Publications

sexually transmitted diseases in children: non viral including bacterial vaginosis, gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasmas, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, scabies and pubic lice.		1994	8039788
the influence of nonoxynol-9-containing spermicides on urogenital infection.	the most common spermicidal compound in use in north america is nonoxynol-9. barrier methods of contraception used in combination with a spermicidal product help prevent a variety of sexually transmitted diseases. in 1991 the centers for disease control reported a total of 620,478 cases of gonorrhea, 128,569 of syphilis, and 43,672 of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the evidence for antimicrobial activity of spermicides against sexually transmitted disease pathogens has been accumulat ...	1994	8051730
[urethro-adnexitis in the man and acute urethral syndrome in the woman. microbiological and immunologic studies of etiologic classification].	both common pathogens and unconventional, fastidious bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi are causative agents in male urethro-adnexitis and in female acute urethral syndrome. uropathogens, neisseria gonorrhoeae, treponema pallidum, mycobacterium tuberculosis, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma spp., haemophilus ducreyi, calymmatobacterium granulomatis, gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobic bacteria, herpes simplex virus type ii (hsv ii), papillomaviruses (hpv), trichomonas vaginalis and candida sp ...	1994	8053087
the intracellular amino acid pools of giardia intestinalis, trichomonas vaginalis, and crithidia luciliae.	the total intracellular amino acid profiles of giardia intestinalis trophozoites, trichomonas vaginalis, and crithidia luciliae were determined by sensitive amino acid analysis. the three protozoan parasites exhibited distinctively different amino acid profiles, but all three were dominated by high concentrations of intracellular alanine. this common feature suggests that alanine synthesis is a major aspect of intermediary metabolism in these protozoan parasites. there were also distinctively di ...	1994	8056076
cytopathologic changes associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices. a review of cervico-vaginal smears in 350 women.	cervico-vaginal smears from 350 iucd users were analysed to ascertain the range of abnormalities induced in the genital tract of these women. alteration of the microbial environment, inflammatory, degenerative, reparative and proplastic epithelial changes were the salient cytological findings. the clinical implications of these are briefly discussed.	1994	8057995
beta-tubulin genes of trichomonas vaginalis.	microtubules, formed by polymerization of alpha and beta-tubulins, are major structural components of the mitotic spindle, cytoskeleton, and flagella, and are also an important target for the antiparasitic benzimidazole drugs. trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan responsible for urogenital tract infections in humans, is highly sensitive to certain benzimidazoles in vitro. as a first step towards defining the roles of microtubules in this organism, the regulation of their expression, an ...	1994	8078521
[condyloma acuminatum in female urethra: a case report].	a case of female intraurethral condyloma acuminata is present in this report. a 52-year-old woman visited our hospital with the chief complaint of miction pain and bloody secretions. thirty seven years previously, she had had a pudental tumor resected which was diagnosed as condyloma acuminata. physical examination revealed two child-finger-head sized, polypoid tumors which arose from about 5 mm inside the external urethral orifice. laboratory findings were negative for rapid plasma reagin card ...	1994	8085526
trichomonas vaginalis: dominant g2 period and g2 phase arrest in a representative of an early branching eukaryotic lineage.	eukaryotic mitotic cell cycles have been extensively studied in yeasts and vertebrate cells but little is known about cell cycle mechanisms in early branches of the eukaryotic lineage. trichomonas vaginalis represents one of the earliest branching eukaryotic lineages available for study. in contrast with most yeasts and vertebrate cells, the t. vaginalis g2 period was prolonged, comprising 50 to 58% of the cell population. hydroxyurea, aphidicolin, and excess thymidine, all of which arrest yeast ...	1994	8087109
epidemiologic analysis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in inflammatory smears.	infections of the lower reproductive tract are common in indian women of reproductive age. hospital-based cytologic screening was undertaken on 63,265 women. the smears were examined for the presence of specific infections, such as candida, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, trichomonas vaginalis (tv) and chlamydia. this paper highlights the prevalence of tv infection in inflammatory cervical smears. among the various infections detected, the rate of tv infection was the highest (5.1%). ...	1994	8091899
health gains from screening for infection of the lower genital tract in women attending for termination of pregnancy.	infection of the upper genital tract after abortion is well recognised, but routine screening for infection before termination is rare, and few centres are aware of the prevalence of post-abortion complications in their population. we undertook a study to assess the prevalence and sequelae of genital-tract infection in patients undergoing termination of pregnancy and to estimate the costs and potential benefits of introducing screening and prophylaxis for the most commonly found organisms. the s ...	1993	8100930
a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with eubacterial features in the amitochondriate eukaryote, trichomonas vaginalis.	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), localized in the cytosol of trichomonas vaginalis, was partially purified. the enzyme is specific for nad+ and is similar in most of its catalytic properties to glycolytic gapdhs from other organisms. its sensitivity to koningic acid is similar to levels observed in gapdhs from eubacteria and two orders of magnitude lower than those observed for eukaryotic gapdhs. the complete amino acid sequence of t. vaginalis gapdh was derived from the n-termi ...	1993	8114116
evaluation of affirm vp microbial identification test for gardnerella vaginalis and trichomonas vaginalis.	a commercial system (affirm vp microbial identification test; microprobe corp.) for detection of vaginal pathogens was evaluated with 176 consecutive women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic for genital complaints. vaginal swab specimens were used for culture of gardnerella vaginalis and trichomonas vaginalis, preparation of a vaginal smear for gram stain interpretation, and wet mount evaluation. an additional swab was used to evaluate the 30-min nonisotopic oligonucleotide probe te ...	1994	8126171
detection of bovine trichomoniasis with a specific dna probe and pcr amplification system.	trichomoniasis is a widespread, economically important venereal disease of cattle which causes infertility and abortion. effective control of trichomoniasis has been impeded by the insensitivity of traditional diagnostic procedures, which require the isolation and cultivation of the parasite, tritrichomonas foetus, from infected cattle. we developed a 0.85-kb t. foetus dna probe by identifying conserved sequences in dnas from t. foetus that were isolated from cattle in california, idaho, nevada, ...	1994	8126211
antitrichomonal action of emodin in mice.	emodin, an active component contained in the root and rhizome of rheum palmatum l. (polygonaceae), was found to have an inhibitory effect on the pathogenicity of trichomonas vaginalis in mice. emodin delayed the development of subcutaneous abscesses due to infection of this parasite. also, it cures the intravaginal infection of trichomonads through oral administration. in cell cultures, it reduced the cytotoxic effect of this parasite towards mammalian cells. this inhibition was markedly reverse ...	1993	8133650
identification of the lipid moiety and further characterization of the novel lipophosphoglycan-like glycoconjugates of trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas foetus.	the lipid moiety of the lipophosphoglycan (lpg)-like glycoconjugates of trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas foetus, parasites of the urogenital tract of human and cattle, respectively, has been isolated and characterized by a combination of enzymatic and chemical degradation, chromatography, and mass spectrometry. the carbohydrate composition of the glycan inositol lipid core is also reported. the glycan inositol core of trichomonad glycoconjugates is unique in having more than one glcn and is ...	1994	8135538
[research of antiparasitic agents: 1(nitrophenyl)-3-(methyl-3-indolyl)-prop-2-ene-1-ones (nitroindolylchalcones)].	the synthesis and the study of the antiparasitic properties of various 1-(nitro-phényl)-3-(méthyl-3-indolyl)-prop-2-ene-1-ones (nitroindolylchalcones) show interesting antiprotozoal activities on e. histolytica and t. vaginalis. no significative activity appears in vivo with animals on helminthes.	1993	8154794
polypeptides of hydrogenosome-enriched fractions from rumen ciliate protozoa and trichomonads: immunological studies.	the evolution of hydrogenosomes, energy-generating organelles of rumen ciliate protozoa and the flagellate trichomonads has been the subject of much speculation. polypeptides of the hydrogenosome-enriched fractions from the rumen ciliates, dasytricha ruminantium, isostricha spp., polyplastron multivesiculatum and eudiplodinium maggii were separated by sds-page and compared to analogous polypeptide preparations from tritrichomonas foetus. immunoblotting with antisera specific to the hydrogenosome ...	1994	8181726
similarity between a ubiquitous promoter element in an ancient eukaryote and mammalian initiator elements.	to identify regulatory elements that play a role in transcription initiation in ancient eukaryotes, we have analyzed the upstream regions of protein-coding genes from trichomonas vaginalis, one of the most ancient eukaryotes studied to date. characterization of seven protein-coding genes from this protist invariably revealed the presence of a highly conserved dna sequence motif immediately upstream of the coding region. this 13-nt motif was shown to surround and contain precise sites for transcr ...	1994	8183951
trichomonas vaginalis with a double-stranded rna virus has upregulated levels of phenotypically variable immunogen mrna.	some isolates of trichomonas vaginalis carry a double-stranded rna virus (tvv) and undergo phenotypic variation between surface expression and cytoplasmic expression of a prominent immunogen (p270). only trichomonads with tvv express p270 on the surface. northern (rna) blots using a specific cdna encoding the repeat element of the phenotypically varying p270 immunogen as a probe showed accumulation of p270 transcript only in isolates with tvv (v+) in contrast to isolates without the virus (v-). ...	1994	8189538
vaginal yeast infections in diabetic women.	two hundred and three diabetic women (89 with and 114 without genital symptoms) were examined for the presence of yeasts and trichomonas vaginalis. yeasts were isolated from the vaginas of 35.5% of patients and were more common in the symptomatic group (48.0%) than the asymptomatic group (25.4%; p < 0.05). candida albicans was isolated from 12.8% of all patients and showed a significant association with pruritus vulvae (p < 0.05). a significant association was also shown between the presence of ...	1993	8191325
the role of microscopy in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in women.	microscopy of genital secretions is routinely performed in female patients attending genitourinary medicine clinics. it diagnoses only 50-70% of gonorrhoea, 40-80% of trichomoniasis and has no value in the diagnosis of chlamydial infection. this study was therefore conducted to reassess the role of routine microscopy in female patients.	1994	8206469
[frequency of vaginal trichomoniasis and candidiasis and its relation to the clinical profile].	eight hundred samples of vaginal swabs were taken from women with active sexual life attending the cervicouterine cancer opportune detection service at the familial medicine unit no. 18 of the national institute of social security, to study the incidence and prevalence of vaginal trichomoniasis, the presence of yeasts of the genus candida and their relationships with clinical features of vulvovaginitis. identification of parasites was made by means of direct examination with light microscope; 14 ...	1993	8209117
synthesis of some 4-oxo-delta 2-thiazolin-2-ylhydrazones as potential antiprotozoal agents.	several 4-oxo-delta 2-thiazolin-2-ylhydrazone derivatives 6 (6-1 - 6-19) derived from the cyclization reaction between the thiosemicarbazones 5 and homologous alpha-chloroacids were prepared. only compound 6-2 was found to be active against entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis.	1993	8216678
killing of trichomonas vaginalis by complement-mediated lysis is not associated with the presence of trichomonas vaginalis virus.	we have examined the possible relationship between trichomonad killing by human serum and the presence of virus-encoded double-stranded ribonucleic acid in t. vaginalis (tvv). indirect immunofluorescence assay revealed that non-immune serum (nis) and t. vaginalis-immune serum (tvis) had immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody titres of 1:8 and 1:256, respectively, against t. vaginalis. among the 12 isolates of t. vaginalis examined, 9 were infected with tvv. upon long-term (> 9 months) culture, of the 9 ...	1993	8225773
multiple double-stranded rna segments are associated with virus particles infecting trichomonas vaginalis.	previous studies demonstrated that some isolates of the sexually transmitted protozoan trichomonas vaginalis are infected with a nonsegmented, double-stranded rna (dsrna) virus. a reexamination of the total dsrna extracted from several virus-harboring isolates indicated the presence of at least three dsrnas with sizes ranging from 4.8 to 4.3 kbp. the double-stranded nature of each of the three segments was determined by hybridization experiments using riboprobes of opposite polarities obtained f ...	1993	8230417
design, synthesis and biological study of new antiparasitic spiroarsoranes.	thirty-eight new spiroarsoranes were synthesized after structure-activity relationship studies from the first series. these compounds were predicted to cross more easily the membrane of protozoae or the cuticle of nematodes and to reach their biological target with efficiency. the spiroarsoranes were evaluated for their antiparasitic properties, on helminths and protozoa models in regard of their parent arsonic acids. the following parasite models were used: entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas ...	1993	8240448
hiv and other sexually transmitted diseases at a rural hospital in zimbabwe.	to define the epidemiological characteristics of std patients attending an outpatient clinic in rural zimbabwe, to examine the aetiologic agents causing infection and to determine their relationship with hiv infection.	1993	8244351
the association between sexually transmitted pathogens and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia in a developing community.	objective--to determine the association of sexually transmitted pathogens in women with cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (cin). setting--an urban tertiary referral hospital serving a large indigent developing community. participants--48 women attending a colposcopy clinic and 49 women attending a family planning clinic. methods--vaginal, endocervical, rectal swab specimens and sera were collected for the detection of sexually transmitted pathogens. cervical cytology was performed on all patie ...	1993	8244352
enhancement of the antitrichomonal activity of 5-nitroimidazole derivatives by hydrogen peroxide.	the in vitro sensitivity of nine trichomonas vaginalis isolates to commonly employed 5-nitroimidazoles (metronidazole, nimorazole, ornidazole and tinidazole) was evaluated in absence and in presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). co-incubation with h2o2 and 5-nitroimidazole compounds decreased the mic values of the strains exhibiting cross-resistance to these drugs. it was suggested that h2o2 produced in the inflammatory process during trichomonal infection could e ...	1993	8264426
[trichomonas vaginalis in women attending gynecology clinics].	in this study trichomonas vaginalis was investigated in vaginal swab specimens from 234 women attending to the gynecology outpatient clinics with various reasons. trichomonas vaginalis was detected by wet mount in 8 women (3.4%) and, by culture using modified diamond's medium in 9 women (3.8%). of 9 cases only 2 were suspected for trichomoniasis by gynecological examination.	1993	8264450
trichomonal abscess of the median raphe of the penis.		1993	8270343
chronic perianal ulcerations: role of trichomonas vaginalis?		1993	8282308
molecular cloning of hydrogenosomal ferredoxin cdna from the anaerobic amoeboflagellate psalteriomonas lanterna.	anaerobic parasitic and free living protozoa and anaerobic rumen fungi often contain a characteristic organelle, the hydrogenosome. recently obtained molecular data show that hydrogenosomes in parasitic protozoa probably use a mitochondria-like protein targeting mechanism, whereas for hydrogenosomes in fungi a microbody-like mechanism is inferred. here we present, to our knowledge, the first sequence data of a hydrogenosomal protein in a free-living anaerobic protozoan. it is shown that ferredox ...	1994	8286402
a trichomonas vaginalis cdna with partial protein sequence homology with a plasmodium falciparum excreted protein abra.	we have previously isolated two extracellular cysteine proteases (60 kda, 30 kda) from the cell filtrate of an isolate of trichomonas vaginalis. all isolates tested produced a 60 kda protease as demonstrated by immunoblot with cross-reacting rabbit serum. a t. vaginalis cdna library was constructed using lambda gt11. a 760 bp t. vaginalis specific cdna was sequenced and demonstrates partial protein sequence homology with an extracellular cysteine protease of plasmodium falciparum. these results ...	1993	8298655
the interaction of lactobacillus acidophilus and trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.	recent work with a mouse model of trichomonas vaginalis infection indicated that estrogenized balb/c mice that were preinfected with lactobacillus acidophilus showed a greater duration of t. vaginalis infection as compared to a control group of mice that were not treated with l. acidophilus. to examine the interaction between t. vaginalis and l. acidophilus further we performed in vitro competitive growth assays between the 2 species. although the addition of l. acidophilus to the t. vaginalis c ...	1994	8308658
neotran--a new double-active pessary for the treatment of vaginitis.	the common causes of vaginitis have changed in recent years. infection with trichomonas vaginalis is much less frequent than it used to be. the most common causes of vaginitis are candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis due to infection with mixed bacterial flora. in general practice, treatment of vaginitis is often begun before microbiological confirmation of the diagnosis is available. a vaginal pessary has been formulated to provide an effective therapy in all three forms of vaginitis mentioned a ...	1993	8319819
trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis: evidence of functional pores formation on red cell membranes.	we have investigated the mechanisms used by trichomonas vaginalis to damage cellular membranes, using human erythrocytes as target cells. haemolysis is a contact- and temperature-dependent phenomenon, and is inhibited in 4 mm egta. osmotic protection experiments using carbohydrates with different molecular diameters as protectants demonstrated that the cytolytic activity of t. vaginalis is inhibited in 75 mm stachyose. on the basis of our data, we hypothesize a cytopathic mechanism mediated by t ...	1993	8319880
purification of cysteine proteinases from trichomonads using bacitracin-sepharose.	bacitracin affinity chromatography has been used to purify proteinases of the parasitic protozoon tritrichomonas foetus. it proved superior to other affinity chromatography methods we have tested for the purification of trichomonad proteinases and should prove a useful procedure for purifying cysteine proteinases from these parasites and other parasitic protozoa. the main cysteine proteinases of t. foetus were purified over 100-fold to be free from the majority of other cell proteins. about 90 m ...	1993	8319888
interaction between facilitated diffusion of glucose across the plasma membrane and its metabolism in trichomonas vaginalis.	the parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis transports glucose across the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion. the km of the transporter for glucose was 1.6 mm. the uptake of labelled glucose in a minimal medium not allowing growth reached saturation only after 2.5 h, indicating the turnover of storage carbohydrate. organisms grown on glucose showed higher activities both of the transporter and of the subsequent metabolic pathway than organisms grown on maltose. at low external glucose conc ...	1993	8319891
trichomonas vaginalis and early evolving dna and protein sequences of the cdc2/28 protein kinase family.	the human sexually transmitted parasite trichomonas vaginalis is a representative of one of the three earliest evolving eukaryotic lineages. we investigated whether t. vaginalis has dna sequences and peptides related to cell division control molecules universal among yeasts and higher eukaryotes. a t. vaginalis cell division control (cdc2/28) homologue was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. the absolute similarity with other cdc2/28 genes was 47%, with conservative replace ...	1993	8326863
trichomonas vaginalis: strain differences in adhesion to plastic and virulence in vitro and in vivo.	trichomonas vaginalis isolated from clinical cases were grown axenically in tyi-s-33 medium. various strains of this flagellate showed different adhesion characteristics in medium containing bovine serum or cohn fractions thereof. these were not inversely related to the time in axenic culture. the adsorption of serum components to the parasites was assessed in relationship to adhesion but in many cases was probably not adhesion-related. all strains tested for virulence in vitro were almost equal ...	1993	8327454
isolation and biochemical characterization of the costa of tritrichomonas foetus.	the costae are cytoskeletal structures found in trichomonadidae. both the structural organization and composition of this organelle are still unknown. in the present work we have introduced a new methodology for the costa isolation. using sucrose density-gradient centrifugation an enriched costa fraction was obtained. analyses by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) showed that the costa contains several proteins, with major bands corresponding to apparent molecul ...	1993	8330620
in vitro susceptibility of trichomonas vaginalis strains to metronidazole--a nigerian experience.		1993	8335321
trichomonas vaginalis: characterization of ornithine decarboxylase.	ornithine decarboxylase (odc), the lead enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, was partially purified from trichomonas vaginalis and its kinetic properties were studied. the enzyme appears to be of special significance in this anaerobic parasite, since the arginine dihydrolase pathway generates atp as well as putrescine from arginine. odc from t. vaginalis had a broad substrate specificity, decarboxylating ornithine (100%), lysine (1.0%) and arginine (0.1%). the enzyme had a ph optimum of 6.5, a temp ...	1993	8343128
[proteinase activity in the isolates of trichomonas vaginalis according to their pathogenicity].	ten axenic isolates of trichomonas vaginalis were subcutaneously injected to the balb/c mice in order to assess their pathogenicity by means of so-called "mouse assay" method. all the isolates revealed neutral and acid proteinase activities both in their lysates and in culture media, but the specific activities of both proteinases in the severely pathogenic group were significantly higher than the mildly pathogenic group (p < 0.05). in the sds-page system in which the electrophoretic gels contai ...	1993	8343453
accuracy of the papanicolaou smear in the diagnosis of asymptomatic infection with trichomonas vaginalis.	to assess the accuracy of papanicolaou smears in reporting cytologic evidence of trichomonas vaginalis in asymptomatic women attending a resident clinic.	1993	8355946
structural characterization of novel inositol phosphosphingolipids of tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis.	two major ethanolamine phosphate-substituted inositol phosphosphingolipids have been identified in the unsaponifiable acidic lipid fractions of tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis. the compounds were radiolabelled and purified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. the structures were determined by a combination of tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) experiments, and gas-liquid chromatography ...	1993	8358151
[isolation of gardnerella vaginalis from vaginal discharge specimens].	in this study specimens taken from 93 patients who admitted to outpatient clinics of ssk ankara gynaecology and obstetrics hospital with vaginal discharge were examined for g. vaginalis, t. vaginalis, c. albicans and n. gonorrhoeae. we evaluated the smell, ph, direct microscopic examinations, stained preparations and specific culture results of the discharges which were taken from posterior fornix. we isolated g. vaginalis from 13 patients (13.9%), t. vaginalis from 5 patients (5.3%) and c. albi ...	1993	8361406
[sexually transmitted diseases by agents other than viruses and treponema].	the current concepts about sexually transmitted diseases (std)--excluding syphilis and viral std--are presented in a condensed form. the focus of attention is directed to complications or sequelae of these infections, and to the epidemiology of std.	1993	8370590
evidence for an [fe]-type hydrogenase in the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis.	the hydrogenase of the pathogenic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis was extracted and partially purified. the catalytic and spectroscopic properties of the enzyme indicate that it belongs to the class of [fe]-hydrogenases, rather than the [nife]-hydrogenases. the hydrogenase activity was highly sensitive to carbon monoxide, 50% inhibition being attained by 1 microm co. the epr spectrum of the most active fractions from chromatography, after reduction by hydrogen and partial reoxidation under argon ...	1993	8381361
antimicrobial activity and spectrum of rifaximin, a new topical rifamycin derivative.	rifaximin, a rifamycin derivative, was evaluated in vitro to assess its spectrum and potency against a wide variety of bacteria, yeasts, viruses, and parasites. high concentrations of rifaximin were often used to reflect topically achieved levels since this compound is poorly absorbed by oral route. like rifampin, rifaximin possessed best activity against staphylococcus spp. (mic50 < or = 0.015 microgram/ml), streptococcus spp. (mic50s, < or = 0.03-0.12 microgram/ml), enterococcus spp. (mic50s, ...	1993	8385592
biogenesis of the hydrogenosome in the anaerobic protist trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonas vaginalis is a primitive protist that lacks mitochondria and peroxisomes. this aerotolerant anaerobe does, however, contain a specialized organelle involved in carbohydrate metabolism called the hydrogenosome. hydrogenosomes are the site of fermentative oxidation of pyruvate, coupled to atp production via substrate level phosphorylation. the organelle is surrounded by 2 membranes and appears to contain no genetic material. hydrogenosomes are proposed to have arisen either through the ...	1993	8410536
metronidazole resistant trichomonas vaginalis in brisbane.		1993	8412928
trichomonas vaginalis infection in pre-pubertal girls.	this short paper discusses the implications of trichomonas vaginalis infection of the genital tract in children with respect to suspected child abuse. two case reports are described to illustrate the problems that can arise in the investigation of such cases t. vaginalis is usually transmitted sexually but the potential for non-sexual transmission does exist.	1993	8429776
lipophosphoglycan-like glycoconjugate of tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis.	lipophosphoglycan-like glycoconjugates were isolated, purified and partially characterized from tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis. cell surface radiolabeling of both trichomonads by the galactose oxidase/nab[3h]4 technique indicated that the glycoconjugate was located on the cell surface of the parasites. the glycoconjugates were extracted from the delipidated residue fraction with the solvent, water/ethanol/diethylether/pyridine/nh4oh (15:15:5:1:0.017) and were purified to homogen ...	1993	8433719
trichomonas vaginalis: a reemerging pathogen.	infestation with t. vaginalis is a common and potentially morbid infection. in addition to reproductive tract discharge and irritation, infection with this protozoa is increasingly recognized to be associated with reproductive tract complications, including postabortal infection, postcesarean infection, preterm birth, and prom. clinical diagnosis is often difficult and newer approaches using specific antigen and nucleic acid technologies will probably replace "wet prep" microscopic techniques. e ...	1993	8435938
pathogenicity of trichomonas vaginalis.		1993	8435939
sexual intercourse during pregnancy and preterm delivery: effects of vaginal microorganisms. the vaginal infections and prematurity study group.	our aim was to investigate the influence of vaginal colonization with specific microorganisms on the relationship between sexual intercourse during pregnancy and preterm delivery.	1993	8438920
contact-independent cytotoxicity of trichomonas vaginalis.	to test the dependency of haemolytic and cytocidal manifestations of pathogenicity of trichomonas vaginalis on direct contact between the target cells and the organism. test organism: t vaginalis strain baltimore 42.	1993	8444480
a comparison of yield from cervix versus vagina for culturing candida albicans and trichomonas vaginalis.	to determine the agreement of culture results of candida albicans and trichomonas vaginalis from the cervix versus posterior fornix in women with vaginal symptoms.	1993	8444481
nitroimidazole drugs--action and resistance mechanisms. i. mechanisms of action.		1993	8444678
signalling of trichomonas vaginalis for amoeboid transformation and adhesion synthesis follows cytoadherence.	the cytoadherence of trichomonas vaginalis, the sexually transmitted flagellated protozoan, to vaginal epithelial cells (vecs) is the key to infection. electron microscopy revealed that in vitro-grown parasites having typical globular shape transformed rapidly after contact with vecs into thin, flat, amoeboid cells, maximizing the area of adhesion to the surface of vecs. amoebic trichomonads formed filopodia and pseudopodia, which interdigitated at distinct sites on the plasma membrane of target ...	1993	8446032
detection of trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women with the inpouch tv culture system.	trichomonas vaginalis causes a common genitourinary infection which is frequently asymptomatic. at present, pregnant women are not usually screened for the infection unless they are symptomatic. in the present study, we screened and obtained samples for culture from all pregnant women attending a prenatal clinic with the inpouch tv culture system and compared results with those of standard culture in diamond's medium and slide wet mount examination. the inpouch tv culture system was as reliable ...	1993	8463382
[dramatic reduction of the incidence of trichomonas vaginalis infections].	in contrary to former meanings the trichomonas-vaginalis-infection doesn't play any longer an important role. nowadays it even seems to be a rarity. so we found an infection-rate of 2.17% in 1979 (n = 4005), whereas in 1992 only in 0.19% (n = 1048). the possible causes for this pleasant development are discussed. nevertheless a gynaecologist on principle should think of a trichomonas-vaginalis-infection not only when her/his patients show specific symptoms as to burning, itching, discharge and d ...	1993	8465623
oxygen affinities of metronidazole-resistant and -sensitive stocks of giardia intestinalis.	the common protozoon, giardia intestinalis, parasitizes the upper small intestine of man, and is often refractory to treatment by metronidazole. defective oxygen-scavenging mechanisms have been implicated as a cause of metronidazole resistance of another flagellate trichomonas vaginalis, where metronidazole is also the most common drug treatment. oxygen consumption of six clinical isolates of g. intestinalis and one line selected for resistance to metronidazole was measured over 0-50 microm-o2 u ...	1993	8468134
aerobic resistance of trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole induced in vitro.	aerobic resistance of trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole was induced in vitro by anaerobic cultivation of drug-susceptible trichomonads with low concentrations of the drug (2-3 micrograms/ml) for 50 days. minimal lethal concentrations (mlc) for metronidazole of the resistant derivatives were high in aerobic susceptibility assays (mlc = 216-261.5 micrograms/ml) but low in anaerobic assays (mlc = 4.2-6.3 micrograms/ml), surpassing mlc values of their parent strain approximately 50-fold and 3-f ...	1993	8479798
oxidative stress and trichomonas vaginalis: the effect of hydrogen peroxide in vitro.	the oxidative stress response induced in trichomonas vaginalis by exposure to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) was traced by metabolic labeling and monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of trichloroacetic acid-precipitated proteins. concentrations of h2o2 > 450 microm decreased incorporation of radiolabel into protein and altered protein synthesis resulted in a banding pattern similar to the heat shock protein profile. the prote ...	1993	8480855
clinical manifestations of trichomoniasis in men.	to determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of trichomoniasis among sexually active men.	1993	8480958
[clinical and colposcopic aspects of bacterial vaginosis].	bacterial vaginosis is characterized by an uniform, malodorous, white-grey discharge. the presenting symptom is generally the unpleasant smell of the vaginal discharge, particularly following the menses or intercourse. other functional signs, such as pruritus, dysuria and dyspareunia are rare. inflammatory signs are frequent, and can be revealed by colposcopy with the lugol test: this shows punctuate colpitis with small regular points corresponding histologically to an inflammatory focus in the ...	1993	8484087
the effect of giardia lamblia trophozoites on trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase in vitro.	giardia lamblia localize and multiply in the small intestine and may cause acute or chronic diarrhoea with malabsorption of fat, protein and other nutrients. abnormal pancreatic function has been documented in giardiasis and trophozoites directly inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro. the aim of this study was to examine the effect of giardia trophozoites on pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase activity in vitro. axenically cultured giardia trophozoites (portland-1 stock) were incu ...	1993	8488060
prevalence of cervical pathogens in women with and without inflammatory changes on smear testing.	to assess correlation between nonspecific cervicitis, inflammation, or exudate on cervical smears tests and confirmed presence of known cervical pathogens.	1993	8499824
the divergence of trichomonas vaginalis virus rnas among various isolates of trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonas vaginalis virus is a double-stranded (ds) rna virus found in the parasitic protozoan t. vaginalis. to examine the possible existence of related viruses in various t. vaginalis strains and isolates, we screened 20 such isolates and found the characteristic 5.5-kb viral ds rna in 16 of them. an additional 0.5-kb ds rna band was also identified in 10 of these virus-infected t. vaginalis isolates. in a local isolate t1, this 0.5-kb ds rna cross-hybridized with the 5.5-kb ds rna. prelimin ...	1993	8500587
natural history of urogenital trichomoniasis in men.	although trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted pathogen, the significance and natural history of trichomoniasis remain undefined in the male patient. we conducted a longitudinal study to examine the relationship of t. vaginalis to nongonococcal urethritis in men and to increase our understanding of the natural history of this infection. as previously reported, t. vaginalis was isolated from 50 of 447 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic by culture of urethra, firs ...	1993	8501787
in vitro induced anaerobic resistance to metronidazole in trichomonas vaginalis.	resistance to metronidazole detectable under anaerobic conditions was induced in two trichomonas vaginalis strains (tv 10-02 and mrp-2) by cultivation at gradually increasing pressure of the drug (1-100 micrograms/ml) for 12 to 21 months. the resistant derivatives reproduced in anaerobic trypticase-yeast-extract-maltose medium at 100 micrograms/ml metronidazole and showed very high values of minimal lethal concentration for metronidazole in anaerobic in vitro assays (556-1,600 micrograms/ml at 4 ...	1993	8508165
trichomoniasis amongst students of a higher institution in nigeria.	a total of 2048 urine specimens were examined to assess the infection prevalence and epidemiological factors of t. vaginalis amongst students in a nigerian higher institution. five hundred and five students were infected (24.7%). this included 131 (15.6%) males and 374 (31.0%) females. more male than female students were found to be asymptomatic. infection was significantly higher in females than males and in the second and third than the fourth and fifth decades of life (p < 0.05). infection in ...	1993	8508217
the management of patients with inflammatory smear results in general practice.	to ascertain the management of inflammatory smear results by general practitioners.	1993	8509093
the association of gonorrhoea and syphilis with premature birth and low birthweight.	provide evidence from prospective data that neisseria gonorrhoeae may be an important cause of premature delivery and low birth weight in areas with high prevalence of genital infections.	1993	8509101
[identification of surface antigens of trichomonas vaginalis].	surface proteins of trichomonas vaginalis (t. vaginalis) were analyzed to study the antigenic variation. the surface proteins of protozoa were labelled by n-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin (nhs-biotin), the nhs-biotin-labelled proteins were immunoprecipitated with rabbit antiserum to purify the antigenic fractions and analysed by sds-page plus electroblotting. the results obtained in this study were as follows; biotinylated t. vaginalis-proteins obtained from intact cell and cells disrupted prior to l ...	1993	8512897
routine detection of trichomonas vaginalis in genital specimens using culture in microtitre trays.	the culture of genital specimens for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis is generally regarded as the most sensitive technique available for routine use. however, the technique is relatively expensive and time-consuming, involving the preparation of one or more wet mounts from the culture to observe motile trichomonads. considerable savings in cost and time can be achieved by using culture in microtitre trays and visualisation with an inverted microscope.	1995	8520256
trichomonas vaginalis and cervical cancer. a prospective study in china.	the relationship between trichomonas vaginalis infection and cervical cancer was investigated prospectively in a cohort of 16,797 women aged 25 years or more who were followed from 1974 to 1985 within the framework of a cervical screening program in jingan, china. personal interviews were conducted by trained interviewers when the women first entered the screening program. at initial screening, 421 (2.51%) women had a positive cytologic diagnosis of t. vaginalis infection. ninety-nine incident c ...	1995	8520717
examination of nonflagellate and flagellate round forms of trichomonas vaginalis by transmission electron microscopy.	plasmodium-like round cells without sections of flagella, round flagellar cells with dividing nucleus and binuclear flagellate round forms were represented from the log-phase of trichomonas vaginalis cultures. the fine-structural characteristics of the round cells support the opinion that the cells without flagella as well as the round multinuclear flagellate cells represent developmental stages preceding the appearance of mononuclear flagellate cells. in the round cells, amitotic division was o ...	1995	8528306
endocervical pathogens in women with preterm and term labour.	the purpose of this study was to compare the endocervical microflora of women in preterm and term labour and to determine whether the presence of a specific microflora is significantly associated with preterm labor. a prospective study was performed in lithuania among 212 women in preterm labour (latent phase, n = 110; active phase, n = 102) and among 62 healthy women in term labour. microbiological assessment included cultures for aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and trichomonas vaginalis and direct i ...	1995	8529951
free radical detoxification in giardia duodenalis.	non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels were used to analyse superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase, peroxidase, nadh oxidase and nadh peroxidase in the microaerophilic protozoan parasite giardia duodenalis. a cytosolic h2o-producing nadh oxidase and membrane-associated nadh peroxidase were readily detected from g. duodenalis. in all giardia strains investigated the nadh oxidase was present in high levels (1.2-2 u (mg protein)-1). using the same technique, nadh oxidase activity was also detected in the ...	1995	8538699
the relationship of experimental pathogenicity in vivo with in vitro cytoadherence and cytotoxicity of 6 different isolates of trichomonas vaginalis.	the experimental pathogenic effects in vivo and in vitro of 6 different isolates of trichomonas vaginalis were studied following their inoculation into nmri mice and on to adherent cultures of hela cells. contact between the parasite and the adherent monolayer of cells was necessary to induce the monolayer to detach. the strains which were more virulent to mice also showed a greater weighted index of adherence; the weighted index of cytotoxicity in vitro did not, on the other hand, correlate wit ...	1995	8550301
common genitourinary infections.	vulvovaginal pain, itching, and burning are a triad of symptoms for which women frequently seek health care. often accompanied by vaginal discharge and dysuria, these symptoms account for as many as 5 million office visits a year. proper assessment and management of these symptoms by nurses, nurse practitioners, and nurse midwives can help to substantially improve a woman's quality of life and help prevent long-term problems. several differing syndromes or infections can be the cause of these sy ...	1995	8551372
characterization of cdnas encoding adhesin proteins involved in trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence.	trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence is mediated by four adhesins (ap65, ap51, ap33 and ap23). adhesin gene expression was previously shown to be up-regulated by iron. therefore, a cdna library was constructed from mrna of t. vaginalis grown in a high-iron medium. ten cdna clones (three for ap65, one for ap51, and six for ap33) were recognized with polyclonal antiserum or monoclonal antibody raised against these adhesins. no cross-hybridization among cdnas of the three adhesins was observed in so ...	1995	8555730
sexually transmitted diseases in children and evidence of sexual abuse.	during the period june 1989 to march 1991, laboratory evidence of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) was found in 107 patients at the red cross war memorial children's hospital in cape town. data was available on 96 patients aged 23 months to 14 years (mean 75.9 months). vaginal discharge was the most frequent presenting symptom (76%), particularly in those less than 5 years of age (90%). although a history of abuse was not given on presentation in 62%, evidence of abuse was subsequently elici ...	1995	8556444
aetiology of vaginal infections in pregnant and non-pregnant women in barbados.	the aetiology of vaginal discharge was studied in 175 barbadian women. pregnant women accounted for 52% (91) of the population studied. candida albicans was detected in 45% of the women, bacterial vaginosis in 28% and trichomonas vaginalis in 8.6%. bacterial vaginosis was more common in non-pregnant women (33% vs 23%) whereas c. albicans was more common in pregnant women (49% vs 39). t. vaginalis was found with almost equal frequency in pregnant and non-pregnant women. mixed infections were foun ...	1995	8560888
entamoeba histolytica encodes a highly divergent beta-tubulin.	the microtubules of the amitochondrial parasite entamoeba histolytica are atypical in certain respects. consistent with this, we report that e. histolytica encodes the most divergent beta-tubulin identified to date, with only 54% to 58% identity to beta-tubulins from various species. a similarly divergent beta-tubulin is encoded by the related entamoeba invadens; single gene copies appear to be present in both organisms. the entamoeba sequences were compared with a database of 101 beta-tubulins, ...	1996	8563707
serum antibodies to trichomonas vaginalis in invasive cervical cancer patients.	to evaluate, by seroepidemiology, the possible role of the sexually-transmitted flagellate, trichomonas vaginalis, in invasive cervical cancer.	1995	8566984
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in a male sexually transmitted disease clinic population by interview, wet mount microscopy, and the inpouch tv test.	to determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis in male patients from their urine at a sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic using the inpouch tv culture system.	1995	8566985
epidemiologic differences between candidial and trichomonal infections as detected in cytologic smears in taiwan.	the epidemiologic differences between cytology-detected candidial and trichomonal infections were assessed in 15,933 women attending the 12 district health centres in the taipei area and a consecutive 1114 patients, visiting venereal disease clinics, whose smears were screened for cervical cancer between july 1991 and december 1992 in taipei. the pap smears were examined for the presence of specific organisms, such as trichomonas vaginalis, vaginal candida, herpes simplex virus, human papillomav ...	1995	8570805
iron mediates trichomonas vaginalis resistance to complement lysis.	trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted disease agent in humans, is readily lysed by activation of the alternative complement pathway. the parasite became resistant following growth in medium supplemented by iron compared to parasites grown in medium depleted of iron, which were readily killed by complement. the resistance to complement was dependent on iron concentration while divalent cations other than iron were ineffective, showing specific regulation of this property by iron. lactofer ...	1995	8577239
the relationship of vaginal trichomoniasis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women colonized with chlamydia trachomatis.	trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted pathogen that has been linked to upper genital tract bacterial disease. its association with upper tract chlamydial disease has not been assessed.	1995	8578405
[survival ability of trichomonas vaginalis in mineral baths].	the role of mineral thermal baths and particularly of bath fittings such as benches and toilet seats in the spreading of trichomonas vaginalis is controversial. in order to clarify the possibility of transmission by smear infection of this ubiquitous urogenital parasite the ability to survive was investigated in 11 mineral baths in baden-württemberg by contamination of water samples of varying mineral content. in addition, trichomonas-contaminated water samples were placed in petri-dishes on dif ...	1995	8580611
two trichomonas vaginalis surface proteinases bind to host epithelial cells and are related to levels of cytoadherence and cytotoxicity.	recent reports strongly suggest that cytoadherence and cytotoxicity by trichomonas vaginalis require cysteine proteinase activity. because of the large number of cysteine proteinases synthesized by t. vaginalis, a ligand assay was used to identify specific proteinases which may selectively target host cells. two cysteine proteinases from trichomonal extracts with relative molecular masses (mr) of 65,000 daltons (65-kda) and 30-kda were found to avidly bind to hela cell and vaginal epithelial cel ...	1995	8580681
tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis: the pattern of inactivation of hydrogenase activity by oxygen and activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase.	the concentration-dependence of the inhibition of whole-cell hydrogen formation by oxygen has been measured in the trichomonads trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus, and compared with the oxygen inhibition of the in situ hydrogenase activity as measured by a tritium exchange assay. the inhibition profiles closely paralleled each other, suggesting that hydrogenase is the primary site of inhibition of anaerobic fermentative metabolism. in addition the inhibition profile for isolated hyd ...	1996	8581167
[effect of sodium nitrite on trichomonas vaginalis].	we have investigated the action of sodium nitrite on the growth and morphologic changes of t. vaginalis and on the treatment of subcutaneous abscess by trichomonad in mice. sodium nitrite inhibited the growth of metronidazole-sensitive kt9 isolate and metronidazole-resistant cdc85 strain of t. vaginalis as concentration of 6 mm and 10 mm, respectively. intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitrite (70 micrograms, 100 micrograms, 130 micrograms/g body weight) did not reduce the size of abscess prod ...	1995	8591013
primary structure of a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase of the amitochondriate eukaryote, trichomonas vaginalis.	the nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for a 37 kda subunit of a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase of trichomonas vaginalis was established. the sequence of a gdna clone and a cdna clone, which lacked seven amino-terminal codons, were identical, indicating an absence of introns from the gene. cell fractionation combined with sequencing of peptide fragments of the purified enzyme showed that the gene codes for an expressed cytosolic enzyme. the derived amino acid sequence was closely related to cy ...	1996	8595866
evaluation of a deoxyribonucleic acid probe for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal secretions.	our purpose was to compare affirm vp, a new deoxyribonucleic acid probe test, with standard "wet preparation" microscopic examinations and culture for the identification of trichomonas vaginalis organisms in vaginal secretions.	1996	8623867