Publications

the pathology of experimental poxvirus infection in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus): further characterization of a new primate model for orthopoxvirus infections.	zoonotic orthopoxvirus (opv) can induce severe disease in man and the virus has potential for use in bioterrorism. new vaccines and therapeutics against opv infections must be tested in animal models. the aim of this study was to characterize the clinical course and pathology of a new opv isolate, calpox virus, which is infectious in marmosets. infection experiments were performed with 28 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) exposed to different challenge doses of calpox virus by the intravenou ...	2011	21783202
sex identification using the zfx and zfy genes in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	we investigated sex determination via the zfx and zfy genes using pcr-rflp in the common marmoset. we designed a novel primer set to detect zfx and zfy. a 483-bp band from the zfx gene and a 471-bp band from the zfy gene were amplified. sequencing data of the products amplified from zfx and zfy showed the recognition sites of two restriction enzymes, ddei and msei, respectively. after digestion of the products using each enzyme, we found that the band patterns between females and males were diff ...	2011	21791881
reliability of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	this study examines the test-retest reliability of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (dpoaes) in ketamine-anesthetized common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). dpoae gain functions were measured at 16 f(2)-frequencies between 3 and 24 khz. test-retest reliability was assessed at the following time intervals: (1) interleaved, in which two gain functions were obtained at each frequency before advancing to the next frequency, (2) immediate, wherein one gain function was collected at all f(2)-f ...	2011	21801824
decision making and risk attitude of the common marmoset in a gambling task.	to analyze decision making under uncertainty of monkeys, common marmosets were trained to choose and remove one of two colored caps on wells arranged side by side. each well contained constant reward (3 grains of puffed rice) or risky reward (0 or 6 grains; probability, 50%:50%). for each marmoset, white or black color was assigned randomly as a symbol of non-risky or risky choice. arrangement of white and black caps was determined randomly in each trial. after 200 trials (5 trials per day), the ...	2011	21802456
colonization with nontuberculous mycobacteria is associated with positive tuberculin skin test reactions in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	mycobacterium tuberculosis infections can result in significant morbidity and mortality in nonhuman primate colonies. preventative health programs designed to detect infection routinely include tuberculin skin testing (tst). because mammalian old tuberculin used for tst contains antigens common to a variety of mycobacterial species, false-positive results can occur in animals sensitized to nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm). over 11 mo, a large colony of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) demo ...	2011	21819699
ultrastructural analysis, zinc transporters, glucose transporters and hormones expression in new world primate (callithrix jacchus) and human pancreatic islets.	the new world primates (nwp) callithrix jacchus separated from man approximately 50million years ago and is a potential alternative small non-human primate model for diabetes research. ultrastructure, and gene expression of pancreatic islets and the recently described diabetes auto antigenic zinc transporters families in human, nwp and pig pancreas were studied. morphologically nwp islets were larger than pig islets and similar in size to human islets. nwp islets alpha cells had high dense core ...	2011	21821034
a novel two promoter- one gene system of the chorionic gonadotropin beta (cgb) gene enables tissue specific expression.	the new world monkey (nwm), callithrix jacchus, a preferred model in medical research, displays an interesting endocrine regulation of reproduction: the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone luteinizing hormone (lh) is functionally replaced by the chorionic gonadotropin (cg), a hormone indispensable for establishment of pregnancy in humans and normally expressed in the placenta. in the marmoset pituitary, the expression of the beta-subunit (cgb) gene is regulated similarly to human lh beta-subunit, ...	2011	21821715
Contribution of the amygdala, but not orbitofrontal or medial prefrontal cortices, to the expression of flavour preferences in marmoset monkeys.	The development of food preferences contributes to a balanced diet, and involves both innate and learnt factors. By associating flavour cues with the reinforcing properties of the food (i.e. postingestive nutrient cues and innately preferred tastes, such as sweetness), animals acquire individual preferences. How the brain codes and guides selection when the subject has to choose between different palatable foods is little understood. To investigate this issue, we trained common marmoset monkeys ...	2011	21848920
Population parameters of the endangered titi monkey, Callicebus coimbrai Kobayashi and Langguth, 1999, in the fragmented landscape of southern Sergipe, Brazil.	The recently-discovered titi, Callicebus coimbrai, is endemic to the coastal Brazilian Atlantic Forest south of the São Francisco River, a region with a long tradition of deforestation. While a number of C. coimbrai populations have now been identified, little is known about basic population parameters. Considering the importance of this information for conservation planning, the population of a site in southern Sergipe (with a total area of forest of approximately 500 ha) was surveyed between A ...	2011	21881780
Unravelling the T-cell-mediated autoimmune attack on CNS myelin in a new primate EAE model induced with MOG(34-56) peptide in incomplete adjuvant.	Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been documented in common marmosets using peptide 34-56 from human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(34-56) ) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Here, we report that this EAE model is associated with widespread demyelination of grey and white matter. We performed an in-depth analysis of the specificity, MHC restriction and functions of the activated T cells in the model, which likely cause EAE in an autoantibody-independ ...	2011	21928277
wireless multi-channel single unit recording in freely moving and vocalizing primates.	the ability to record well-isolated action potentials from individual neurons in naturally behaving animals is crucial for understanding neural mechanisms underlying natural behaviors. traditional neurophysiology techniques, however, require the animal to be restrained which often restricts natural behavior. an example is the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a highly vocal new world primate species, used in our laboratory to study the neural correlates of vocal production and sensory feedba ...	2012	21933683
behavioral tests as indicator for pain and distress in a primate endometriosis model.	as common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) are frequently used experimental animals, sensitive test systems are needed to evaluate impairment and pain caused by procedures and diseases.	2011	21950721
a small nonhuman primate model for filovirus-induced disease.	ebolavirus and marburgvirus are members of the filovirus family and induce a fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates with 90% case fatality. to develop a small nonhuman primate model for filovirus disease, common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were intramuscularly inoculated with wild type marburgvirus musoke or ebolavirus zaire. the infection resulted in a systemic fatal disease with clinical and morphological features closely resembling human infection. animals experienced we ...	2011	21959017
debrisoquine metabolism and cyp2d expression in marmoset liver microsomes.	the objective of this study was to define cyp2d enzymes in marmoset (callithrix jacchus) liver microsomes, both at the activity level using debrisoquine as the model substrate and at the protein level using antibodies raised to human cyp2d6. marmoset liver microsomes were incubated with [(14)c]debrisoquine, and the structure of the generated metabolites was determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nmr. marmoset liver microsomes were very effective in hydroxylating debr ...	2012	21976620
vocal control by the common marmoset in the presence of interfering noise.	the natural environment is inherently noisy with acoustic interferences. it is, therefore, beneficial for a species to modify its vocal production to effectively communicate in the presence of interfering noises. non-human primates have been traditionally considered to possess limited voluntary vocal control, but little is known about their ability to modify vocal behavior when encountering interfering noises. here we tested the ability of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) to control the ...	2011	21993791
influence of different light intensities on the daily grooming distribution of common marmosets callithrix jacchus.	the daily distribution of autogrooming was evaluated in adult marmosets submitted to different illumination intensities in the light phase of the light-dark cycle. autogrooming and locomotor activity were monitored and the faecal cortisol level assessed as a stress indicator. the distribution of autogrooming showed two distinct tendencies: when the light intensity varied from 500 to 200 lux, a slight increase in frequency and duration was observed, while a significant decrease in both variables ...	2011	21997701
B-cell depletion attenuates white and gray matter pathology in marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.	This study investigated the effect of CD20-positive B-cell depletion on central nervous system (CNS) white and gray matter pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets, a relevant preclinical model of multiple sclerosis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in 14 marmosets by immunization with recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in complete Freund adjuvant. At 21 days after immunization, B-cell depletion was achieved by weekly intr ...	2011	22002426
discrepant effects of human interferon-gamma on clinical and immunological disease parameters in a novel marmoset model for multiple sclerosis.	the core pathogenic process in the common marmoset model of multiple sclerosis (ms) is the activation of memory-like t cells specific for peptide 34 to 56 derived from the extracellular domain of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog(34-56)). immunization with mog(34-56) in incomplete freund's adjuvant is a sufficient stimulus for in vivo activation of these t cells, together with the induction of ms-like disease and cns pathology. ex vivo functional characteristics of mog(34-56) specific t c ...	2011	22012268
a case of intestinal mucormycosis in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	a 3-year-old female common marmoset was euthanatized because of wasting. grossly, a perforating lesion was present in the jejunum and hemorrhagic lesions in the cecum and colon. histopathologically, these gross lesions were a perforated jejunal ulcer and necrotizing colitis, respectively. necrotizing colitis was characterized by extensive mucosal necrosis along with numerous ribbon-shaped aseptate hyphae. these aseptate hyaline hyphae were positively stained with pas and gms, and reacted immunoh ...	2011	22020147
intertemporal choice in lemurs.	different species vary in their ability to wait for delayed rewards in intertemporal choice tasks. models of rate maximization account for part of this variation, but other factors such as social structure and feeding ecology seem to underly some species differences. though studies have evaluated intertemporal choice in several primate species, including old world monkeys, new world monkeys, and apes, prosimians have not been tested. this study investigated intertemporal choices in three species ...	2011	22024661
Comparative distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the hypothalamus of the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) and the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).	Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is widely distributed in the brain of many species. In the hypothalamus, CART neurotransmission has been implicated in diverse functions including energy balance, stress response, and temperature and endocrine regulation. Although some studies have been performed in primates, very little is known about the distribution of CART neurons in New World monkeys. New World monkeys are good models for systems neuroscience, as some species have evolved ...	2011	22030409
an alternative method of endotracheal intubation of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	endotracheal intubation was carried out in 11 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). a commercially available tilting stand and a miller laryngoscope blade were used to visualize the larynx. anaesthesia was induced with alphaxalone (10.6 ± 1.6 mg/kg intramuscularly, followed by 3.2 ± 1.2 mg/kg intravenously). the diameter of the proximal trachea easily fitted an endotracheal tube made from readily available material (a 12 g 'over the needle' catheter). once the tip of the endotracheal tube was a ...	2012	22048957
detection of anti-leptospira antibodies in captive nonhuman primates from salvador, brazil.	leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis that affects several species of domestic and wild animals. under captive conditions, leptospirosis is a potential problem because the physical conditions in most zoos and research centers cannot prevent the captive animals from being exposed to rodents, raccoons, opossums, and other local wildlife that are known carriers. yet, despite the potential risk, animals that are destined for reintroduction into the wild are not routinely tested for anti-lep ...	2012	22052355
analysis of the bone metabolism by quantitative computer tomography and clinical chemistry in a primate model (callithrix jacchus).	common marmosets are widely used as experimental primates; however, little is still known about their bone physiology. therefore, the aim of our study was to analyse body weight, age and bone-specific blood parameters in relation to morphological bone parameters.	2012	22067047
differential hypothalamic secretion of neurocrines in male common marmosets: parental experience effects?	pregnancy and lactation produce a plethora of hormonal changes in females that promote maternal care of offspring. males in the biparental marmoset species (callithrix jacchus) demonstrate high levels of parenting behaviour and express enhanced circulating reproductive hormones. furthermore, these hormonal changes are influenced by paternal experience. to determine whether the paternally experienced male marmoset has altered neurocrine hypothalamic release, as the maternal females does, we exami ...	2012	22070606
Improving the energy and nutrient supply for common marmoset monkeys fed under long-term laboratory conditions.	Background Current knowledge about the optimal energy and nutrient supply for common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) is scarce, and more information is needed for establishing the underlying nutritional concepts for facilitating longevity of this species as laboratory animals for biomedical research. Methods Two feeding experiments were conducted to yield fundamental data about feed acceptance, real feed intake, and feed preferences under laboratory conditions. Newly developed feeding co ...	2011	22077415
toxicity and retinal penetration of infliximab in primates.	purpose:: to evaluate the retinal penetration and toxicity of two doses of intravitreal infliximab in primates. methods:: ten marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were given intravitreal injection of 100 μg or 400 μg of infliximab, and balanced salt solution served as control. at baseline and after 24 hours (5 animals) and 7 days (the other 5), the eyes were examined by electroretinography. they were then killed (at 24 hours and 7 days) and assessed by light microscopy and transmission electron micros ...	2011	22080907
dissociation between seeing and acting: insights from common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	perception-based measures often reveal much earlier competencies than action-based approaches. we explored this phenomenon generally labeled as "knowledge dissociation" in 28 common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) using a paradigm where subjects had to localize a food item dropped down an opaque tube. experiments 1 and 2 assessed common marmoset monkeys' gravity bias in an action based version of the tubes task. experiments 3 and 4 investigated whether marmosets' performance increases in a ...	2012	22085789
Preparation of acute living hippocampal slice from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) for synaptic function analysis.	We described the preparation of acute living slices from the hippocampus of the neonatal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Slices from a temporal lobe section were prepared quickly using a rotary slicer. By this method, we successfully recorded field potentials, namely, pre-synaptic fiber volley and field excitatory post-synaptic potentials, from the hippocampal CA1 region with conventional electrophysiological techniques, and analyzed the indicators of synaptic function such as input-output ...	2011	22101369
even simple forms of social learning rely on intention attribution in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus).	intention attribution guides the cognitively most demanding forms of social learning, such as imitation, thereby scaffolding cumulative cultural evolution. however, it is not thought to be necessary for more basic forms of social learning. here we present evidence that in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) even most basic forms of social learning such as enhancement depend on intention attribution. marmosets perceived the behavior of a conspecific and a conspecific-like robot, but not that of ...	2011	22103235
Compartmentalization of Cerebral Cortical Germinal Zones in a Lissencephalic Primate and Gyrencephalic Rodent.	Previous studies of macaque and human cortices identified cytoarchitectonically distinct germinal zones; the ventricular zone inner subventricular zone (ISVZ), and outer subventricular zone (OSVZ). To date, the OSVZ has only been described in gyrencephalic brains, separated from the ISVZ by an inner fiber layer and considered a milestone that triggered increased neocortical neurogenesis. However, this observation has only been assessed in a handful of species without the identification of the di ...	2011	22114081
Abundant Occurrence of Basal Radial Glia in the Subventricular Zone of Embryonic Neocortex of a Lissencephalic Primate, the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus.	Subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitors are a hallmark of the developing neocortex. Recent studies described a novel type of SVZ progenitor that retains a basal process at mitosis, sustains expression of radial glial markers, and is capable of self-renewal. These progenitors, referred to here as basal radial glia (bRG), occur at high relative abundance in the SVZ of gyrencephalic primates (human) and nonprimates (ferret) but not lissencephalic rodents (mouse). Here, we analyzed the occurrence of b ...	2011	22114084
the (not necessarily) convoluted role of basal radial glia in cortical neurogenesis.	recent advances in cell labeling and imaging techniques have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the neural precursor cells responsible for corticogenesis. in particular, radial glial cells are now known to generate several classes of restricted progenitors and neurons. while radial glial cells in the ventricular zone have received the most attention, it has become increasingly clear that a distinct subclass of radial glial cells situated in the subventricular zone (svz) and intermediate zone ...	2011	22116731
development of an acute model of inhalational melioidosis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	studies of inhalational melioidosis were undertaken in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). following exposure to an inhaled challenge with aerosolized burkholderia pseudomallei, lethal infection was observed in marmosets challenged with doses below 10 cfu; a precise ld(50) determination was not possible. the model was further characterized using a target challenge dose of approximately 10(2) cfu. a separate pathogenesis time-course experiment was also conducted. all animals succumbed, betw ...	2011	22122591
Effects of rearing conditions on early visual development in common marmosets.	Early development of visual behavior was examined in hand-reared (HR) and parentally reared (PR) common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). On the day of birth, most of the marmosets exhibited sensitivity to light and sound: they closed their eyes in response to light and oriented to the sound sources. The behavior of tracking moving visual stimuli was exhibited at around 10 days postnatally in PR marmosets, but the onset of this behavior was delayed to the age of 16 days in HR marmosets. The delay ...	2011	22127827
human hepatocyte growth factor promotes functional recovery in primates after spinal cord injury.	many therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury (sci) using neurotrophic factors have focused on reducing the area damaged by secondary, post-injury degeneration, to promote functional recovery. hepatocyte growth factor (hgf), which is a potent mitogen for mature hepatocytes and a mediator of the inflammatory responses to tissue injury, was recently highlighted as a potent neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. we previously reported that introducing exogenous hgf into the inju ...	2011	22140459
spontaneous glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	spontaneous progressive nephropathy dominated by glomerular lesions in common marmosets has been reported. however, the histopathologic characteristics, including the relationship between glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions, have not been described in detail. in the present study, the authors examined the histopathologic characteristics of the background renal lesions in common marmosets (3 males and 9 females, 3 to 8 years old). the severity of glomerular lesions was graded into 3 classes ...	2012	22156228
development of a novel non-human primate model for rift valley fever.	rift valley fever virus (rvfv) can cause severe human disease characterized by either acute-onset hepatitis, or delayed-onset encephalitis, or retinitis and blindness, or a hemorrhagic syndrome. the existing non-human primate (nhp) model for rvf utilizes an intravenous exposure route in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). severe disease in these animals is infrequent and large cohorts are needed to observe significant morbidity and mortality. to overcome these drawbacks, we evaluated the infectivi ...	2011	22156530
Allelic Lineages of the Ficolin Genes (FCNs) Are Passed from Ancestral to Descendant Primates.	The ficolins recognize carbohydrates and acetylated compounds on microorganisms and dying host cells and are able to activate the lectin pathway of the complement system. In humans, three ficolin genes have been identified: FCN1, FCN2 and FCN3, which encode ficolin-1, ficolin-2 and ficolin-3, respectively. Rodents have only two ficolins designated ficolin-A and ficolin-B that are closely related to human ficolin-1, while the rodent FCN3 orthologue is a pseudogene. Ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 have so ...	2011	22194813
testing the oxidative stress hypothesis of aging in primate fibroblasts: is there a correlation between species longevity and cellular ros production?	the present study was conducted to test predictions of the oxidative stress theory of aging assessing reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress resistance in cultured fibroblasts from 13 primate species ranging in body size from 0.25 to 120 kg and in longevity from 20 to 90 years. we assessed both basal and stress-induced reactive oxygen species production in fibroblasts from five great apes (human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan), four old world monkeys (baboon, rhesus ...	2012	22219516
bifidobacterium reuteri sp. nov., bifidobacterium callitrichos sp. nov., bifidobacterium saguini sp. nov., bifidobacterium stellenboschense sp. nov. and bifidobacterium biavatii sp. nov. isolated from faeces of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and red-handed tamarin (saguinus midas).	five strains of bifidobacteria were isolated from faeces of a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and a red-handed tamarin (saguinus midas). the five isolates clustered inside the phylogenetic group of the genus bifidobacterium but did not show high sequence similarities between the isolates and to known species in the genus by phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences. sequence analyses of dnaj1 and hsp60 also indicated their independent phylogenetic positions to each other in the ...	2012	22225994
positron emission tomography assessment of 8-oh-dpat-mediated changes in an index of cerebral glucose metabolism in female marmosets.	as part of a larger experiment investigating serotonergic regulation of female marmoset sexual behavior, this study was designed to (1) advance methods for pet imaging of common marmoset monkey brain, (2) measure normalized fdg uptake as an index of local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose, and (3) study changes induced in this index of cerebral glucose metabolism by chronic treatment of female marmosets with a serotonin 1a receptor (5-ht(1a)) agonist. we hypothesized that chronic treatment wi ...	2012	22233732
group service in macaques (macaca fuscata), capuchins (cebus apella) and marmosets (callithrix jacchus): a comparative approach to identifying proactive prosocial motivations.	proactive, that is, spontaneous, prosociality reflects a psychological interest in the welfare of others and has been reported in callitrichid monkeys, capuchin monkeys (cebus apella), and humans, but not in chimpanzees. one explanation for the co-occurrence of proactive prosociality in these species is that it is linked to shared infant care (cooperative breeding); alternatively, it might merely reflect unusually high social tolerance or be mediated by advanced cognitive abilities. to date, dis ...	2013	22250970
spontaneous alternation behavior in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	whether common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) exhibit spontaneous alternation behavior was examined. marmosets were allowed to explore one of the two arms of a y-shaped maze, and after delays of various lengths, their preference to enter the previously entered or alternate arms was examined. the marmosets showed spontaneous alternation behavior; they preferred to enter the alternate arm after a delay of 2 hours or shorter, but such a preference was lost after a 24-hr delay. the loss of the alter ...	2013	22268554
individual recognition during bouts of antiphonal calling in common marmosets.	many vocalizations are encoded with a diversity of acoustic information about the signal producer. amongst this information content are social categories related to the identity of the caller that are important for determining if and how a signal receiver may interact with that individual. here, we employed a novel playback method in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) to test individual recognition during bouts of antiphonal calling. these experiments utilized custom, interactive playback sof ...	2012	22277952
place preference behaviour in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus): carey gj, domeney am, costall b, naylor rj, postgraduate studies in pharmacology, the school of pharmacy, university of bradford, bradford, west yorkshire, bd7 1dp.		1992	22291332
the conclusiveness of less-invasive imaging techniques (computer tomography, x-ray) with regard to their identification of bone diseases in a primate model (callithrix jacchus).	although common marmosets seem to be appropriate animal models to examine bone diseases, no data about the conclusiveness of less-invasive techniques are available. therefore, the aim was to combine different techniques to analyse changes in bone metabolism of common marmosets with bone diseases.	2012	22300635
molecular signatures to define spermatogenic cells in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	germ cell development is a fundamental process required to produce offspring. the developmental program of spermatogenesis has been assumed to be similar among mammals. however, recent studies have revealed differences in the molecular properties of primate germ cells compared with the well-characterized mouse germ cells. this may prevent simple application of rodent insights into higher primates. therefore, thorough investigation of primate germ cells is necessary, as this may lead to the devel ...	2012	22323619
effect of luminosity on color discrimination of dichromatic marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	psychophysical data have shown that under mesopic conditions cones and rods can interact, improving color vision. since electrophysiological data have suggested that rods of dichromatic marmosets appear to be active at higher luminance, we aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of sunlight on the foraging abilities of male dichromatic marmosets. captive marmosets were observed under three different conditions, with respect to their performance in detecting colored food items against ...	2012	22330382
mercury in the spinal cord after inhalation of mercury.	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) affects anterior horn cells of the spinal cord causing an indolent slow and steady deterioration of muscle strength leading inevitably to death in respiratory failure. als is a model condition for neurodegenerative disorders. exposure to different agents dispersed in the environment has been suggested to cause neurodegeneration but no convincing evidence for such a link has yet been presented. respiratory exposure to metallic mercury (hg(0)) from different sou ...	2012	22364490
lead optimization of 17β-hsd1 inhibitors of the (hydroxyphenyl)naphthol sulfonamide type for the treatment of endometriosis.	the reduction of estrone to estradiol, the most potent estrogen in human, is catalyzed by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-hsd1). a promising approach for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases is the reduction of intracellular estradiol formation by inhibition of 17β-hsd1. for the species-specific optimization of the (hydroxyphenyl)naphthols, a combinatorial approach was applied and enhanced by a focused synthesis that resulted in the aromatic-substituted (hydroxyphenyl)naphth ...	2012	22380653
[hepatocyte growth factor therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons. approximately 20% of familial als cases are caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) gene. we generated rats that express a human sod1 transgene with two different als-associated mutations and found that these rats develop remarkable motor neuron degeneration and paralysis. this rat model, because of the larger size of the animals as compar ...	2012	22402718
quantitative molecular assessment of chimerism across tissues in marmosets and tamarins.	marmosets are playing an increasingly large and important role in biomedical research. they share genetic, anatomical, and physiological similarities with humans and other primate model species, but their smaller sizes, reproductive efficiency, and amenability to genetic manipulation offer an added practicality. while their unique biology can be exploited to provide insights into disease and function, it is also important that researchers are aware of the differences that exist between marmosets ...	2012	22429831
misleading and reliable markers to differentiate between primate testis-derived multipotent stromal cells and spermatogonia in culture.	several studies have reported the generation of spermatogonia-derived pluripotent stem cells from human testes. the initial aim of the present study was the derivation of equivalent stem cells from an established and experimentally accessible non-human primate model, the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus). however, an essential prerequisite in the absence of transgenic reporters in primates and man is the availability of validated endogenous markers for the identification of specific ce ...	2012	22442249
microrna regulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice and marmosets resembles regulation in human multiple sclerosis lesions.	here we demonstrate that mirna regulation in marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and c57/bl6 mouse eae lesions largely resembles mirna regulation in active human ms lesions. detailed quantitative pcr analyses of the most up- and downregulated mirnas of active human ms lesions in dissected lesions from marmoset eae brains and inflamed spinal cords of eae mice revealed that the conserved and highly regulated mirnas, mirna-155, mirna-142-3p, mirna-146a, mirna-146b and mirna-21, turned out to be similarly ...	2012	22445295
cortical connections of auditory cortex in marmoset monkeys: lateral belt and parabelt regions.	the current working model of primate auditory cortex is constructed from a number of studies of both new and old world monkeys. it includes three levels of processing. a primary level, the core region, is surrounded both medially and laterally by a secondary belt region. a third level of processing, the parabelt region, is located lateral to the belt. the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus jacchus) has become an important model system to study auditory processing, but its anatomical organizatio ...	2012	22461313
characteristics of serial order learning in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	we investigated the characteristics of serial order learning in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). five marmosets were trained in a sequential responding task in which they were required to touch four graphic patterns in a given order (a→b→c→d) to obtain a reward. all five marmosets learned the task with over 65% accuracy. shuffling the positions of b, c, and d immediately after the marmoset had correctly identified and selected the first stimulus (a) either decreased accuracy or lengthened ...	2012	22468938
early decline in progenitor diversity in the marmoset lateral ventricle.	the lateral ventricle (lv) of the adult rodent brain harbors neural stem cells (nscs) that continue to generate new neurons throughout life. nscs located in defined areas of the lv walls generate progenitors with distinct transcriptional profiles that are committed to specific neuronal fates. here, we assessed if such diversity of nscs also exist in the adult common marmoset, a widely used primate species in basic and clinical neuroscience research. we first investigated the 3d distributions of ...	2013	22473896
comparative anatomy of marmoset and mouse cortex from genomic expression.	advances in mouse neural circuit genetics, brain atlases, and behavioral assays provide a powerful system for modeling the genetic basis of cognition and psychiatric disease. however, a critical limitation of this approach is how to achieve concordance of mouse neurobiology with the ultimate goal of understanding the human brain. previously, the common marmoset has shown promise as a genetic model system toward the linking of mouse and human studies. however, the advent of marmoset transgenic ap ...	2012	22496550
susceptibility of peritoneal macrophage from different species of neotropical primates to ex vivo leishmania (l.) infantum chagasi-infection.	this study examined the susceptibility of peritoneal macrophage (pm) from the neotropical primates: callithrix jacchus, callithrix penicillata, saimiri sciureus, aotus azarae infulatus and callimico goeldii to ex vivo leishmania (l.) infantum chagasi-infection, the etiological agent of american visceral leishmaniasis (avl), as a screening assay for evaluating the potential of these non-human primates as experimental models for studying avl. the pm-susceptibility to infection was accessed by the ...	2012	22499423
lesions of ventrolateral prefrontal or anterior orbitofrontal cortex in primates heighten negative emotion.	heightened fear and anxiety are core symptoms of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. they are associated with structural and activity changes throughout neural circuitry that includes the ventral and medial prefrontal cortices (pfc), the amygdala, and hippocampus. although the contributions of the medial pfc, amygdala, and hippocampus to fear and anxiety have been studied extensively with animal models, the selective roles of the ventral pfc-including the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vl ...	2012	22502990
aging phenotypes of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	characterizing the phenotypic changes associated with aging in a short-lived primate is necessary in order to develop better translational models for human health, aging, and disease research. a population of conventionally housed marmoset monkeys was assessed to determine if phenotypes of body composition, hematology, and morphometrical measures were associated with age or risk of death. we found that the cause of mortality in older marmosets was more likely to be due to cardiac and chronic kid ...	2012	22506113
anatomical description and morphometry of the skeleton of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is regularly used in biomedical research, including for studies involving the skeleton. to support these studies, skeletons of healthy animals that had been euthanized for reasons not interfering with skeletal anatomy were prepared. the marmoset dental formula 2i-1c-3p-2m of each oral quadrant is atypical for new world monkeys which commonly possess a third molar. seven cervical, 12-13 thoracic, 7-6 lumbar, 2-3 sacral and 26-29 caudal vertebrae are present, t ...	2012	22517992
retinal projections and neurochemical characterization of the pregeniculate nucleus of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	in mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) and the intergeniculate leaflet (igl) are the main components of the circadian timing system. the scn is the site of the endogenous biological clock that generates rhythms and synchronizes them to environmental cues. the igl is a key structure that modulates scn activity and is responsible for the transmission of non-photic information to the scn, thus participating in the integration between photic and non-photic stimuli. both the scn and igl receiv ...	2012	22531294
the influence of sex and relatedness on stress response in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	research in stress physiology has demonstrated the benefits of receiving social support during stressful conditions. however, recent data have shown that the efficacy of social support in buffering physiological and behavioral responses to stressor agents depends on species, sex, and relatedness among animals. this study investigated whether different kinds of social support (presence of same sex related or nonrelated conspecifics) have the same effect on hormonal (fecal cortisol levels) and beh ...	2012	22549557
derivation of neural progenitors and retinal pigment epithelium from common marmoset and human pluripotent stem cells.	embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) derived from mammalian species are valuable tools for modeling human disease, including retinal degenerative eye diseases that result in visual loss. restoration of vision has focused on transplantation of neural progenitor cells (npcs) and retinal pigmented epithelium (rpe) to the retina. here we used transgenic common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and human pluripotent stem cells carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) reporte ...	2012	22550507
amacrine and bipolar inputs to midget and parasol ganglion cells in marmoset retina.	retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory synapses from bipolar cells and inhibitory synapses from amacrine cells. previous studies in primate suggest that the strength of inhibitory amacrine input is greater to cells in peripheral retina than to foveal (central) cells. a comprehensive study of a large number of ganglion cells at different eccentricities, however, is still lacking. here, we compared the amacrine and bipolar input to midget and parasol ganglion cells in central and peripheral ret ...	2012	22564345
developmental expression of the pluripotency factor sal-like protein 4 in the monkey, human and mouse testis: restriction to premeiotic germ cells.	sall4 (sal-like protein 4) is a pluripotency transcription factor, which is highly expressed in embryonic stem (es) cells and which is essential for mouse preimplantation development. in adult mouse organs, sall4 mrna is highly expressed in the testis and ovary, while there is only little or no expression in other organs. there is also a high expression of sall4 in human testicular germ cell tumors. however, there is as yet no detailed analysis of sall4 expression during mammalian testicular dev ...	2012	22572102
performance on patterned string problems by common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	this experiment examined the performance of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) on a series of patterned string problems to assess the marmosets' understanding of means-ends relationships. one marmoset, jet, was exposed to a series of problems that were ordered in terms of perceived difficulty during two testings that were separated by 1 year. in the second testing, jet received problems that had been used during the first testing along with three new problems. each of the new problems was des ...	2012	22576582
minimally invasive transabdominal collection of preimplantation embryos from the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).	a novel, minimally invasive, transabdominal embryo collection method (transabdominal method) was developed as an alternative to a standard abdominal incision for embryo collection in the common marmoset. the abdominal incision method was used for 304 flushes using 36 female animals, whereas the transabdominal method was used for 488 flushes using 48 females; successful embryo collection rates were 48.0% and 48.4% (p > 0.05), respectively. these techniques were successfully duplicated at another ...	2012	22578624
temporal bone characterization and cochlear implant feasibility in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	the marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a valuable non-human primate model for studying behavioral and neural mechanisms related to vocal communication. it is also well suited for investigating neural mechanisms related to cochlear implants. the purpose of this study was to characterize marmoset temporal bone anatomy and investigate the feasibility of implanting a multi-channel intracochlear electrode into the marmoset scala tympani. micro computed tomography (microct) was used to create high-resol ...	2012	22583919
islet microarchitecture and glucose transporter expression of the pancreas of the marmoset monkey display similarities to the human.	the common marmoset new world monkey (callithrix jacchus), is a primate model with great potential for scientific research, including research on diabetes. however, in opposite to rhesus and java monkeys (macaca mulatta and macaca fascicularis) little is known about the marmosets islet microarchitecture, glucose transporter and pancreatic marker gene expression. in this work we analyze differences and similarities in size, shape, cellular composition and intra-islet topography between the common ...	2014	22627676
the effects of group size and reproductive status on vigilance in captive callithrix jacchus.	previous work on mammals and birds has often demonstrated a negative relationship between group size and individual vigilance. however, this relationship has received only weak support in nonhuman primates. this result may be due to the failure to distinguish different forms of vigilance such as antipredatory vigilance and social monitoring. here, we tested the effects of group size, reproductive status (breeding vs. nonbreeding), and sex on antipredatory vigilance and social monitoring in capti ...	2012	22644577
color blobs in cortical areas v1 and v2 of the new world monkey callithrix jacchus, revealed by non-differential optical imaging.	color vision is reserved to only few mammals, such as old world monkeys and humans. most old world monkeys are trichromats. among them, macaques were shown to exhibit functional domains of color-selectivity, in areas v1 and v2 of the visual cortex. such color domains have not yet been shown in new world monkeys. in marmosets a sex-linked dichotomy results in dichromatic and trichromatic genotypes, rendering most male marmosets color-blind. here we used trichromatic female marmosets to examine th ...	2012	22674264
the pluripotency factor lin28 in monkey and human testes: a marker for spermatogonial stem cells?	mammalian spermatogenesis is maintained by spermatogonial stem cells (sscs). however, since evidentiary assays and unequivocal markers are still missing in non-human primates (nhps) and man, the identity of primate sscs is unknown. in contrast, in mice, germ cell transplantation studies have functionally demonstrated the presence of sscs. lin28 is an rna-binding pluripotent stem cell factor, which is also strongly expressed in undifferentiated mouse spermatogonia. by contrast, two recent reports ...	2012	22689537
establishing meal patterns by lickometry in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus): translational applications from the bench to the field and the clinic.	the ability to measure and interpret variables associated with feeding behavior and food intake is essential to a variety of nonhuman primate study modalities. the development of a technique to accurately and efficiently measure food intake and meal patterning in captivity will enhance both the interpretation of foraging behavior in the wild as well as our ability to model clinically relevant human feeding pathologies. in this study, we successfully developed the use of a rodent lickometer syste ...	2012	22707067
an animal model that reflects human disease: the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	the common marmoset is a new world primate belonging to the callitrichidae family weighing between 350 and 400 g. the marmoset has been shown to be an outstanding model for studying aging, reproduction, neuroscience, toxicology, and infectious disease. with regard to their susceptibility to infectious agents, they are exquisite nhp models for viral, protozoan and bacterial agents, as well as prions. the marmoset provides the advantages of a small animal model in high containment coupled with the ...	2012	22709521
development and annotation of shotgun sequence libraries from new world monkeys.	the draft genome sequences of several primates are available, providing insights into evolutionary and anthropological research. however, genomic resources from new world monkeys are conspicuously lacking. to date, the genomes of only two platyrrhine species, the common marmoset and the bolivian squirrel monkey, have been fully sequenced. this is especially limiting for comparative genomics research, considering that new world monkeys are the most speciose primate group, and platyrrhine genetic ...	2012	22715851
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus receives a direct retinal input in marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus): a subunit b cholera toxin study.	the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus is a prominent nucleus in the thalamus, positioned lateral to the midline nuclei and medial to the intralaminar thalamic complex in the dorsal thalamus. several studies identify the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus as a key structure in learning and memory, as well as in emotional mechanisms and alertness due to reciprocal connections with the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. fibers from the retina to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus have recently been described ...	2013	22726524
the marmoset monkey: a multi-purpose preclinical and translational model of human biology and disease.	the development of biologic molecules (monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, soluble receptors) as specific therapeutics for human disease creates a need for animal models in which safety and efficacy can be tested. models in lower animal species are precluded when the reagents fail to recognize their targets, which is often the case in rats and mice. in this feature article we will highlight the common marmoset, a small-bodied nonhuman primate (nhp), as a useful model in biomedical and preclinical ...	2012	22728226
prenatal stress programs lipid metabolism enhancing cardiovascular risk in the female f1, f2, and f3 generation in the primate model common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	many human diseases are modulated by intrauterine environment, which is called prenatal programming. this study investigated effects of prenatal glucocorticoids on the lipid metabolism of three filial generations of common marmosets.	2012	22748020
life span of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) at clea japan breeding colony.	the life span and survival parameters of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) in a breeding colony at clea japan, inc. were investigated. the average life span of male marmosets was 148.5 ± 6.1 (mean ± se) months of age (m), which was significantly longer (p < 0.01) than that of females (111.7 ± 6.0 m). additionally, the male population reached 25-, 50-, 75- and 90 %-mortality at an older age than the female population. however, the maximum life span in males (259.9 m) was shorter than in fe ...	2012	22752736
sperm head morphometry in ejaculates of adult marmosets (callithrix jacchus): a model for studying sperm subpopulations and among-donor variations.	in humans and other mammals, sperm morphology has been considered one of the most important predictive parameters of fertility. the objective was to determine the presence and distribution of sperm head morphometric subpopulations in a nonhuman primate model (callithrix jacchus), using an objective computer analysis system and principal component analysis (pca) methods to establish the relationship between the subpopulation distribution observed and among-donor variation. the pca method revealed ...	2012	22763070
parameters of haematology, clinical chemistry and lipid metabolism in the common marmoset and alterations under stress conditions.	common marmosets are suitable non-human primate models for many human diseases. standard values for blood parameters are required to evaluate physiological and pathological situations. two studies were conducted: study i to determine standard values and study ii to examine these under changed housing conditions. in study i, all parameters for clinical chemistry were similar in range for both genders with these specifics: male marmosets had significantly higher total and ldl cholesterol levels th ...	2012	22765494
changes in hematological and serum biochemical parameters in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) after inoculation with dengue virus.	marmosets are susceptible to dengue virus (denv) infection. however, blood parameter data and clinical signs of denv-infected marmosets are limited.	2012	22775469
toward a nonhuman primate model of fetal programming: phenotypic plasticity of the common marmoset fetoplacental complex.	nonhuman primates offer unique opportunities as animal models in the study of developmental programming and the role of the placenta in developmental processes. all primates share fundamental similarities in life history and reproductive biology. thus, insights gleaned from studies of nonhuman primates have a higher degree of biological salience to human biology than do studies of rodents or agricultural animals. the common marmoset monkey is a small-bodied primate from south america that produc ...	2012	22776637
inflammatory fibroid polyp in the duodenum of a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).	a 32-month-old male common marmoset had a firm and white-colored mass in the duodenal wall. the cut surface was smooth and grayish white in color. histologically, the mass consisted of a proliferation of spindle cells with an oval to spindle-shaped nucleus and scant eosinophilic cytoplasm in a loose myxoid or fibrotic background. most of the lesion displayed no specific growth pattern whereas some of the cells concentrated around the vessels and created an onion-bulb structure. additionally, mar ...	2013	22786945
linkage between the midline cortical serotonergic system and social behavior traits: positron emission tomography studies of common marmosets.	serotonin is known to play an important role not only in regulating emotional behaviors, but also in the formation of social behavior traits. to determine the location and serotonin function of brain areas involved in social behavior traits, we tested serotonin transporter (sert) binding and neural activity linked with the social behaviors of common marmosets with positron emission tomography using [(11)c]-3-amino-4-(2-dimetylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile and [(18)f]fluorodeoxyglucose ...	2013	22791806
b-cell depletion abrogates t cell-mediated demyelination in an antibody-nondependent common marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model.	cd20-positive b-cell depletion is a highly promising treatment for multiple sclerosis (ms), but the mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects are poorly understood. b cells are thought to contribute to ms pathogenesis by producing autoantibodies that amplify demyelination via opsonization of myelin. to analyze autoantibody-nondependent functions of b cells in an animal model of ms, we used a novel t cell-driven experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model in marmoset monkeys (callithrix ...	2012	22805775
evolution of hla-drb genes.	the hla region shows diversity concerning the number and content of drb genes present per haplotype. similar observations are made for the equivalent regions in other primate species. to elucidate the evolutionary history of the various hla-drb genes, a large panel of intron sequences obtained from humans, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and common marmosets has been subjected to phylogenetic analyses. special attention was paid to the presence and absence of particular transposable elements and/o ...	2012	22826457
visualizing dopamine transporter integrity with iodine-123-fp-cit spect in combination with high resolution mri in the brain of the common marmoset monkey.	considerable progress has been made in small animal single photon emission computed tomography (spect) imaging in the field of parkinson's disease. in preclinical research, there is an increasing demand for in vivo imaging techniques to apply to animal models. here, we report the first protocol for dopamine transporter (dat) spect in common marmosets using the radioligand ¹²³i-n-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-{4-iodophenyl}nortropane (¹²³i-fp-cit). serial spect images were obtained on an upgr ...	2012	22827895
monomorphic region of the serotonin transporter promoter gene in new world monkeys.	genetic variation in the human serotonin system has long been studied because of its functional consequences and links to various neuropsychiatric and behavior-related disorders. among non-human primates, the common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and tufted capuchins monkeys (cebus apella) are becoming increasingly used as models to study the effects of genes, environments, and their interaction on physiology and complex behavior. in order to investigate the independent functions of and potentia ...	2012	22833283
double expression of cd34 and cd117 on bone marrow progenitors is a hallmark of the development of functional mast cell of callithrix jacchus (common marmoset).	mast cells (mcs) are developed from hematopoietic progenitor cells and play an important role in inflammation. study of the kinetics of development and accumulation of primate mc in vivo is crucial for the control of human inflammatory diseases, as evolution of the immune system is quite rapid and inflammation including mc response is considered to be different between mouse and human. in the present study, we examined the development of mc from hematopoietic progenitors of callithrix jacchus (c ...	2012	22836021
a new method for quantitative analysis of the t cell receptor v region repertoires in healthy common marmosets by microplate hybridization assay.	the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, is one of the smallest primates and is increasingly used for an experimental nonhuman primate model in many research fields. analysis of t cell receptor (tcr) repertoires is a powerful tool to investigate t cell immunity in terms of antigen specificity and variability of tcr expression. however, monoclonal antibodies specific for many tcr vα or vβ chains have not been created. we have recently identified a large number of tcrα chain variable (trav) and tc ...	2012	22841578
can we measure brain efficiency? an empirical test with common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).	various measures of brain size correlate with cognitive performance; however, the fit is not perfect, which bears the question of whether brains also vary in efficiency. such variation could be expected if a species faces constraints on brain enlargement, for example due to the impossibility of slowing down life history as a consequence of predator pressure, while simultaneously experiencing selective benefits from enhanced cognitive ability related to particular ecological or social conditions. ...	2012	22846401
remote long-term registrations of sleep-wake rhythms, core body temperature and activity in marmoset monkeys.	initial studies in the day active marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) indicate that the sleep-wake cycle of these non-human primates resembles that of humans and therefore conceivably represent an appropriate model for human sleep. the methods currently employed for sleep studies in marmosets are limited. the objective of this study was to employ and validate the use of specific remote monitoring system technologies that enable accurate long-term recordings of sleep-wake rhythms and the closely ...	2012	22850608
experimental techniques for neuroscience research using common marmosets.	the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a species of new world monkeys. because of its ease of maintenance and breeding in laboratories, use of the marmoset is growing rapidly in biomedical research. in neuroscience, the marmosets are attracting more attention, since they have the developed cerebral cortex which plays a key role in higher brain functions. in this review on neuroscience research using the marmoset, experimental techniques developed in our laboratory are summarized. we introdu ...	2012	22850638
increased expression of aquaporin-4 with methylmercury exposure in the brain of the common marmoset.	the relationship between methylmercury (mehg) exposure and aquaporin (aqp) expression in the brain is currently unknown. to investigate this, we used a common marmoset model of acute mehg exposure to examine aqp1, aqp4 and aqp11 gene expression. mehg (1.5 mg hg/kg/day p.o.) was given to three marmosets for 14 days, followed by 14 days without. all treated marmosets showed slight akinesia before sacrifice. in the frontal lobe, occipital lobe and cerebellum, total mercury concentrations following ...	2012	22863855
describing ovarian cycles, pregnancy characteristics, and the use of contraception in female white-faced marmosets, callithrix geoffroyi.	endocrine data and characteristics of nonconceptive ovarian cycling and pregnancy are limited within the genus callithrix to the common marmoset (c. jacchus) and wied's black tufted-ear marmoset (c. kuhlii). this article presents patterns of urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (pdg) excretion, as determined by enzyme immunoassay, throughout the course of ovarian cycling and pregnancy in white-faced marmosets (c. geoffroyi). furthermore, characteristics of reproductive parameters including litter ...	2012	22865351
diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of the spinal cord: from experimental studies to clinical application.	diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging provides detailed information about biological structures. in particular, diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography (dtt) are powerful tools for evaluating white matter fibers in the central nervous system. we previously established a reproducible spinal cord injury model in adult common marmosets and showed that dtt could be used to trace the neural tracts in the intact and injured spinal cord of these animals in vivo. recently, man ...	2013	22868199