Publications

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an aids patient with dramatic response to inadvertent steroid therapy--a case report.	a 28 year-old homosexual man had one month history of intermittent high fever, nonproductive cough and progressive shortness of breath. he not only had immunity deficits, with decrease cd4 cells decreased cd8 cells and inverted cd4/cd8 ratio, but also presented with evidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection (positive elisa antibody tests and western blot tests). chest x-ray showed diffuse pulmonary infiltration. the arterial blood gases revealed hypoxemia. the pao2 was 69 mmhg. spiromet ...	1989	2789291
pulmonary cystic disease: comparison of pneumocystis carinii pneumatoceles and bullous emphysema due to intravenous drug abuse.	a rare pulmonary manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or intravenous (iv) drug abuse is upper lobe cystic disease--pneumatoceles in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and bullous emphysema in iv drug abuse. because these disorders overlap, the radiographic findings in 56 patients were compared. during a 12-month period, 16 patients less than 40 years of age were found to have bullous emphysema; the 10 who were iv drug abusers constituted group 1. in the same time period, 40 ...	1989	2789412
pulmonary cysts associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids.	a diffuse, bilateral interstitial infiltrate is the most common radiographic finding in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). however, atypical roentgenographic patterns also exist. chest radiographs of 100 consecutive aids patients with pcp were retrospectively analyzed for the presence of pulmonary air-filled cysts, or pneumatoceles, which were identified in 10% of the cases. the pneumatoceles were typically thin-walled with no int ...	1989	2789413
psychological and immunological associations in men with aids pursuing a macrobiotic regimen as an alternative therapy: a pilot study.	a group of men with aids who chose to follow a macrobiotic regimen as an alternative form of therapy was studied for the possible influence of psychological factors on their clinical progression. in this group, men with kaposi's sarcoma (ks) had an estimated survival time of 60% at 3 years. moreover, there was a tendency for lymphocyte number to increase during the first 3 years following diagnosis with ks. a subset of eight of these men with ks and one man with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (p ...	1989	2790232
aerosolized pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1989	2791660
intensive care for patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure. are we prepared for our new success?		1989	2791661
pneumocystis hepatitis and choroiditis despite successful aerosolized pentamidine pulmonary prophylaxis.	a patient who developed pneumocystis carinii hepatitis and choroiditis despite receiving prophylactic pentamidine therapy by aerosol is described. liver biopsy showed histology typical of pneumocystis hepatitis, but his respiratory status was stable and his lungs were free of p carinii organisms on bal. thus, inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis did not prevent extrapulmonary pneumocystosis. patients receiving pentamidine prophylaxis with unexplained symptoms should undergo investigation for possible ...	1989	2791697
pentamidine-associated pancreatitis.	two patients without risk factors or a prior history of pancreatitis developed acute pancreatitis soon after initiating pentamidine isethionate therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. in both patients the pancreatitis improved following medication cessation. one patient did not redevelop pancreatitis when he subsequently received inhaled pentamidine. review of the literature revealed five previously reported cases of this drug reaction. ...	1989	2791817
role of flexible bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in pediatric patients with cancer.	we reviewed 60 consecutive flexible bronchoscopies done during a 36-month period in 48 pediatric cancer patients with undiagnosed pulmonary infiltrates. diagnostic procedures during bronchoscopy included 40 brushings, 50 bronchoalveolar lavages, and 6 transbronchial and mucosal biopsies. a total of 16 specific diagnoses were made by bronchoscopy (27% diagnostic yield), including infection (12), pulmonary leukemia (3), and lymphoma (1). the largest proportion of specific diagnoses came from lavag ...	1989	2795346
pneumothorax in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	case histories of 25 consecutive patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in whom pneumothorax developed from january 1985 to the present are reviewed. spontaneous pneumothorax developed in 10 patients. all patients had a documented pulmonary infection. four of 10 died, either of progressive respiratory failure or of concurrent infection. patients with asymptomatic spontaneous pneumothorax can be safely observed. patients with symptomatic pneumothorax should initially undergo tube thorac ...	1989	2796361
experience with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids.	we have reviewed admission data, some diagnostic tests, treatment and outcome of 31 male homosexual patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with 37 consecutive episodes of presumptive pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated at the infectious disease unit, auckland hospital, between 1985 and 30 june 1988. the median age was 39 years. eight episodes were proven pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 18 satisfied centres for disease control criteria for presumptive pneumocystis carinii pneu ...	1989	2797573
does 99tcm human serum albumin alter the characteristics of nebulized pentamidine isethionate?	nebulized pentamidine has been used as therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the lung dose delivered using different nebulizer systems and doses of pentamidine from 50-600 mg is unknown. to measure this a marker which does not alter the characteristics of the nebulized pentamidine solution must be found. we have assessed the aerosol characteristics of four jet nebulizers (system 22, system 22 mizer, optimist, respigard ii) and one ultrasonic device (pulmosonic) using two concentrations of ...	1989	2797629
[broncho-alveolar lavage by fibroscopy in immunodepressed children].	thirty broncho-alveolar lavage (bal) were performed in order to investigate 30 infectious episodes in immunocompromised children. twenty patients were previously treated by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation and 6 other patients by conventional methods. a specific etiologic diagnosis was obtained in 16 of 30 episodes (56%), 22 microorganisms were identified by bal. the most frequently involved microorganism was candida albicans and the other agents were as follows: ...	1989	2797997
[pulmonary manifestations in patients with aids].	in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) the pulmonary opportunistic infections are due to the depression of cellular immunity and they are found in more than 50% of patients. most frequently the infection is due to pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. non-opportunistic infections in aids are mostly due to the mycobacterium tuberculosis and legionella pneumophila. in kaposi sarcoma in aids the lungs may be involved into pulmon ...	1989	2798562
pneumocystis carinii infection.		1989	2799113
spectrum of pathologic manifestations of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with neoplastic diseases.	pneumocystis carinii is the most common protozoan organism causing infection in immunosuppressed patients. this study, based on a review of 32 lung biopsies and 13 autopsies of patients with neoplastic diseases who developed p carinii pneumonia, emphasizes the morphologic variation of this disease. excluded from this study are those patients with pcp secondary to bone marrow transplantation and aids. p carinii pneumonia occurred predominately in patients with malignant lymphoreticular neoplasms, ...	1989	2799114
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-positive and hiv-negative patients. an epidemiological, clinical and histopathological study of 18 patients.	pulmonary histopathological and clinical changes associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were found to be less severe in 10 hiv-positive patients (group a) with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) than in 8 patients (group b) with other immune deficiencies. lung biopsies from group a showed minimal thickening of the alveolar walls from oedema and slight mononuclear cell infiltration, while in group b alveolar wall thickening was more prominent with distinct mononuclear cell in ...	1989	2799574
[pneumocystis carinii].		1989	2800422
prescription drug use patterns of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients taking zidovudine. walter reed retrovirus research group.	prescription drug profiles of 116 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients taking zidovudine in 1988 were surveyed. patients received the drug an average of 236 days. about one-third (32 percent) required reduced dosage presumably because of hematologic toxicity and this was associated with length of time on the drug. zidovudine dosage reduction was not associated with concurrent therapy with either acetaminophen or acyclovir. concomitant drug therapy was common, especially with syst ...	1989	2800586
survival following mechanical ventilation for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a different perspective.	pulmonary infection is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the predominant infection in these patients. in those patients who experience progression to respiratory failure from pcp, the reported mortality rate has been between 87% to 100%. this, in addition to the ultimately fatal outcome of patients with aids, has led many physicians to question the advisability of instituting mechani ...	1989	2801731
digital necrosis and disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis.		1989	2802423
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in scid/scid mice.		1989	2805792
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids.	hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (hoa) is a systemic disorder primarily affecting the bones, joints, and soft tissues and developing in association with another disease process. acute pyogenic pulmonary processes (empyema, lung abscess) are occasionally accompanied by transient hoa, but reversible hoa has not previously been reported in the setting of pcp in aids.	1989	2805856
[pneumothorax as a complication of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	a pneumothorax occurred in a 29-year-old hiv-positive woman with rapidly progressive dyspnoea at rest and left-thoracic pain, dry cough and fever. sputum test revealed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. treatment was started with 20 mg/kg trimethoprim and 100 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole, but was poorly tolerated and changed for pentamidine, 4 mg/kg i.v. from the fifth day onwards. a chest drain was inserted, but pleurodesis became necessary after two further lung collapses. after three weeks secondary p ...	1989	2806085
[clinical picture of the onset of aids in 2911 adults in italy].	since 1982, 2911 adult aids cases have been officially reported in italy up to december 31, 1988. the clinical presentation of all cases, reported to the istituto superiore di sanità, rome, and contained into the national aids register, has been analyzed, with particular attention to opportunistic infections. 168 cases (mainly homosexual men) were found exclusively affected at diagnosis by kaposi's sarcoma (ks), while the other 2743 patients were affected by opportunistic infections and/or other ...	1989	2811649
histopathology and etiology of childhood pneumonia: an autopsy study of 93 patients in bangladesh.	the causes and pathogenesis of severe childhood pneumonia in a developing country were studied in lungs removed at autopsy from 119 bangladeshi children who presented with pneumonia and/or diarrhea. pneumonia was observed in 93 patients. morphologic features included acute alveolar exudate in 51% (of the 93 patients), necrotizing pneumonia in 31%, interstitial pneumonia in 22%, and caseating granulomas in 4%, while a mixed pattern occurred in 16% of patients. causes of pneumonia were gram-negati ...	1989	2812880
a survival analysis of hospitalization among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	survival analysis techniques were used in estimating lifetime inpatient utilization among patients diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) using data on 863 members of the kaiser permanente medical care program in the northern california region diagnosed with aids between january 1, 1981 and june 30, 1987. using information on both deceased and living patients, we estimated means of 40.3 lifetime inpatient days and 3.3 hospitalizations among all aids patients. those presenting w ...	1989	2817192
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. differences in lung parasite number and inflammation in patients with and without aids.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients with and without aids. to determine differences in p. carinii pneumonia in patients with and without aids, the p. carinii parasite numbers, lung inflammatory cell populations, gas exchange, and survival were assessed in a series of 75 consecutive patients with p. carinii pneumonia. bronchoalveolar lavage was used to quantify the parasite and inflammatory cell numbers in thes ...	1989	2817582
bronchoalveolar lavage in hiv infected patients with interstitial pneumonitis.	the value of taking microbiological and cytological specimens by flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage under local anaesthesia was assessed on 43 occasions in 35 hiv infected children, aged 3 months to 16 years, with interstitial pneumonitis. in acute interstitial pneumonitis (n = 22, 26 specimens from bronchoalveolar lavages) the microbiological yield was 73%, pneumocystis carinii being the commonest infective agent (n = 14). p carinii pneumonia was found only in children with defici ...	1989	2817943
aerosolized pentamidine. approved for hiv-infected individuals at high risk for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	aerosolized pentamidine isethionate (nebupent, lyphomed inc, rosemont, ill) was recently approved by the us food and drug administration for use in prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who are at high risk for this infection. the recommended dose is 300 mg of aerosolized pentamidine isethionate administered every 4 weeks via the respirgard ii nebulizer (marquest medical products inc, englewood, colo). the drug is indicat ...	1989	2818104
[histopathologic changes in several opportunistic infections in aids].	opportunistic infections are frequent in aids patients, particularly in the last phase of the disease, when they occur both singly and in combination with other conditions (for example kaposi's sarcoma). these opportunistic infections are the cause of death in over 90% of cases. their incidence ist proof of cellular immunodeficiency. based on our observations (17 cases at the two institutes since 1984) we present and discuss the histopathological changes of some important opportunistic infection ...	1989	2818471
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an aids patient. unusual manifestation as multiple cavitary and noncavitary peripheral pulmonary nodules and spontaneous pneumothorax.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a 52-year-old homosexual aids patient is described because of its unusual manifestations of multiple cavitary and noncavitary peripheral pulmonary nodules and spontaneous pneumothorax. such manifestations might become more common in the future because of the improvement of diagnostic techniques and therapeutic measures.	1989	2819588
pulmonary function following varicella-zoster pneumonia in children with leukemia.	varicella-zoster virus (vzv) is a cause of serious pneumonias in immunosuppressed patients. although there are reports of residual lung changes in adults following vzv pneumonia, no previous studies of lung function in children following this infection have been done. we studied 11 patients (median age 11 years) who had had vzv pneumonia 1 to 16 years previously. all patients had a primary diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia. pneumonia was mild in most of the patients: three had only radiogr ...	1987	2821472
cytopathology of opportunistic infection in bronchoalveolar lavage.	bronchoalveolar lavage is an important tool for the cytologic and microbiologic examination of the lung. silver- or papanicolaou-stained slides from 604 lavage specimens from 344 patients were evaluated for the presence of fungal, parasitic, and viral organisms. yeast, pseudohyphae, or hyphae occurred in 155 specimens (25.7%). candida was the most frequent opportunistic fungus in immunosuppressed hosts. patients with clinically significant candida infection had many budding yeasts and pseudohyph ...	1987	2821792
cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy.	cytomegalovirus (cmv) is the most common agent of prenatal (peri- and early postnatal) infection of the newborn with an incidence of 0.2-2.0% (5-10%) depending on the socio-economic status. only one out of 20 congenitally cmv-infected newborns shows serious symptoms. another two may reveal mental retardation and other significant handicaps in later age. perinatal cmv infection occasionally causes atypical pneumonia, mostly combined with pneumocystis carinii infections similar to reports of aids ...	1987	2822748
pneumonia in the immunocompromised child.	certain types and causes of pneumonia are unique to the immunocompromised host. the most frequent causes are cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis carinii, varicella zoster virus, candida species and aspergillus species. lymphoid interstitial pneumonia has recently been recognized in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. with the exception of varicella-zoster pneumonitis, an invasive procedure, such as open lung biopsy, is required to establish a definitive diagnosis. infrequent causes o ...	1987	2825316
value of bronchoalveolar lavage in the management of severe acute pneumonia and interstitial pneumonitis in the immunocompromised child.	the diagnostic value of 73 bronchoalveolar lavages was assessed in 67 immunocompromised children (aged 3 months to 16 years) with pulmonary infiltrates. thirty one children had primary and 19 secondary immune deficiency, 14 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), and three aids related complex. bronchoalveolar lavage was performed during fibreoptic bronchoscopy, under local anaesthesia in all but two. one or more infective agents was found in eight of 11 patients with severe acute pneumonia a ...	1987	2827334
feline leukemia virus and pneumocystis carinii infection.		1987	2830393
factors in an outbreak of pneumocystis carinii in a transplant unit.		1988	2831643
nonbacterial nonfungal interstitial pneumonitis following autologous bone marrow transplantation in children treated with high-dose chemotherapy without total-body irradiation.	between february 1979 and may 1986, 165 children were treated with autologous bone marrow transplantation after high-dose chemotherapy without total-body irradiation for a hematologic malignancy or a solid tumor. nonbacterial nonfungal interstitial pneumonitis was observed in 24 children and was the cause of death in 11 cases. of the 24 cases of interstitial pneumonitis, 14 were considered to be idiopathic. cytomegalovirus was the major pathogenic agent detected in the 10 other cases of intersti ...	1988	2833829
computed tomography in opportunistic lung infections.	chest radiography in two teenage boys, one with wiscott-aldrich's syndrome and one with acute lymphatic leucemia in remission showed increased interstitial pattern. in both computed tomography (ct) of the lungs showed heavy interstitial pneumonia, rather different in appearance but in both cases equal to the ct findings in opportunistic lung infections known from immunoincompetent patients with for instance pneumocystis carinii and/or cytomegalo virus infections. in both patients the ct findings ...	1988	2833918
bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of pneumonia in the immunocompromised child.	seven children with immunocompromised states were referred to the pediatric bronchoscopy service for evaluation of pneumonia. flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy accompanied with bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in all seven of these children. a definitive diagnosis was made for six of these seven patients. the diagnosis included pneumocystis carinii in three, candida albicans in two, and cytomegalovirus in one. there were no complications associated with the procedure. flexible fiberoptic bron ...	1988	2835744
the pathology of aids.	the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is a devastating new disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). this retrovirus causes profound immunoincompetence in its infected hosts, who are thereafter susceptible to develop myriad severe and relapsing protozoal, fungal, bacterial, viral, and arthropodal opportunistic infections, as well as unusual malignancies. the more than 50,000 patients who have developed aids in the united states have produced a sudden unexpected deluge of ...	1988	2836878
simultaneous infection with respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory pathogens.	the presentation and subsequent course of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis may be atypical and unusually severe when simultaneous infection due to other pathogenic agents is present. during the past two years, nine of the 189 pediatric patients hospitalized with documented rsv infection were found to have the following simultaneous isolates from initial respiratory tract specimens: four adenovirus, four pneumococcus, one cytomegalovirus, and one pneumocystis carinii. noted complic ...	1988	2839976
intestinal cryptosporidiosis. association with pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus and candida sp. infections.		1987	2841748
cytomegalovirus infection.	the pathogenic importance of cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection in aids-associated pneumonitis is controversial. uncertainty regarding the significance of cmv isolation from pulmonary secretions of aids patients results in part from the difficulty in distinguishing cmv infection from cmv disease and from the high frequency of pulmonary cmv co-infection with other opportunistic pathogens. from our review of the literature to date, we have found only three cases in which aids patients with hypoxemia ...	1988	2842110
[aids and the lungs].	about half of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) have an associated pulmonary disease which is more often due to infections than to tumors. rapid diagnosis is important, especially in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, since the prognosis depends on early treatment. a patient in good condition may be managed on an ambulatory basis. the manifestations of tuberculosis are often atypical, i.e. noncavitating with a diffuse infiltrate, hilar adenopathy and extrapulmonary foci. trea ...	1988	2842857
use of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised children with pneumonia.	because pneumonia in the immunocompromised host presents a diagnostic dilemma to the pediatrician, we prospectively studied the use of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) with flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 14 immunocompromised children with pneumonia over a 5-month period. the children received immunosuppressive agents because of organ transplants, cancer, or systemic lupus erythematosus. a diagnosis was made by bal in 10 (71%) of the 14 children. pathogenic organisms included pneumocystis carini ...	1988	2845341
open lung biopsy diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates after marrow transplantation.	the results were reviewed of 111 open lung biopsies (olb) performed on 109 marrow transplantation recipients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates between january 1983 and july 1987. we determined the frequency and types of infections identified, and the relationship to time after transplantation. infection was found in 70 of the 111 cases (63 percent) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) was present in 90 percent of all cases with infection. infection was identified in only five of 26 (19 percent) cases with ...	1988	2846243
humoral and cellular responses to pneumocystis carinii, cmv, and herpes simplex in patients with aids and in controls.	the titers of igg and iga to pneumocystis carinii in 36 aids patients did not differ significantly from those in 31 controls. only 2/15 patients (13%) with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) had titers of igm antibodies greater than or equal to 5, which is significantly less frequent than in 32 controls (62%) and in 21 aids patients without pcp (43%). the risk of pcp was 5 times higher in patients without igm antibodies to p. carinii than in patients who had these antibodies. a significantly higher perc ...	1988	2848313
yield of diagnostic tests for opportunistic infections in aids: a survey of 33 patients.	to examine the therapeutic consequences of diagnostic tests for aids-related infections, case records from 33 deceased aids patients were reviewed; 23 were autopsied. determination of serum antibody titres was not important. in particular, there was no relation between titres and isolation of cytomegalovirus (cmv); isolation attempts or possibly antigen determination would be better. samples for cmv isolation were obtained from 31 patients; only 7 were negative. blood, faeces, and particularly s ...	1988	2848314
clinical experience in the management of pulmonary opportunist infection and rejection in recipients of heart-lung transplants.	the main clinical problems that follow heart-lung transplantation are opportunist infections of the lungs and pulmonary rejection. of 23 patients undergoing heart-lung transplantation, eight had opportunist infections and 12 had at least one episode of pulmonary rejection. cardiac rejection occurred in only one patient, who did not need treatment. of the 12 patients who had pulmonary rejection, nine recovered fully after augmented immunosuppression with high dose corticosteroids, although one pa ...	1988	2849814
[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) with cytomegalovirus adrenalitis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].		1988	2851061
[antiviral drugs--1988].	acyclovir (zovirax) and zidovudine (retrovir) dominate antiviral therapy. they interfere with the multiplication of herpes viruses (acyclovir) and hiv (zidovudine) by incorporation into nascent dna chains and interruption of the further linking of nucleotides. all types of infection caused by herpes simplex virus are potentially treatable by acyclovir, but treatment has to start to be effective. it is especially important to treat immunosuppressed patients because their infections are more prolo ...	1988	2851167
diagnostic findings in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids).	the clinical and autopsy findings documented in 216 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) are summarized. the respiratory system was most often involved with opportunistic infections and neoplasms diagnostic of aids, accounting for one-fourth of all such occurrences. respiratory failure was the most frequent terminal event, leading to death in two-thirds of aids patients. the most common immediate cause of death was pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, seen in one-third of case ...	1988	2851652
[pulmonary pathology in hiv seropositive children. 4 clinical cases].	pulmonary infections in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are very common. the lung, having a very important immunological function (because in it a very important part of the secretory immunological system is present), is one of the more involved apparatus in the course of aids. we report 4 cases of pulmonary disease (one case of cytomegalovirus pneumonia, one case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and two cases of interstitial lymphoid pneumonia) found in hiv positive children ...	1988	2852796
retinal and gastrointestinal disease due to cytomegalovirus in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: prevalence, natural history, and response to ganciclovir therapy.	of 760 aids patients seen at san francisco general hospital in 1986, 5.7 per cent had retinitis and 2.2 per cent had gastrointestinal disease caused by cytomegalovirus. we reviewed the records of 44 patients treated with ganciclovir for culture-confirmed cytomegalovirus retinal (31 patients) or gastrointestinal disease (17 patients) or both (four patients) in 1986. retinitis stabilized or improved during initial treatment with ganciclovir in 22 of 27 (81.5 per cent) patients. following a median ...	1988	2854894
difluoromethylornithine for pneumocystis carinii?		1985	2859450
adverse reactions associated with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii infections in aids.		1985	2860516
opportunistic lymphoproliferations associated with epstein-barr viral dna in infants and children with aids.	two types of lymphoproliferative disease associated with epstein-barr viral (ebv) dna--central-nervous-system lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (lip)--were recognised in children with human t-lymphotropic virus type iii/lymphadenopathy virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). eight of ten lung biopsy specimens from children with lip contained ebv dna. ebv dna was not identified in lung biopsy specimens with pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, ...	1985	2867394
novel immunofluorescence test for pneumocystis carinii.		1986	2868278
prospective evaluation of a monoclonal antibody in diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to evaluate the ability of a mouse monoclonal antibody, 2g2, directed against human pneumocystis carinii, to detect the organism in clinical specimens, a prospective study of the antibody in an indirect immunofluorescent assay was undertaken. p carinii was rapidly detected in thirteen of fourteen bronchoalveolar lavage specimens positive by toluidine-blue-o stain, none of eleven lavage specimens negative by toluidine-blue-o, neither of two impression smears of histologically negative open-lung b ...	1986	2873314
monoclonal antibody to detect pneumocystis carinii.		1986	2875351
pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.		1987	2882273
corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	10 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome whose respiratory failure due to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was deteriorating rapidly had 7 days of intravenous methylprednisolone added to their antibiotic regimen. 8 similar patients were treated with antibiotic therapy alone. 9 of the 10 methylprednisolone-treated patients survived their episode of pcp, compared with 2 of the 8 conventionally treated patients. clinical improvement was evident within 2 days of the start of stero ...	1987	2885462
aerosolised pentamidine as sole therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	15 patients with first episodes of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were treated with only aerosolised pentamidine, which they inhaled for 20 minutes every day for 21 days. 13 of the 15 responded to therapy. mean pao2 (mm hg) and vital capacity (% predicted) were 67.9 and 50.8 before therapy and 80.1 and 67.9 after therapy in patients successfully treated. no systemic side-effects occurred and serum pentamidine concentrations were low in all patients. the ...	1987	2887779
treatment for pneumocystis carinii infection in leukaemia.		1987	2887822
role for steroids in treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids.		1987	2887824
modified trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole doses in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1987	2889058
steroids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1987	2889889
potential effect of revising the cdc surveillance case definition for aids.	the centers for disease control (cdc) revised the surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in august, 1987. to determine the impact of this revision, information was extracted from the medical charts of the 630 patients receiving comprehensive medical care as of 1980 at 6 haemophilia treatment centres, and who were therefore likely to have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). 38 (6%) and 47 (7%) met the 1985 and 1987 case definitions, respectiv ...	1988	2893928
infection control during neutropenia.	the first principle of infection prevention in neutropenic patients is to ensure that every effort is made to prevent impairment of the host's defences or any disturbance of the ecological balance of the patient's microbial flora. the second principle is that potential or established sources of infection should be sought and ideally treated before any immunosuppressive therapy is instituted. the third principle is to define the extent to which a particular patient can be expected to benefit from ...	1988	2896750
value of necropsy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	necropsy findings in 101 adult patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) from two metropolitan hospitals were compared retrospectively with the antemortem clinical diagnoses. 94% of the patients were male and 68% were homosexual or bisexual. 75 (74%) patients had aids-related diseases at necropsy that were not suspected clinically. the commonest of the unsuspected aids-related diseases were cytomegalovirus infection (49% of all cases), systemic fungal infection (20%), systemic ...	1988	2898707
has the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in cancer patients increased with the aids epidemic?		1988	2902342
severe exercise hypoxaemia with normal or near normal x-rays: a feature of pneumocystis carinii infection.	to find out whether pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) can be detected while still in an early phase by the degree of exercise-induced oxygen desaturation, arterial oxygen saturation was measured by continuous pulse oximetry in patients positive for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus and clinically suspected of having pcp, in patients with other chest diseases, and in controls. among patients with proven pcp 94% of those with low arterial oxygen pressures (pao2) showed desaturation o ...	1988	2903279
differences in relative efficiency of nebulisers for pentamidine administration.	the study compared the pulmonary deposition of nebulised pentamidine when inhaled by way of different nebuliser systems by nine human-immunodeficiency-virus-positive patients with a history of previous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. pentamidine, 50 mg or 300 mg, mixed with technetium-99m-labelled human serum albumin in a total volume of 3 ml, was administered by way of three jet nebulisers (system 22', 'system 22 mizer', and 'respigard ii') operated with a gas flow of 6 l/min, and one ultrasoun ...	1988	2904008
nasal continuous positive airway pressure in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	10 cm h2o of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (cpap) was applied in nine subjects with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, all of whom had presented with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and hypoxaemia. the procedure was tolerated well by eight patients and none of the nine had complications. 20 minutes of nasal cpap without supplemental oxygen increased mean pao2 from 55.9 to 68.4 mm hg and decreased the calculated alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient ...	1988	2904534
high-dose cyclophosphamide in the treatment of refractory lymphomas and solid tumor malignancies.	twenty-two patients with refractory solid tumors or lymphoma were treated with a single course of high-dose cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg intravenously [iv] over 2 days) whereas three patients received two courses each. marrow infusion was not used. in the 22 courses evaluable for tumor response there were 14 responses (64%) of which 11 were partial responses (pr) (50%) and three complete responses (cr) (14%). in the 12 evaluable courses given in patients with lymphoid malignancies a partial respo ...	1989	2910431
admission of aids patients to a medical intensive care unit: causes and outcome.	as the number of cases of aids increases, it is important to determine whether icus can be productively and safely used for this patient population. from july 1981 to march 1987, 216 patients were admitted to the medical icu: 166 (77%) were admitted for procedures and 50 (23%) were admitted for life-sustaining support. most of the patients were admitted for respiratory failure (36 of 50), primarily as a result of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. other patients were admitted for cardiovascular ins ...	1989	2914443
[aids without recognized hiv status. 2 cases of aids without prior recognition of hiv status].	two cases of fatal pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in middle aged homosexual men, not previously suspected of hiv-infection are presented. neither had consciously considered himself at risk of contracting aids which emphasizes the need for differentiated information campaigns as well as vigilance on the part of the medical profession outside specialized centers.	1989	2919471
stimulation of k-c1 cotransport in rat red cells by a hemolytic anemia-producing metabolite of dapsone.	dapsone, a sulfone compound used in the treatment of leprosy and, more recently, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, produces as a major side effect a hemolytic anemia. this anemia is characterized by oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin and increased splenic uptake of red blood cells. using a rat model, grossman and jollow (j. pharmacol. exp. ther. 244: 118-125, 1988) found that dapsone hydroxylamine (dds-noh), a dapsone metabolite, is responsible for its hemolytic effect in vivo. dds-noh also ...	1989	2919657
cardiac manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a two-dimensional echocardiographic study.	to determine the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, two-dimensional doppler echocardiography was performed on 70 consecutive patients with hiv infection, including 51 with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), 13 with aids-related complex and 6 with asymptomatic hiv infection. of the 70 patients, 36% were hospitalized and 64% were ambulatory at the time of evaluation. the average age was 37 years; 93% were homosexual men. echoc ...	1989	2926051
immune deficiency with polymorphic reticulosis.	a case of fatal polymorphic reticulosis, currently considered to be a peripheral t cell lymphoma, that was initially seen as a nasolabial swelling with a left lower lobe pulmonary nodule in a 40-year-old woman is reported. at autopsy, it was found to be associated with disseminated cryptococcosis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with secondary severe immunodeficiency of unknown origin.	1989	2927928
determination of pentamidine transfer in the in vitro perfused human cotyledon with high-performance liquid chromatography.	pentamidine is used to treat pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the incidence of this infection in pregnancy has paralleled the increasing incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in pregnancy. using the in vitro bidirectionally perfused human placenta, we studied the transfer of pentamidine across the placenta. pentamidine was added to the maternal circulation at therapeutic concentrations (2 micrograms/ml). no transfer of pentamidine was detectable with a newly devised high-performance liq ...	1989	2929699
retinal cotton-wool-like spots: a marker for aids?	the prognostic value of ocular manifestations and its correlation with immune changes in hiv-infected subjects was studied longitudinally with an average follow-up of one year (3-22 months). the most common ocular manifestations were retinal cotton-wool-like spots, observed in 58.8% of aids patients and in 76.9% of those with ocular involvement. two of three arc cases with cotton-wool-like spots developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia a few weeks after ophthalmoscopic examination. a close corre ...	1989	2930117
[pneumocystis carinii in the lungs of calves].		1986	2938746
dapsone-trimethoprim for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	all patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a first episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia seen at the san francisco general hospital between november 1984 and april 1985 were evaluated for oral treatment with dapsone (100 mg/d) plus trimethoprim (20 mg/kg body weight x d). all 15 patients who met the entry criteria improved clinically and radiographically within 3 to 10 days after starting treatment. repeat pulmonary function tests and gallium lung scans after 3 weeks of the ...	1986	2940954
[psoriasis in htlv-iii-induced immunologic defect--status of cellular immunity and immunohistologic findings].	four patients suffering from immune deficiency related to htlv iii developed psoriasis vulgaris. all patients showed lymphadenopathy and cutaneous hypergy or anergy. in three of them, the count of peripheral helper cells was critically decreased (less than 400/microliter), and they showed oral candidosis. one patient suffered from disseminated kaposi's sarcoma and developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the psoriasis was extensive, exsudative, and almost refractory to therapeutical approaches. ...	1986	2949441
activity of antifolates against pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase and identification of a potent new agent.	the therapy of pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia is often unsuccessful, particularly in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). because of difficulties in growing the organism in vitro or obtaining purified organisms, current treatment choices have been made with little information on the metabolic effects of therapeutic agents on pc. this report quantitates the effects of the commonly used antifolates as well as the classic antineoplastic antifolate methotrexate and a lipid- ...	1987	2950200
improved rat model for studying pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	sprague-dawley rats treated for 8 weeks with cortisone acetate (25 mg per rat twice weekly) were immunosuppressed to variable degrees. a total of 55% lost over 12% of their initial body weight, had cortisol concentrations in serum more than five times greater than those of the controls, and had markedly depressed ratios of helper to non-helper t cells, in both the spleen and peripheral blood. animals that gained weight during immunosuppression had cortisol concentrations in serum only three time ...	1987	2952669
evidence for depressed humoral immunity to pneumocystis carinii in homosexual males, commercial plasma donors, and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	heterosexual controls were found to have significantly higher titers of immunoglobulin g antibody to pneumocystis carinii than did patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and p. carinii pneumonitis, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody-positive or -negative homosexual male "gay bar" patrons, and hiv antibody-positive or -negative commercial plasma donors. the t-helper/t-suppressor lymphocyte ratios of hiv antibody-negative homosexual male gay bar patrons were slightly ...	1987	2954997
sources of rats free of latent pneumocystis carinii.	two sources of rats free of latent pneumocystis carinii are described. first, rats from a virus-free colony failed to develop infection after 8 weeks of immune suppression unless they were housed with previously infected rats. second, pregnant rats (non-virus free) received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole from day 10 of gestation until the pups were weaned. pups raised in filter-topped cages and immunosuppressed for 8 weeks were free of p. carinii infection.	1987	2958497
pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.		1987	2958709
trimetrexate for the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	preclinical studies have demonstrated that trimetrexate is a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase from pneumocystis carinii. on the basis of this evidence, this lipid-soluble antifolate was used as an antipneumocystis agent in 49 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and pneumocystis pneumonia. simultaneous treatment with the reduced folate leucovorin was used as a specific antidote to protect host tissues from the toxic effects of the antifolate without affecting th ...	1987	2958710
treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1987	2959845
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a lethal complication of "pulse" methylprednisolone therapy.	a previously healthy, hiv-negative, 67-year-old man developed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. following "pulse" methylprednisolone therapy he developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. this complication should be recognized as a potential hazard of "pulse" steroid therapy.	1987	2960621
bioavailability of oral trimetrexate in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the combination of the lipophilic antifolate trimetrexate and the rescue agent leucovorin has shown promise in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the pharmacokinetic behavior of trimetrexate administered either by intravenous bolus or orally was studied in six patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with a reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography assay. the mean clearance following bolus injection was 38 ml/min ...	1988	2966610
elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in serum of human immunodeficiency virus infected populations.	soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sil-2r) levels in sera were quantitated in asymptomatic intravenous drug abusers (ivda) and in patients with lymphadenopathy or aids. the mean sil-2r level in serum of normal controls was 158 +/- 19 compared to 368 +/- 35 u/ml in serum of hiv-seronegative asymptomatic ivda. the mean sil-2r in serum of hiv-seropositive asymptomatic ivda was 609 +/- 85 u/ml and in patients with lymphadenopathy was 745 +/- 79 u/ml. in addition, aids patients with pneumocystis carinii ...	1988	2966633
treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimetrexate in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).	in vitro studies have shown that trimetrexate, a lipid-soluble analogue of methotrexate, is 1500 times more potent than trimethoprim as an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase from pneumocystis carinii. furthermore, trimetrexate is readily taken up by p carinii, while performed folates such as leucovorin are not. these observations suggest that the combination of trimetrexate plus leucovorin, which can specifically protect mammalian host tissues from the toxic effects of the antifolate, may be u ...	1988	2966985
[aerosol pulmonary scintigraphy. a new test in the diagnostic strategy of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].	in eleven patients with aids and suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia we measured the pulmonary clearance and half-life of aerosolized 99m tc-dtpa (diethylenetriamine pentaacetate). we correlated the half-life with gallium scans and bronchoalveolar lavages. in all nine patients with pneumocystis, this half-life was shorter than normal value, documenting a significant increase of lung epithelial permeability (p less than 0.001). six of these 9 patients had abnormal gallium scans. however, in ...	1988	2967479