Publications

induction of neurite outgrowth in pc12 cells by the bacterial nucleoside n6-methyldeoxyadenosine is mediated through adenosine a2a receptors and via camp and mapk signaling pathways.	we have previously shown that n(6)-methyldeoxyadenosine (mda) is an inducer of differentiation in several tumor cells. here we show that in addition to its ability to induce neurite-outgrowth in pc12 cells, mda also significantly enhances the nerve-growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth of these cells. thus, mda acts synergistically with ngf to repress cdc2 and cdk2 synthesis and to enhance tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis. to further elucidate the mechanisms of action of mda, we investigated th ...	2003	12727227
insulin induces expression of adenosine kinase gene in rat lymphocytes by signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	the activity of adenosine kinase (ak) was significantly impaired in splenocytes isolated from diabetic rats. administration of insulin to diabetic animals restored ak activity, protein, and mrna levels in diabetic splenocytes. experiments performed on cultured rat lymphocytes demonstrated that insulin did not change the stability of ak mrna. insulin induced ak gene expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. maximal increases in ak mrna (3.9-fold) and activity level (3.7-fold) were observed ...	2003	12729803
senescent phenotype can be reversed by reduction of caveolin status.	hyporesponsiveness to growth factors is one of the fundamental characteristics of senescent cells. we previously reported that the up-regulation of caveolin attenuates the growth factor response and the subsequent downstream signal cascades in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. therefore, in the present experiment, we investigated the modulation of caveolin status in senescent cells to determine the effect of caveolin on mitogenic signaling efficiency and cell cycling. we reduced the level of ...	2003	12730243
nodular onchocercosis of red deer in central spain.	the presence of nodular onchocercosis was investigated post-mortem in 142 red deer (11 calves, 35 yearlings and 96 adults) shot from february 1998 to january 1999, and july-november 1999 in "quintos de mora" (toledo, central spain), a game property belonging to the national wildlife reserves. between 6 and 13 animals were analysed monthly by inspection for subcutaneous nodules of onchocerca spp. subcutaneous nodules of onchocerca sp. were detected in 24% of the animals. anatomical locations for ...	2003	12732468
survey of permanent wound tracts in the carcases of culled wild red deer in scotland.	the number and sites of permanent wound tracts in the carcases of 943 wild culled red deer (cervus elaphus) were recorded. during the peak period of the red deer rut there was a significant increase in the number of these tracts in the carcases, which was associated with a decrease from 89 per cent to 71 per cent in the probability of the first permanent wound tract also being the last (the terminal probability). there were significantly more permanent wound tracts in the carcases of one group ( ...	2003	12733558
src-crkii-c3g-dependent activation of rap1 switches growth hormone-stimulated p44/42 map kinase and jnk/sapk activities.	we demonstrate here that growth hormone (gh) stimulates the activation of rap1 and rap2 in nih-3t3 cells. full activation of rap1 and rap2 by gh necessitated the combined activity of both jak2 and c-src kinases, although c-src was predominantly required. gh-stimulated rap1 and rap2 activity was also demonstrated to be crkii-c3g-dependent. gh stimulated the tyrosine phosphorylation of c3g, which again required the combined activity of jak2 and c-src. c3g tyrosine residue 504 was required for gh-s ...	2003	12734187
interaction of filamin a with the insulin receptor alters insulin-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	the biological actions of insulin are associated with a rapid reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton within cells in culture. even though this event requires the participation of actin-binding proteins, the effect of filamin a (flna) on insulin-mediated signaling events is still unknown. we report here that human melanoma m2 cells lacking flna expression exhibited normal insulin receptor (ir) signaling, whereas flna-expressing a7 cells were unable to elicit insulin-dependent shc tyrosine phosp ...	2003	12734206
amyloid peptide-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in thp-1 monocytes is blocked by small inhibitory rna duplexes for early growth response-1 messenger rna.	in alzheimer's disease (ad) one finds increased deposition of a beta and also an increased presence of monocytes/macrophages in the vessel wall and activated microglial cells in the brain. ad patients show increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines by activated microglia. here we used a human monocytic thp-1 cell line as a model for microglia to delineate the cellular signaling mechanism involved in amyloid peptides (a beta(1-40) and a beta(1-42))-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines ...	2003	12734378
protein g binding to enriched serum immunoglobulin from nondomestic hoofstock species.	quick and cost-effective serologic assays, such as those based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technology, are useful for screening animal populations for infectious diseases. recombinant protein g is described as an almost universal elisa conjugate for the detection of antibodies from a wide range of animal species. however, there is limited data documenting the ability of protein g to bind immunoglobulin (ig) from many captive and free-ranging nondomestic hoofstock (order artiodac ...	2003	12735347
cloning and nucleotide sequence of the equine and elk pituitary pre-prolactin cdna.	we report the equine (equs equs) and elk (cervus elaphus) pituitary pre-prolactin (prl) cdna cloning, and their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences. pre-prl cdna was obtained by rna ligation mediated-rapid amplification of cdna ends (rlm-race) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the elk pre-prl cdna exhibits two polymorphisms at positions 96 and 672, which are silent since they encode for the same amino acids, proline and isoleucine, respectively. we found no polymorphisms in the equine ...	2003	12742553
the role of a conserved region of the second intracellular loop in at1 angiotensin receptor activation and signaling.	the pleiotropic actions of angiotensin ii are mediated by the primarily g(q) protein-coupled type 1 angiotensin (at(1)) receptor. in this study a mutational analysis of the function of the conserved dryxxv/ixxpl domain in the second intracellular loop of the rat at(1a) receptor was performed in cos7 cells. alanine substitution studies showed that single replacement of the highly conserved asp(125) and arg(126), but not tyr(127), moderately impaired angiotensin ii-induced inositol phosphate signa ...	2003	12746278
ets transcription factors er81 and elk1 regulate the transcription of the human presenilin 1 gene promoter.	we have previously defined a crucial dna element controlling 90% of the expression of the presenilin 1 gene at (-35 to +6). this region contains an ets transcription factor binding motif, and a 2-base pair alteration within the core sequence (ggaa to ttaa) of the ets consensus also reduced transcription by over 90%. we have shown that ets1/2 transcription factors bind specifically to the -10 ets element and activate ps1 transcription. the identification of other transcription factors recognizing ...	2003	12750007
a bipartite mechanism for erk2 recognition by its cognate regulators and substrates.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases control gene expression in response to extracellular stimuli and exhibit exquisite specificity for their cognate regulators and substrates. we performed a structure-based mutational analysis of erk2 to identify surface areas that are important for recognition of its interacting proteins. we show that binding and activation of mkp3 by erk2 involve two distinct protein-protein interaction sites in erk2. thus, the common docking (cd) site composed of glu-79, ...	2003	12754209
ternary complex factors: prime nuclear targets for mitogen-activated protein kinases.	ternary complex factors (tcfs), a subgroup of the ets protein family, were first described in the context of c-fos gene regulation. subsequently, their early identification as nuclear targets for mitogen-activated protein kinases served to exemplify the fundamental links in eukaryotic cells between growth factor-mediated signalling pathways and gene control. this article provides an overview of recent work on ternary complex factors, addressing their expression and molecular structure, as well a ...	2003	12757758
effect of thawing procedure on cryosurvival of deer spermatozoa: work in progress.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the thawing procedure on deer semen freezability. frozen semen from the genetic resource bank (grb) of the zoological park of buenos aires (argentina) was used. seven mature stags (two red deer, two père david's deer and three fallow deer) were used as semen donors. semen was diluted with a tris-egg yolk medium, packed in 0.25 ml straws and frozen in nitrogen vapour. for thawing, the frozen straws were subjected to the following procedure ...	2003	12763164
[a comparison of chemical composition and bioactivity of polypeptides from velvet antlers of cervus nippon temminck and cervus elaphus linnaeus].	to compare the chemical composition and bioactivity of polypeptides(pps) isolated from velvet antlers of sika deer (cervus nippon temminck) and red deer (cervus elaphus linnaeus).	2001	12776321
[research on the identification of penis et testis cervi with molecular taxonomy].	to make the kit with witch to identify penis et testis cervi with molecular taxonomy.	2002	12776493
widespread prpsc accumulation in muscles of hamsters orally infected with scrapie.	scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and chronic wasting disease are orally communicable, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). as zoonotic transmissions of tse agents may pose a risk to human health, the identification of reservoirs for infectivity in animal tissues and their exclusion from human consumption has become a matter of great importance for consumer protection. in this study, a variety of muscles from hamsters that were orally challenged with scrapie was screened for ...	2003	12776740
kinase-mediated regulation of common transcription factors accounts for the bone-protective effects of sex steroids.	it has been found that 4-estren-3alpha,17beta-diol, a synthetic ligand for the estrogen receptor (er) or androgen receptor (ar), which does not affect classical transcription, reverses bone loss in ovariectomized females or orchidectomized males without affecting the uterus or seminal vesicles, demonstrating that the classical genotropic actions of sex steroid receptors are dispensable for their bone-protective effects, but indispensable for their effects on reproductive organs. we have now inve ...	2003	12782668
transcriptional regulation of the cytosolic chaperonin theta subunit gene, cctq, by ets domain transcription factors elk-1, sap-1a, and net in the absence of serum response factor.	the chaperonin-containing t-complex polypeptide 1 (cct) is a molecular chaperone that facilitates protein folding in eukaryotic cytosol, and the expression of cct is highly dependent on cell growth. we show here that transcription of the gene encoding the theta subunit of mouse cct, cctq, is regulated by the ternary complex factors (tcfs), elk-1, sap-1a, and net (sap-2). reporter gene assay using hela cells indicated that the cctq gene promoter contains a cis-acting element of the ccggaagt seque ...	2003	12788937
use of naloxone to reverse carfentanil citrate-induced hypoxemia and cardiopulmonary depression in rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	with the use of a crossover study design, we investigated the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of naloxone administration in eight healthy rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) anesthetized with carfentanil (10 microg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (0.1 mg/kg). anesthetized animals showed profound hypoxemia with mild hypercapnia, tachycardia, hypertension, and acidosis prior to naloxone administration. after monitoring equipment was placed, animals were administered either naloxone (2 micr ...	2001	12790400
adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanism for superiority of aromatase inhibitors over selective estrogen receptor modulators for breast cancer treatment and prevention.	clinical observations suggest that human breast tumors can adapt to endocrine therapy by developing hypersensitivity to estradiol (e(2)). to understand the mechanisms responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model system and provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that long-term e(2) deprivation (lted) causes "adaptive hypersensitivity". the enhanced responses to e(2) do not involve mechanisms acting at the level of transcription of estrogen-regulated genes. we f ...	2003	12790774
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in non-domestic animals: origin, transmission and risk factors.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), are serious diseases of domestic animals. although not as significant in terms of numbers of animals affected or geographical distribution, tses also affect non-domestic animals. transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) was the first tse to be identified in non-domestic animals. this disease of captive mink (mustela vison) is very rare and is associated with exposure through feed contaminated ...	2003	12793777
characterization of a polymerase chain reaction-based approach for the simultaneous detection of multiple animal-derived materials in animal feed.	in this study, a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primer set capable of amplifying a mitochondrial dna segment of multiple species (cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and elk) whose rendered remains are prohibited from being fed to ruminants was characterized. however, the primer set also amplifies dna derived from the rendered remains of pigs and horses, which are exempt from the feed ban. pcr amplicons derived from pig dna have a restriction endonuclease site recognized by hinf1, while the horse dna-d ...	2003	12801014
pellino2 activates the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway.	engagement of the interleukin-1 (il1) and toll receptors, which are part of the innate immune system, facilitates activation of the transcription factors nf-kappab, elk-1 and ap-1. pellino1 and pellino2 have recently been shown to be intermediates in the pathway leading to activation of nf-kappab. here we demonstrate for the first time that human pellino2 interacts with traf6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6) and that both pellino1 and pellino2 also interact with tak1 (transfo ...	2003	12804775
atp acts via p2y1 receptors to stimulate acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptor expression: transduction and transcription control.	at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction atp is known to stabilize acetylcholine in the synaptic vesicles and to be co-released with it. we have shown previously that a nucleotide receptor, the p2y1 receptor, is localized at the junction, and we propose that this mediates a trophic role for synaptic atp there. evidence in support of this and on its mechanism is given here. with the use of chick or mouse myotubes expressing promoter-reporter constructs from genes of acetylcholinesterase (ache) or ...	2003	12805285
adhesion-dependent activation of the erk1/2 cascade is by-passed in melanoma cells.	normal cells are dependent upon integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix for cell proliferation and survival. integrins regulate these processes partially through control of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2). a trait of malignant cells is their ability to undergo anchorage-independent growth. melanomas are tumors arising from normal melanocytes that, if undetected at an early stage, are highly invasive and poorly treatable. proliferation of melanoma cells and ...	2003	12821662
ectopic b-raf expression enhances extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling in t cells and prevents antigen-presenting cell-induced anergy.	t cells that receive stimulation through the t cell receptor (tcr) in the absence of costimulation become anergic and are refractory to subsequent costimulation. this unresponsiveness is associated with the constitutive activation of the small g protein, rap1, and the lack of ras-dependent activation of erk. recent studies suggest that rap1 can activate the map kinase kinase kinase b-raf that is either endogenously or ectopically expressed. peripheral t cells generally do not express b-raf; ther ...	2003	12855697
brucella 'hoof-prints': strain typing by multi-locus analysis of variable number tandem repeats (vntrs).	currently, there are very few tools available for subtyping brucella isolates for epidemiological trace-back. subtyping is difficult because of the genetic homogeneity within the genus. sequencing of the genomes from three brucella species has facilitated the search for dna sequence variability. recently, hypervariability among short tandem repeat sequences has been exploited for strain-typing of several bacterial pathogens.	2003	12857351
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12862174
mitotic activity in the growing red deer antler.	antlers grow rapidly through the coordinated development of both osseocartilage and skin (velvet). the regional patterns of cell division in these two compartments were assessed by immunochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) in antlers from one-year-old red deer. the whole antler integument was in a state of growth and/or renewal, particularly the keratinocytes of the basal cell layer of the epidermis near the tip, and hair bulbs and sebaceous glands. more proximally, a ...	2003	12867154
betacellulin and amphiregulin induce upregulation of cyclin d1 and dna synthesis activity through differential signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells.	activation of egf receptors is closely involved in vascular proliferative diseases. the signaling mechanisms of egf ligands, including betacellulin (btc) and amphiregulin (ar), are poorly understood. we examined how btc and ar induced dna synthesis activity in primary cultures of human thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells (htasmcs). btc induced phosphorylation of all four egf receptors present on htasmcs: erbb1, erbb2, erbb3, and erbb4. btc rapidly induced the phosphorylation of akt, gsk3alpha/be ...	2003	12869389
opposite regulation by typical and atypical anti-psychotics of erk1/2, creb and elk-1 phosphorylation in mouse dorsal striatum.	the two mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2), are involved in the control of gene expression via phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factors cyclic amp response element binding protein (creb) and elk-1. here, we have examined the effect of haloperidol and clozapine, two anti-psychotic drugs, and eticlopride, a selective dopamine d2 receptor antagonist, on the state of phosphorylation of erk1/2, creb and elk-1, i ...	2003	12871586
pellino3, a novel member of the pellino protein family, promotes activation of c-jun and elk-1 and may act as a scaffolding protein.	toll-like receptors and the il-1r are part of the innate immune response aimed at mobilizing defense mechanisms in response to infections or injury. these receptors can initiate common intracellular signaling cascades. one intermediate component in these signaling cascades is pellino, which was first identified in drosophila and shown to interact with il-1r-associated kinase. two homologues, pellino1 and pellino2, have been identified in mammals. a novel member of the pellino protein family has ...	2003	12874243
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12877222
migration inhibitory factor mediates angiogenesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol kinase.	in this study, we investigated the effects of migration inhibitory factor (rhmif) on angiogenesis-related signaling cascades and apoptosis in human endothelial cells (ecs). we show that in vitro rhmif induces migration and tube formation in matrigel of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (hmvecs), with potency comparable to that of basic fibroblast growth factor. in vivo, rhmif induces angiogenesis in matrigel plugs and in the corneal bioassay. using panels of relatively specific kinase ...	2003	12881477
high affinity for farnesyltransferase and alternative prenylation contribute individually to k-ras4b resistance to farnesyltransferase inhibitors.	farnesyltransferase inhibitors (ftis) block ras farnesylation, subcellular localization and activity, and inhibit the growth of ras-transformed cells. although ftis are ineffective against k-ras4b, the ras isoform most commonly mutated in human cancers, they can inhibit the growth of tumors containing oncogenic k-ras4b, implicating other farnesylated proteins or suggesting distinct functions for farnesylated and for geranylgeranylated k-ras, which is generated when farnesyltransferase is inhibit ...	2003	12882980
characteristics of the oestrous cycle of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) assessed by progesterone profiles.	this study examines the length of the oestrous cycle in 16 iberian red deer females assessed by means of changes in progesterone concentrations, along with the changes in the profile of this hormone. samples were collected three occasions per week from the week after calving (15 may to 15 june) up to may of the following year. the oestrous cycle lasted 19.57+/-0.29 days (range 10-27 d) calculated in 130 oestrous cycles examined. progesterone titres did not rise above 0.5 ng/ml in the follicular ...	2003	12884276
dynamic interplay of the sumo and erk pathways in regulating elk-1 transcriptional activity.	the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 is a direct target of the map kinase pathways. phosphorylation of the elk-1 transcriptional activation domain by map kinases triggers its activation. however, elk-1 also contains two domains with repressive activities. one of these, the r motif, appears to function by suppressing the activity of the activation domain. here, we demonstrate that sumo modification of the r motif is required for this repressive activity. a dynamic interplay exists between th ...	2003	12887893
inhibition of erbb-2 and erbb-3 expression by quercetin prevents transforming growth factor alpha (tgf-alpha)- and epidermal growth factor (egf)-induced human pc-3 prostate cancer cell proliferation.	because erbb-2 receptor is involved in hormone-independency for growth and metastasis of prostate cancer cells, the aim was to investigate the effects of quercetin on erbb-2 and erbb-3 expression and its critical components such as map kinase and pi-3 kinase. hemocytometric counts and [3h]-thymidine incorporation were used to determine the effects of quercetin, egf and tgf-alpha on cell proliferation and dna synthesis in pc-3 and lncap cells. changes in erbb-2, erbb-3 and components of mapk and ...	2003	12888923
distribution and functional properties of human kcnh8 (elk1) potassium channels.	the elk subfamily of the eag k+ channel gene family is represented in mammals by three genes that are highly conserved between humans and rodents. here we report the distribution and functional properties of a member of the human elk k+ channel gene family, kcnh8. quantitative rt-pcr analysis of mrna expression patterns showed that kcnh8, along with the other elk family genes, kcnh3 and kcnh4, are primarily expressed in the human nervous system. kcnh8 was expressed at high levels, and the distri ...	2003	12890647
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12892273
elk-3 is a transcriptional repressor of nitric-oxide synthase 2.	the inducible isoform of nitric-oxide synthase (nos2), a key enzyme catalyzing the dramatic increase in nitric oxide by lipopolysaccharide (lps), plays an important role in the pathophysiology of endotoxemia and sepsis. recent evidence suggests that ets transcription factors may contribute to nos2 induction by inflammatory stimuli. in this study, we investigated the role of ets transcription factors in the regulation of nos2 by lps and transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta 1. transient transfect ...	2003	12896968
synchronous activation of erk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways is required for collagen and extracellular matrix production in keloids.	keloid fibroproliferation appears to be influenced by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between keloid keratinocytes (kks) and keloid fibroblasts (kfs). keloid and normal fibroblasts exhibit accelerated proliferation and collagen i and iii production in co-culture with kks compared with single cell culture or co-culture with normal keratinocytes. erk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) pathway activation has been observed in excessively proliferating kfs in co-culture with kks. we hypothe ...	2003	12907681
regulation of tcf ets-domain transcription factors by helix-loop-helix motifs.	dna binding by the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-domain transcription factors is tightly regulated by intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. the helix-loop-helix (hlh)-containing id proteins are trans-acting negative regulators of dna binding by the tcfs. in the tcf, sap-2/net/erp, intramolecular inhibition of dna binding is promoted by the cis-acting nid region that also contains an hlh-like motif. the nid also acts as a transcriptional repression domain. here, we have ...	2003	12907712
validation of a brucella abortus competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for use in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	brucellosis caused by infection with brucella abortus is present in some elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of the greater yellowstone area (parts of wyoming, montana, and idaho, usa). since 1985, the wyoming game and fish department has vaccinated elk on elk feedgrounds in northwestern wyoming during the winter months using b. abortus strain 19 (strain 19). analysis of this vaccination program is hampered by the inability of standard serologic tests to differentiate between strain 19 vaccinated elk a ...	2003	12910758
testing for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in asymptomatic free-ranging tule elk from an infected herd.	forty-five adult tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) in good physical condition were translocated from a population located at point reyes national seashore, marin county (california, usa), to a holding pen 6 mo prior to release in an unfenced region of the park. because infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb) had been reported in the source population, the translocated elk underwent extensive ante-mortem testing using three johne's disease assays: enzyme linked immunoso ...	2003	12910759
lawsonia intracellularis in wild mammals in the slovak carpathians.	feces of wild mammals were collected in the bukovské vrchy hills (north-eastern slovakia) in january and february 2002. the feces were examined for lawsonia intracellularis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction. a total of 194 samples of feces from red deer (cervus elaphus), 46 samples from roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 31 samples from red fox (vulpes vulpes), 23 samples from gray wolf (canis lupus), and 12 samples from brown hare (lepus europaeus) were examined. lawsonia intracellulari ...	2003	12910769
a novel function of goalpha: mediation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation by opioid receptors in neural cells.	go is the most abundant g protein expressed in brain but its function is less known. here we show a novel function of goalpha as a mediator of opioid receptor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in neural cells. the current study found that, in neuroblastoma x glioma ng108-15 hybrid cells, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase through delta opioid receptors was mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive g protein and independent of gbetagamma subunits, pi3 kinase an ...	2003	12911629
field validation and assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting chronic wasting disease in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	tissue samples (n = 25,050 total) from 23,256 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) collected statewide in colorado were examined for chronic wasting disease (cwd) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed by bio-rad laboratories, inc. (brelisa), in a 2-phase study. in the validation phase of this study, a total of 4,175 retropharyngeal lymph nodes (rln) or obex (ob) tissue samples were examined ind ...	2003	12918810
an abbreviated procedure for the cloning and identification of ets transcription factors regulating the expression of the human presenilin 1 gene.	we have previously defined a crucial dna element controlling 90% of the expression of the presenilin 1 gene at (-35 to +6). this region contains an ets transcription factor binding motif, and a two-basepair alteration within the core sequence (ggaa to ttaa) of the ets consensus also reduced transcription by over 90%. we have shown that ets1/2 transcription factors bind specifically to the -10 ets element and activate ps1 transcription. the identification of other transcription factors recognizin ...	2003	12928043
activation of the erk and jnk signaling pathways caused by neuron-specific inhibition of pp2a in transgenic mice.	a reduced activity of protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) has been shown in brains of patients with alzheimer's disease (ad), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized histopathologically by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. tau, as the principal component of neurofibrillary tangles, can be hyperphosphorylated by a reduced activity of pp2a in vitro and by pharmacological approaches, suggesting a crucial role of pp2a in tangle formation. to dissect the role of pp2a in vivo, we previously ge ...	2003	12937125
chronic wasting disease in deer and elk: scientific facts and findings.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of cervids such as deer and elk in north america. unlike other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) such as scrapie, cwd occurs in both captive and wild ranging animals, but not in domestic ruminants such as sheep and cattle. in this paper, the history of the disease, pathogenesis of cwd, susceptibility of animals, its transmission mechanisms, potential origins of the disease, diagnostic methods in the field and laboratory tests, surveill ...	2003	12939501
[unknown hepatoid glands of some species of cats and deer].	our histological description of the fourth type of mammalian skin glands--hepatiod glands--allowed us to revise the obtained and published data mistaking the alveolar glands of the anal sacs in cats and the limb glands in deers as sebaceous. large clusters of hepatiod glands were discovered in the anal sacs of the cat, lynx, and tiger, interdigital gland of elk, and the tarsal gland of reindeer. these glands secrete considerable amounts of protein to the clearance of the intercellular canaliculi ...	2003	12942753
akt negatively regulates translation of the ternary complex factor elk-1.	cross-talk between signaling pathways plays an important role in regulation of cell growth, differentiation, survival, and death. here, we show that akt regulates the elk-1 transcription factor, independent of its negative regulation of raf kinases. using a constitutively active mek1 to bypass the regulation of raf by akt, we find that the elk-1 and sap1a proteins are dramatically decreased in the presence of activated akt. akt catalytic activity is required. also, mek-dependent activation of a ...	2003	12944902
beta1-integrin-ligand disengagement induces in vitro capillary tube disruption mediated by p38 mapk activity.	disrupting cell-matrix interactions may lead to capillary injury as seen in sepsis and transplant rejection. previously, we demonstrated capillary disruption mediated by beta1-integrin-ligand disengagement. we now determine whether p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathways are involved in this capillary injury.	2003	12947314
phylogeny of dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal rna data.	in this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of nematode parasites within the genus dictyocaulus (superfamily trichostrongyloidea). lungworms from cattle (bos taurus), domestic sheep (ovis aries), european fallow deer (dama dama), moose (alces alces), musk ox (ovibos moschatus), red deer (cervus elaphus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were obtained and their small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences analysed. in th ...	2003	12954019
effects of thawing procedure on postthawed in vitro viability and in vivo fertility of red deer epididymal spermatozoa cryopreserved at -196 degrees c.	in this study, we have determined the effects of individual factor and thawing procedure on in vitro viability and in vivo fertility of frozen-thawed red deer epididymal spermatozoa. the spermatozoa that were collected from 13 iberian deer stags were diluted at room temperature in a triladyl-20% egg yolk medium and frozen in nitrogen vapors. in the first experimental series, sperm samples were collected from 10 mature stags. for thawing, the frozen straws were subjected to 3 different procedures ...	2003	12954668
a candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain.	approximately 3-10% of people have specific difficulties in reading, despite adequate intelligence, education, and social environment. we report here the characterization of a gene, dyx1c1 near the dyx1 locus in chromosome 15q21, that is disrupted by a translocation t(2;15)(q11;q21) segregating coincidentally with dyslexia. two sequence changes in dyx1c1, one involving the translation initiation sequence and an elk-1 transcription factor binding site (-3g --> a) and a codon (1249g --> t), introd ...	2003	12954984
head dimensions of cryopreserved red deer spermatozoa are affected by thawing procedure.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the thawing procedure on red deer spermatozoa distribution in morphologically distinct subpopulations after freezing and thawing. for this purpose, epididymal spermatozoa were thawed using two different thawing protocols (i = 37 degree celsius for 20 s vs. ii = 70 degree celsius for 5 s). the spermatozoa, from 10 iberian deer stags, were diluted at room temperature in a triladyl-20 percent egg yolk medium and frozen in nitrogen vapor. st ...	2003	12955173
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12967152
nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (cervus elaphus).	herbivores of temperate and arctic zones are confronted during winter with harsh climatic conditions and nutritional shortness. it is still not fully understood how large ungulates cope with this twofold challenge. we found that red deer, similar to many other northern ungulates, show large seasonal fluctuations of metabolic rate, as indicated by heart rate, with a 60% reduction at the winter nadir compared with the summer peak. a previously unknown mechanism of energy conservation, i.e., noctur ...	2004	12969877
intersectin activates ras but stimulates transcription through an independent pathway involving jnk.	intersectin (itsn) is a molecular scaffold involved in regulating endocytosis and mitogenic signaling. we previously demonstrated that itsn transformed rodent fibroblasts, accelerated hormone-induced maturation of xenopus oocytes, and activated the elk-1 transcription factor through an mek- and erk-independent mechanism. we now demonstrate that itsn complexes with the ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor sos1 leading to increased rasgtp levels. using fluorescence resonant energy transfer analy ...	2003	12970366
high mobility group 1 b-box mediates activation of human endothelium.	severe sepsis and septic shock is a consequence of a generalized inflammatory systemic response because of an invasive infection that may result in acute organ dysfunction. mortality is high despite access to modern intensive care units. the nuclear dna binding protein high mobility group 1 (hmgb1) protein has recently been suggested to act as a late mediator of septic shock via its function as a macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine (j exp med 2000; 192: 565, science1999; 285: 248). we i ...	2003	12974876
subspecies and body size allometry affect milk production and composition, and calf growth in red deer: comparison of cervus elaphus hispanicus and cervus elaphus scoticus.	studies comparing lactation in wild mammals have shown that maternal weight scales with offspring weight, milk production, or its energy. however, no study appears to have scaled milk composition with maternal or offspring weight. although diet affects milk composition and production, their effects in biological studies have almost never seemed to be controlled. in this study, we compare two subspecies of red deer, scottish deer, cervus elaphus scoticus (10 lactations), and iberian deer, cervus ...	2003	13130438
[studies on physiology of digestion in deer cervus elaphus l].		1957	13532793
[attempted determination of the rate of passage of gastrointestinal contents in wild ruminating animals; cervus elaphus l., dama dama l. and lama glama l].		1957	13532794
[morphological and chemical investigation of the blood in deer cervus elaphus l].		1957	13532826
[chromatographic determination of free amino acids in blood serum in deer cervus elaphus l].		1957	13532888
necrotizing phalangeal arthritis in hoofed animals with radiographs of extinct irish elk.		1958	13549320
[filariinae stiles, 1907 in the subcutaneous tissue of deer cervus elaphus l. in poland and czechoslovakia and its taxonomical position].		1958	13604246
[pendant-like, paired thigh appendages in a red deer (cervus elaphus hipelaphus)].		1961	13715110
[new data on the biology of the larvae of pharyngomyia picta meig. (diptera:oestridae), cervus elaphus l. parasite].		1960	13724487
a study of anaplasmosis in elk.		1961	13737403
studies on blood and serum groups in the elk (alces alces).		1962	13872371
atempts to transfer psoroptic mites from elk to cattle and sheep.		1962	13906610
[on the nerve supply of the anterior extremity of the red deer (cervus elaphus l)].		1962	13953478
[eimeria schoenbuchi n. sp. from the red deer (cervus elaphus l.)].		1963	14083694
trichostrongylus askivali n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) from the red deer.		1964	14161235
anataxic condition in red deer (cervus elaphus).		1964	14212112
[icsh determinations in the hypophysis of roe-deers (capreolus capreolus) and stags (cervus elaphus) with regard to the seasonal influence].		1965	14288877
serum beta-globulin types in red deer and other species and their stability in the presence of bacteria.		1961	14466943
sumo and transcriptional repression: dynamic interactions between the map kinase and sumo pathways.	sumo modification of proteins is being increasingly linked with transcriptional repression. we recently demonstrated that sumo modification also downregulates the transcriptional activity of the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. however, as elk-1 becomes activated through map kinase-mediated phosphorylation, the sumo modification is lost, providing an elegant molecular switch that promotes the loss of repressive activities at the same time as permitting the recruitment of coactivator protei ...	2003	14504467
ribosomal rna analysis of babesia odocoilei isolates from farmed reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in wisconsin.	piroplasms isolated from a farmed reindeer and elk in wisconsin were determined to be babesia odocoilei, based on morphology and ribosomal rna (rrna) analysis. different clinical manifestations were observed in the two host species. the reindeer was parasitemic and exhibited acute babesiosis resulting in death, while the elk showed no parasites in blood smears and no overt clinical signs of babesiosis. b. odocoilei was, however, readily cultured from elk erythrocytes. small subunit rrna gene seq ...	2003	14505046
activation domain-mediator interactions promote transcription preinitiation complex assembly on promoter dna.	the interaction of activators with mediator has been proposed to stimulate the assembly of rna polymerase ii (pol ii) preinitiation complexes, but there have been few tests of this model. the finding that the major adenovirus e1a and mitogen-activated protein kinase-phosphorylated elk1 activation domains bind to sur2 uniquely among the metazoan mediator subunits and the development of transcriptionally active nuclear extracts from wt and sur2-/- embryonic stem cells, reported here, allowed a dir ...	2003	14506297
fractions of the semen of red deer (cervus elaphus)--their occurrence and characteristics in different periods of season.	during a complete season 145 ejaculates were collected from 4 red deer stags (cervus elaphus) using a modified artificial vagina. differences found in characteristics of ejaculates allowed to identify four different types of ejaculates: pre-mating, mating, transitory, and post-mating ejaculate. these types of ejaculates occurred exclusively during corresponding periods of the season in the sequence mentioned above. three fractions of ejaculates were identified: grey, white, and yellow. pre- and ...	2003	14510054
sublytic terminal complement attack induces c-fos transcriptional activation in myotubes.	sublytic c5b-9 alters the molecular phenotype of myotubes by inhibiting muscle-specific gene expression. here, we showed that c5b-9 induced c-fos mrna and transcription. using c-fos promoter-cat constructs and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa), the minimal c-fos promoter activity was shown to increase within 30-min exposure to serum c5b-9, which also induced the binding of serum response factor (srf), along with ternary complex factor (tcf) elk1 and sap1a to the serum response element. ...	2003	14512164
other animal prion diseases.	in addition to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) of cattle and scrapie of sheep and goats, a few other animal prion diseases have been reported. these include feline spongiform encephalopathy of zoological and domestic cats (fse) and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of zoological ruminants and non-human primates, as well as chronic wasting disease of deer and elk (cwd) and transmissible mink encephalopathy of farmed mink (tme). the origins of tse in cats, zoo bovids, and non-hu ...	2003	14522860
the concerted signaling of erk1/2 and jnks is essential for pc12 cell neuritogenesis and converges at the level of target proteins.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways are central signaling elements, which translate and integrate stimuli from cell surface receptors into cytoplasmic and transcriptional responses. here, we systematically compare the role of mapks in the nerve growth factor-induced long-term differentiation of pc12 cells and show the persistent nuclear and dose-dependent cytoplasmic activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2) and the increasing nuclear and cytoplasmic acti ...	2003	14550783
identification and characterization of ebp, a novel een binding protein that inhibits ras signaling and is recruited into the nucleus by the mll-een fusion protein.	the chimeric mll-een fusion protein is created as a result of chromosomal translocation t(11;19)(q23;p13). een, an src homology 3 (sh3) domain-containing protein in the endophilin family, has been implicated in endocytosis, although little is known about its role in leukemogenesis mediated by the mll-een fusion protein. in this study, we have identified and characterized ebp, a novel een binding protein that interacts with the sh3 domain of een through a proline-rich motif pperp. ebp is a ubiqui ...	2004	14551139
babesia odocoilei infection in elk.	two male north american elk from a commercial herd were evaluated because of a sudden onset of lethargy, anorexia, and voiding of red urine. these 2 elk were kept in the same pen as 4 other male elk that had died during the preceding 2 months. laboratory analyses revealed anemia and intraerythrocytic parasites, later confirmed as babesia odocoilei (a protozoal hemoparasite of cervids). of the 240 elk remaining in the herd, 59 were screened for b odocoilei by microscopic evaluation of blood smear ...	2003	14552494
genetic diversity in european red deer (cervus elaphus l.): anthropogenic influences on natural populations.	allozyme, microsatellite and mtdna (rflp and sequence) data of european red deer populations were examined as to their capability of indicating anthropogenic influences such as the keeping of animals in enclosures, selective hunting for trophies translocation of specimens to improve trophy quality and habitat fragmentation. deer in enclosures revealed considerable deviations of allele frequencies from isolation-by-distance expectations but no remarkable loss of genetic diversity. particular allo ...	2003	14558447
length polymorphism of pcr-amplified genomic fragments of the pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (pag) gene family in the pig and some other domestic and wild mammals.	porcine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein genes (ppag) are known as a multigene family, in which five members have been cloned and sequences of their cdnas identified. porcine pag1 and ppag3 genes, belonging to the ppag1-like subfamily, both encode enzymatically inactive precursors. in contrast, cdnas of ppag2, ppag4 and ppag6 represent the ppag2-like gene subfamily, encoding enzymatically active precursors. the objective of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of both ppag-like gene s ...	2001	14564040
social rank, feeding and winter weight loss in red deer: any evidence of interference competition?	during winter at northern latitudes, large herbivores often exploit patches of concentrated, relatively high quality forage, which may lead to interference competition. the factors affecting success in contests and subsequent dominance rank, such as age and body weight, remain key issues in ungulate behavioural ecology. maternal effects on offspring body weight are well known, but few studies have investigated if mother's social rank influence offspring rank. moreover, no study has related domin ...	2004	14564502
meningeal worm in a reintroduced elk population in kentucky.	meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) has been implicated in the failure of several elk (cervus elaphus) restoration attempts in the eastern united states. however, limited post-release monitoring and a paucity of published literature prevents a clear understanding of this parasite's role in past failures. during winters of 1997-2001, the kentucky department of fish and wildlife resources translocated 1,044 elk from western states to eastern kentucky (usa) in an effort to restore a free-ra ...	2003	14567220
inter-species comparisons of hepatic cytochrome p450 enzyme levels in male ruminants.	our current knowledge about the biotransformation enzymes in wild ruminants is limited. the present study aimed to compare basic levels and specific activities of cytochrome p450 isoforms (cyp1a, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 3a, 4a) in males of red deer ( cervus elaphus), fallow deer ( dama dama), roe deer ( capreolus capreolus) and mouflon ( ovis musimon). the proteins from the major cytochrome p450 (cyp) subfamilies were detected in all ruminant species by western blotting, using polyclonal antibodies ...	2003	14574442
transient expression of e1a and ras oncogenes causes downregulation of c-fos gene transcription in nontransformed ref52 cells.	stable transformation of rat embryo fibroblast (ref) cells with e1a and cha-ras oncogenes leads to downmodulation of c-fos gene transcription. this repression is provided in part by the association of elk-1 transcription factor with histone deacetylases mediated through effects of ras on map-kinase cascades. here, we focus on the primary effects of e1a and ras displayed in transient transfection assay on the transactivating capability of elk-1, which is a key transcription factor of c-fos gene r ...	2003	14576829
cellular effects of small molecule ptp1b inhibitors on insulin signaling.	protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (ptp1b) is implicated as a negative regulator of insulin receptor (ir) signaling and a potential drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other associated metabolic syndromes. to further define the role of ptp1b in insulin signaling and to test the hypothesis that blocking the activity of ptp1b would augment the action of insulin, we prepared several cell permeable, potent and selective, small molecule ptp1b inhibitors, and evaluated their biological e ...	2003	14596593
efficacy trial of an irradiated cattle lungworm vaccine in red deer (cervus elaphus).	lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) is the parasite of most concern to the new zealand deer industry. although lungworm can be controlled by anthelmintics there is an increasing concern over excessive drenching programmes and reliance on chemicals for parasite control. a live irradiated larval vaccine developed for cattle has been available in europe for the past 40 years but has never been evaluated in red deer in new zealand. four groups of red deer and two of cattle were hand reared from birth in par ...	2003	14597286
bovine tuberculosis in elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) near riding mountain national park, manitoba, from 1992 to 2002.		2003	14601681