Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [community trial for safety and immunogenicity of oral-administered lyophilized rbs-wc cholera vaccine]. | in order to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of domestic produced lyophilized recombinant, b-subunit, inactivated whole cell vaccine of vibrio cholerae (rbs-wc), 369 subjects were randomly divided into three groups and observed with masking method, one with high dose of vaccine (5 mg rbs and 10" wc), another with low dose (1 mg rbs and 10" wc), and the control one with placebo. three doses of vaccine were given orally at an interval of seven days and 14 days, respectively. results showed t ... | 1996 | 9388905 |
| [survival of vibrio cholerae non-o1 in freshwater river]. | the survival of vibrio cholerae non-o1 was investigated in sterile and untreated river water. the essential nutrients for growth of the organism were also investigated using a compound medium. v. cholerae non-o1 was shown to increase in autoclaved sterile river water, but did not increase in filtrated river water, and starting with an initial number of 10(6) cfu/ml organism, the organism could not be isolated from untreated river water after day 10. the growth or survival of the organism was als ... | 1997 | 9391312 |
| production of vibrio cholerae accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) in the yeast pichia pastoris. | accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) is a recently identified toxin of vibrio cholerae. preliminary studies using crude toxin extracts in animal models indicate that ace increases transcellular ion transport, which is proposed to contribute to diarrhea in cholera. the lack of purified toxin has hindered elucidation of the mechanism of action of ace. in this study, ace was cloned and was expressed in and secreted by the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. secreted toxin constituted 50% of the to ... | 1997 | 9393786 |
| [distribution of serogroups of vibrio cholerae non-o1 non-o139 with specific reference to their ability to produce cholera toxin, and addition of novel serogroups]. | a total of 1898 strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1 non-o139, which had been collected worldwide for the past 3 year period of 1994-1996, were serogrouped. the strains were also examined for presence of cholera toxin (ct) gene (ctx) and nag-st gene, and strains which carried to ctx were further analyzed for their ability to produce ct. in addition, attempts were made to establish novel serogroups for those serologically untypable strains. of those examined, 1,774 strains of v. cholerae non-o1 non- ... | 1997 | 9394556 |
| structural analysis of the o-antigenic polysaccharide from vibrio cholerae o10. | the structure of the o-antigenic polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from vibrio cholerae o10 has been determined. the main method used has been 1h- and 13c-nmr spectroscopy. sugar and methylation analyses were also applied to the polysaccharide. the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was found to have the following structure: -->3)-alpha-d-manpnac-(1-->4)-beta-d-glcpa-(1-->3)-beta-d-ga lp-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcpnac-(1-->. | 1997 | 9395323 |
| microbiological screening of indian medicinal plants with special reference to enteropathogens. | the world health organisation (who) has recommended that all member states actively promote native medicines in their country. ten indian medicinal plants were screened for antibacterial activity specific to enteropathogens. diffusion and dilution methods were used to measure the antibacterial activity. allium sativum, camellia sinensis, and chamaesyce hirta showed higher activity when compared to the rest. they had a minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of < 100 micrograms/ml and gave inhib ... | 1997 | 9395690 |
| unique organization of the ctx genetic element in vibrio cholerae o139 strains which reemerged in calcutta, india, in september 1996. | we studied the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rrna gene and ctx genetic element in vibrio cholerae o139 bengal, which resurged in calcutta in september 1996 after a gap of 32 months. while the strains from this resurgence were indistinguishable from the earlier strains by ribotyping, the structure of the ctx genetic element present in the current o139 strains was found to be unconventional. | 1997 | 9399556 |
| pcr-based detection of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal with sequences encoding glycosyltransferases. | 1997 | 9399563 | |
| characterisation of vibrio cholerae 0139 isolated from diarrhoeal stools. | a total of 174 samples of acute diarrhoeal stools received over a period of seven months, yielded 101 isolated morphologically and biochemically resembling vibro cholerae. serologically, 57(56.4 per cent) of the 101 isolates were identified as v. cholerae 01 and remaining 44 (43.6 per cent) as v. cholerae 0139. keeping in mind the unique potential of 0139 among non 01 vibrio to cause epidemics, we decided to undertake the study of biochemical characters and physiological behaviour of all the 44 ... | 1996 | 9401240 |
| screening of tnphoa mutants of vibrio cholerae o139 for identification of antigens involved in colonisation. | a new serogroup of vibrio cholerae non-o1, designated as o139, has emerged causing cholera-like disease among adults. laboratory and field studies clearly show that there is no cross-protection between o1 and o139 pathogenic strains. since colonisation of the intestine is a most important step in the pathogenesis of cholera caused by o1 strains and colonising antigens are known to be protective, investigation of the colonising antigens of o139 strain was initiated. by tnphoa mutagenesis, mutants ... | 1997 | 9402922 |
| morphological features of a filamentous phage of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal. | a filamentous phage was isolated from carrier strain ai-1841 of vibrio cholerae 0139 bengal and thus was termed fs phage. the phage was measured to be approximately 1 microm in length and 6 nm in width. one end of the phage was slightly tapered and had a fibrous appendage. the plaques developed on strain ai-4450 of v. cholerae 0139 were small and turbid. the phage grew in strain ai-4450 and reached a size of 10(8) to 10(9) pfu/ml at 5 hr after infection without inducing any lysis of the host bac ... | 1997 | 9403498 |
| loss of biological activity due to glu-->arg mutation at residue 11 of the b subunit of cholera toxin. | since it has been reported that a single amino acid mutation of gly-->arg in the cagyc region of the beta chain of human thyroid stimulating hormone (htsh) was responsible for congenital isolated tsh deficiency, and that the same amino acid substitution in this site of htsh and human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) introduced by site-directed mutagenesis resulted in loss of activity, the authors studied the role of glutamic acid at position 11 (glu-11) from the n-terminus of the b subunit of choler ... | 1997 | 9405207 |
| substrate recognition by the leucyl/phenylalanyl-trna-protein transferase. conservation within the enzyme family and localization to the trypsin-resistant domain. | the leucyl/phenylalanyl-trna-protein transferase (l/f-transferase) from escherichia coli catalyzes a peptidyltransferase reaction that results in the n-terminal aminoacylation of acceptor proteins using leu-, phe-, and met-trnas as amino acid donors. we demonstrated that l/f-transferase homologs are widely distributed throughout the eubacteria, supporting our proposal that the enzyme family is ancient and catalyzes early peptide bond synthesis. however, here we present data suggesting that the l ... | 1997 | 9407082 |
| neonatal diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae 0139 bengal. | cholera rarely occurs in children under 2 years of age. we describe diarrhea due to vibrio cholerae 0139 bengal, the newly described etiologic agent of cholera in a 4-day-old breast-fed baby. however, the diarrhea was mild and was successfully treated with rehydration therapy and erythromycin. | 1995 | 9407221 |
| [bacterial diversity during the cholera epidemic in dakar, senegal (1995-1996)]. | vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa and biotype el tor (76.1%) was responsible of the outbreak of cholera in dakar, senegal (1995-1996). however, other bacteria were isolated, particularly vibrio cholerae non o:1/non o:139, vibrio fluvialis, vibrio alginolyticus. vibrio parahaemolyticus, salmonella sp.p, shigella sp.p (23.9%). the vibrio cholerae o:1 strains are multiresistant to sulfonamide, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol. 97% were also resistant to o/129 compound. fluoroquinolone and 3rd ge ... | 1997 | 9410248 |
| crystal structure of heat-labile enterotoxin from escherichia coli with increased thermostability introduced by an engineered disulfide bond in the a subunit. | cholera toxin (ct) produced by vibrio cholerae and heat-labile enterotoxin (lt-i), produced by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, are ab5 heterohexamers with an adp-ribosylating a subunit and a gm1 receptor binding b pentamer. these toxins are among the most potent mucosal adjuvants known and, hence, are of interest both for the development of anti-diarrheal vaccines against cholera or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli diarrhea and also for vaccines in general. however, the a subunits of ct and lt ... | 1997 | 9416616 |
| cholera in lima, peru, correlates with prior isolation of vibrio cholerae from the environment. | the authors utilized a recently developed dna probe technique to obtain quantitative data on occurrence of vibrio cholerae in samples collected monthly from 12 environmental sites in lima, peru, from november 1993 through march 1995. peak v. cholerae counts ranged from 10(2)/ml to 10(5)/ml, with the highest counts in sewage-contaminated areas and irrigation water. with our methodology, no v. cholerae cases were detected at any site during the winter months of july through october. counts were de ... | 1997 | 9420531 |
| toxr-independent expression of cholera toxin from the replicative form of ctxphi. | the ctxab operon, which encodes cholera toxin, resides in the genome of ctxphi, a filamentous bacteriophage. within vibrio cholerae cells, the ctxphi genome can exist either as a replicating plasmid or as a prophage integrated into the chromosome. previous work established that toxr is required for chromosomal ctxab expression. we have learned that strains harboring the ctxphi replicative form produce cholera toxin under all conditions tested, independently of toxr. during passage of ctxphi lyso ... | 1998 | 9423889 |
| rfah and the ops element, components of a novel system controlling bacterial transcription elongation. | the rfah protein controls the transcription of a specialized group of escherichia coli and salmonella operons that direct the synthesis, assembly and export of the lipopolysaccharide core, exopolysaccharide, f conjugation pilus and haemolysin toxin. rfah is a specific regulator of transcript elongation; its loss increases transcription polarity in these operons without affecting initiation from the operon promoters. the operons of the rfah-dependent regulon contain a short conserved 5' sequence, ... | 1997 | 9426123 |
| characterization of hapr, a positive regulator of the vibrio cholerae ha/protease gene hap, and its identification as a functional homologue of the vibrio harveyi luxr gene. | the vibrio cholerae ha/protease gene (hap) promoter is inactive in escherichia coli. we cloned and sequenced the 0.7kb hap promoter fragment from strain 3083-2 and showed that hap is located immediately 3' of ompw, encoding a minor outer membrane protein. a clone from a genomic library of strain 3083-2 was isolated, which was required for activation of the hap promoter in e. coli. expression from the hap promoter only occurred late in the growth phase. a single complete open reading frame (orf) ... | 1997 | 9426139 |
| vcr repetitive sequence elements in the vibrio cholerae chromosome constitute a mega-integron. | 1997 | 9426148 | |
| single dose ciprofloxacin in cholera. | to explore the efficacy of single dose ciprofloxacin therapy in cholera, a randomized, open, controlled clinical trial was carried out. seventy-four adult patient with positive vibrio cholerae 01 isolates were assigned to receive either ciprofloxacin in a single dose of 1 g (cip1), or ciprofloxacin 500 mg b.i.d., for 1 day (cip2), or doxycycline 100 mg b.i.d., for 3 days (d), or, for control, no antibiotics. mean liquid stool output volume did not show any statistically significant difference am ... | 1997 | 9426995 |
| rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o1 in west africa. | 1998 | 9433429 | |
| tcpp protein is a positive regulator of virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | the production of several virulence factors in vibrio cholerae o1, including cholera toxin and the pilus colonization factor tcp (toxin-coregulated pilus), is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. to specifically identify membrane proteins involved in these signal transduction events, we examined a transposon library of v. cholerae generated by tnbla mutagenesis for cells that produce tcp when grown under various nonpermissive conditions. to select for tcp-producing cells we used the ... | 1998 | 9435261 |
| comparison between the multiplex pcr, sensitivity to biotype specific phages & polymyxin b for biotyping of vibrio cholerae o1. | a total of 196 vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated between 1970 and 1996 were biotyped by multiplex pcr, susceptibility to polymyxin b and sensitivity to biotype specific phages. we modified the multiplex pcr by increasing the primer concentration of tcpa to improve the results. comparison of the results of modified multiplex pcr and sensitivity to biotype specific phages and to polymyxin b showed that multiplex pcr was as efficient as phage typing for biotyping of v. cholerae o1. all the strain ... | 1997 | 9439092 |
| cholera in a developing megacity; karachi, pakistan. | despite rapid urbanization and increasing affluence in karachi, cases of cholera are frequent. we analysed computerized isolation data from the akuh clinical microbiology laboratory, karachi, from 1990-6 to examine microbiological, temporal and demographic trends in vibrio cholerae infections. during this period 888 strains of v. cholerae (566 v. cholerae serogroup o1, and 204 v. cholerae serogroup o139) were isolated from specimens from 886 patients; 214/464 were adult inpatients, and 250/464 p ... | 1997 | 9440430 |
| differential regulation of multiple flagellins in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the human diarrheal disease cholera, is a motile bacterium with a single polar flagellum. motility has been implicated as a virulence determinant in some animal models of cholera, but the relationship between motility and virulence has not yet been clearly defined. we have begun to define the regulatory circuitry controlling motility. we have identified five v. cholerae flagellin genes, arranged in two chromosomal loci, flaac and flaedb; all five genes hav ... | 1998 | 9440520 |
| molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from sporadic cholera cases in okinawa, japan. | in july 1994, 6 cholera cases due to vibrio cholerae o1 el tor ogawa sporadically appeared in okinawa. all 6 patients had no history of traveling abroad. in the period of this cholera outbreak, a strain of v. cholerae o1 el tor ogawa was detected from an imported fish at the naha port quarantine station. the isolates were characterized to clarify whether or not, they belonged to a common clone. phenotypes were identical except that one strain revealed cured celebes and the others were original c ... | 1997 | 9444327 |
| on the antigenic determinants of the lipopolysaccharides of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotypes ogawa and inaba. | monoclonal, murine igg1s s-20-4, a-20-6, and iga 2d6, directed against vibrio cholerae o:1 ogawa-lipopolysaccharide exhibited the same fine specificities and similar affinities for the synthetic methyl alpha-glycosides of the (oligo)saccharide fragments mimicking the ogawa o-polysaccharide (o-ps). they did not react with the corresponding synthetic fragments of inaba o-ps. igg1s s-20-4 and a-20-6 have absolute affinity constants for synthetic ogawa mono- to hexasaccharides of from approximately ... | 1998 | 9446585 |
| emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in strains of vibrio cholerae isolated from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in calcutta, india. | 1998 | 9449291 | |
| a universal protocol for pcr detection of 13 species of foodborne pathogens in foods. | a universal protocol for pcr detection of 13 species of foodborne pathogens in foods was developed. the protocol used a universal culture medium and the same pcr conditions with 13 sets of specific primers. the 13 species of foodborne pathogens examined were escherichia coli, e. coli-etec, e. coli-o157:h7, shigella spp., salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, y. pseudotuberculosis, vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus and bacillus ... | 1997 | 9449811 |
| antibodies and antibody-secreting cells in the female genital tract after vaginal or intranasal immunization with cholera toxin b subunit or conjugates. | we studied the antibody response including antibody-secreting cells (asc) in the female genital tract of mice after mucosal immunizations with the recombinant b subunit of cholera toxin (rctb) perorally, intraperitoneally, vaginally, and intranasally (i.n.). the strongest genital antibody responses as measured with a novel perfusion-extraction method were induced after vaginal and i.n. immunizations, and these routes also gave rise to specific immunoglobulin a (iga) and igg asc in the genital mu ... | 1998 | 9453604 |
| investigation of the roles of toxin-coregulated pili and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin pili in the pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae o139 infection. | in this study, adult volunteers were fed tcpa and msha deletion mutants of v. cholerae o139 strain cvd 112 to determine the role of toxin-coregulated pili (tcp) and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) in intestinal colonization. eight of 10 volunteers who received cvd 112 or cvd 112 delta msha shed the vaccine strains in their stools; the geometric mean peak excretion for both groups was 1.4 x 10(5) cfu/g of stool. in contrast, only one of nine recipients of cvd 112 delta tcpa shed vibrios in ... | 1998 | 9453628 |
| use of representational difference analysis to identify genomic differences between pathogenic strains of vibrio cholerae. | representational difference analysis (rda) is a recently developed technique used for amplifying genetic differences between two closely related genomes. we compared rda and a modified version of rda to examine genomic differences between the two vibrio cholerae serogroups that cause epidemic cholera, o1 and o139, and between the two biotypes of the o1 serogroup. with both techniques, we recovered several sequences known to be found only in v. cholerae o139 but absent in its presumed progenitor, ... | 1998 | 9453654 |
| induction of fimbriated vibrio cholerae o139. | several fimbriated phases of vibrio cholerae o139 strains were selectively induced and compared immunologically and biochemically with those of v. cholerae o1. fimbrial antigens were detected on the surfaces of vibrio cells colonizing the epithelial cells of a rabbit small intestine. convalescent-phase sera from six individuals infected with v. cholerae o139 revealed the development of antibody against the fimbrillin. these findings suggest that the fimbriae of v. cholerae o1 and o139 are expres ... | 1998 | 9455882 |
| analysis of bacillus subtilis tagab and tagdef expression during phosphate starvation identifies a repressor role for phop-p. | the tagab and tagdef operons, which are adjacent and divergently transcribed, encode genes responsible for cell wall teichoic acid synthesis in bacillus subtilis. the bacillus data presented here suggest that phop and phor are required for direct repression of transcription of the two operons under phosphate starvation conditions but have no regulatory role under phosphate-replete conditions. these data identify for the first time that phop-p has a negative role in pho regulon gene regulation. | 1998 | 9457886 |
| a functional homolog of escherichia coli nhar in vibrio cholerae. | escherichia coli nhar controls expression of a sodium/proton (na+/h+) antiporter, nhaa. the vibrio cholerae nhar protein shows over 60% identity to those of escherichia coli and salmonella enteritidis. v. cholerae nhar complements an e. coli nhar mutant for growth in 100 mm licl-33 mm nacl, ph 7.6, and enhances the na+-dependent induction of an e. coli chromosomal nhaa::lacz fusion. these findings indicate functional homology to e. coli nhar. two v. cholerae nhar mutants were constructed by usin ... | 1998 | 9457888 |
| [the characteristics of the current stage in the development of the 7th cholera pandemic]. | the state and tendencies in the development of the epidemiological situation in cholera in the world (1961-1996) are evaluated. as revealed in this investigation, at the modern stage the development of the 7th pandemic characterized by the formation of stable and temporary endemic foci in a number of countries of asia, africa, central and south america and by the import of cholera from these foci to different countries of the world, including the cis countries and russia. the "trigger mechanism" ... | 1997 | 9460863 |
| isolation and characterization of a putative multidrug resistance pump from vibrio cholerae. | multidrug-resistant strains of vibrio cholerae (the causative agent of the diarrhoeal disease cholera) have recently been described. in an attempt to identify a homologue of the escherichia coli tolc in v. cholerae, we isolated a dna fragment (pvc) that enabled an e. coli tolc mutant to grow in the presence of 0.05% deoxycholate (doc). however, other tolc defects were not complemented. nucleotide sequence analysis of this fragment revealed the presence of two open reading frames (orf1 and orf2) ... | 1998 | 9466256 |
| structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from vibrio cholerae serotype o22. | the structure of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) from vibrio cholerae serogroup o22 was elucidated. the lps was subjected to a variety of degradative procedures, and the structures of the purified products were established by monosaccharide and methylation analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. the following structure for the complete lps molecule was determined on the basis of the combined data from these experiments. [formula: see text] the elucidation of ... | 1997 | 9468625 |
| studies on antimicrobial effect of the antihistaminic phenothiazine trimeprazine tartrate. | the antibacterial and bactericidal activities of the antihistamine trimeprazine were studied against 243 strains of bacteria which included both gram positive and gram negative types. the susceptibility of these bacterial strains to trimeprazine was assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) which was found to be between 10 and 100 micrograms/ml. nineteen strains of staphylococcus spp. and salmonella spp. were trimeprazine. most of the strains belonging to bacillus spp. ... | 1997 | 9468728 |
| [non-01 vibrio cholerae serogroup in mediterranean waters]. | 1997 | 9470189 | |
| [frequency of vibrio cholerae isolation from water and plankton of the lower salado river basin (santa fe, argentina)]. | in the lower salado river basin 85 samples of water and 40 of plankton were collected from january 1993 to december 1996. in the 69.4% of the water samples and in the 75% of the plankton samples vibrio cholerae was detected. none of the isolate strains belonged to o1 and o139 serogroups. the seasonality in the frequency of isolation of v. cholerae tested by multiple proportions comparison test was not confirmed (p > 0.05). there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the isolation frequ ... | 1997 | 9472141 |
| bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps)-specific antibodies in commercial human immunoglobulin preparations: superior antibody content of an igm-enriched product. | the anti-lps antibody content of commercial intravenous immunoglobulins was examined by quantitative elisa using lps preparations from escherichia coli, klebsiella and pseudomonas aeruginosa o serotypes occurring most frequently in gram-negative septicaemia. three igg products from different manufacturers and one igm-enriched product were tested. mean antibody levels were significantly higher in the igm fraction of the igm-enriched product compared with 'pure' igg products, indicating that natur ... | 1998 | 9472665 |
| role of rpos in stress survival and virulence of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is known to persist in aquatic environments under nutrient-limiting conditions. to analyze the possible involvement of the alternative sigma factor encoded by rpos, which is shown to be important for survival during nutrient deprivation in several other bacterial species, a v. cholerae rpos homolog was cloned by functional complementation of an escherichia coli mutant by using a wild-type genomic library. sequence analysis of the complementing clone revealed an 1.008-bp open read ... | 1998 | 9473029 |
| ordered cloned dna map of the genome of vibrio cholerae 569b and localization of genetic markers. | by using a low-resolution macrorestriction map as the foundation (r. majumder et al., j. bacteriol. 176:1105-1112, 1996), an ordered cloned dna map of the 3.2-mb chromosome of the hypertoxinogenic strain 569b of vibrio cholerae has been constructed. a cosmid library the size of about 4,000 clones containing more than 120 mb of v. cholerae genomic dna (40-genome equivalent) was generated. by combining landmark analysis and chromosome walking, the cosmid clones were assembled into 13 contigs cover ... | 1998 | 9473045 |
| sanitation for rural communities: first win the people's support. | a latrine project in an indian village which failed because the inhabitants were scarcely brought into its planning and execution is contrasted with a moderately successful scheme in another village where a concerted effort was made to educate the community about the value of latrines and to obtain the people's participation. | 1997 | 9478138 |
| [emerging infectious diseases--new-type cholera]. | 1997 | 9480309 | |
| [sporadic diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae non-o1 and characteristics of the isolates]. | in 1996, we examined five domestic and eight imported cases of sporadic diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae non-o1 in tokyo. the domestic cases occurred during the summer, from june to september, while the imported cases were seen throughout the year. the major clinical symptoms of the patients were watery diarrhea (100%) with an average frequency of 5.5 times/day, abdominal pain (77%), vomiting (31%) and fever (15%). a total of 13 strains isolated from these 13 cases had the typical biochemical ... | 1997 | 9483880 |
| change of ganglioside accessibility at the plasma membrane surface of cultured neurons, following protein kinase c activation. | while the mechanism of signal transduction across the plasma membrane from the exo- to the endoplasmic side has been extensively investigated, the possible return of messages back to the outer layer is less known. we studied the effect of protein kinase c activation on the ganglioside accessibility at the exoplasmic face of intact rat cerebellar granule cells in culture, using the enzyme sialidase as the probing molecule. under the experimental conditions (1 milliunit/ml enzyme, 2 min incubation ... | 1998 | 9485467 |
| ph-independent retrograde targeting of glycolipids to the golgi complex. | a small fraction of the molecules internalized by endocytosis reaches the golgi complex through a retrograde pathway that is poorly understood. in the present work, we used bacterial toxins to study the retrograde pathway in vero cells. the recombinant b subunit of verotoxin 1b (vt1b) was labeled with fluorescein to monitor its progress within the cell by confocal microscopy. this toxin, which binds specifically to the glycolipid globotriaosyl ceramide, entered endosomes by both clathrin-depende ... | 1998 | 9486120 |
| structural analysis of the o-antigenic polysaccharide from vibrio mimicus n-1990. | the o-antigenic polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide from vibrio mimicus n-1990 has been investigated. sugar and methylation analysis of native and dephosphorylated polysaccharide together with nmr spectroscopy show that the polysaccharide is composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units. the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide from v. mimicus n-1990 could be determined as: -->4)-alpha-d-galpnac-(1-->3)-beta-d-galpnac-(1-->2)-4,6-p-beta-d-galp-( 1-->3)-alpha-d-galpnac-(1 ... | 1998 | 9490076 |
| inactivation of two haemolytic toxin genes in aeromonas hydrophila attenuates virulence in a suckling mouse model. | the contribution of two unrelated aeromonas hydrophila beta-haemolytic toxins to virulence was assessed in a suckling mouse model. the first haemolysin gene, isolated from an a. hydrophila a6 cosmid bank, encoded a potential gene product of 621 amino acids and a predicted molecular size of 69.0 kda. the inferred amino acid sequence showed 89% identity to the ahh1 haemolysin of a. hydrophila atcc 7966, and 51% identity to the hlya haemolysin of vibrio cholerae ei tor strain o17. the second haemol ... | 1998 | 9493366 |
| characterization and possible functions of a new filamentous bacteriophage from vibrio cholerae o139. | the emergence and rapid rise to dominance of vibrio cholerae o139 in india and bangladesh in 1992 led to the consideration that choleraphage might serve as both a selective mechanism and a means for horizontal transmission of genetic information. a filamentous phage '493' from o139 strain aj27-493 has been purified and partially characterized. the phage was inactive on classical biotype v. cholerae o1 but it was active on el tor biotype strains isolated prior to 1994 when el tor re-emerged in ba ... | 1998 | 9493369 |
| emerging disease surveillance in southeast asia. | the emergence of infectious disease causing agents/pathogens necessitates a rational surveillance approach leading to early detection and appropriate intervention. surveillance activities with support from the us naval medical research unit no. 2 (namru-2), targeting susceptible populations/areas in southeast asia, have been organised using a multi-design strategy: 1) systematic multi-size (usually hospital-based) study; 2) investigation of (suspected) outbreak events involving significant case ... | 1997 | 9494669 |
| emerging infectious diseases and travel medicine. | international movement of individuals, populations, and products is one of the major factors associated with the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases as the pace of global travel and commerce increases rapidly. travel can be associated with disease emergence because (1) the disease arises in an area of heavy tourism, (2) tourists may be at heightened risk because of their activities, or (3) because they can act as vectors to transport the agent to new areas. examples of recently reco ... | 1998 | 9494841 |
| rise of cytosolic ca2+ and activation of membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase activity in rat enterocytes by heat-stable enterotoxin of vibrio cholerae non-01. | the cytosolic calcium level ([ca2+]i) and the membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase activity in the isolated rat intestinal epithelial cells were investigated. heat-stable enterotoxin of vibrio cholerae non-01 (nag-st) was found to increase both the [ca2+]i and the enzyme activity. these changes occur similarly until 5 min of incubation with nag-st, indicating that these changes might be involved in nag-st induced signal transduction in rat enterocytes. | 1998 | 9495023 |
| a vibrio cholerae pathogenicity island associated with epidemic and pandemic strains. | the bacterial species vibrio cholerae includes harmless aquatic strains as well as strains capable of causing epidemics and global pandemics of cholera. while investigating the relationship between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains, we identified a chromosomal pathogenicity island (pai) that is present in epidemic and pandemic strains but absent from nonpathogenic strains. initially, two toxr-regulated genes (alda and taga) were studied and were found to be associated with epidemic and pandem ... | 1998 | 9501228 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of vibrio cholerae isolates from a recent cholera outbreak in senegal: comparison with isolates from guinea-bissau. | a total of 127 strains of vibrio cholerae (117 v. cholerae o1 and 10 nonagglutinating strains) isolated from a recent cholera outbreak in senegal and four strains isolated in guinea-bissau (during the survey of a cholera epidemic that occurred 10 months before the senegalese one) were analyzed. strains were characterized by conventional methods (biochemical and serologic identification, susceptibility to antimicrobial agents), polymerase chain reaction for genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxa), zo ... | 1998 | 9502599 |
| polarizing response of human polymorphonuclear cells to vibrio cholerae. | leucocytes have the capacity to respond to chemotactic factors by becoming morphologically and functionally polarized and this method has been found to be suitable for measurement of chemotaxis. this work evaluates the effect of whole vibrio cholerae biotype el tor polarization of human polymorphonuclear (pmn) cells in comparison with strains of v. cholerae nag, vibrio alginolyticus and salmonella typhi. v. cholerae o1 induced, at different cell/bacteria ratios, a significant increase in the per ... | 1997 | 9503599 |
| recent advances in vaccine adjuvants for systemic and mucosal administration. | although vaccines produced by recombinant dna technology are safer than traditional vaccines, which are based on attenuated or inactivated bacteria or viruses, they are often poorly immunogenic. therefore, adjuvants are often required to enhance the immunogenicity of these vaccines. a number of adjuvants which are particulates of defined dimensions (<5 microm) have been shown to be effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of weak antigens in animal models. two novel adjuvants which possess sign ... | 1998 | 9504429 |
| mid-life crisis for m cells. | the epithelium that lines the gut is impermeable to macromolecules and microorganisms, except in peyer's patches (pp), where the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (fae) contains m cells that transport antigens and microorganisms. a cultured system that reproduces the main characteristics of fae and m cells was established by cultivation of pp lymphocytes with the differentiated human intestinal cell line caco-2. lymphocytes settled into the epithelial monolayer, inducing reorganization of ... | 1998 | 9505877 |
| molecular analysis of non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae associated with an unusual upsurge in the incidence of cholera-like disease in calcutta, india. | there was an inexplicable upsurge in the incidence of non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae among hospitalized patients admitted to the infectious diseases hospital, calcutta, india, between february and march 1996. of the 18 strains of v. cholerae isolated during this period, 15 belonged to the non-o1, non-o139 serogroups (4 belonged to o144, 3 belonged to o11, 1 each belonged to o6, o8, o12, o19, o39, and o58, and 2 strains could not be typed), 2 belonged to the o139 serogroup, and 1 belonged to th ... | 1998 | 9508308 |
| molecular evidence that a distinct vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strain in calcutta may have spread to the african continent. | we present molecular evidence that a distinct genotype of vibrio cholerae o1 which appeared in calcutta, india, in september 1993 and which is characterized by a unique ribotype that is not found in the standardized ribotyping scheme of v. cholerae and that shows a specific pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile may have spread to the west african country of guinea-bissau where it was responsible for an epidemic of cholera which began in october 1994 and continued into 1996. | 1998 | 9508329 |
| viable but non-culturable and dormant bacteria: time to resolve an oxymoron and a misnomer? | 1997 | 9511809 | |
| [inc j plasmids identified for the first time in vibrio cholerae el tor]. | two epidemic outbreaks of cholera occurred in eastern algeria in 1994. sixteen strains of vibrio cholerae el tor were isolated from stools and contaminated water. studies to determine antibiotic sensitivity documented multiresistance in these strains. minimal inhibiting concentrations ranged from 6 to 32 micrograms/ml for chloramphenicol, from 8 to 24 micrograms/ml for tetracycline except minocycline, and from 15 to 32 micrograms/ml for furanes. higher values were found for other antibiotics suc ... | 1997 | 9513150 |
| [indole non-production and antibiotic multiresistance of vibrio cholerae 0:1 in rwanda]. | 1997 | 9513166 | |
| lipopolysaccharide o-antigen expression and the effect of its absence on virulence in rfb mutants of vibrio cholerae o1. | using defined rfb mutants, defective in the biosynthesis of the o-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide (lps), and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the a, b and c lps antigens, we have examined the distribution of the antigens and the effects of their loss. by immunogold electron microscopy, it has been possible to determine the relative amounts of the a, b and c antigens on inaba and ogawa cells, confirming previous studies based upon bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination inhibitions. these a ... | 1998 | 9514575 |
| heterogeneity in the organization of the ctx genetic element in strains of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal isolated from calcutta, india and dhaka, bangladesh and its possible link to the dissimilar incidence of o139 cholera in the two locales. | after a lapse of 33 months, vibrio cholerae o139, the new serogroup associated with cholera, has re-emerged in calcutta, india and has become the dominant serogroup causing cholera from september 1996. in neighbouring bangladesh, v. cholerae o1 biotype el tor continues to be the dominant cause of cholera with the o139 serogroup accounting for only a small proportion of cases. comparison of the phenotypic traits of representative o139 strains from calcutta and dhaka isolated between december 1996 ... | 1998 | 9514639 |
| new cholera phages for vibrio cholerae serovar o139. | 1998 | 9515688 | |
| use of signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis to identify vibrio cholerae genes critical for colonization. | the pathogenesis of cholera begins with colonization of the host intestine by vibrio cholerae. the toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp), a fimbrial structure produced by v. cholerae, is absolutely required for colonization (i.e. the persistence, survival and growth of v. cholerae in the upper intestinal milieu), but many other aspects of the colonization process are not well understood. in this study, we use signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis (stm) to conduct a screen for random insertion mutatio ... | 1998 | 9515705 |
| changes in the periplasmic linker and in the expression level affect the activity of toxr and lambda-toxr fusion proteins in escherichia coli. | in order to assess the potentiality of vibrio cholerae toxr protein and of bacteriophage lambda repressor as indicators of the dimerization of periplasmic proteins in escherichia coli, we have constructed a series of plasmids encoding transmembrane fusion proteins. the amino-terminal part, containing the dna binding domain of either toxr or lambda repressor, is located in the cytoplasm and acts as reporter for dimerization. as models of periplasmic proteins we have used alkaline phosphatase (a d ... | 1998 | 9515742 |
| efficacy of oral hyposmolar glucose-based and rice-based oral rehydration salt solutions in the treatment of cholera in adults. | recent animal experiments and clinical trials have shown that both osmolarity and rice as the organic components are important factors for net intestinal absorption of an oral rehydration salt solution. | 1998 | 9517526 |
| selective tolerization of th1-like cells after nasal administration of a cholera toxoid-lack conjugate. | recent reports have suggested that after infection of balb/c mice with leishmania major, cd4+ t cells responding to a single antigen, lack (leishmania homologue of receptors for activated c kinase), drive the differentiation of other responding t cells to the th2 phenotype and so allow lesion development to occur. transgenic mice expressing lack in the thymus are tolerant to lack and thus resolve infection with l. major. the oral administration of soluble protein to mice has been shown to result ... | 1998 | 9521049 |
| a review of the current status of enteric vaccines. | much progress has been made in developing vaccines against the most important enteric infections. two new vaccines against typhoid fever (oral ty21a and parenteral vi polysaccharide) have been licensed in many countries. newer, more sophisticated typhoid vaccines undergoing clinical testing include recombinant attenuated salmonella typhi strains and vi polysaccharide-carrier-protein conjugate vaccines. two inactivated oral cholera vaccines, consisting of inactivated vibrio cholerae o1 bacteria a ... | 1995 | 9522876 |
| production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin of vibrio cholerae. | we have generated murine monoclonal antibodies (mab) against vibrio cholerae mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) using conventional hybridoma procedures. seven hybridomas were obtained and one characterized. hybridoma 2f12/f1 secreted an antibody of the igg3 type that reacted with a 17-kda antigen corresponding to the product of the msha gene. this mab inhibited mannose-sensitive agglutination of chicken erythrocytes by el tor and o139 vibrios. vibrios expressing msha activity inhibited bindi ... | 1998 | 9523239 |
| human matrix metalloprotease activation by insults of bacterial infection involving proteases and free radicals. | we found that human matrix metalloproteases (mmps) may be processed from their proenzyme forms (prommp) to their active forms by two new and unique mechanisms: firstly, by bacterial proteases such as pseudomonas elastase and vibrio cholerae protease, which cleave off the n-terminal autoinhibitory domain (so-called cysteine switch) from prommps. the second mechanism depends on free radical generation by activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns). in this case, peroxynitrite (onoo-) or nitrogen ... | 1998 | 9524071 |
| the interaction of the vibrio cholerae transcription factors, fur and irgb, with the overlapping promoters of two virulence genes, irga and irgb. | irga, a virulence gene in vibrio cholerae, encodes a 77kda outer membrane protein. irga expression is activated by irgb, which encodes a lysr-type transcription factor and is divergently transcribed from a promoter overlapping that of irga. expression of irga and irgb is repressed by iron and fur. a 200bp dna fragment containing the irga-irgb intergenic region was inserted between the escherichia coli phoa and lacz genes, respectively, to generate operon fusions to the two promoters, and this co ... | 1998 | 9524224 |
| adhesive property of toxin-coregulated pilus of vibrio cholerae o1. | the adhesive property of toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) to the human intestine jejunum), and whether or not tcp mediates the adhesion of vibrio cholerae 395 organisms to the intestinal epithelium were investigated using visually proving methods. the purified tcp did not agglutinate human erythrocytes nor adhere to the surface of human intestinal epithelium. v. cholerae 395 adhered to the epithelium, but the adhesion was not inhibited by blocking the pili with the fab fraction of anti-tcp igg. the ... | 1998 | 9525778 |
| association of a disease approximating cholera caused by vibrio cholerae of serogroups other than o1 and o139. | one hundred and six patients suffering from severe dehydrating diarrhoea were studied of whom 36 patients were positive for vibrio cholerae. out of 36, 15 were positive for v. cholerae o1, 10 for v. cholerae o139 and 11 for v. cholerae non-o1 non-o139. o1 and o139 were positive for the 301-bp ctxa amplicon and 471-bp tcpa amplicon indicating that the strains possessed toxigenic capability whereas no non-o1 non-o139 strain possessed ctxa or tcpa genes. post-admission severity of purging and amoun ... | 1998 | 9528811 |
| a recombinant live attenuated strain of vibrio cholerae induces immunity against tetanus toxin and bordetella pertussis tracheal colonization factor. | an attenuated strain of vibrio cholerae was used as a carrier for the expression of heterologous antigens such as fragment c from tetanus toxin (tetc) and tracheal colonization factor from bordetella pertussis (tcf). in vitro, high levels of protein were obtained when the escherichia coli nirb promoter was used and the bacteria were grown with low aeration. intranasal immunization of mice with iem101 expressing tetc elicited serum vibriocidal activity and induced antibodies against tetanus toxin ... | 1998 | 9529093 |
| [the etiology of el tor cholera]. | vibrio cholerae eltor has been shown to exist in two variants: epidemic (v. cholerae eltor hly-, tox+) and nonepidemic, or endemic (v. cholerae eltor hly+, tox-); each of these variants determines the corresponding form of manifestation of the infection among the population and requires a differentiated complex of antiepidemic measures, as well as different tactics for the treatment of patients. | 1998 | 9532681 |
| characterization of a 20-kda pilus protein expressed by a diarrheogenic strain of non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae. | a diarrheogenic strain of non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae (10,325) belonging to serogroup o34 was earlier shown to express a new type of pilus composed of a 20-kda subunit protein. amino-terminal sequence data (determined up to 20 amino acid residues) of this protein showed it to be different from the subunit proteins of other known types of pili of v. cholerae. on the other hand, it showed complete homology with the corresponding sequence of a 22-kda outer membrane protein (ompw) of v. cholerae ... | 1998 | 9532736 |
| [severe watery diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae in lambs]. | an outbreak of watery diarrhoea in lambs is described. seventeen lambs died within 24 hours after the start of the diarrhoea. at necropsy vibrio cholerae was isolated from the organs and intestines of three lambs. the strains did not react with o1 or o139 antisera, the strains responsible for cholera epidemics among humans. it is concluded that the diarrhoea in the lambs was caused by v. cholerae non-01/non-139. this microorganism had not been described before in lambs in the netherlands. | 1997 | 9534795 |
| identification of a regulatory protein required for pressure-responsive gene expression in the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium species strain ss9. | here, we report the characterization of a gene necessary for hydrostatic pressure regulation of gene expression in the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium species strain ss9. the deduced amino acid sequence of the gene product shares extensive similarity to toxr, a transmembrane dna-binding protein first discovered as a virulence determinant in the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae. changes in hydrostatic pressure induce changes in both the abundance and the activity of the ss9 toxr protein (or ... | 1998 | 9535087 |
| serological reactivity of humans to a vibrio cholerae common antigen. | over the course of seven pandemics, vibrio cholerae serotypes have varied. in 1992 the appearance of a new serotype, o139 bengal, began the eighth cholera pandemic. several new o139 antigens have been identified, yet a common v. cholerae antigen has not been described. in this study, a monoclonal antibody specific against an 18.7-kda outer membrane antigen reacted in dotblot analysis with 292 epidemiologically diverse v. cholerae isolates including o1, non-o1, and o139 serotypes. serum collected ... | 1998 | 9537749 |
| evaluation of different subcellular fractions of vibrio cholerae o139 in protection to challenge in experimental cholera. | various cellular fractions of vibrio cholerae o139 were prepared and evaluated in the rabbit ileal loop model of experimental cholera for identification of the protective antigen(s) relevant for vaccine development. lipopolysaccharides (lps) and capsular polysaccharides (cps) of o139 strains and its cell surface, membrane and cytosolic fractions were assayed for antibacterial immunity, whereas the cholera toxin was examined for antitoxic immunity. the lipopolysaccharides, membrane fraction and c ... | 1997 | 9537758 |
| molecular analysis of a filamentous phage (fsl) of vibrio cholerae o139. | a filamentous bacteriophage from vibrio cholerae o139 strain a1-4450 was isolated (fsl). the phage fsl had a ssdna genome and dsdna as a replicative form (rf) in lysogenic host cell. the dna sequence of fsl rf was determined. it consisted of 6340 bp and had a g + c content of 43.5%. fifteen possible orfs were found in fsl. one of them, orf384, was estimated to encode 384 amino acid residues (44.6 kda) and had homologous regions with the zot gene of v. cholerae and gene i of the coliphage group. ... | 1997 | 9540841 |
| misidentification of unusual aeromonas species as members of the genus vibrio: a continuing problem. | two unusual cases of aeromonas infection are described, one associated with bacteremia (aeromonas schubertii) and another in which the organism was recovered from an infected gall bladder (aeromonas veronii biotype veronii). these strains were initially identified as vibrio damsela and vibrio cholerae by the vitek and api 20e systems, respectively. use of appropriate screening tests and familiarity with the newer aeromonas species could prevent initial misidentifications and potential public hea ... | 1998 | 9542946 |
| evaluation of different antibiotics in inhibiting colonization of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in the rabbit intestine. | the effects of furazolidone, erythromycin and azithromycin in inhibiting colonisation of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in the rabbit intestine were tested. both v. cholerae o1 and o139 highly colonised the gut in control rabbits. the colonisation of furazolidone-resistant strains in the rabbit intestine was prevented effectively by both erythromycin and azithromycin. in furazolidone-sensitive strains, the efficacies of erythromycin and azithromycin were very much comparable to furazolidone. these ... | 1998 | 9551241 |
| a distinctive class of integron in the vibrio cholerae genome. | the ability of bacteria to acquire and disseminate heterologous genes has been a major factor in the development of multiple drug resistance. a gene, inti4, was identified that encodes a previously unknown integrase that is associated with a "gene-vcr" organization (vcrs are vibrio cholerae repeated sequences), similar to that of the well-characterized antibiotic resistance integrons. the similarity was confirmed by inti1-mediated recombination of a gene-vcr cassette into a class 1 integron. vcr ... | 1998 | 9554855 |
| oral administration of one dose of cholera toxin induces a systemic immune response prior to a mucosal immune response by a direct presentation in the spleen. | in the present report the results indicate that the oral administration of one dose of ct in rats results in an antibody immune response in the spleen 48 h later, whereas no antitoxin antibody forming cells were found in the peyer patches (pp), mesenteric lymph node (mln) and lamina propria (lp) of the small intestine. at this time the main isotype of the antitoxin antibodies in the spleen were igg and igm, 5 days after the priming, few antitoxin afc were observed in the mln, igg being the main ... | 1998 | 9557957 |
| immunogenicity of liposome-associated and refined antigen oral cholera vaccines in thai volunteers. | a mixture of vibrio cholerae antigens made up of crude fimbrial extract, lipopolysaccharide and procholeragenoid was administered orally to thai volunteers either as free antigen or associated with liposomes. all vaccines and controls were administered in three doses given at 14 day intervals. nine volunteers received liposome-associated vaccine and seven received free vaccine. liposomes without antigens were given to eight volunteers and seven volunteers received 5% nahco3 solution alone. both ... | 1998 | 9562686 |
| molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity. | cautious optimism has arisen over recent decades with respect to the long struggle against bacteria, viruses, and parasites. this has been offset, however, by a fatal complacency stemming from previous successes such as the development of antimicrobial drugs, the eradication of smallpox, and global immunization programs. infectious diseases nevertheless remain the world's leading cause of death, killing at least 17 million persons annually [61]. diarrheal diseases caused by vibrio cholerae or sh ... | 1998 | 9562989 |
| [molecular mechanisms of the emergence of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 and newly emerged vibrio cholerae]. | 1998 | 9564786 | |
| development and evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for rapid detection of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and o139. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for concurrent detection of rfb sequences specific for the o1 and the o139 serogroups of vibrio cholerae and for ctxa specific sequences. the multiplex pcr assay was found to be highly specific and sensitive and was capable of detecting 65 cfu and 200 cfu per assay of v. cholerae o1 and o139, respectively. evaluation of the multiplex pcr assay using 121 stool samples from patients admitted to the infectious diseases hospital, calcutta, sh ... | 1998 | 9566491 |
| gastroenteritis due to vibrio cholerae el-tor ogawa in dhule. | for v. cholerae isolation, stool sample is better than rectal swab. direct oxidase test on stool is easy and reliable. v. cholerae el-tor ogawa is predominant type in dhule area. new phage type t27 was reported. tetracyclin resistance needs further studies. | 1997 | 9567501 |
| filamentous phage fs1 of vibrio cholerae o139. | filamentous phage, fs1, was obtained from vibrio cholerae o139. the lysogenized strains produced a large amount of fs1 phage in the culture supernatant. this phage was previously reported as novel fimbriae of that organism. the genome of the phage was a 6.5 kb single-stranded dna. the capsid of fsl consists of a small molecule peptide (about 2.5 kda). | 1998 | 9570290 |
| acalculous cholecystitis and septicemia caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae: first reported case and review of biliary infections with vibrio cholerae. | the first case of septicemic acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae is described in a healthy traveler, and biliary tract infections from v. cholerae are reviewed. immediately after a vacation in cancun, mexico, a 55-year-old man developed acute cholecystitis. blood and bile cultures grew non-o1 v. cholerae. at surgery, the gallbladder was acalculous, inflamed, distended, and nearly ruptured. pathogenetic factors may have included diarrhea prophylaxis with bismuth subsal ... | 1998 | 9572025 |
| validation of a volunteer model of cholera with frozen bacteria as the challenge. | to evaluate a standardized inoculum of vibrio cholerae for volunteer challenge studies, 40 healthy adult volunteers were challenged at three different institutions with a standard inoculum prepared directly from vials of frozen, virulent, el tor inaba v. cholerae n16961, with no further incubation. groups of 5 volunteers, with each group including 2 volunteers with blood group o, were given a dose of 10(5) cfu, and 34 of the 40 volunteers developed diarrhea (mean incubation time, 28 h). transien ... | 1998 | 9573077 |