s2 accessory gene, elicited protection from detectable infection by virulent virus challenge (f. li e ... | 2005 | 15708986 |
| attenuation of dna replication by hiv-1 reverse transcriptase near the central termination sequence. | previous pre-steady-state kinetic studies of equine infectious anemia virus-1 (eiav) reverse transcriptase (rt) showed two effects of dna substrates containing the central termination sequence (cts) on the polymerization reaction: reduction of burst amplitude in single nucleotide addition experiments and accumulation of termination products during processive dna synthesis [berdis, a. j., stetor, s. r., le grice, s. f. j., and barkley, m. d. (2001) biochemistry 40, 12140-12149]. the present study ... | 2005 | 15807528 |
| evolution of the equine infectious anemia virus long terminal repeat during the alteration of cell tropism. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) is a lentivirus with in vivo cell tropism primarily for tissue macrophages; however, in vitro the virus can be adapted to fibroblasts and other cell types. tropism adaptation is associated with both envelope and long terminal repeat (ltr) changes, and findings strongly suggest that these regions of the genome influence cell tropism and virulence. furthermore, high levels of genetic variation have been well documented in both of these genomic regions. however ... | 2005 | 15827180 |
| comparison of hiv-1 and eiav-based lentiviral vectors in corneal transduction. | in this study we compare the ability of self-inactivating human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav)-based vectors to mediate gene transfer to rabbit and human corneas and to a murine corneal endothelial cell line. both vectors were pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus-g (vsv-g) envelope and contained marker transgenes under the control of an internal cmv promoter. for specificity of action, the heterologous promoter in the eiav-vector was exchanged ... | 2005 | 15939034 |
| a tumor necrosis factor receptor family protein serves as a cellular receptor for the macrophage-tropic equine lentivirus. | characterization of cellular receptors for human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses that are tropic for lymphocytes and macrophages have revealed a common theme of a sequential binding of viral envelope proteins with two coreceptors to mediate virus infection of target cells. in contrast to these dual tropic immunodeficiency viruses, the ungulate lentiviruses, including equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), exclusively infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage to cause progressi ... | 2005 | 15985554 |
| lymphocyte proliferation responses induced to broadly reactive th peptides did not protect against equine infectious anemia virus challenge. | the effect of immunization with five lipopeptides, three containing t-helper (th) epitopes and two with both th and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) epitopes, on equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) challenge was evaluated. peripheral blood mononuclear cells from eiav lipopeptide-immunized horses had significant proliferative responses to th peptides compared with those preimmunization, and the responses were attributed to significant responses to peptides gag from positions 221 to 245 (gag 221-245 ... | 2005 | 16085917 |
| comparison of hiv- and eiav-based vectors on their efficiency in transducing murine and human hematopoietic repopulating cells. | the use of lentiviral vectors for gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells has raised considerable interest as these vectors can permanently integrate their genome into quiescent cells. vectors based on alternative lentiviruses would theoretically be safer than hiv-1-based vectors and could also be used in hiv-positive patients, minimizing the risk of generating replication-competent virus. here we report the use of third-generation equine infectious anemia virus (eiav)- and hiv-1-based vecto ... | 2005 | 16099415 |
| evaluation of high functional avidity ctl to gag epitope clusters in eiav carrier horses. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are critical for lentivirus control including eiav. since ctl from most eiav carrier horses recognize gag epitope clusters (ec), the hypothesis that carrier horses would have high functional avidity ctl to optimal epitopes in gag ec was tested. twenty-two optimal ec epitopes were identified; two in ec1, six in ec2, and seven each in ec3 and 4. however, only five of nine horses had high functional avidity ctl (<or=11 nm) recognizing six epitopes in ec; four in relati ... | 2005 | 16139857 |
| endocytosis and a low-ph step are required for productive entry of equine infectious anemia virus. | recently, it has become evident that entry of some retroviruses into host cells is dependent upon a vesicle-localized, low-ph step. the entry mechanism of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) has yet to be examined. here, we demonstrate that wild-type strains of eiav require a low-ph step for productive entry. lysosomotropic agents that inhibit the acidification of internal vesicles inhibited productive entry of eiav. the presence of ammonium chloride (30 mm), monensin (30 microm), or bafilomyc ... | 2005 | 16282447 |
| restriction of feline immunodeficiency virus by ref1, lv1, and primate trim5alpha proteins. | the ref1 and lv1 postentry restrictions in human and monkey cells have been analyzed for lentiviruses in the primate and ungulate groups, but no data exist for the third (feline) group. we compared feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) to other restricted (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv-1], equine infectious anemia virus [eiav]) and unrestricted (nb-tropic murine leukemia virus [nb-mlv]) retroviruses across wide ranges of viral inputs in cells from multiple primate and nonprimate species ... | 2005 | 16306589 |
| do alix and alg-2 really control endosomes for better or for worse? | alix/aip1 (alg-2-interacting protein x/apoptosis-linked-gene-2-interacting protein 1) is an adaptor protein that was first described for its capacity to bind to the calcium-binding protein alg-2 (apoptosis-linked gene 2), the expression of which seemed necessary for cell death. over-expression of truncated forms of alix blocks caspase-dependent and -independent mechanisms of cell death. numerous observations in yeast and in mammalian cells suggest that alix controls the making of and trafficking ... | 2006 | 16354163 |
| recruitment of the adaptor protein 2 complex by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope protein is necessary for high levels of virus release. | the envelope (env) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the hiv-1 vpu protein stimulate the release of retroviral particles from human cells that restrict virus production, an activity that we call the enhancement of virus release (evr). we have previously shown that two separate domains in the hiv-2 envelope protein are required for this activity: a glycine-tyrosine-x-x-hydrophobic (gyxxtheta) motif in the cytoplasmic tail and an unmapped region in the ectodomain of the pr ... | 2006 | 16501101 |
| immunodiffusion studies of purified equine infectious anemia virus. | antigenicity of purified equine infectious anemia (eia) virus was examined by immunodiffusion against sera obtained from horses experimentally infected with eia virus. the purified virus reacted with the infected horse serum, and virus-specific precipitating antibody was demonstrated. furthermore, it was found that purified eia virus reacted against the serum of horses infected with all strains of eia virus which were antigenically different from one another. from the result, group-specific comp ... | 1971 | 16557982 |
| characterization of functional domains of equine infectious anemia virus rev suggests a bipartite rna-binding domain. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) rev is an essential regulatory protein that facilitates expression of viral mrnas encoding structural proteins and genomic rna and regulates alternative splicing of the bicistronic tat/rev mrna. eiav rev is characterized by a high rate of genetic variation in vivo, and changes in rev genotype and phenotype have been shown to coincide with changes in clinical disease. to better understand how genetic variation alters rev phenotype, we undertook deletion and m ... | 2006 | 16571801 |
| eiav vector-mediated delivery of endostatin or angiostatin inhibits angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability in experimental cnv. | we evaluated the efficacy of equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav)-based lentiviral vectors encoding endostatin (eiav.endostatin) or angiostatin (eiav.angiostatin) in inhibiting angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability in the laser-induced model of choroidal neovascularisation (cnv). equine infectious anaemia virus.endostatin, eiav.angiostatin or control (eiav.null) vectors were administered into the subretinal space of c57bl/6j mice. two weeks after laser injury cnv areas and the degree of ... | 2006 | 16572190 |
| [elevation of ifn-gamma transcription level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of eiav vaccinated horses]. | to evaluate the relationship between the transcriptional level of ifn-gamma mrna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and immune protective response driven by inoculated horses with donkey leukocyte attenuated vaccine of eiav(dlv), and to elucidate the immune mechanism of dlv. | 2006 | 16806002 |
| long terminal repeats are not the sole determinants of virulence for equine infectious anemia virus. | the long terminal repeats (ltrs) of equine infectious anemia virus donkey leukocyte-attenuated virus (eiav-dla) were substituted with those of the wild-type eiav-l (wt eiav-l, the parent virus of eiav-dla). the resulting chimeric plasmid was designated pok-ltr dla/l. purified pok-ltr dla/l was transfected into monocyte-derived macrophage (mdm) cultures prepared from eiav-negative, heparinized whole blood from a donkey. eighth-passage cell cultures developed the typical cytopathogenic effects (cp ... | 2007 | 16932982 |
| the integration profile of eiav-based vectors. | lentiviral vectors based on equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) stably integrate into dividing and nondividing cells such as neurons, conferring long-term expression of their transgene. the integration profile of an eiav vector was analyzed in dividing hek293t cells, alongside an hiv-1 vector as a control, and compared to a random dataset generated in silico. a multivariate regression model was generated and the influence of the following parameters on integration site selection determined: (a ... | 2006 | 16950499 |
| lentiviral vector expressing retinoic acid receptor beta2 promotes recovery of function after corticospinal tract injury in the adult rat spinal cord. | spinal cord injury often results in permanent and devastating neurological deficits and disability. this is due to the limited regenerative capacity of neurones in the central nervous system (cns). we recently demonstrated that a transcription factor retinoic acid receptor beta2 (rarbeta2) promoted axonal regeneration in adult sensory neurones located peripherally. however, it is not known if rarbeta2 can promote axonal regeneration in cortical neurones of the cns. here, we demonstrate that deli ... | 2006 | 16984961 |
| a single amino acid difference within the alpha-2 domain of two naturally occurring equine mhc class i molecules alters the recognition of gag and rev epitopes by equine infectious anemia virus-specific ctl. | although ctl are critical for control of lentiviruses, including equine infectious anemia virus, relatively little is known regarding the mhc class i molecules that present important epitopes to equine infectious anemia virus-specific ctl. the equine class i molecule 7-6 is associated with the equine leukocyte ag (ela)-a1 haplotype and presents the env-rw12 and gag-gw12 ctl epitopes. some ela-a1 target cells present both epitopes, whereas others are not recognized by gag-gw12-specific ctl, sugge ... | 2006 | 17082657 |
| oviduct-specific expression of two therapeutic proteins in transgenic hens. | recent advances in avian transgenesis have led to the possibility of utilizing the laying hen as a production platform for the large-scale synthesis of pharmaceutical proteins. ovalbumin constitutes more than half of the protein in the white of a laid egg, and expression of the ovalbumin gene is restricted to the tubular gland cells of the oviduct. here we describe the use of lentiviral vectors to deliver transgene constructs comprising regulatory sequences from the ovalbumin gene designed to di ... | 2007 | 17259305 |
| correlation between the induction of th1 cytokines by an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus vaccine and protection against disease progression. | the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) donkey-leukocyte attenuated vaccine (dlv) has been used to protect against equine infectious anaemia (eia) disease for several decades in china. the attenuated mechanism and immunological protective mechanisms remain to be elucidated. to identify responses that correlate with the protection against disease, we immunized horses with dlv, followed by challenge with an eiav wild-type strain ln. all vaccinated horses were asymptomatic and had a low level of ... | 2007 | 17325374 |
| envelope-specific t-helper and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses associated with protective immunity to equine infectious anemia virus. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) infection of horses provides a valuable model for examining the natural immunological control of lentivirus infection and disease and the mechanisms of protective and enhancing vaccine immunity. we have previously hypothesized that the eiav envelope (env) proteins gp90 and gp45 are major determinants of vaccine efficacy, and that the development of protective immunity by attenuated viral vaccines may be associated with the progressive redirection of immune r ... | 2007 | 17374779 |
| cyclin box structure of the p-tefb subunit cyclin t1 derived from a fusion complex with eiav tat. | the positive transcription elongation factor b (p-tefb) is an essential regulator of viral gene expression during the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). its cyclin t1 subunit forms a ternary complex with the viral transcriptional transactivator (tat) protein and the transactivation response (tar) rna element thereby activating cyclin dependent kinase 9 (cdk9), which stimulates transcription at the level of chain elongation. we report the structure of the cyclin box domain ... | 2007 | 17540406 |
| cryopreservation and lentiviral-mediated genetic modification of human primary cultured corneal endothelial cells. | to determine the viability and potential usefulness of cryopreserved human primary cultured corneal endothelial cells by characterizing their morphology, gene expression, and ability for genetic modification by the lentiviral vector equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). | 2007 | 17591873 |