Publications

signaling cross-talk from gbeta4 subunit to elk-1 in the rapid action of androgens.	androgens act on transcription via intracellular androgen receptors (ars), but they also have rapid ar-independent effects. we have identified the multistep processes involved in the rapid actions of androgens in male osteoblasts, which also possess the classical ar. incubating cells with 5alpha-dihydroxytestosterone (100 pm, dht) rapidly increased (1 min) the phosphorylation of the transcription factor elk-1, and this was inhibited by pertussis toxin (ptx). dht activated erk1/2, a substrate of ...	2004	14602719
the chemopreventive bioflavonoid apigenin modulates signal transduction pathways in keratinocyte and colon carcinoma cell lines.	apigenin is a nonmutagenic chemopreventive agent found in fruits and green vegetables. in this study, we used two different epithelial cell lines (308 mouse keratinocytes and hct116 colon carcinoma cells) to determine the effect of apigenin on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade. apigenin induced a dose-dependent phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) and p38 kinase but had little effect on the phosphorylation of c-jun amino terminal kinase (j ...	2003	14608117
negative regulation of insulin-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling by grb10.	grb10 is a pleckstrin homology and src homology 2 (sh2) domain-containing protein that binds to the tyrosine-phosphorylated insulin receptor in response to insulin stimulation. loss of grb10 function in mice results in fetal and placental overgrowth; however, the molecular mechanism remains unknown. in the present study, we show that overexpression of grb10 in chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the insulin receptor or in 3t3-l1 adipocytes reduced insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of mapk. o ...	2004	14615605
the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene is induced by cell adhesion through the mek/erk pathway.	the type-i plasminogen activator inhibitor (pai-1), the primary inhibitor of both tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (t-pa, u-pa), is the primary regulator of plasminogen activation and possibly of extracellular proteolysis. in anchorage-dependent cells, the pai-1 gene is regulated by cell adhesion. pai-1 gene expression is induced more evidently in cells that adhered to the culture plate than in those that did not adhere. in this study, we further demonstrate that the pai-1 g ...	2003	14631113
fluctuating asymmetry in a secondary sexual trait: no associations with individual fitness, environmental stress or inbreeding, and no heritability.	it has been suggested that fluctuating asymmetry (fa) in secondary sexual traits may be a useful indicator of either individual quality or environmental stress. we tested this concept using a series of analyses of fa in male antler size in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) population, using four measures of size repeated across successive years on the same individuals. we found no consistent evidence of correlations between traits in levels of fa, nor of any associations between known environment ...	2003	14635885
activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells induce p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in trophoblast-like jar cells.	mammalian pregnancy bears many similarities to transplantation, since the fetus is semi-allogenic to mother. thus, mammals have developed numerous mechanisms to protect the developing fetus from maternal immunologic recognition and attack. we have previously shown that human choriocarcinoma jar cells, which resemble first trimester trophoblasts, regulate several important mrnas in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). we now provide further evidence that communication between mate ...	2003	14638439
estimate and production of milk energy in two subspecies of red deer: cervus elaphus hispanicus and c. e. scoticus.	this study estimates the caloric value of red deer milk as assessed relating bomb calorimetry data with the main milk nutrients. the study also examines milk energy estimates and lactation variables to compare iberian red deer hinds (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and the most studied scottish red deer (c. e. scoticus). the final model predicted energy value (ecal) in kcal/g of fresh milk from fat (f) and protein (p) content of milk, but not lactose: ecal = 0.345 + 8.332 f + 5.403 p. energy content ...	2003	14648675
[dib (veterinarians in business) visits colleague niels van elk in dolfinarium hardewijk, the netherlands].		2003	14650727
ovarian follicle development in wapiti (cervus elaphus) during the anovulatory season.	the ovaries of 12 mature wapiti hinds were studied by transrectal ultrasonography during the anovulatory season to characterize follicular dynamics and to test the hypothesis that follicle development occurs in a wave-like fashion. the hinds were examined daily, standing without sedation. follicle size and numbers were recorded, and individual follicles were identified serially. follicle development was considered wave-like if periodic changes in follicle numbers could be associated temporally w ...	2004	14662145
inhibition of mek/erk 1/2 pathway reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 expression in focal cerebral ischemia.	it has been proposed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways may play a role in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interlukine-1, during cerebral ischemia. our previous study showed that extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk 1/2) were activated during focal cerebral ischemia in mice [j. cereb. blood flow metab. 20 (2000) 1320]. however, the effect of erk 1/2 activation in focal cerebral ischemia is still unclear. in this study we reported that in vi ...	2004	14670631
bcr-abl regulates protein kinase ciota (pkciota) transcription via an elk1 site in the pkciota promoter.	the protein kinase c (pkc) family of serine/threonine kinases plays an important role in numerous cancer signaling pathways, including those downstream of the bcr-abl oncogene. we demonstrated previously that atypical pkciota is required for bcr-abl-mediated resistance of human k562 chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml) cells to taxol-induced apoptosis. here, we report that the pattern of pkc isozyme expression characteristic of cml cells is regulated by bcr-abl. when bcr-abl was expressed in bcr-a ...	2004	14670960
binding of ap-2 and ets-domain family members is associated with enhancer activity in the hypersensitive site iii region of the human growth hormone/chorionic somatomammotropin locus.	the human gh gene family is specifically expressed in somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary and placental syncytiotrophoblast. two nuclease-hypersensitive sites, hs iii and hs v, are associated with a region of chromatin located 28 and 30 kb upstream of the pituitary gh gene transcription initiation site (+1) in both pituitary and placenta nuclei. a role for this region in pituitary gh gene expression has been reported, but the potential relevance to placental gene expression has not been deter ...	2004	14673137
mice deficient for the ets transcription factor elk-1 show normal immune responses and mildly impaired neuronal gene activation.	the transcription factor elk-1 belongs to the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets proteins. tcfs interact with serum response factor to bind jointly to serum response elements in the promoters of immediate-early genes (iegs). tcfs mediate the rapid transcriptional response of iegs to various extracellular stimuli which activate mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. to investigate physiological functions of elk-1 in vivo, we generated elk-1-deficient mice by homologous recombinati ...	2004	14673163
ets ternary complex transcription factors.	the three ternary complex factors (tcfs) elk-1, net and sap-1 form a subfamily of the e twenty-six (ets) domain transcription factors. their characteristic property is the ability to form a ternary nucleoprotein complex with the serum response factor (srf) over the serum response element (sre) of the c-fos promoter. the molecular mechanisms that underlie the function and regulation of these factors have been extensively studied and the tcfs are a paradigm for the study of transcriptional regulat ...	2004	14693367
model-based assessment of aspen responses to elk herbivory in rocky mountain national park, usa.	in rocky mountain national park (rmnp), aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) has been observed to be declining on elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) winter range for many decades. to support elk management decisions, the savanna ecosystem model was adapted to explore interactions between elk herbivory and aspen dynamics. the simulated probability of successful vegetative regeneration for senescent aspen stands declines sharply when elk densities reach levels of 3-5 elk/km2, depending on model assumption ...	2003	14703920
immunohistochemical investigations of the autonomous innervation of the cervine testis.	the innervation of the cervine testis was studied in 6 roe deers, 7 red deers and 14 fallow deers. the results for the three species are rather similar. with anti-sera to neurofilament (nf) and neuron specific enolase (nse), all small and large nerve fascicles can be demonstrated, but single fibers are incompletely stained. immunoreactions against protein gene product-9.5 (pgp-9.5) and gap-43 (growth-associated protein-43) are better suited to depict the complete innervation pattern. bundles of ...	2003	14703994
characterization of chaotic dynamics in the vocalization of cervus elaphus corsicanus.		2003	14714785
failure to detect prion protein (prpres) by immunohistochemistry in striated muscle tissues of animals experimentally inoculated with agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are fatal neurologic diseases. infection by the causative agent, a prion, induces accumulations of an abnormal form of prion protein (prp(res)) in tissues of nervous and lymphoid systems. presence of characteristic histopathologic changes (spongiform encephalopathy) and detection of protease-resistant prp(res) in neural and lymphoid tissues are the basis of currently available methods for diagnosis of tses. in this study, samples of striated muscl ...	2004	14715973
development of a polymerase chain reaction-based method to identify species-specific components in dog food.	to determine whether there is a relationship between species-specific mitochondrial dna (mtdna), especially canine and feline mtdna, and detectable amounts of pentobarbital in previously analyzed dog food samples.	2004	14719710
a processed pseudogene contributes to apparent mule deer prion gene heterogeneity.	pathogenesis and transmission of the prion disorders (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, tses) are mediated by a modified isoform of the prion protein (prp). prion protein gene (prnp) alleles associated with relative susceptibility to tse have been identified in sheep, humans and possibly elk. comparable data have not been derived for mule deer, a species susceptible to the tse chronic wasting disease (cwd). initial analysis of the open reading frame (orf) in exon 3 of the mule deer prnp ...	2004	14729275
the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor cyc202 (r-roscovitine) inhibits retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, causes loss of cyclin d1, and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	deregulation of the cell cycle commonly occurs during tumorigenesis, resulting in unrestricted cell proliferation and independence from mitogens. cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors have the potential to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. cyc202 (r-roscovitine) is a potent inhibitor of cdk2/cyclin e that is undergoing clinical trials. drugs selected to act on a particular molecular target may exert additional or alternative effects in intact cells. we therefore studied the mo ...	2004	14729633
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 interacts with and is negatively regulated by the lim-only protein fhl2 in cardiomyocytes.	the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathway regulates diverse biologic functions including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) constitute one branch of the mapk pathway that has been implicated in the regulation of cardiac differentiated growth, although the downstream mechanisms whereby erk signaling affects this process are not well characterized. here we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen with erk2 ba ...	2004	14729955
antibodies to ruminant alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses in norwegian cervids.	a serologic survey revealed that norwegian populations of free-ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), and moose (alces alces) have been exposed to alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses. a total of 3,796 serum samples collected during the period 1993-2000 were tested in a neutralization test for antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) or cervid herpesvirus 2 (cerhv-2), and 3,897 samples were tested by a neutralization test ...	2003	14733272
adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanism for sequential responses to hormonal therapy in breast cancer.	clinical observations demonstrate that women with breast cancer often respond to subsequent endocrine manipulation after resistance to initial hormonal therapy develops. as a mechanistic explanation for these findings, we hypothesized that human breast tumors can adapt in response to the pressure exerted by endocrine therapy with development of hypersensitivity to estradiol. to understand the signaling pathways responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model syst ...	2004	14734489
the role of hippocampal signaling cascades in consolidation of fear memory.	we investigated the involvement of hippocampal protein kinase a (pka), protein kinase c (pkc), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (camk ii), and mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (mek-1/2) in the phosphorylation of their downstream targets extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk-1/2), camp-response element-binding protein (creb), elk-1, and p90 ribosomal s6 kinase 1 (p90rsk-1). the role of these processes in memory consolidation of conditioned ...	2004	14739006
estimating selection on neonatal traits in red deer using elasticity path analysis.	van tienderen recently published a method that links selection gradients between a phenotypic trait and multiple fitness components with the effects of these fitness components on the population growth rate (mean absolute fitness). the method allows selection to be simultaneously estimated across multiple fitness components in a population dynamic framework. in this paper we apply the method to a population of red deer living in the north block of the isle of rum, scotland. we show that (1) sele ...	2003	14761065
androgen inhibition of map kinase pathway and elk-1 activation in proliferating osteoblasts.	non-aromatizable androgens have significant beneficial effects on skeletal homeostasis independently of conversion to estradiol, but the effects of androgens on bone cell metabolism and cell proliferation are still poorly understood. using an osteoblastic model with enhanced androgen responsiveness, mc3t3-e1 cells stably transfected with androgen receptor (ar) under the control of the type i collagen promoter (colar-mc3t3), the effects of androgens on mitogenic signaling were characterized. cult ...	2004	14766003
ternary complex factor sap-1 is required for erk-mediated thymocyte positive selection.	thymocyte selection and differentiation requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling, but transcription factor substrates of erk in thymocytes are unknown. we have characterized the function of sap-1 (elk4), an erk-regulated transcription factor, in thymocyte development. early thymocyte development was normal, but single-positive thymocyte and peripheral t cell numbers were reduced, reflecting a t cell-autonomous defect. t cell receptor-induced activation of sap-1 target genes ...	2004	14770179
elk, winter ticks, and rocky mountain spotted fever; a query.		1951	14883263
[the spleen of the elk (alces alces l.)].		1952	14951603
pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine-binding domain-dependent membrane association and tyrosine phosphorylation of dok-4, an inhibitory adapter molecule expressed in epithelial cells.	dok-like adapter molecules represent an expanding family of pleckstrin homology (ph) and phosphotyrosine-binding (ptb) domain-containing tyrosine kinase substrates with negative regulatory functions in hematopoietic cell signaling. in a search for nonhematopoietic counterparts to dok molecules, we identified and characterized dok-4, a recently cloned member of the family. dok-4 mrna was strongly expressed in nonhematopoietic organs, particularly the intestine, kidney, and lung, whereas both mrna ...	2004	14963042
[the occurrence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) in bavaria].	brain samples of 849 free-ranging ruminants (654 roe deer, 189 red deer and 6 chamois) from bavaria were examined for tse. in this respect, detections of prpres were carried out by elisa technique (biorad) and immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody (mab) l42. validation experiments of the elisa technique for the detection of prionprotein from free-ranging ruminants showed that the examination of brains of wild ruminants lead to lower extinctions than that of bovine brain samples. due ...	2004	14964120
all i need is the air that i breath: outdoor air quality and asthma.	in recent years, developing insight into the pathophysiology of asthma and advances in asthma management have been substantial. despite these advancements, asthma remains a significant health problem in the paediatric population. in the usa, the prevalence of asthma in children under 18 years of age is estimated at 7% [us environmental health protection agency. publication # epa-100-r-018. washington, dc, 2000]. prevalence rates in various subpopulations, particularly african and hispanic americ ...	2004	14980245
regulation of ras-mapk pathway mitogenic activity by restricting nuclear entry of activated mapk in endoderm differentiation of embryonic carcinoma and stem cells.	in response to retinoic acid, embryonic stem and carcinoma cells undergo differentiation to embryonic primitive endoderm cells, accompanied by a reduction in cell proliferation. differentiation does not reduce the activation of cellular mapk/erk, but does uncouple mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activation from phosphorylation/activation of elk-1 and results in inhibition of c-fos expression, whereas phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic substrate p90rsk remains unaltered. cell fractionatio ...	2004	14981092
lactation under induced five-month delay reproduction in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	in iberian deer, calf birth date affects both milk production and composition, as well as the weight change of hind during lactation and calf growth. this study examines a five-month induced delay in calving (autumn group) in a group of 19 iberian hinds compared to a group of 13 standard calving hinds (spring group). fertility in the autumn group was half that of the spring one. from the former, a further two calves out of six died before or soon after birth. successfully lactating hinds showed ...	2004	14981785
learning from outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis near riding mountain national park: applications to a foreign animal disease outbreak.	riding mountain national park, manitoba, is home to a population of free-roaming elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) that have been found to be infected with mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis (tb). the disease has also been found in a number of cattle herds near the park and, as a result, manitoba has been assigned a split status for bovine tb. a number of government agencies, with input from representatives from the wildlife and agricultural sectors, have responded by devising ...	2004	14992251
sumo promotes hdac-mediated transcriptional repression.	recently, sumo modification has been shown to impart repressive properties on several transcriptional regulatory proteins. indeed, the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 is modified by sumo, and this modification is reversed by erk map kinase pathway activation. this causes a switch from a repressive to activated state. however, the mechanism(s) of sumo-mediated transcriptional repression is unclear. here, we have investigated how sumoylation of elk-1 leads to transcriptional repression. we d ...	2004	14992729
elk-1 knock-out mice engineered by flp recombinase-mediated cassette exchange.	elk-1 is a member of the tcf subfamily of ets proteins. tcfs interact with srf at serum response elements (sres) of immediate early genes (iegs), such as c-fos and egr-1, thereby mediating ieg induction upon extracellular stimulation. we previously generated an elk-1 null allele (elk1-137) in murine embryonic stem (es) cells by homologous recombination. in elk1-137, the elk-1 gene was replaced by a hygromycin b phosphotransferase - thymidine kinase (hygtk) fusion gene, flanked by two nonidentica ...	2004	14994271
pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in red deer (cervus elaphus).	twelve adult female red deer (cervus elaphus) were given 250 mg of ceftiofur sodium by intramuscular injection (i.m.) and ballistic implant in a crossover design. blood samples were taken from an in-dwelling jugular catheter prior to drug administration and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h postadministration of the drug. samples were centrifuged and plasma kept frozen at -70 degrees c until analysis for ceftiofur and active metabolites using an hplc method. the pharmacokinetics ...	2004	14995960
identifying specific kinase substrates through engineered kinases and atp analogs.	intracellular signaling by protein kinases controls many aspects of cellular biochemistry and physiology. determining the direct substrates of protein kinases is important in understanding how these signaling enzymes exert their effect on cellular functions. one of the recent developments in this area takes advantage of the similarity in the atp binding domains of protein kinases, where a few conserved amino acids containing large side chains come in close contact with the n-6 position of bound ...	2004	15003601
induction of early growth-response factor 1 by platelet-derived growth factor in human airway smooth muscle.	platelet-derived growth factors (pdgf) may contribute to the activation and growth of smooth muscle that is characteristic of airway remodeling in asthmatic patients. early growth response 1 (egr-1) is a transcription factor that is induced in several cell types by pdgf and may mediate some of the effects of pdgf. we show that human airway smooth muscle cells in cell culture express egr-1 1 h after addition of pdgf. analysis of the egr-1 promoter indicates that a serum response element located b ...	2004	15003938
the human cationic peptide ll-37 induces activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 kinase pathways in primary human monocytes.	ll-37 is a cationic peptide that is found in the granules of neutrophils and is secreted by epithelial cells from a variety of tissues. levels of ll-37 in vivo increase upon infection, and its production and secretion are increased upon stimulation with proinflammatory mediators. it has been postulated that ll-37 modulates the immune response by interacting with the effector cells of innate immunity; however, the mechanism of this interaction is unknown. ll-37 induced phosphorylation and activat ...	2004	15004180
erk activation by mechanical strain is regulated by the small g proteins rac-1 and rhoa.	physical forces play an important role in regulating cell functions. we applied mechanical strain to human fibroblasts by magnetic attraction of superparamagnetic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd)-coated beads. we confirmed that the map kinases erk and p38 are activated by mechanical strain, and went further by demonstrating the activation of elk-1 by mechanical strain, mainly through a mek-erk pathway. transfection of a dominant negative form of the g protein rac-1 (rac t17n), and inhibition ...	2004	15009099
rising burden of immature sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) on red grouse (lagopus lagopus scoticus) chicks in the scottish uplands.	the sheep tick ixodes ricinus (l.) (acari: ixodidae) is an ectoparasite of major economic and pathogenic importance in scotland. its distribution in the scottish uplands is assumed to be governed by the abundance and distribution of its definitive hosts (deer and sheep) and climatic variables such as temperature and rainfall. as the numbers of its major host in scotland, red deer, have increased dramatically and climatic conditions have become more favourable, the level of parasitism could have ...	2004	15009449
myocardin and ternary complex factors compete for srf to control smooth muscle gene expression.	smooth muscle cells switch between differentiated and proliferative phenotypes in response to extracellular cues, but the transcriptional mechanisms that confer such phenotypic plasticity remain unclear. serum response factor (srf) activates genes involved in smooth muscle differentiation and proliferation by recruiting muscle-restricted cofactors, such as the transcriptional coactivator myocardin, and ternary complex factors (tcfs) of the ets-domain family, respectively. here we show that growt ...	2004	15014501
blocked map kinase activity selectively enhances neurotrophic growth responses.	bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) 4 and 6 as well as mek inhibitors pd98059 and u0126 potentiate neurotrophin 3 (nt3)- and neurturin (ntn)-induced neurite outgrowth and survival of peripheral neurons from the e9 chicken embryo. preexposure to bmp4 or pd98059 was sufficient to prime the potentiation of subsequently added nt3. phosphorylation of erk2, induced by nt3, was reduced by mek inhibition but unaffected by bmp signaling. real-time pcr showed that neither bmp stimulation nor mek inhibition ...	2004	15019950
clinical evaluation of a powder of quality elk velvet antler for the treatment of osteoarthrosis in dogs.	a powder of quality elk velvet antler (qeva) was evaluated on client-owned dogs with osteoarthrosis (oa) in a clinical, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. thirteen dogs received a placebo for 30 days and then qeva for 60 days. twenty-five other dogs received qeva for 60 days. gait analysis measured with a force plate, clinical signs assessed by an orthopedic surgeon, performances in daily life activities and vitality assessed by the owners, and complete blood analyses were obtained at d ...	2004	15025149
the vaccinia virus-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is required for virus multiplication.	early events play a decisive role in virus multiplication. we have shown previously that activation of mapk/erk1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and protein kinase a are pivotal for vaccinia virus (vv) multiplication [de magalhães, andrade, silva, sousa, ropert, ferreira, kroon, gazzinelli and bonjardim (2001) j. biol. chem. 276, 38353-38360]. in the present study, we show that vv infection provoked a sustained activation of both erk1/2 and rsk2 (ri ...	2004	15025565
erythropoietin regulation of raf-1 and mek: evidence for a ras-independent mechanism.	stimulation of the erythropoietin (epo) receptor triggers a cascade of signaling events. we reported that epo upregulates c-myc expression through 2 pathways in baf3-epor cells--a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) pathway operating on transcriptional initiation and a raf-1-mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway affecting elongation. we now show that epo induces phosphorylation of raf-1 at serine 338 and within the carboxy-terminal domain, resulting in an electrophoretic mobility chan ...	2004	15026317
cystic echinococcosis in the arctic and sub-arctic.	the northern biotype of echinococcus granulosus occurs throughout the holarctic zones of tundra and taiga, from eastern fennoscandia to the bering strait in eurasia and in north america from arctic alaska approximately to the northern border of the united states. the cycle of the cestode is complex in taiga at lower latitudes, because of the greater diversity of potential hosts. in the arctic and subarctic, however, four patterns of predator/prey relationships may be discerned. two natural cycle ...	2003	15027606
ets proteins in biological control and cancer.	the ets family consists of a large number of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, many of which have been implicated in tumor progression. extensive studies on this family of proteins have focused so far mainly on the biochemical properties and cellular functions of individual factors. since most of the ets factors can bind to the core consensus dna sequence ggaa/t in vitro, it has been a challenge to differentiate redundant from specific functions of various ets proteins in vivo. rec ...	2004	15034925
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from norway.	serum samples from 4339 wild cervids collected in norway were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii using the direct agglutination test. the association between seroprevalence and species, sex, age, and geographic region was investigated. positive titers (> or =1:40) were found in 33.9% of 760 roe deer (capreolus capreolus); 12.6% of 2142 moose (alces alces); 7.7% of 571 red deer (cervus elaphus); and 1.0% of 866 reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the seroprevalences were significantly diff ...	2004	15041091
modification of concanavalin a-dependent proliferation by phosphatidylcholines isolated from deer antler, cervus elaphus.	the immunomodulatory effect of deer antler, which is used as traditional medicine, has been known, but the active component of antlers from cervus elaphus has not been identified. in this study, we identified the immunomodulator from c. elaphus and examined its biological activities on the immune system.	2004	15043858
the protein phosphatase 1/2a inhibitor okadaic acid increases creb and elk-1 phosphorylation and c-fos expression in the rat striatum in vivo.	activation of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) up-regulates transcription factor cyclic amp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1 phosphorylation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) in the striatum in vivo. protein phosphatase 1/2a further regulates immediate early gene expression by inactivating (dephosphorylating) creb. in this study, using semi-quantitative immunohistochemical and western blot analyses and in situ hybridization histochemistry, w ...	2004	15056282
genetic roots of the red deer (cervus elaphus) population in eastern switzerland.	overhunting of red deer (cervus elaphus) in eastern switzerland led to its extinction in the second half of the 17th century. natural recolonization must have taken place later, because red deer were seen again in the canton of the grisons (eastern switzerland) in the 1870s. according to historical data, three different populations could have served as the source population. to determine the genetic origin of the eastern swiss red deer population, we collected samples from five different subpopu ...	2004	15073229
a linear signal transduction pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase cepsilon, and mapk in mesangial cells regulates interferon-gamma-induced stat1alpha transcriptional activation.	interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) exerts an pleiotropic effect in mesangial cells in inflammatory glomerular diseases. the biologic effect of ifn-gamma is mediated by stat1alpha. the precise mechanism by which ifn-gamma stimulates the transcriptional activity of stat1alpha is poorly understood. i investigated the role of protein kinase c (pkc) epsilon in regulating the transcriptional activation of stat1alpha in mesangial cells. ifn-gamma increased pkcepsilon activity in a time-dependent manner with ...	2004	15082710
the kinase activity of kinase suppressor of ras1 (ksr1) is independent of bound mek.	kinase suppressor of ras1 (ksr1) functions as a positive modulator of ras-dependent signaling either upstream of or parallel to raf-1, and pharmacologic inactivation of ksr1 may serve as a treatment for rasdriven malignancies such as pancreatic cancer (xing, h. r., cordon-cardo, c., deng, x., tong, w., campodonico, l., fuks, z., and kolesnick, r. (2003) nat. med. 9, 1266-1268). although some studies demonstrated a requirement for ksr1 kinase activity for its action, others suggested ksr1 acts pr ...	2004	15084597
identification and characterization of a novel bash n terminus-associated protein, bnas2.	a b cell-specific adaptor protein, bash (also known as blnk or slp-65), is crucial for b cell receptor (bcr) signaling. bash binds to various signaling intermediates, such as btk, plcgamma2, vav, and grb2, through its well defined motifs. although functional significance of such interactions has been documented, bash-mediated signal transduction mechanism is not fully understood. using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified a novel protein that binds to a conserved n-terminal domain of ...	2004	15087455
mandibular bone fluoride levels and occurrence of fluoride induced dental lesions in populations of wild red deer (cervus elaphus) from central europe.	mandibular bone fluoride concentrations as well as frequency and intensity of fluoride-induced dental lesions were studied in four red deer populations from czechia and germany exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride. the degree of fluorosis in the permanent cheek teeth was recorded by a scoring system and the individual mandibles assigned to one of three categories (unfluorosed, slightly to moderately fluorosed, and markedly to severely fluorosed) on the basis of the tooth scores. ...	1996	15091371
caesium concentration factors in wild herbivores and the fox (vulpes vulpes l).	a selection of wild animals was sampled in the winter of 1986/87. the sites chosen for sampling were based on information obtained from survey carried out by the institute of terrestrial ecology in the spring and autumn of 1986. animals included deer, grouse, hares and rabbits, and foxes which were collected as a top carnivore in the food chain. variation in concentration of caesium between species from the same area was unpredictable; rabbits, for instance, never exceeded 200 bq kg(-1) (fresh w ...	1991	15092137
fluoride in mandibles and antlers of roe and red deer from different areas of england and scotland.	fluoride concentrations were measured in mandibles of 112 male roe deer (capreolus capreolus) aged 1-6 years, from 5 localities in england and scotland; also in bone from sections cut in series from orbit to antler-top of 10 other roe deer. fluoride concentrations in mandibles were mostly within values expected from unpolluted areas, but approached those expected from moderately polluted areas at the upper end of their range, which extended from 43 to 901 microg g(-1). there were large variation ...	1988	15092532
effect of season on characteristics of red deer /cervus elaphus l./ semen collected using modified artificial vagina.	during three reproductive seasons, 572 ejaculates were collected from five farmed red deer stags using a modified artificial vagina. the ejaculates were evaluated in terms of their quality and quantity by standard procedures applied for domestic animals. the total length of sexual activity was 245 days, from august 4 to april 6. significant changes in the semen parameters were noted over this period, divided into three stages: pre-mating, mating, post-mating. during mating season the following v ...	2004	15094795
elk exposure to arsenic in geothermal watersheds of yellowstone national park, usa.	geothermal activity in yellowstone national park (wy, usa) (ynp) results in elevated levels of arsenic in surface waters, aquatic vegetation, and sediments in the upper madison river basin. this study was conducted to determine concentrations of arsenic in the tissues, feces, and rumen contents of elk (cervus elaphus) residing in the madison-firehole (mf) river basin, and to evaluate potential arsenic exposure pathways. concentrations of total arsenic in mf elk were significantly higher than in ...	2004	15095895
regulations of methamphetamine reward by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/ets-like gene-1 signaling pathway via the activation of dopamine receptors.	little is known about molecular mechanisms for long-lasting neuroadaptation related to the rewarding effects of methamphetamine (map). in the present study, we examined the intracellular signaling that is associated with the expression of conditioned place preference (cpp) induced by map in rats. rats were given map or saline (control group) for conditioning to the cpp test. map-treated and control animals were killed immediately after the cpp test [cpp(+)]. some of the map-treated rats were kil ...	2004	15102958
lack of the canonical prb-binding domain in the e7 orf of artiodactyl papillomaviruses is associated with the development of fibropapillomas.	the l-x-c-x-e prb-binding motif of papillomavirus (pv) e7 proteins has been implicated in the immortalization and transformation of the host cell. however, sequencing of the complete genomes of bovine papillomavirus type 3 (bpv-3), bovine papillomavirus type 5 (bpv-5), equine papillomavirus (eqpv) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) papillomavirus (rpv) supports the notion that the prb-binding motif is not ubiquitous among e7 proteins in the pv proteome. key among the animal groups that lack the pr ...	2004	15105541
hepatocyte growth factor promotes cell proliferation and inhibits progesterone secretion via pka and mapk pathways in a human granulosa cell line.	hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) is a mesenchymal-derived paracrine factor that acts through a c-met receptor. the activated c-met receptor recruits various signal proteins. we used a steroidogenic human granulosa-like tumor cell line (kgn cells) to analyze the biological function of hgf in human ovary cells. first, we designed a method to analyze local production and action of hgf in the human ovary. although c-met mrna is expressed in kgn cells, granulosa lutein, theca, and ovarian stroma cells, ...	2004	15112327
pulsatile machine perfusion with vasosol solution improves early graft function after cadaveric renal transplantation.	cold storage is the most common method of preservation in renal transplantation, but pulsatile machine perfusion (mp) is increasingly used for purposes of ex vivo assessment and resuscitation of high risk allografts. vasosol (vsl) mp solution (mps) (pike laboratories inc, eagle, pa) is a novel perfusate with enhanced vasodilatory and antioxidant capacity. we report our experience with vsl in machine preservation of renal allografts.	2004	15114096
mitochondrial dna phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus).	in order to understand the origin, phylogeny, and phylogeography of the species cervus elaphus, we examined the dna sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 51 populations of deer from the entire distribution area of cervinae with an emphasis on europe and asia. several methods, including maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and nested clade analysis, revealed that red deer originated from the area between kyrgyzstan and northern india. we found two distinct groups of red d ...	2004	15120401
timing and synchrony of ovulation in red deer constrained by short northern summers.	iteroparous mothers often face a trade-off between further investments in current offspring at the expense of the start of the next reproductive cycle. in the strongly seasonal environments at northern latitudes, large herbivores are typically calving in early summer each year to get a long growth season and to hit peak protein levels of vegetation. late-born offspring are more likely to die since they are smaller in autumn. low female condition in autumn due to prolonged investment in current-y ...	2004	15122493
connective tissue growth factor induces c-fos gene activation and cell proliferation through p44/42 map kinase in primary rat hepatic stellate cells.	connective tissue growth factor (ccn2) is expressed during activation of hepatic stellate cells (hsc) and promotes hsc proliferation, adhesion, and collagen production. the aim of the study was to investigate ccn2 signaling pathways in hsc.	2004	15123357
paratuberculosis in red deer (cervus elaphus): an immunohistochemical study.	in the present study, we compared the utility of immunohistochemistry with serological and histological results for the characterization of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) in tissues of affected red deer. bacterial isolation was considered the standard reference. samples were taken from seven clinically affected animals with typical macroscopic lesions. the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the gel diffusion tests (gd) were used for serological determi ...	2001	15129586
the major vault protein is a novel substrate for the tyrosine phosphatase shp-2 and scaffold protein in epidermal growth factor signaling.	the catalytic activity of the src homology 2 (sh2) domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase, shp-2, is required for virtually all of its signaling effects. elucidating the molecular mechanisms of shp-2 signaling, therefore, rests upon the identification of its target substrates. in this report, we have used shp-2 substrate-trapping mutants to identify the major vault protein (mvp) as a putative shp-2 substrate. mvp is the predominant component of vaults that are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein compl ...	2004	15133037
an electrophoretic tool for the genetic characterisation and delineation of lungworms.	in the present study, pcr-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) was applied to the genetic characterisation of dictyocaulus from red deer from new zealand and to its differentiation from species of lungworm from cattle and other hosts. based on sscp profiles, dictyocaulus individuals from red deer from different geographical localities in new zealand could be readily distinguished from those ...	2004	15135455
serologic survey for antibodies against mycobacterium a vium subsp. paratuberculosis in free-ranging cervids from norway.	affinity between protein-g and immunoglobulins from red deer (cervus elaphus), moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) was tested in a competition binding assay. sera from red deer, reindeer, and moose inhibited the assay less than sera from cattle (less affinity), whereas sera from roe deer showed a slightly higher affinity to protein-g than did sera from cattle. the conclusion was made that protein-g could be used instead of anti-species a ...	2004	15137486
distribution of meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in south dakota.	heads of hunter-harvested deer (odocoileus sp.) and elk (cervus elaphus) were collected from meat processing plants throughout south dakota (usa) from 1997 through 1999 to determine distribution of meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in eastern and western south dakota. a total of 2,848 white-tailed deer (wtd) were examined for p. tenuis, of which 578 (20.3%) were infected with the parasite. of 578 deer infected, 570 (98.6%) were harvested east of the missouri river. our results indicate ...	2004	15137501
factors affecting the herd level of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.	a case-control study was made of norwegian dairy herds with high and low herd levels of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. a high proportion of the herds had a considerable number of seropositive cows, and environmental and management factors were examined for possible associations with the high serological levels of antibodies. the most important appeared to be: geographical location, red deer (cervus elaphus) gaining access to the pastures for cattle, the obser ...	2004	15143743
attenuation of a virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus.	the purpose of this study was to produce an attenuated bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type 2 strain as a tool for identifying potential virulence markers in the bvdv2 genome. the attenuation of the virulent strain, bvdv2-24515, was accomplished by in vivo and in vitro passage. the strain was initially used to infect an elk (cervus elaphus) [j. wildl. dis. 35 (1999) 671], re-isolated at 7 days post-inoculation from serum, and then subsequently passaged 56 times in cell culture. two groups of ...	2004	15145494
anaplasma infection in free-ranging iberian red deer in the region of castilla-la mancha, spain.	organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, anaplasma marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and infects erythrocytes of the vertebrate host and undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks which serve as biological vectors. infected cattle, wild ruminants and ticks can all serve as reservoirs of a. marginale. in this study, hunter killed iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from the r ...	2004	15145495
chronic wasting disease of cervids.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) has recently emerged in north america as an important prion disease of captive and free-ranging cervids (species in the deer family). cwd is the only recognized transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) affecting free-ranging species. three cervid species, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), are the only known natural hosts of cwd. endemic cwd is well established in southern wyomin ...	2004	15148993
research on the influence of red deer (cervus elaphus l.) grazing on grassland production in the south-eastern part of slovenia.	almost 60% of slovenian territory is covered by forests and only finland and sweden are known as the more forest abundant countries in europe. among game that intensifies difficulties in the field of agricultural production, especially in north-eastern and south-eastern parts of the country, roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.), wild boar (sus scrofa l.) and red deer (cervus elaphus l.) prevail. negative impact of game on agricultural production in the above mentioned parts of slovenia has risen si ...	2003	15149125
red deer stocks in the highlands of scotland.	grazing by hill sheep and red deer prevents the regeneration of woodland in many parts of the scottish highlands and has also led to extensive loss of heather cover. conservation bodies claim that there has been a rapid rise in highland deer numbers caused by inadequate management and that these need to be drastically reduced. here we show that the recent increase in red deer stocks has probably been overestimated and suggest that the gradual rise in numbers since 1970 may be a consequence of a ...	2004	15152241
molecular aspects of disease pathogenesis in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) diseases are a group of rare, fatal, and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that include kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, scrapie in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme), and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in mule deer and elk. over the last 20 yr, they have gone from a fascinating but relatively obscure group of diseases to one that is a major agricultural and economic problem as well as a threat to human health ...	2004	15156065
tradeable hunting obligations--a new approach to regulating red deer numbers in the scottish highlands?	the population of red deer (cervus elaphus) in scotland has doubled over the last 30 years and there is increasing concern among conservationists about the long-term impact of increased grazing on native woodlands and other sensitive nature conservation sites. currently, the government relies on a voluntary approach to deer control, but landowners seem unable or unwilling to shoot sufficient numbers to meet cull targets. the aim of this paper is to examine alternatives to the 'voluntary approach ...	2004	15158288
activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase is required for phagocytosis by lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes.	haemocytes are the primary defence cells of molluscs. in the present study, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (erk) 1/2-like proteins were identified within lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes, with apparent molecular weights of 44 and 43 kda, respectively. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity assays have confirmed that the l. stagnalis erk possesses kinase activity towards elk-1. challenge of haemocytes with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) resulted in a transient activation of erk, ...	2004	15158361
establishment of adult parelaphostrongylus tenuis, patent infections, and acquired immunity after experimental infection of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).	experimental parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections were established in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and an atypical host, red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). groups of deer were fed 10, 25, or 100 third-stage larvae (l3) of p. tenuis and received a single equivalent challenge exposure at varying intervals. infections were monitored up to 6 yr in white-tailed deer and up to 2.8 yr in red deer. the prepatent period in white-tailed deer varied from 91 to 1,072 days (381 +/- 374) and in ...	2004	15165045
a novel role for mixed-lineage kinase-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase alpha in neoplastic cell transformation and tumor development.	previously, no member of the mixed-lineage kinase (mlk) protein family was known to function as an oncogene. here, we demonstrate that mlk-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase (mltk)-alpha, a member of the mlk family, induced neoplastic cell transformation and tumorigenesis in athymic nude mice. introduction of small interference rna (sirna)-mltk-alpha into mltk-alpha-overexpressing cells dramatically suppressed cell transformation. nuclear accumulation of the phisg-mltk-alpha fusion pro ...	2004	15172994
the p34g mutation reduces the transforming activity of k-ras and n-ras in nih 3t3 cells but not of h-ras.	ras proteins (h-, n-, and k-ras) operate as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. the interaction of ras with its effectors is mediated by the effector-binding loop, but different data about ras location to plasma membrane subdomains and new roles for some docking/scaffold proteins point to signaling specificities of the different ras proteins. to investigate the molecular mechanisms for these specificities, we compared ...	2004	15181015
progesterone determination in iberian red deer by time-resolved fluorometry: an alternative method to ria.	the validation for iberian red deer of a commercially available time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (tr-fia) designed for analysis of progesterone in human beings was carried out. intra-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 3.6% to 7.4%, while inter-assay coefficients of variation varied from 5.2% to 15.5%. accuracy, evaluated by comparing results yielded by tr-fia with those obtained from a validated radioimmunoassay (ria) in the measurement of 14 samples, provided a high regression coefficie ...	2004	15181641
bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in wildlife in spain.	mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife and feral species is a potential source of infection for livestock and a threat to protected and endangered species. the aim of this study was to identify spanish wild animal species infected with m. bovis through bacteriological culture and spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) of isolates for epidemiological purposes. this study included samples from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), wild boar (sus scrofa), iberian lynx (lynx ...	2004	15184440
differential regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and map kinase pathways by hepatocyte growth factor vs. insulin-like growth factor-i in myogenic cells.	hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) promotes the proliferation of adult myoblasts and inhibits their differentiation, whereas insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) enhances both processes. recent studies indicate that activation of the phosphoinositide 3'-kinase (pi3k) pathway promotes myoblast differentiation, whereas activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (mapk/erk) promotes proliferation and inhibits their differentiation. this simple model ...	2004	15194438
morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the rumen of red deer during prenatal development.	abstract a detailed study of the ontogenesis of deer stomach has not been undertaken to date, and our aim was to sequence several histological phenomena that occur during the ontogenesis of one of the gastric compartments, the rumen. histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. for the purposes of testing, the animals were divided into five experimental groups: group i, 1.4-3.6 cm crown ...	2004	15198691
chronic wasting disease in canada: part 1.	the purpose of part 1 is to provide an overview of published literature (1980-2002) on chronic wasting disease (cwd) to inform canadian readers about the disease and to explain canadian regulatory approaches to the surveillance and control of cwd. much of the scientific information is drawn from american publications obtained from internet searches in pubmed and medline databases. the following keywords were used: chronic wasting disease, prion, diagnosis, transmissible spongiform encephalopathi ...	2004	15206588
chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk is endemic in a tri-corner area of colorado, wyoming, and nebraska, and new foci of cwd have been detected in other parts of the united states. although detection in some areas may be related to increased surveillance, introduction of cwd due to translocation or natural migration of animals may account for some new foci of infection. increasing spread of cwd has raised concerns about the potential for increasing human exposure to the cwd agent. the f ...	2004	15207045
diagnostic strategies and outcomes on three new zealand deer farms with severe outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis.	three commercial deer herds, each containing more than 500 deer, experienced outbreaks of tuberculosis (tb) ranging from a 6% prevalence to disease levels >50%. intensive diagnostic testing was carried out over short time intervals after the initial diagnosis of tb.	2004	15207804
transformation potential of ras isoforms correlates with activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not erk.	the ras oncoproteins activate the raf-mek-erk kinase pathway, which plays an important role in cellular transformation. we observed that h-rasv12 exhibited a higher transforming potential than either k-rasv12 or n-rasv12 in both nih3t3 fibroblasts and rie-1 rat epithelial cell cultures. surprisingly n-ras and k-ras were more potent than h-ras in activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase activity and ternary complex factor-dependent transcription. in contrast, h-ras was more effective ...	2004	15210703
sumoylation regulates nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of elk-1.	the transcription factor elk-1 is a nuclear target of mitogen-activated protein kinases and regulates immediate early gene activation by extracellular signals. we show that elk-1 is also conjugated to sumo on either lysines 230, 249, or 254. mutation of all three sites is necessary to fully block sumoylation in vitro and in vivo. this elk-1 mutant, elk-1(3r), shuttles more rapidly to nuclei of balb/c cells fused to transfected hela cells. coexpression of sumo-1 or -2 strongly reduces shuttling b ...	2004	15210726
ectopic expression of murine diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 1 attenuates signaling through the erk1/2 pathway.	signals from several receptor tyrosine kinases are transduced by activation of the ras family of gtp-binding proteins. activation of ras initiates a kinase cascade that culminates in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks). the mapks include the c-jun nh(2)-terminal protein kinases (jnks) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks), both of which phosphorylate elk-1/tcf, a factor that activates transcription of the c-fos gene. in this report, we identify a novel 19 kda ...	2004	15212765
bcl10 mediates lipopolysaccharide/toll-like receptor-4 signaling through interaction with pellino2.	toll-like receptor (tlr) pathways signal through microbial components stimulation to induce innate immune responses. herein, we demonstrate that bcl10, a critical molecule that signals between the t cell receptor and ikappab kinase complexes, is involved in the innate immune system and is required for appropriate tlr4 pathway and nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) activation. in response to lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulation, bcl10 was recruited to tlr4 signaling complexes and associated with p ...	2004	15213237
climbing simulated vegetation to heights of ungulate hosts by larvae of dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae).	larvae of winter ticks, dermacentor albipictus (packard), ascend vegetation in autumn and form clumps that attach to passing ungulate hosts. we tested the hypothesis that vegetation height determines the height of clumps. during the vegetation-to-ungulate transmission period (early september to mid-november), larvae were released at the base of simulated vegetation (nylon rods 245 cm tall) in outdoor and laboratory trials and in the absence of host cues. rod height exceeded the height of the tal ...	2000	15218914
expression of a mutant irs inhibits metabolic and mitogenic signalling of insulin in human adipocytes.	adipose tissue is a primary target of insulin, but knowledge about insulin signalling in human adipocytes is limited. we developed an electroporation technique for transfection of primary human adipocytes with a transfection efficiency of 15% +/- 5 (mean +/- s.d.). human adipocytes were co-transfected with a mutant of irs-3 (all four potential pi3-kinase binding motifs mutated: irs-3f4) and ha-tagged protein kinase b (ha-pkb/akt). ha-pkb/akt was immunoprecipitated from cell lysates with anti-ha ...	2004	15223127