Publications

lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, requires two coordinately regulated factors for full virulence: cholera toxin (ct), a potent enterotoxin, and toxin-coregulated pili (tcp), surface organelles required for intestinal colonization. the structural genes for ct are shown here to be encoded by a filamentous bacteriophage (designated ctxphi), which is related to coliphage m13. the ctxphi genome chromosomally integrated or replicated as a plasmid. ctxphi used tcp as its receptor and inf ...	1996	8658163
antigen binding properties of purified immunoglobulin a and reconstituted secretory immunoglobulin a antibodies.	the hybridoma cell line zac3 expresses vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (lps)-specific mouse iga molecules as a heterogeneous population of monomeric (igam), dimeric (igad), and polymeric (igap) forms. we describe a gentle method combining ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography for the simultaneous and qualitative separation of the three molecular forms. milligram quantities of purified iga molecules were recovered allowing for direct comparison of the ...	1996	8663142
structure of the o-specific polysaccharide of an aeromonas trota strain cross-reactive with vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.	the o-specific polysaccharide of an aeromonas trota strain was isolated by hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide at ph 4.5 followed by gel-permeation chromatography and found to consist of hexasaccharide repeating units containing d-galactose, l-rhamnose, 3,6-dideoxy-l-xylo-hexose (colitose, col), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose in the ratios 1:1:2:1:1. partial hydrolysis of the polysaccharide with 48% hydrofluoric acid resulted in selective removal of colitose t ...	1996	8665933
changing epidemiology of cholera due to vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 bengal in dhaka, bangladesh.	at the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr, b) dhaka we studied the trends in cholera for the period january 1992 to may 1995. vibrio cholerae o139 bengal emerged as a second aetiologic agent of cholera in dhaka in january 1993. in 1993, the majority of cholera cases was due to v. cholerae o139, with v. cholerae o1 accounting for a small proportion of cases. during the latter part of the study period (jan 1994-may 1995), v. cholerae o1 re-emerged as the predom ...	1996	8666070
production of the new cholera toxin by environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae non-o1.	one of five strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolated from environmental sources caused fluid accumulation in an initial rabbit ileal loop (ril) test. the four strains that caused little or no accumulation of fluid gave a positive response after one-to-three consecutive passages through rils. the amount of fluid produced increased after each passage. filtrates of cultures of all five environmental isolates caused fluid accumulation similar to that produced by live cells. the enterotoxin showed ...	1996	8667409
haemolysin produced by vibrio cholerae non-o1 is not enterotoxic.	of 28 isolates of vibrio cholerae non-o1 (10 from diarrhoeal patients and 18 from environmental sources) examined for haemolytic activity and its correlation, if any, with enterotoxic activity, 24 showed haemolysis. the four non-haemolytic isolates showed haemolysis after consecutive passages through rabbit ileal loops (rils). the titres of haemolytic activity were 4-64 hu/ml irrespective of their source. eight (28.5%) of the non-o1 isolates caused fluid accumulation; six (25%) were haemolytic a ...	1996	8667410
cholera: outlook for the twenty-first century.		1996	8673611
vibrio cholerae o139: how great is the threat of a pandemic?	the emergence of the new strain vibrio cholerae o139 and its rapid spread in bangladesh and india together with its detection in several other countries, have raised the question whether this constitutes the beginning of the eighth pandemic of cholera, and if so, how large a threat it poses. in an attempt to answer this question, epidemic spread patterns of vibrio cholerae o139 strain in bangladesh were studied. initially the epidemic moved quickly and affected the entire coastal and estuarine t ...	1996	8673845
efficient expression, processing and secretion of a biologically active mammalian protein by vibrio cholerae.	the use of vibrio cholerae as a secretory expression system for the expression of a mammalian protein, namely human growth hormone, under the control of the heat labile enterotoxin chain b signal sequence is reported. the protein is efficiently expressed and processed. the mature protein is exported to the periplasm after which it is secreted to the extracellular milieu. the expressed and secreted hgh actively binds to its receptor as established by its receptor binding activity. the biological ...	1996	8674542
synthesis of hybrid molecules between heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin b subunits: potential for use in a broad-spectrum vaccine.	three variants of the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) were generated by site-specific mutagenesis in which regions of the mature protein were altered to the composition found at the corresponding positions of the closely related b subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (ltb). the mutant proteins were expressed in vibrio cholerae and purified from the growth medium. in the first of the mutant proteins, the first 25 amino acids corresponded to the sequence found i ...	1996	8675319
alterations in vibrio cholerae motility phenotypes correlate with changes in virulence factor expression.	motility is thought to contribute to the virulence of vibrio cholerae, but the role it plays in pathogenesis is not completely understood. to investigate the influence of motility on virulence gene expression and intestinal colonization, we have isolated mutants with altered swarming abilities in soft agar medium. both spontaneous hyperswarmer (exhibiting faster swarm rates) and spontaneous or transposon-induced nonmotile mutants of strain 0395 were obtained. surprisingly, we found that two of t ...	1996	8675334
new evidence for an inflammatory component in diarrhea caused by selected new, live attenuated cholera vaccines and by el tor and q139 vibrio cholerae.	using a lactoferrin latex agglutination assay, we have compared the inflammatory responses to a cholera vaccine candidate, cvd 110, in which all known toxin genes have been deleted or mutated yet still produced significant diarrhea, with a less reactive vaccine strain and wild-type el tor and 0139 vibrio cholerae strains. data suggest that diarrhea due to attenuated and wild-type el tor v. cholerae, and to a lesser extent 0139 v. cholerae, involves an inflammatory response. further study is requ ...	1996	8675353
the vellore vibrio watch.		1996	8676669
[acute renal failure as a complication of cholera].	we present a 72-year-old man who had episodes of severe, acute renal failure during severe attacks of diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae. patterns of acute tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis developed following hypotension and decrease in renal blood flow, causing secondary renal ischemia. there was severe dehydration with profound hypovolemia and infection. the clinical picture included fever, weakness, arthralgia, pedal edema, mild bilateral pleural effusions, anemia, leukocytos ...	1995	8682355
global climate controversy.		1996	8683813
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) of cholera toxin genes in vibrio cholerae o139 recovered from patients in thailand, india and bangladesh.	since its first appearance in 1992, vibrio cholerae o139 has caused large epidemics of a cholera-like disease in india and bangladesh and has subsequently spread to several neighboring countries. we characterized and compared 56 v. cholerae o139 isolates recovered from patients in thailand, india and bangladesh by analyzing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) of their ctx genes. the strains comprised 9 different bgli cleavage patterns of ctx genes (ct genotypes) and contained 1-4 ge ...	1995	8685638
[vibrios pathogenic to humans and laboratory diagnosis of diseases caused by them].	present-day taxonomic status of vibrios pathogenic for humans is discussed, as are the phenotypical characteristics of some species, factors of virulence, and clinical manifestations of diseases caused by these agents. a scheme of isolation and identification of vibrios pathogenic for humans is offered.	1995	8689064
nitric oxide inhibits rat intestinal secretion by clostridium difficile toxin a but not vibrio cholerae enterotoxin.	intestinal inflammation is associated with increased synthesis of nitric oxide, whereas inhibition of no synthase (nos) reduces experimental chronic intestinal inflammation. the aim of this study was to test the effects of no blockers and donors on acute intestinal inflammation induced by clostridium difficile toxin a in rat ileum.	1996	8690206
non-o1 vibrio cholerae bacteraemia without diarrhoea.		1996	8691963
epidemic diarrhoea due to vibrio cholerae non-o1.		1993	8695332
cholera in british columbia.		1996	8696272
toxin-coregulated pilus, but not mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin, is required for colonization by vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype and o139 strains.	the relative contributions of toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) and cell-associated mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) to the colonization ability of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype strains and o139 bengal strains was determined by using isogenic parental and in-frame deletion mutant pairs in the infant mouse cholera model. both the el tor and o139 tcpa mutant strains showed a dramatic defect in colonization as indicated by their competitive indices, whereas deletion of msha had a negligible e ...	1996	8698524
[the use of a new strain of vibrio cholerae o139 as a producer of an enteric chemical vaccine].	conditions for the submerged cultivation of a strain of v. cholerae o139, were worked out. these conditions ensured a high yield of biomass, soluble o-antigen and exoenzymes (proteinase, phospholipase a) into the culture medium, which exceeded their production by strains of serovar o1, respectively, 2, 3, 4 and 8 times. the preparation, isolated from the culture fluid and lyophilized, contained up to 50% of o-antigen and exoenzymes. in experiments on white mice the preparation exhibited low toxi ...	1996	8701657
epidemic cholera in latin america, 1991-1993: implications of case definitions used for public health surveillance.	this report presents the various cholera case definitions used by the affected countries of latin america, shows the numbers of cholera cases and deaths attributable to cholera (as reported by latin american countries to paho through 1993), and describes some regional trends in cholera incidence. the information about how cholera cases were defined was obtained from an october 1993 paho questionnaire. in all, 948429 cholera cases were reported to paho by affected latin american countries from ja ...	1996	8704754
an immunochemical study of serological cross-reaction between lipopolysaccharides from vibrio cholerae o22 and o139.	a comparative chemical and serological study of the lps of vibrio cholerae o139 and o22 was performed. chemical analysis revealed that the sugar composition of the lps of strain o22 was quite similar to that of o139 lps. each contained d-glucose, l-glycero-d-manno-heptose, colitose (3,6-dideoxy-l-galactose), d-fructose, d-glucosamine, d-quinovosamine and d-galacturonic acid. the o-antigenic relationship between the two strains was analysed by passive haemolysis (ph) and passive haemolysis inhibi ...	1996	8704989
an ace up the sleeve of the cholera bacterium.		1996	8705848
protection against mortality due to vibrio cholerae infection in infant rabbits caused by immunization of mothers with cholera protective antigen.	vaccination of female rabbits with cholera protective antigen (cpa) protected their f1 progeny from lethal challenge with vibrio cholerae. protection was determined by the choleragenic score and survival rates. serum and milk igg, igm, iga titres to cpa, cholera toxin, and lps were determined. at 8 and 20 weeks post-immunization, mothers' milk, sera, and infants' sera showed elevated cpa-specific igg and iga, and infants were protected. mothers' serum and milk antibody remained elevated for 36 w ...	1996	8708328
faecal leucocytes in cholera due to vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.		1996	8708334
randomised controlled comparison of single-dose ciprofloxacin and doxycycline for cholera caused by vibrio cholerae 01 or 0139.	effective antimicrobial therapy can reduce the duration and volume of cholera diarrhoea by half. however, such treatment is currently limited by vibrio cholerae resistance to the drugs commonly prescribed for cholera, and by the difficulties involved in the administration of multi-drug doses under field conditions. because of its favourable pharmacokinetics we thought it likely that single-dose ciprofloxacin would be effective in the treatment of cholera.	1996	8709688
analysis of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal isolated from different geographical areas using macrorestriction dna analysis.	vibrio cholerae o139 isolated from different countries, as well as from different locations within a country, were examined using macrorestriction dna analysis to determine the clonality of the o139 strains. noti digests of genomic dna of representative strains from nepal, india, bangladesh, china, thailand, and malaysia revealed very similar but not identical patterns. examinations of the banding patterns generated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of strains isolated within countries reveale ...	1996	8709866
cluster of cases of clinical cholera due to vibrio cholerae 010 in east delhi.	a total of 514 samples of acute diarrhoeal stools received over a period of four months yielded 315 isolates morphologically and biochemically resembling v. cholerae. out of 315 isolates, 223 (70.8%) were identified as v. cholerae 01, 20 (6.4%) as 0139 and 42 (13.3%) as 010. thirty (9.5%) isolates did not agglutinate with any of the available antisera. all v. cholerae 010 isolates showed complete homogeneity in their biochemical and physiological properties. this strain appears to be closely rel ...	1996	8714141
emergence of vibrio cholerae o139.		1996	8714254
clinical features of infantile diarrhea associated with single or multiple enteric pathogens.	clinical features of infantile diarrhea were studied among 603 infants from birth to 12 months of age to determine the predominant clinical feature(s) seen in infantile diarrhea associated with a specific enteric pathogen. among the major clinical features, fever was most often seen in diarrhea due to yersinia spp. (61.5%) followed by that in rotavirus (26.1%). vomiting was mostly associated with vibrio cholerae infection (90.9%) and shigellosis (64.6%). dehydration was predominant in vibrio cho ...	1995	8714622
bacterial ghosts: non-living candidate vaccines.	expression of cloned phix174 gene e in bacteria results in lysis of bacteria. it is unique among phage lysis systems as it introduces a transmembrane tunnel structure through the cell envelope complex of gram-negative bacteria. the resulting bacterial ghosts have intact envelope structures devoid of cytoplasmic contents. e-mediated lysis has been achieved in a variety of gram-negative bacteria including escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, vibrio cholerae, klebsiella pneumoniae, and actinob ...	1996	8717400
a natural vaccine candidate strain against cholera.	e1 tor vibrio cholerae (evc) strains may be classified into two kinds-epidemigenic (eevc) strains and non-epidemigenic (neevc) strains-based on a phage-biotyping system. a large number of eevc strains have been screened for toxigenic and putative colonization attributes. one such naturally occurring strains (designated iem101) has been found which is devoid of genes encoding cholera toxin (ct), accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), zonula occludens toxin (zot), but possesses rs1 sequences and tox ...	1995	8719177
vibrio cholerae non-o1 primary septicaemia following a large thermal burn.	a case of primary septicaemia with a vibrio cholerae not agglutinable with o group 1 sera is reported in a burn patient. this appears to be the first reported case of this organism causing infection in a burn patient. the case is discussed, highlighting the difficulties encountered in treating this unexpected organism and the course of the infection in this patient. it is probable that the organism was obtained during first aid for the burn wound.	1996	8719316
incidence of vibrio cholerae o1 diarrhea in children at the onset of cholera epidemic in periurban lima, peru.	to determine the incidence of vibrio cholerae o1-associated diarrhea in children during the onset of the 1991 cholera epidemic in peru.	1996	8724063
nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae 01 serotype inaba biotype el tor associated with a cluster of cases of cholera in southern india.	thirteen strains of vibrio cholerae 01 belonging to the inaba serotype el tor biotype isolated from patients during an outbreak of cholera in the town of warangal in southern india were found to be nontoxigenic (nt), since they did not produce cholera toxin or hybridize with dna probes specific for cholera toxin, zot, or ace. the unheated and heated culture supernatants of the nt v. cholerae 01 evoked a rapid cell-rounding effect when introduced on confluent layers of cho and hela cells which co ...	1996	8727886
molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated during cholera outbreaks in guinea-bissau.	in the present study, 19 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor isolated during outbreaks of cholera in guinea-bissau in 1987, 1994, and 1995 were characterized to investigate a possible epidemiological relationship among the isolates. on the basis of ribotyping with the restriction enzyme bgli, 5 strains isolated in 1987 showed two closely related ribotypes, while 14 strains isolated in 1994 and 1995 showed the same ribotype that was distinct from the ribotypes of strains isolated in 1987 ...	1996	8727901
demonstration of a lack of synergistic effect of rotavirus with other diarrheal pathogens on severity of diarrhea in children.	the severity of group a rotavirus (rv) diarrhea was compared with that of mixed infections of rv with diarrheagenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae o1, and shigella species by a scoring system. the severity of mixed infections of rv and e. coli was the same as that of infections with rv alone. rv infections mixed with v. cholerae and shigella species mimicked cholera and shigellosis, respectively.	1996	8727937
role of cell-associated n-acetyl-d-glucosamine specific haemagglutinin in the adhesion of vibrio cholerae o1 to rabbit intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.	previously a n-acetyl-d-glucosamine specific cell-associated haemagglutinin (ha) had been purified from a vibrio cholerae o1 strain. this study documents the role of this purified ha as an adhesin of v. cholerae o1. a significant inhibition in the adhesion of v. cholerae o1 bacterial cells to isolated rabbit intestinal brush borders (ribb) was observed when the latter were pretreated with purified ha in elisa. antibody raised against purified ha and fab (igg) fragment of this serum inhibited adh ...	1996	8731017
dna fingerprinting of vibrio cholerae strains with a novel insertion sequence element: a tool to identify epidemic strains.	a novel vibrio cholerae insertion sequence element, designated is1004, was characterized and used for dna fingerprinting of vibrio spp. is1004 comprises 628 bp and contains an open reading frame whose product shows a large degree of sequence identity with the is200-encoded transposase. is1004 was present in one to eight copies in most of the v. cholerae strains analyzed. the is1004-generated fingerprints of epidemic v. cholerae strains with serotype o1 were closely related, although it was possi ...	1996	8735097
first line immunochemotherapy with cisplatin-based protocol by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes in ovarian cancer: technique and results of 82 cases.	the aim of this study, initiated in 1982, was to determine the feasibility and the interest of a first-line immunochemotherapy delivered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intravenous (i.v.) routes combined in ovarian cancer.	1996	8735760
effects of dibutyryl camp and bacterial toxins on indoleamine-induced encystment of dinoflagellates.	dinoflagellates are the causative agents of red tides with worldwide occurrence and can be induced to encyst by in doleamines such as melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-mot). this biological response may be mediated via indoleamine-binding proteins or receptors. here we report the initial characterization of the signal transduction mechanisms by which indoleamines induce encystment of dinoflagellates. in particular, we explored the possible involvement of g proteins and camp in cyst formation. ...	1996	8739320
mechanism and treatment of diarrhoea due to vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli: roles of drugs and prostaglandins.	the primary objectives of these studies were to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of the potential antisecretory and antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of diarrhoea due to vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec). the drugs evaluated were chlorpromazine (cpz), nicotinic acid, berberine, indomethacin, chloroquine, tetracycline, furazolidone, and bioflorin. additionally, the role of prostaglandins (pgs) in the pathogenesis of cholera diarrhoea has been studied. the dr ...	1996	8741209
purification of subunit b of shiga toxin using a synthetic trisaccharide-based affinity matrix.	the blood group p1 antigenic trisaccharide (3), which is the receptor-binding ligand of shiga-like toxins, is synthesized in a spacer-equipped form (32) from 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl glucoside 5 and the 1-thiogalactoside building blocks 10 and 22 in a stereocontrolled, stepwise fashion. covalent attachment of 32 to hydrazine group-containing agarose gel by reductive amination provided the p1 trisaccharide-containing affinity sorbent which was used for preparative scale isolation of subunit b of s ...	1996	8741990
estimation of single-strand breaks induced in the dried film of dna by high energy alpha particle from a cyclotron.	dna extracted and purified from vibrio cholerae ogawa 154 cells and prepared in the form of a dry thin film was exposed in air to a beam of alpha particles obtained from a variable energy cyclotron. the number of single-strand breaks per dna unit exhibited a linear dose-effect relationship indicating the occurrence of single-hit kinetics. the efficiency and yield of alpha-induced single-strand breaks were approximately 72 ev/break and 1.39 respectively.	1996	8744831
[cholera].	cholera remains a great epidemic disease. the spread of the current pandemic due to vibrio cholerae o1, the discovery of a permanent aquatic reservoir due to dormant state of vibrio, the occurrence in 1992 of the new pathogenic serotype o139 in india, and increasing antibiotic resistance are clear demonstration that this old disease is far from conquered. clinical manifestations are due to the stimulation of enterocytic camp by vibrio's enterotoxin. treatment by appropriate early rehydration is ...	1996	8746034
atypical infection due to vibrio cholerae in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.		1995	8749654
prevalence of vibrio cholerae and salmonella in a major shrimp production area in thailand.	in 1992 and 1993, a 7 months study carried out in a major shrimp-producing area in southern thailand to study the prevalence of vibrio cholerae and salmonella. a total of 158 samples were examined including water, sediment, shrimp, pelleted feed, shrimp gut, and chicken manure. salmonella was not recovered from any sample type studied. v. cholerae o1 was isolated from 2 (2%) and v. cholerae non-o1 was isolated from 35 (33%) of 107 samples examined. the occurrence of v. cholerae was not significa ...	1995	8751094
construction and characterization of a potential live oral carrier-based vaccine against vibrio cholerae o139.	the rfb region from vibrio cholerae o139 strain mo45 was cloned from cosmid gene banks established in escherichia coli hb101, using an immunoblot assay for screening of the correct clones. immunoblot analysis of lipopolysaccharide (lps) preparations revealed the presence of two types of positive clones: (i) those expressing only a short core-linked o polysaccharide (sops) and (ii) those also expressing a highly polymerized capsular polysaccharide (cps) not bound to the e. coli k-12 lps core. in ...	1996	8751900
immune mechanisms and protective antigens of vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 as a basis for vaccine development.	we have characterized 11 isolates of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal with regard to properties deemed to be relevant for development of a vaccine against o139 cholera. for most strains two colony variants, a and b, which are nonhemolytic and hemolytic, respectively, were detected on blood agar. the a and b variants were associated with high- and low-level production of soluble hemagglutinin-protease, respectively. however, on luria-bertani agar both types formed opaque colonies, which has been shown ...	1996	8751929
differential expression of the toxr regulon in classical and e1 tor biotypes of vibrio cholerae is due to biotype-specific control over toxt expression.	the two major disease-causing biotypes of vibrio cholerae, classical and el tor, exhibit differences in their epidemic nature. their behavior in the laboratory also differs in that el tor strains produce two major virulence factors, cholera toxin (ct) and the toxin coregulated pilus (tcp), only under very restricted growth conditions, whereas classical strains do so in standard laboratory medium. expression of toxin and tcp is controlled by two activator proteins, toxr and toxt, that operate in ...	1996	8755590
mechanism of membrane damage by el tor hemolysin of vibrio cholerae o1.	el tor hemolysin (eth; molecular mass, 65 kda) derived from vibrio cholerae o1 spontaneously assembled oligomeric aggregates on the membranes of rabbit erythrocyte ghosts and liposomes. membrane-associated oligomers were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting into two to nine bands with apparent molecular masses of 170 to 350 kda. eth assembled oligomers on a liposomal membrane consisting of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, but not on a membr ...	1996	8757822
purification and characterization of an extracellular secretogenic non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin produced by clinical strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1.	some clinical strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1 produce an extracellular factor that evokes a rapid and dramatic cytotoxic response which manifests as cell rounding of chinese hamster ovary (cho) and hela cells without accompanying membrane damage. this study was performed to establish the identity of the non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin (nmdcy), which was not inhibited by antitoxins against cholera toxin, heat-labile toxin of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, el tor hemolysin, shiga-like toxin i ...	1996	8757840
relative significance of mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin and toxin-coregulated pili in colonization of infant mice by vibrio cholerae el tor.	a previously described in-frame deletion in msha--the gene encoding the structural subunit of the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin pilus--has been introduced into the chromosome of three el tor o1 strains of vibrio cholerae. none of the deltamsha mutants showed significant attenuation or loss of colonization potential in the infant mouse cholera model. a second mutation, created by insertion of a kanamycin resistance cartridge into deltamsha, also failed to affect in vivo behavior. in contrast, s ...	1996	8757877
acute appendicitis secondary to non-0 group i vibrio cholerae.	acute appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical condition and is usually associated with colonic flora. the patient described had acute appendicitis associated with an uncommon microorganism. this report underscores the importance of obtaining an adequate occupational, travel, and dietary history.	1996	8758879
a putative integrase gene defines the distal end of a large cluster of toxr-regulated colonization genes in vibrio cholerae.	a large cluster of virulence genes encoding proteins involved in vibrio cholerae accessory colonization factor (acf) expression and toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) biogenesis is flanked by sequences that resemble bacteriophage attachment (att) half-sites. adjacent to the attl-like site is a gene (int) that encodes a protein related to the integrase family of site-specific recombinases. the putative vibrio integrase appears to be most closely related to the escherichia coli cryptic prophage (cp4-57 ...	1996	8760931
resurgence of cholera in hong kong.	cholera is one of the three diseases subject to the international health regulations. after a period of over 30 years, the seventh pandemic of cholera, which started in south east asia in 1961, still shows no sign of a decline. on the contrary, it has increased its severity and invaded many other countries in africa and latin america. in the last two years, there has been a recrudescence of the disease in south east asia and western pacific regions. the discovery of a new strain of vibrio choler ...	1996	8760949
comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping for subtyping of vibrio cholerae o139 isolated in thailand.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of cpo i-digested genomic dna and ribotyping (bgl i) were applied to 60 vibrio cholerae strains including 48 v. cholerae o139 from thailand to compare their value in differentiating strains of the present v. cholerae o139 epidemic. pfge patterns were divided into groups a and b representing five and four subtypes, respectively, while ribotyping showed four different patterns. pfge group b subtypes were only presented among o139 isolates from thailand, wher ...	1996	8760950
occurrence of culturable vibrio cholerae o139 with ctx gene in various components of the aquatic environment in bangladesh.		1996	8761569
species and serovars of enteropathogenic agents associated with acute diarrheal disease in rosario, argentina.	we report the most frequent species and serovars of enteropathogenic organisms in rosario from 1985 to 1993. enteropathogenic escherichia coli was the most prevalent agent affecting 144/570 (25.2%) children; 0111 represented 41.8%, 055: 13.6%, 0119: 12.7%. among enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) the most frequent were etec-st 0128:h21 and 0153:h45. shigella spp were isolated in 8.8%; s. flexneri: 7%, principally type 2 (59.5%); s. sonnei: 1.6%, and s. dysenteriae type 2: 0.2%. campylobacter spp wer ...	1996	8762632
a new type of conjugative transposon encodes resistance to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and streptomycin in vibrio cholerae o139.	vibrio cholerae o139 is the first non-o1 serogroup of v. cholerae to give rise to epidemic cholera. apparently, this new serogroup arose from an el tor o1 strain of v cholerae, but v. cholerae o139 is distinguishable from v. cholerae el tor o1 by virtue of its novel antigenic structure and also its characteristic pattern of resistances to the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, streptomycin, and furazolidone. we found that the first three of these antibiotic resistances are carried on an ...	1996	8763944
synthesis of four glycosides of a disaccharide fragment representing the terminus of the o-polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype inaba, bearing aglycons suitable for linking to proteins.	methyl 4-azido-3-o-benzyl-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-d-mannopyranoside was converted into the crystalline 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 4-azido-2-o-benzoyl-3-o-benzyl-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-d-mannopyranoside. debenzoylation of the latter, followed by glycosylation of the resulting 2-hydroxy derivative with 2-o-acetyl-4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl chloride, gave the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl glycoside of the corresponding disaccharide (8). deacetylation of 8, followed by reduction of the resulting 4-azido ...	1996	8765728
prevalence, antimicrobial properties and beta-lactamase production of haemolytic enterobacteria in patients with diarrhoea and urinary tract infections in legos, nigeria.	to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial properties and beta-lactamase production of haemolytic enterobacteria in patients with diarrhoea and urinary tract infections in lagos, nigeria.	1996	8771935
a simple filtration method to remove plankton-associated vibrio cholerae in raw water supplies in developing countries.	plankton to which cells of vibrio cholerae o1 and/or o139 were attached was introduced into 0.5% instant ocean microcosms maintained at 25 degrees c. the bulk of the plankton and associated particulates was removed with a filter constructed from either nylon net and one of several different types of sari material, the latter being very inexpensive and readily available in villages in bangladesh, where v. cholerae is endemic. v. cholerae was enumerated before and after filtration to evaluate the ...	1996	8779590
gangliosides protect human melanoma cells from ionizing radiation-induced clonogenic cell death.	with an experimental model of spontaneous lung metastases of melanoma developed in this laboratory, a range of sublines (variants and clones) with different metastatic potential and ganglioside expression was established from a single human melanoma cell line m4be. using an in vitro clonogenic assay and provided that cells were cultured for no more than five passages, variations in cellular radioresistance of m4be and seven sublines derived from m4be were detected. this study shows a positive co ...	1996	8781968
further molecular characterization and stability of the live oral attenuated cholera vaccine strain cvd103-hgr.	vibrio cholerae cvd103-hgr, the first live attenuated vaccine licensed for human use produced by recombinant dna technology, was genetically compared to its parent strains 569b and cvd103. the genetic stability for both lyophilized vaccine in final container form and for viable organisms shed from vaccinees was determined. results obtained lead us to conclude: (i) the genetic composition of the examined genes in cvd103-hgr is identical to that of the parent strains except for the alterations ind ...	1996	8782351
molecular insights into the evolution & epidemiology of vibrio cholerae.	the past few years have witnessed a resurgence in the global incidence of cholera. the increasing application of procedures employing concepts and techniques assimilated from molecular biology has provided new means of discriminating v. cholerae. such studies are providing a wealth of critical information that has assisted the epidemiologist in tracing the spread of epidemics and has provided new insights into the evolution and origin of newer variants of v. cholerae. in this article, an effort ...	1996	8783503
epidemiology & molecular biology of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.	the emergence of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal as the second aetiologic agent of epidemic cholera in october 1992 in the south indian coastal city of madras has shattered the long-held notion that only v. cholerae belonging to serogroup o1 are capable of causing epidemic (and pandemic) cholera. within months of its appearance in madras, v. cholerae o139 engulfed the entire indian subcontinent in a series of outbreaks of cholera. it also spread to several neighbouring countries in asia. several wes ...	1996	8783504
mechanism of action of cholera toxin & other toxins.	vibrio cholerae produce a variety of extracellular products that have deleterious effects on eukaryotic cells. the massive diarrhoea produced by v. cholerae is caused by cholera toxin (ct). ct is composed of 1a and 5b units. ct causes a significant amount of fluid secretion and haemorrhage in the ligated rabbit ileal loops. its action involves the role of various biochemical pathways. ct acts by activation of adenylate cyclase-camp system located at the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithel ...	1996	8783505
adherence & colonization properties of vibrio cholerae & diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli.	bacterial adherence to host cells is the initial key step towards colonization and establishment of infection within the host. the adherence process requires the participation of two components: an 'adhesin' (adherence or colonization factor) of bacteria and a 'receptor' on the host (eucaryotic) cell surface. many bacteria express several distinct and alternative mechanisms of cell adherence depending on the environmental conditions and nature of the adhesins as well as receptors. bacteria causi ...	1996	8783506
strategies for production of a potential candidate vaccine for cholera.	first attempt at cholera vaccination was made by jaime ferran in 1884. since then, a variety of strategies and methods have been evolved to create a safe, efficacious vaccine against cholera. for the first few years emphasis was on the development of parenteral vaccines. however, as a result of accumulation of a tremendous amount of knowledge, not only on vibrio cholerae-the causative agent, but also on its interaction with the host, emphasis has shifted towards the development of oral vaccines. ...	1996	8783508
comparison of the sensitivity & specificity of a polyclonal versus monoclonal capture antibody based bead elisa for direct detection of cholera toxin from stool specimens.	this study was conducted to examine whether substitution of polyclonal anti-ct igg (pab) coated beads with monoclonal anti-ct igg, (mab) coated beads would enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the bead elisa for direct detection of ct in stool samples of cholera patients. sensitivity of mab bead elisa was found to be more efficient (92.7%) than the pab bead elisa (88.2%) in comparison to the 'gold standard' method of conventional culture method (cm). however, the mab based bead elisa had l ...	1996	8783514
comparative analysis of factors promoting optimal production of cholera toxin by vibrio cholerae o1 (classical & e1tor biotypes) & o139.	various culture media [aki, brain heart infusion broth (bhi), casamino acid-yeast extract broth (caye), casamino acid-yeast extract broth supplemented with 90 micrograms/ml of lincomycin (caye-l), tryptic soy broth (tsb) and yeast extract peptone (yep)], cultural conditions (stationary and shaking) and incubation temperatures (30 degrees c and 37 degrees c) were evaluated to determine optimal conditions for production of cholera toxin (ct) by different biotypes (classical and e1tor) and serogrou ...	1996	8783515
electron microscopic studies on vibrio cholerae o139.	we conducted studies to investigate the surface architecture of v. cholerae o139 using electron microscopy and compared it with o1 and other serogroups of v. cholerae. the bacterium is comma-shaped and has a single polar flagellum and morphologically resembles the classical and e1tor biotypes of v. cholerae o1. high power electron microscopy showed a few pili, 5 to 7 nm in diameter, and 2 to 3 in number per bacterium. the presence of a capsule on electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of v. c ...	1996	8783516
biological activity & interaction of vibrio cholerae bacteriophages in rabbit ileal loop.	a set of ten v. cholerae eitor phages is in routine use for phage typing of v. cholerae o1 biotype eitor strains. these phages were used in rabbit ileal loop experiment to investigate whether these phages have any prophylactic value as regards their lytic capability on v. cholerae strains. the phages were found to have no prophylactic use as they were unable to lyse the standard bacterial strain v. cholerae mak 757.	1996	8783517
association of metal tolerance with multiple antibiotic resistance of enteropathogenic organisms isolated from coastal region of deltaic sunderbans.	a survey of microorganisms was conducted in four coastal regions of the deltaic sunderbans. among ten different isolates, three were enteropathogenic. they were vibrio cholerae non-o1 (ct+), enterotoxinogenic escherichia coli (etec) and pseudomonas aeruginosa. these enteropathogens were able to grow in the presence of zinc (zn++), cadmium (cd++), lead (pb++), cobalt (co++), copper (cu++), nickel (ni++) and silver (ag+) up to 10 mm concentration. they also showed resistance against 5 to 10 antibi ...	1996	8783519
in vitro antimicrobial activity of potash alum.	this study reports the bactericidal activity of potash alum when added to water, against various epidemic causing enteric pathogens like vibrio cholerae 01, v. cholerae 0139 and shigella dysenteriae 1 by lowering the ph of water (from 6.0 to 4.0). growth of the enteric pathogens was monitored in vitro by inoculating broth cultures of the different organisms in distilled water containing increasing concentrations of potash alum and quantitatively determining the concentration of viable organisms ...	1996	8783521
phage specific for vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.	from the stool of a vibrio cholerae o139 bengal-infected patient, a phage that specifically lysed capsulated v. cholerae o139 strains only was isolated. the phage is useful for the confirmatory diagnosis of v. cholerae o139 infection and for the differentiation of variants that lack the capsule.	1996	8784608
vibrio cholerae 0139 diarrhea and acute renal failure in a three-day-old infant.		1995	8786900
genetic organization and functional analysis of the otn dna essential for cell-wall polysaccharide synthesis in vibrio cholerae o139.	in 1992 a new vibrio cholerae strain, designated v. cholerae o139 bengal, emerged which has been responsible for large outbreaks of cholera in india and bangladesh. previously, we have shown that this strain arose from a v. cholerae o1 strain by the acquisition of novel dna. sequence analysis revealed that the novel dna is flanked by two genes, rfad and rfbqrs, which are also found in o1 strains. the mosaic structure of rfadvco139 indicated that it was one of the regions involved in recombinatio ...	1996	8793876
ecological relationship between aeromonas and vibrio spp. and planktonic copepods in the coastal marine environment in southern italy.	the colonisation of planktonic copepod integument by bacteria belonging to the family of vibrionaceae is a well described phenomenon. in this study, besides reporting on the occurrence of vibrionaceae and other enteropathogens, we further report on the bacterial attachment to the estuarine copepod acartia margalefi in a faecal polluted coastal lagoon near naples, southern italy. in addition, we also performed a laboratory experiment to study the ability of 7 bacterial strains (vibrio cholerae no ...	1996	8800550
nosocomial infection due to vibrio cholerae in two referral hospitals in guatemala.	we report nosocomial infection with vibrio cholerae 01, in four seriously ill individuals and one infant in guatemala. nosocomial cholera occurs in developing countries in latin america and should be suspected in hospitalized patients with diarrhea, especially during community outbreaks, in order to institute appropriate diagnostic, therapeutic, and control measures.	1996	8805070
crystal structure of a new heat-labile enterotoxin, lt-iib.	cholera toxin from vibrio cholerae and the type i heat-labile enterotoxins (lt-is) from escherichia coli are oligomeric proteins with ab5 structures. the type ii heat-labile enterotoxins (lt-iis) from e. coli are structurally similar to, but antigenically distinct from, the type i enterotoxins. the a subunits of type i and type ii enterotoxins are homologous and activate adenylate cyclase by adp-ribosylation of a g protein subunit, g8 alpha. however, the b subunits of type i and type ii enteroto ...	1996	8805549
structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from vibrio cholerae o139.	the lipopolysaccharide (lps) from vibrio cholerae o139 was deacylated with koh. the following structure of the oligosaccharide resulting from this treatment was established on the basis of monosaccharide and methylation analyses, 1h, 13c and 31p 1d and 2d nmr experiments and 1d analogues of 3d noesy-tocsy and 3d tocsy-noesy experiments. [formula: see text] 'c' is a beta-l-threo-hex-4-enuronopyranosyl residue. hep is l-glycero-d-manno-heptose, quin is 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, glcn is 2-amin ...	1996	8805781
structural analysis of the o-antigen-core region of the lipopolysaccharide from vibrio cholerae o139.		1996	8805782
development of an improved synthetic medium for a better production of the new cholera toxin and its immunological relationship with the toxin produced by vibrio cholerae o139 strains.	an improved synthetic medium (m4) comprising syncase medium supplemented with sodium chloride (1%) and sucrose (0.5%) ph adjusted to 7.4 was developed for a better production of the new cholera toxin (nct). the culture filtrates prepared in the m4 medium caused significantly (p > 0.05) more fluid accumulation than that in syncase medium. crude toxin, prepared in the m4 medium with v. cholerae o1 strains (x-392 and 2740-80) caused a reaction similar to that of the same amount of nct (32 microgram ...	1996	8809541
helicobacter pylori does not have a hap mucinase gene that is quasi-identical to the vibrio cholerae hap gene.		1996	8809763
simple differentiation of vibrio cholerae o139 from v. cholerae o1 and non-o1, non-o139 by modified camp test.	strong positive camp reactions were demonstrated by 121 vibrio cholerae o139 and 504 el tor isolates, and weak positive camp reactions were shown by 235 non-o1, non o139 isolates when these isolates were tested by a modified camp technique. thirty-five classical biotype v. cholerae o1 isolates included in the tests were all camp negative.	1996	8815080
vitek system antimicrobial susceptibility testing of o1, o139, and non-o1 vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae causes epidemic diarrhea throughout the world. fluid replacement is the primary therapy for cholera; however, high mortality rates often necessitate the use of antibiotics. v. cholerae, like most bacteria, has developed resistance to some antibiotics. in the early 1990s a new serotype strain, bengal 0139, began a new wave of cholera epidemics. bengal isolates showed unique trends in antimicrobial resistance. many clinical laboratories use automated antibiotic susceptibility testi ...	1996	8815104
[survival of different strains of vibrio cholerae on fresh lettuce].	temperature effect on the survival of vibrio cholerae in fresh lettuce was studied. remaining infectivity in leaves experimentally contaminated with different strains of vibrio cholerae was determined at 4 degrees c and 25 degrees c. the number of colonies in tcbs agar (vibrio cholerae) and in nutrient agar (vibrio cholerae and secondary microorganisms) was determined at to (initial time) and at ti (different post-contamination times). the ratio ti/to was calculated in both cases. different surv ...	1996	8815457
use of recombinase gene fusions to identify vibrio cholerae genes induced during infection.	a complete understanding of host-parasite interactions must necessarily include the identification and characterization of gene products expressed by both parties during the infectious process. we have developed a new screen to identify bacterial genes that are transcriptionally induced during infection of a host animal. the method is based on pre-selection of strains carrying tnpr operon fusions (encoding resolvase, a site-specific dna recombinase) which are not expressed in vitro, followed by ...	1995	8817490
characterization of vibrio cholerae bacteriophage k139 and use of a novel mini-transposon to identify a phage-encoded virulence factor.	temperate bacteriophage k139 was isolated from a vibrio cholerae o139 isolate and characterized in this study. the phage genome consists of a 35 kbp, double-stranded, linear dna molecule that circularizes and integrates into the chromosome in a site-specific manner. dna sequences that cross-hybridize with k139 phage dna are present in all strains of v. cholerae serogroup o1 of the classical biotype examined and in some strains of the el tor biotype. phage k139 produces plaques on el tor o1 strai ...	1995	8817491
mucosal immune responses to intestinal bacterial pathogens.	current advances in the study of gut mucosal immunology and molecular biology have enhanced our ability to understand the pathogenesis of enteric bacterial infections as well as the role of the immune system in mediating both tissue injury and protection. in this article, we review the immunopathogenesis and the protective immune response to three enteric pathogens, vibrio cholerae, shigella, and salmonella. each of these pathogens has a distinctive mechanism by which it causes disease, ie, epit ...	1996	8817767
further studies on biochemical characteristics and serologic properties of the genus aeromonas.	we characterized a collection of 268 aeromonas isolates from diverse sources (clinical, animal, and environmental sources) for their species and serogroup designations. overall, 97% of these strains could be identified to the genomospecies level by using an expanded battery of biochemical tests. members of the aeromonas hydrophila complex (a. hydrophila, hg2, and a. salmonicida), a group that has previously been difficult to separate biochemically, could easily be distinguished from one another ...	1996	8818884
cloning and sequence of a region encoding a surface polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o139 and characterization of the insertion site in the chromosome of vibrio cholerae o1.	vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 bengal is the first documented serogroup other than o1 to cause epidemic cholera. the o139 bengal strains are very similar to v. cholerae serogroup o1 biotype el tor strains. the major differences between the two serogroups are that o139 bengal contains a distinct o antigen and produces a polysaccharide capsule. we previously described three tnphoa mutants of o139 strain ai1837 which abolish both o antigen and capsule production. these tnphoa insertions were mapped ...	1996	8820651
[basic and clinical studies of pazufloxacin on infectious enteritis research group of t-3761 on infectious enteritis].	a clinical study was carried out on pazufloxacin (pzfx) in 137 patients including shigellosis, salmonella enteritis, enteropathogenic esherichia coli enteritis and cholera, and carriers of these pathogens. antibacterial activity of pzfx against clinical isolates, fecal concentration of pzfx and effects of pzfx on fecal microflora were also investigated. the overall clinical efficacy rate was 97.2%. the bacteriological efficacy rates were 98.2% against shigella spp., 81.8% against salmonella spp. ...	1996	8822054
mutation and mutagenesis of thiol peroxidase of escherichia coli and a new type of thiol peroxidase family.	a novel thioredoxin-linked thiol peroxidase (px) from escherichia coli has been reported previously (m. k. cha, h. k. kim, and i. h. kim, j. biol. chem. 270:28635-28641, 1995). in an attempt to perform physiological and biochemical characterizations of the thiol px, a thiol px null (tpx) mutant and a functional-residue mutant of thiol px were produced. the tpx mutant was viable in aerobic culture but grew more slowly than the wild-type cells. the difference in growth rate became more pronounced ...	1996	8824604
the cdw65 monoclonal antibodies vim-8 and vim-11 bind to the neutral glycolipid v3fucnlc8cer.	at the ivth and vth workshop on human leukocyte differentiation antigens a group of monoclonal antibodies recognizing myeloid cells was found to bind to the ganglioside x3-neuacvii3fucnlc10cer (vim-2 dodecasaccharide). these antibodies were given the provisional cluster of differentiation designation cdw65. three antibodies of this cluster (vim-2, vim-8, and vim-11) have now been studied in detail at the molecular and the cellular level. binding of vim-2 is abolished after treatment of cells wit ...	1996	8830039