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a branched biosynthetic pathway is involved in production of roquefortine and related compounds in penicillium chrysogenum.profiling and structural elucidation of secondary metabolites produced by the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum and derived deletion strains were used to identify the various metabolites and enzymatic steps belonging to the roquefortine/meleagrin pathway. major abundant metabolites of this pathway were identified as histidyltryptophanyldiketopiperazine (htd), dehydrohistidyltryptophanyldi-ketopiperazine (dhtd), roquefortine d, roquefortine c, glandicoline a, glandicoline b and meleagrin ...201323776469
synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of sulfonamidomethane linked heterocycles.a new class of sulfonamidomethane pyrrolyl-oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles and pyrazolyl-oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles was prepared from arylsulfonylaminoacetic acid hydrazides and e-cinnamic acid. the lead compounds were tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. the thiadiazole compounds having chloro substituent on the aromatic ring 4c, 8c and 10c exhibited comparable antibacterial activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa and also antifungal activity against penicillium chrysogenum. the styryl oxa ...201323812397
experimental and theoretical investigations of the adhesion time of penicillium spores to cedar wood surface.in this study, the adhesion of 4 penicillium strains (penicillium granulatum, penicillium crustosum, penicillium commune and penicillium chrysogenum) on cedar wood was examined qualitatively and quantitatively by using the extended dlvo (xdlvo) approach and the environmental scanning electronic microscopy (esem) technique. a comparison between the xdlvo theories and the esem technique was also investigated. the adhesion tests revealed that p. chrysogenum was not able to adhere on the cedar wood ...201223827572
in vitro antioxidant and antifungal properties of essential oils obtained from aromatic herbs endemic to the southeast of spain.the aim of this work was to determine (i) the antioxidant capacity of thymus moroderi, thymus piperella, santolina chamaecyparissus, and sideritis angustifolia essential oils (eos) by means of four different antioxidant tests (the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method, the ferrous ion-chelating ability assay, the ferric reducing antioxidant power test, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive species test) and (ii) the antifungal activity against molds and yeast of these eos by th ...201323834797
pigment production by filamentous fungi on agro-industrial byproducts: an eco-friendly alternative.the search for new sources of natural pigments has increased, mainly because of the toxic effects caused by synthetic dyes used in food, pharmaceutical, textile, and cosmetic industries. fungi provide a readily available alternative source of natural pigments. in this context, the fungi penicillium chrysogenum ifl1 and ifl2, fusarium graminearum ifl3, monascus purpureus nrrl 1992, and penicillium vasconiae ifl4 were selected as pigments producers. the fungal identification was performed using it ...201323873642
qpcr standard operating procedure for measuring microorganisms in dust from dwellings in large cohort studies.the aim of the present study was to assess performance, feasibility and relevance of a standard operational procedure (sop) for large-scale use in the microbial analysis of children's indoor environments. we analyzed dust settled on electrostatic dust fall collectors (edcs) by using qpcr which targeted 6 molds, 3 bacteria and 1 mite, chosen for their involvement in allergic or inflammatory processes. six types of commercialized electrostatic wipes were tested for their releasing capacity of fung ...201423973537
identification of microrna-like rnas in mycelial and yeast phases of the thermal dimorphic fungus penicillium marneffei.penicillium marneffei is the most important thermal dimorphic fungus causing systemic mycosis in china and southeast asia. while mirnas are increasingly recognized for their roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in animals and plants, mirnas in fungi were less well studied and their potential roles in fungal dimorphism were largely unknown. based on p. marneffei genome sequence, we hypothesize that mirna-like rnas (milrnas) may be expressed in the dimorphic fungus.201323991243
fungal degradation of an acetolactate synthase (als) inhibitor pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in soil.owing to reported phytotoxicity of some sulfonylurea class of herbicides in number of sensitive crops and higher persistence in soil, present study was conducted to isolate and identify pyrazosulfuron-ethyl degrading fungi from soil of rice field. penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus niger, were isolated and identified from rhizospere soil of rice field, as potent pyrazosulfuron-ethyl degrading fungi. degradation of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl by p. chrysogenum and a. niger, yielded transformation p ...201323993642
efficient gene targeting in penicillium chrysogenum using novel agrobacterium-mediated transformation approaches.the industrial production of β-lactam antibiotics by penicillium chrysogenum has increased tremendously over the last decades, however, further optimization via classical strain and process improvement has reached its limits. the availability of the genome sequence provides new opportunities for directed strain improvement, but this requires the establishment of an efficient gene targeting (gt) system. recently, mutations affecting the non-homologous end joining (nhej) pathway were shown to incr ...201323994321
ecological and physiological studies on soil fungi at western region, libya.sixty three species and 5 varieties belonging to 30 fungal genera were collected from 75 soil samples. cultivated (29 genera and 58 species + 5 var.), desert (22 and 35 + 2 var.) and saline soil (21 and 41 + 1 var.) fungi were recovered on glucose-, cellulose- and 50% sucrose-czapek's agar at 28℃. the most common genera were alternaria, aspergillus, emericella, fusarium, mycosphaerella, nectria and penicillium. the most prevalent species from the three types of soils on the three types of media ...200823997599
effect of some food preservatives on the lipolytic activity of beef luncheon fungi.beef luncheon meat is one of the most popular meals in several countries in the world including egypt. thirty one fungal species and 3 species varieties were recovered from 30 samples of beef luncheon meat collected from different supermarkets in qena. alternaria, aspergillus, emericella, mucor, mycosphaerella, penicillium and rhizopus were the most common genera on the two types of media. from the above genera, the most prevalent species were alternaria alternate, aspergillus flavus, a. fumigat ...200823997619
penicillin production by wild isolates of penicillium chrysogenum in pakistan.the present study was aimed at exploring the native wild isolates of penicillium chrysogenum series in terms of their penicillin production potential. apart from the standard medium, the efforts were made to utilize suitable agro-industrial wastes for the maximum yield of penicillin. two series of p. chrysogenum were isolated from local sources and named as p. chrysogenum series uaf r1 and p. chrysogenum series uaf r2. the native series were found to possess better penicillin production potentia ...201224031854
study on thermodynamics and adsorption kinetics of purified endoglucanase (cmcase) from penicillium notatum ncim no-923 produced under mixed solid-state fermentation of waste cabbage and bagasse.in the current study, one thermostable endoglucanase was purified from penicillium notatum ncim no-923 through mixed solid state fermentation of waste cabbage and bagasse. the molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 55kda as determined by sds polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the enzyme had low activation energy (ea) of 36.39kj mol(-1) for carboxymethyl cellulose hydrolysis and the enthalpy and entropy for irreversible inactivation was 87 kj mol (-1) and 59.3 j mol (-1) k(-1) re ...201224031934
microwave assisted synthesis of dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones; synthesis, in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer activities of novel coumarin substituted dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones.the present article describes the synthesis of dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one (2a-h) under microwave irradiation. the product was obtained in excellent yield (74-94%) in a shorter reaction time (2 min). these molecules (2a, b) further reacted with various substituted 4-bromomethylcoumarins (3a-f) to yield a new series of coumarin substituted dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones (4a-h). the structure of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral studies an ...201324056147
biochemical and immunological analysis of mould skin prick test solution: current status of standardization.sensitization prevalence to moulds reached from less than 10% in the general population to more than 25% in atopic and/or asthmatic subjects. to diagnose ige-mediated mould sensitization, skin prick test (spt) and specific ige (sige) measurement are recommended. however, concordance of spt and sige results is often less than 50% and standardization of the extracts is required to achieve reliable test results.201324152161
species-specific pcr to describe local-scale distributions of four cryptic species in the penicillium chrysogenum complex.penicillium chrysogenum is a ubiquitous airborne fungus detected in every sampled region of the earth. owing to its role in alexander fleming's serendipitous discovery of penicillin in 1928, the fungus has generated widespread scientific interest; however its natural history is not well understood. research has demonstrated speciation within p. chrysogenum, describing the existence of four cryptic species. to discriminate the four species, we developed protocols for species-specific diagnostic p ...024179477
molecular cloning and expression of fungal cellobiose transporters and β-glucosidases conferring efficient cellobiose fermentation in saccharomyces cerevisiae.cellobiose was once regarded as a byproduct that should be removed from biomass hydrolysates because of its inhibitory activity to cellulases. it was revealed, however, that cellobiose could serve as a co-substrate for xylose fermentation by engineered saccharomyces cerevisiae. despite its advantages, to date, little is known about cellodextrin transporters that endow s. cerevisiae with cellobiose transporting ability. in this study, engineered s. cerevisiae strains capable of fermenting cellobi ...201424184384
aerobic microorganisms associated with alfalfa leafcutter bees (megachile rotundata).characterization of microorganisms associated with alfalfa leaf-cutter bee (megachile rotundata) nectar, pollen, provisions, larval guts, and frass (excreta) in alberta demonstrated a varied aerobic microflora. yeasts were isolated frequently from nectar, pollen, and provisions but rarely from guts or frass. the most prevalent yeast taxa were: candida bombicola, cryptococcus albidus, metschnikowia reukaufii, and rhodotorula glutinis. although few filamentous fungi were found in nectar, they were ...199324190009
studies on the biosynthesis and metabolism of the phytoalexin lubimin and related compounds in datura stramonium l.arachidonic acid, cellulase, cuso4, a sonicate of phytophthora infestans mycelium and a spore suspension of penicillium chrysogenum all elicited the formation of the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins lubimin, 3-hydroxylubimin and rishitin in fruit cavities of datura stramonium. 3-hydroxylubimin was the predominant phytoalexin formed after treatment of the fruits with arachidonic acid, cellulase and the p. infestans preparation. copper sulphate was a potent elicitor of lubimin but not 3-hydroxylubimin ...199024197002
identification of ochratoxin a producing fungi associated with fresh and dry liquorice.the presence of fungi on liquorice could contaminate the crop and result in elevated levels of mycotoxin. in this study, the mycobiota associated with fresh and dry liquorice was investigated in 3 producing regions of china. potential toxigenic fungi were tested for ochratoxin a (ota) and aflatoxin b1 (afb1) production using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. based on a polyphasic approach using morphological characters, β-tubulin and rna polymerase ii second largest subu ...201324205182
novel key metabolites reveal further branching of the roquefortine/meleagrin biosynthetic pathway.metabolic profiling and structural elucidation of novel secondary metabolites obtained from derived deletion strains of the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum were used to reassign various previously ascribed synthetase genes of the roquefortine/meleagrin pathway to their corresponding products. next to the structural characterization of roquefortine f and neoxaline, which are for the first time reported for p. chrysogenum, we identified the novel metabolite roquefortine l, including its ...201324225953
molecular identification of isolated fungi from stored apples in riyadh, saudi arabia.fungi causes most plant disease. when fruits are stored at suboptimal conditions, fungi grows, and some produce mycotoxin which can be dangerous for human consumption. studies have shown that the penicillium and monilinia species commonly cause spoilage of fruits, especially apples. several other genera and species were reported to grow to spoil fruits. this study was conducted to isolate and identify fruit spoilage by fungi on apples collected in riyadh, saudi arabia and conduct a molecular ide ...201324235866
identification accuracy and diversity reproducibility associated with internal transcribed spacer-based fungal taxonomic library preparation.this study investigated analytical parameters that are inherently relevant to identifying and quantifying fungal communities based on polymerase chain reaction amplicons. specifically, we evaluated the accuracy of the blastn-based identification for internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences generated from pure cultures, and quantified the reproducibility of relative abundances as well as α and β diversity measurements using duplicated environmental samples. the blastn-based method produced acc ...201424237760
molecular characterization of the pr-toxin gene cluster in penicillium roqueforti and penicillium chrysogenum: cross talk of secondary metabolite pathways.the pr-toxin is a potent mycotoxin produced by penicillium roqueforti in moulded grains and grass silages and may contaminate blue-veined cheese. the pr-toxin derives from the 15 carbon atoms sesquiterpene aristolochene formed by the aristolochene synthase (encoded by ari1). we have cloned and sequenced a four gene cluster that includes the ari1 gene from p. roqueforti. gene silencing of each of the four genes (named prx1 to prx4) resulted in a reduction of 65-75% in the production of pr-toxin i ...201424239699
halotolerant ability and α-amylase activity of some saltwater fungal isolates.four halotolerant fungal isolates originating from the saltwater lake urmia in iran were selected during a screening program for salt resistance and α-amylase activity. the isolates were identified based on sequencing the its region and a part of the β-tubulin gene, as penicillium chrysogenum (isolate u1; cbs 132820), fusarium incarnatum (isolate u2; cbs 132821), and penicillium polonicum (isolate u3; cbs 132822, and isolate u4; cbs 132823). the growth of these isolates was determined by measuri ...201324250679
interactions between naturally occurring antifungal agents.pairwise interactions between four antifungal compounds were studied. the β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor echinocandin b (ecb) showed synergistic effect with the cell wall hydrolase chib chitinase and enga β-1,3-glucanase on saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida albicans, aspergillus rugulosus and a. fumigatus. the antifungal protein of penicillium chrysogenum (paf) did not influence the antifungal activity of chib or enga, but showed antagonistic effect with ecb on a. nidulans, a. rugulosus and a. ...201324275596
isolation and characterization of antibacterial compound from a mangrove-endophytic fungus, penicillium chrysogenum mtcc 5108.microorganisms, especially endophytic fungi that reside in the tissue of living mangrove plants, seem to play a major role in meeting the general demand for new biologically active substances. during the course of screening for biologically active secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms, an antibiotic compound containing an indole and a diketopiperazine moiety was isolated from the culture medium of penicillium chrysogenum, (mtcc 5108), an endophytic fungus on the mangrove plant portere ...201224293720
meleagrin, a new fabi inhibitor from penicillium chryosogenum with at least one additional mode of action.bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (fabi) is a promising novel antibacterial target. we isolated a new class of fabi inhibitor from penicillium chrysogenum, which produces various antibiotics, the mechanisms of some of them are unknown. the isolated fabi inhibitor was determined to be meleagrin by mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses, and its more active and inactive derivatives were chemically prepared. consistent with their selective inhibition of stap ...201324312171
purification and characterization of tannin acyl hydrolase produced by mixed solid state fermentation of wheat bran and marigold flower by penicillium notatum ncim 923.tannin acyl hydrolase produced extracellularly by the fungal strain penicillium notatum ncim 923 in mixed solid state fermentation of wheat bran and marigold flower in the ratio 4 : 1 was purified from the cell-free extract broth by ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography. tannase was purified by 19.89-fold with yield of 11.77%. the specific activity of crude tannase was found to be 1.31 u/mg protein while that of purified tannase was 22.48 u ...201324350277
flux response of glycolysis and storage metabolism during rapid feast/famine conditions in penicillium chrysogenum using dynamic (13)c labeling.the scale-up of fermentation processes frequently leads to a reduced productivity compared to small-scale screening experiments. large-scale mixing limitations that lead to gradients in substrate and oxygen availability could influence the microorganism performance. here, the impact of substrate gradients on a penicillin g producing penicillium chrysogenum cultivation was analyzed using an intermittent glucose feeding regime. the intermittent feeding led to fluctuations in the extracellular gluc ...201424376125
prelude to rational scale-up of penicillin production: a scale-down study.penicillin is one of the best known pharmaceuticals and is also an important member of the β-lactam antibiotics. over the years, ambitious yields, titers, productivities, and low costs in the production of the β-lactam antibiotics have been stepwise realized through successive rounds of strain improvement and process optimization. penicillium chrysogenum was proven to be an ideal cell factory for the production of penicillin, and successful approaches were exploited to elevate the production tit ...201424413978
molecular genetics as a tool to remove bottlenecks in the biosynthesis of β-lactam antibiotics.several strains of penicillium chrysogenum with different productions of penicillin were characterized at the molecular level in order to establish the basis of the increased penicillin production rates. the cluster of penicillin biosynthetic genes was located in an amplified genomic region of 57.9 kb in a high-producing strain (e1) and 106.5 kb in two strains (as-p-78 and p2) producing moderately high levels of penicillin. this region was shown to be present in multiple tandemly repeated copies ...199624415383
gemini alkyldeoxy-d-glucitolammonium salts as modern surfactants and microbiocides: synthesis, antimicrobial and surface activity, biodegradation.dimeric quaternary alkylammonium salts possess a favourable surface and antimicrobial activity. in this paper we describe synthesis, spectroscopic analysis, surface and antimicrobial activity as well as biodegradability of polymethylene-α,ω-bis(n,n-dialkyl-n-deoxy-d-glucitolammonium iodides), a new group of dimeric quaternary ammonium salts. this new group of gemini surfactants can be produced from chemicals which come from renewable sources. the structure of products has been determined by the ...201424416314
expression of fungal genes involved in penicllin biosynthesis.carbon catabolite repression and ph regulation are regulatory circuits with a wide domain of action in the plectomycetes. penicillin biosynthesis is one of the pathways which are under their control. the conclusions obtained so far, which are based on studies of the genetic and molecular regulation of the penicillin pathway of aspergillus nidulans, would have been much harder to produce using an organism such as penicillium chrysogenum (the industrial penicillin producer). however, a. nidulans a ...199324420113
expression, characterization and homology modeling of a novel eukaryotic gh84 β-n-acetylglucosaminidase from penicillium chrysogenum.β-n-acetylglucosaminidases from the family 84 of glycoside hydrolases form a small group of glycosidases in eukaryotes responsible for the modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins with o-glcnac, thus they are involved in a number of important cell processes. here, the first fungal β-n-acetylglucosaminidase from penicillium chrysogenum was expressed in pichia pastoris and secreted into the media, purified and characterized. moreover, homology modeling and substrate and inhibitor docking wer ...201424434566
hepatitis c virus ns3-ns4a protease inhibitors from the endophytic penicillium chrysogenum isolated from the red alga liagora viscida.hepatitis c virus (hcv) ns3-ns4a protease is an attractive target for anti-hcv agents because of its important role in replication. in this work, we demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus penicillium chrysogenum exhibited a potent activity against hcv ns3-ns4a protease with an ic50 value of 20 microg/ml. the fungus was isolated from the red alga liagora viscida and identified by its morphology and 18s rdna. large-scale fermentation of the fungus in czapek's peptone ...201424459769
isolation and characterization of formaldehyde-degrading fungi and its formaldehyde metabolism.formaldehyde is classified as a human carcinogen that may cause nasopharyngeal cancer and probably leukemia. the effects of environmental and nutritional factors on fungal growth and the biodegradation of formaldehyde were investigated. fungal strains sgfa1 and sgfa3 isolated from untreated sewage sediment samples collected from heavily formaldehyde-contaminated areas were identified using morphological characteristics and molecular techniques and named as aspergillus nomius sgfa1 and penicilliu ...201424464080
new insights into the isopenicillin n transport in penicillium chrysogenum.in penicillium chrysogenum the beta-lactam biosynthetic pathway is compartmentalized. this fact forces the occurrence of transport processes of penicillin-intermediate molecules across cell membranes. many aspects around this molecular traffic remain obscure but are supposed to involve transmembrane transporter proteins. in the present work, an in-depth study has been developed on a major facilitator-type secondary transporter from p. chrysogenum named as penm. the reduction of penm expression l ...201424480587
sorbicatechols a and b, antiviral sorbicillinoids from the marine-derived fungus penicillium chrysogenum pjx-17.two novel sorbicillinoids combining a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane with a 2-methoxyphenol moiety, named sorbicatechols a (1) and b (2), were isolated from the culture of the marine sediment-derived fungus penicillium chrysogenum pjx-17, together with the known protocatechuic acid methyl ester and caffeic acid methyl ester (3). their structures, including absolute configurations, were assigned by analysis of nmr, ms data, and tddft ecd calculations. compounds 1 and 2 exhibited activities against influenz ...201424495078
control of spoilage fungi by protective lactic acid bacteria displaying probiotic properties.thirty-six lactic acid bacteria belong to lactococcus, lactobacillus, enterococcus, and pediococcus were isolated, and the spectrum of antifungal activity was verified against fusarium oxysporum (kacc 42109), aspergillus niger (kacc 42589), fusarium moniliforme (kacc 08141), penicillium chrysogenum (nii 08137), and the yeast candida albicans (mtcc 3017). three isolates, identified as pediococcus pentosaceus (tg2), lactobacillus casei (dy2), and lactococcus (bsn) were selected further, and their ...201424532445
[growth phenomena of submerged cultures of penicillium chrysogenum thom]. 201624544056
[phosphorus compounds in penicillium chrysogenum]. 201624544293
[studies on physiological properties of various strains of penicillin-producing-penicillium chrysogenum]. 201424544537
[role of inositol phosphoric acids in metabolism of penicillium chrysogenum]. 201424544538
[proteolytic enzymes in penicillium chrysogenum q-176]. 201424545063
[physiological characteristics of various strains of penicillium chrysogenum; certain characteristics of metabolism in strains b-51-20, 31 & 24]. 201424545157
[studies on dynamics of proteolytic enzyme activity in penicillium chrysogenum in accumulation of penicillin in culture media]. 201424545158
genomic characteristics and comparative genomics analysis of penicillium chrysogenum kf-25.penicillium chrysogenum has been used in producing penicillin and derived β-lactam antibiotics for many years. although the genome of the mutant strain p. chrysogenum wisconsin 54-1255 has already been sequenced, the versatility and genetic diversity of this species still needs to be intensively studied. in this study, the genome of the wild-type p. chrysogenum strain kf-25, which has high activity against ustilaginoidea virens, was sequenced and characterized.201424555742
a new variant of self-excising β-recombinase/six cassette for repetitive gene deletion and homokaryon purification in neurospora crassa.in a previous study, we developed a cassette employing a bacterial β-recombinase acting on six recognition sequences (β-rec/six), which allowed repetitive site-specific gene deletion and marker recycling in neurospora crassa. however, only one positive selection marker was used in the cassette. a tedious subsequent procedure was needed to purify homokaryons due to the lack of a negative selection after cassette eviction. additionally, the endoxylanase xylp promoter from penicillium chrysogenum u ...201424556286
genome sequencing of high-penicillin producing industrial strain of penicillium chrysogenum.due to the importance of penicillium chrysogenum holding in medicine, the genome of low-penicillin producing laboratorial strain wisconsin54-1255 had been sequenced and fully annotated. through classical mutagenesis of wisconsin54-1255, product titers and productivities of penicillin have dramatically increased, but what underlying genome structural variations is still little known. therefore, genome sequencing of a high-penicillin producing industrial strain is very meaningful.201424564352
diversity of microfungi in sandy beach soil of teluk aling, pulau pinang.a total of 82 isolates of microfungi were isolated from 6 sandy soil samples collected from teluk aling beach, pulau pinang. the soil microfungi were isolated by using direct isolation, debris isolation and soil dilution techniques. based on morphological characteristics, seven genera of microfungi were identified namely, fusarium (42%), aspergillus (24%), trichoderma (13%), curvularia (9%), colletotrichum (6%), helminthosporium (4%) and penicillium (2%). the most common species isolated was fus ...201124575210
purification and biochemical characterization of a novel alkaline protease produced by penicillium nalgiovense.penicillium nalgiovense pna9 produces an extracellular protease during fermentation with characteristics of growth-associated product. enzyme purification involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and ultrafiltration, resulting in 12.1-fold increase of specific activity (19.5 u/mg). the protein was isolated through a series of bn-page and native page runs. esi-ms analysis confirmed the molecular mass of 45.2 kda. n-terminal sequencing (mgflkllkgslatlavvnagklltandgde) revealed 93 % simil ...201424585382
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate oxidative stress induced by ador and enhance antioxidant responses of tomato plants.the behaviour of tomato plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi grown in the presence of aqueous extracts from dry olive residue (ador) was studied in order to understand how this symbiotic relationship helps plants to cope with oxidative stress caused by ador. the influence of am symbiosis on plant growth and other physiological parameters was also studied. tomato plants were inoculated with the am fungus funneliformis mosseae and were grown in the presence of ador bioremediate ...201424594394
synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of pyrimidinyl benzoxazole, benzothiazole and benzimidazole.a variety of pyrimidinyl benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles linked by thio, methylthio and amino moieties were prepared and studied their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. the compound pyrimidinyl bis methylthio benzimidazole 22 was a potent antimicrobial agent particularly against staphylococcus aureus (29 mm, mic 12.5 μg/ml) and penicillium chrysogenum (38 mm, mic 12.5 μg/ml). the amino linked pyrimidinyl bis benzothiazole 24 exhibited cytotoxic activity on a549 cells with i ...201424607584
improved sample preparation for intact cell mass spectrometry (biotyping) of mycelium samples taken from a batch fermentation process of penicillium chrysogenum.penicillium chrysogenum is an important species in biotechnology and an improved production rate for penicillin drug variants is of utmost interest. intact cell mass spectrometry (icms) or biotyping can be a novel and time-saving tool to monitor a fermentation process of penicillium strains for fast intervention during penicillin production.201424623701
extra- and intracellular lactose catabolism in penicillium chrysogenum: phylogenetic and expression analysis of the putative permease and hydrolase genes.penicillium chrysogenum is used as an industrial producer of penicillin. we investigated its catabolism of lactose, an abundant component of whey used in penicillin fermentation, comparing the type strain nrrl 1951 with the high producing strain as-p-78. both strains grew similarly on lactose as the sole carbon source under batch conditions, exhibiting almost identical time profiles of sugar depletion. in silico analysis of the genome sequences revealed that p. chrysogenum features at least five ...201424690910
molys2 is necessary for growth, conidiogenesis, lysine biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in magnaporthe oryzae.amino acid biosyntheses are complex but essential processes in growth and differentiation of eukaryotic cells. in the budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, the lysine biosynthesis via the α-aminoadipate (aa) pathway involves several steps, including reduction of aa to aa 6-semialdehyde by aa reductase sclys2. in filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum, disruption of the lys2 gene blocked the lysine biosynthesis but promoted the production of the secondary metabolite penicillin. in compariso ...201424731804
a novel gh43 α-l-arabinofuranosidase of penicillium chrysogenum that preferentially degrades single-substituted arabinosyl side chains in arabinan.we previously described three α-l-arabinofuranosidases (abfs) secreted by penicillium chrysogenum 31b. here, we purified a fourth abf, termed pcabf43a, from the culture filtrate. the molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 31kda. pcabf43a had the highest activity at 35°c and at around ph 5. the enzyme activity was strong on sugar beet l-arabinan but weak on debranched arabinan and arabinoxylan. low molecular-mass substrates such as p-nitrophenyl α-l-arabinofuranoside, α-1,5-l-arabinooli ...201424731829
concentration of bioaerosols in composting plants using different quantification methods.bioaerosols (organic dusts) containing viable and non-viable microorganisms and their metabolic products can lead to adverse health effects in exposed workers. standard quantification methods of airborne microorganisms are mainly based on cultivation, which often underestimates the microbial burden. the aim of the study was to determine the microbial load in german composting plants with different, mainly cultivation-independent, methods. second purpose was to evaluate which working areas are as ...201424759376
effect of low shear modeled microgravity on phenotypic and central chitin metabolism in the filamentous fungi aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum.phenotypic and genotypic changes in aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum, spore forming filamentous fungi, with respect to central chitin metabolism were studied under low shear modeled microgravity, normal gravity and static conditions. low shear modeled microgravity (lsmmg) response showed a similar spore germination rate with normal gravity and static conditions. interestingly, high ratio of multiple germ tube formation of a. niger in lsmmg condition was observed. confocal laser scan ...201424803238
direct involvement of the crea transcription factor in penicillin biosynthesis and expression of the pcbab gene in penicillium chrysogenum.the transcription factor crea is the main regulator responsible for carbon repression in filamentous fungi. crea is a wide domain regulator that binds to regulatory elements in the promoters of target genes to repress their transcription. penicillin biosynthesis and the expression of penicillin biosynthetic genes are subject to carbon repression. however, evidence of the participation of crea in this regulation is still lacking, and previous studies on the promoter of the pcbc gene of aspergillu ...201424818689
cryo-em near-atomic structure of a dsrna fungal virus shows ancient structural motifs preserved in the dsrna viral lineage.viruses evolve so rapidly that sequence-based comparison is not suitable for detecting relatedness among distant viruses. structure-based comparisons suggest that evolution led to a small number of viral classes or lineages that can be grouped by capsid protein (cp) folds. here, we report that the cp structure of the fungal dsrna penicillium chrysogenum virus (pcv) shows the progenitor fold of the dsrna virus lineage and suggests a relationship between lineages. cryo-em structure at near-atomic ...201424821769
structural variation among wild and industrial strains of penicillium chrysogenum.strain selection and strain improvement are the first, and arguably most important, steps in the industrial production of biological compounds by microorganisms. while traditional methods of mutagenesis and selection have been effective in improving production of compounds at a commercial scale, the genetic changes underpinning the altered phenotypes have remained largely unclear. we utilized high-throughput illumina short read sequencing of a wild penicillium chrysogenum strain in order to make ...201424824901
a novel low-temperature-active pectin methylesterase from penicillium chrysogenum f46 with high efficiency in fruit firming.a pectin methylesterase gene (pe8f46) was cloned from penicillium chrysogenum f46 and successfully expressed in pichia pastoris. the full-length cdna consists of 969 bp and encodes a 322-residue polypeptide with the calculated molecular weight of 34.1 kda. deduced pe8f46 belongs to family 8 of carbohydrate esterases and shares 54% identity with a functionally characterised counterpart from myceliophthora thermophile. purified recombinant pe8f46 showed the optimal activity at ph 5.0 and 40°c, and ...201424874380
functional characterization of a penicillium chrysogenum mutanase gene induced upon co-cultivation with bacillus subtilis.microbial gene expression is strongly influenced by environmental growth conditions. comparison of gene expression under different conditions is frequently used for functional analysis and to unravel regulatory networks, however, gene expression responses to co-cultivation with other microorganisms, a common occurrence in nature, is rarely studied under laboratory conditions. to explore cellular responses of the antibiotic-producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum to prokaryotes, the present stud ...201424884713
a non-canonical nrps is involved in the synthesis of fungisporin and related hydrophobic cyclic tetrapeptides in penicillium chrysogenum.the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum harbors an astonishing variety of nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes, which encode proteins known to produce complex bioactive metabolites from simple building blocks. here we report a novel non-canonical tetra-modular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) with microheterogenicity of all involved adenylation domains towards their respective substrates. by deleting the putative gene in combination with comparative metabolite profiling various uni ...201424887561
screening of indigenously isolated fungi for lovastatin production and its in vivo evaluation.seven indigenously isolated fungal strains (aspergillus niger, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus terreus, penicillium citrinum, penicillium notatum, pleurotus ostreatus and trichoderma viradae) were tested for their potential to produce cholesterol lowering drug lovastatin by using different agro-industrial wastes (corn cobs, corn stover, banana stalk, wheat straw, wheat bran, bagasse) in submerged as well as solid state fermentation. aspergillus terreus showed maximum production of 18.74 mg/100 m ...201424894549
cytotoxic and antifungal activities of melleolide antibiotics follow dissimilar structure-activity relationships.the fungal genus armillaria is unique in that it is the only natural source of melleolide antibiotics, i.e., protoilludene alcohols esterified with orsellinic acid or its derivatives. this class of natural products is known to exert antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. here, we present a refined relationship between the structure and the antimicrobial activity of the melleolides. using both agar diffusion and broth dilution assays, we identified the δ(2,4)-double bond of the protoilludene moiety ...201424906293
antifungal effect of antimicrobial peptides (amps lr14) derived from lactobacillus plantarum strain lr/14 and their applications in prevention of grain spoilage.the concern for food safety has led to an increased interest in the development of novel antimicrobials. keeping this aim in mind, we have investigated the antifungal effect of antimicrobial peptides (amps lr14) produced by lactobacillus plantarum strain lr/14 against four spoilage fungi, namely, aspergillus niger, rhizopus stolonifer, mucor racemosus and penicillium chrysogenum. interestingly, all the four fungi were inhibited, suggesting that amps lr14 exhibited anti-fungal property. the pepti ...201424929709
lag time for germination of penicillium chrysogenum conidia is induced by temperature shifts.in the environment, fungal conidia are subject to transient conditions. in particular, temperature is varying according to day/night periods. all predictive models for germination assume that fungal spores can adapt instantaneously to changes of temperature. the only study that supports this assumption (gougouli and koutsoumanis, 2012, modelling germination of fungal spores at constant and fluctuating temperature conditions. international journal of food microbiology, 152: 153-161) was carried o ...201424929731
assessing the allergenic potential of molds found in water-damaged homes in a mouse model.damp/moldy indoor environments, which have resulted from flooding events and may increase as a result of climate change, have been associated with asthma exacerbation. certain molds found in significantly higher or lower concentrations in asthmatics' homes compared to control homes have been categorized as group 1 (g1) and group 2 (g2) molds, respectively. we have compared the allergic potential of selected g1/g2 molds to house dust mite (hdm) in a mouse model. balb/c mice were exposed to mold ( ...201424987979
cloning, recombinant expression and characterization of a new phytase from penicillium chrysogenum.the phy gene, which encodes a phytase in penicillium chrysogenum cct 1273, was cloned into the vector pan-52-1-phy and the resulting plasmid was used for the cotransformation of penicillium griseoroseum pg63 protoplasts. among the 91 transformants obtained, 23 were cotransformants. from there, the phytase activity of these 23 transformants was evaluated and p. griseoroseum t73 showed the highest. the recombinant strain p. griseoroseum t73 contained the phy gene integrated in at least three sites ...201525023696
the use of real-time pcr to study penicillium chrysogenum growth kinetics on solid food at different water activities.fungal growth on solid foods can make them unfit for human consumption, but certain specialty foods require fungi to produce their characteristic properties. in either case, a reliable way of measuring biomass is needed to study how various factors (e.g. water activity) affect fungal growth rates on these substrates. biochemical markers such as chitin, glucosamine or ergosterol have been used to estimate fungal growth, but they cannot distinguish between individual species in mixed culture. in t ...201425036772
synthesis of mannich bases: 2-(3-phenylaminopropionyloxy)-benzoic acid and 3-phenylamino-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one, their toxicity, ionization constant, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.mannich bases 2-(3-phenylaminopropionyloxy)-benzoic acid (a) and 3-phenylamino-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one (b) were synthesized. structures were confirmed by ultraviolet/visible and infra-red spectroscopies. the ionization constant (pka) values at 8.3 and 8.0 reported for compounds a and b, respectively, indicated that protonation might occur at physiological ph. the lc50 values of 145,595 μg/ml (a) and 82,526 μg/ml (b) obtained from brine shrimp lethality testing showed that both c ...201425038706
complete sequencing and chromosome-scale genome assembly of the industrial progenitor strain p2niad18 from the penicillin producer penicillium chrysogenum.penicillium chrysogenum is the major industrial producer of the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the industrial progenitor strain p. chrysogenum p2niad18 in a chromosome-scale genome assembly. p2niad18 is distinguished from the recently sequenced p. chrysogenum wisconsin 54-1255 strain by major chromosomal rearrangements leading to a modified chromosomal architecture.201425059858
penicillium strains isolated from slovak grape berries taxonomy assessment by secondary metabolite profile.the secondary metabolite profiles of microfungi of the genus penicillium isolated from samples of grape berries collected in two different phases during two vegetative seasons in slovakia is described to assess the taxonomy. three slovak vine regions have been selected for this study, based on their climatic differences and national economic importance. cultures of microfungi isolated from berries were incubated on different selective media for macro and micromorphology identification. the speci ...201425109845
the effect of saprotrophic fungi on the development and hatching of fasciola hepatica eggs.the aim of this study was to determine the effect of 6 common soil fungi species: alternaria alternata (fr.) keissl., aspergillus candidus link, penicillium chrysogenum thom, p. commune thom, trichothecium roseum (pers.) link and ulocladium sp., on the hatching of miracidia, i.e., free living larvae of liver fluke (fasciola hepatica). to this end, the eggs of f. hepatica were incubated in water in the presence of one of the aforementioned fungi species and in tap water (control) at a temperature ...201425134345
sacrolide a, a new antimicrobial and cytotoxic oxylipin macrolide from the edible cyanobacterium aphanothece sacrum.macroscopic gelatinous colonies of freshwater cyanobacterium aphanothece sacrum, a luxury ingredient for japanese cuisine, were found to contain a new oxylipin-derived macrolide, sacrolide a (1), as an antimicrobial component. the configuration of two chiral centers in 1 was determined by a combination of chiral anisotropy analysis and conformational analysis of different ring-opened derivatives. compound 1 inhibited the growth of some species of gram-positive bacteria, yeast saccharomyces cerev ...201425161741
fermentative recovery of lipids and proteins from freshwater fish head waste with reference to antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysate.effectiveness of fermentation using lactic acid bacteria (lab) for recovering lipids and proteins simultaneously from freshwater fish head (fwh) was evaluated. three different proteolytic lab (pediococcus acidilactici ncim5368, enterococcus faecium ncim5335 and pediococcus acidilactici fd3) isolated from fish processing wastes were employed in the fermentation process. the fermentation conditions involved 10 % (w/w) glucose, 2 % (w/w) nacl and 10 % (v/w) lab cultures at 37 °c. the process result ...201425190843
submicronic fungal bioaerosols: high-resolution microscopic characterization and quantification.submicronic particles released from fungal cultures have been suggested to be additional sources of personal exposure in mold-contaminated buildings. in vitro generation of these particles has been studied with particle counters, eventually supplemented by autofluorescence, that recognize fragments by size and discriminate biotic from abiotic particles. however, the fungal origin of submicronic particles remains unclear. in this study, submicronic fungal particles derived from aspergillus fumiga ...201425217010
synthesis, characterization and antifungal activity of chemically and fungal-produced silver nanoparticles against trichophyton rubrum.to characterize and explore the potential in extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) by penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus oryzae and to investigate the antifungal effect of chemically vs biologically synthesized agnps comparing with conventional antifungal drugs against trichophyton rubrum.201425234047
penicillium antifungal protein (paf) is involved in the apoptotic and autophagic processes of the producer penicillium chrysogenum.paf, which is produced by the filamentous fungus pencicillium chrysogenum, is a small antifungal protein, triggering ros-mediated apoptotic cell death in aspergillus nidulans. in this work, we provide information on the function of paf in the host p. chrysogenum considering that carbon-starving cultures of the δpaf mutant strain showed significantly reduced apoptosis rates in comparison to the wild-type (wt) strain. moreover, the addition of paf to the δpaf strain resulted in a twofold increase ...201425261948
comparative sequence analysis and mutagenesis of ethylene forming enzyme (efe) 2-oxoglutarate/fe(ii)-dependent dioxygenase homologs.ethylene is one of the most used chemical monomers derived from non-renewable sources and we are investigating the possibility of producing it in yeast via the ethylene forming enzyme (efe) from pseudomonas syringae. to enable engineering strategies to improve the enzyme, it is necessary to identify the regions and amino acid residues involved in ethylene formation.201425278273
biotic elicitor enhanced production of psoralen in suspension cultures of psoralea corylifolia l.cell cultures of psoralea corylifolia l. were established from the leaf disk derived callus. the effect of different biotic elicitors prepared from the fungal extract (aspergillus niger and penicillium notatum), yeast extract and chitosan with different concentrations was studied. the increased synthesis of psoralen in 16-day old cell cultures under 16 h of light and 8 h of dark period was studied. elicitation of psoralen in a. niger elicitor treated cells was found 9-fold higher over control ce ...201425313287
metdfba: incorporating time-resolved metabolomics measurements into dynamic flux balance analysis.understanding cellular adaptation to environmental changes is one of the major challenges in systems biology. to understand how cellular systems react towards perturbations of their steady state, the metabolic dynamics have to be described. dynamic properties can be studied with kinetic models but development of such models is hampered by limited in vivo information, especially kinetic parameters. therefore, there is a need for mathematical frameworks that use a minimal amount of kinetic informa ...201525315283
purification and immobilization of l-arginase from thermotolerant penicillium chrysogenum kj185377.1; with unique kinetic properties as thermostable anticancer enzyme.l-arginase, hydrolyzing l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea, is a powerful anticancer, l-arginine-depleting agent, against argininosuccinate synthase expressing tumors. otherwise, the higher antigenicity and lower thermal stability of this enzyme was the main biochemical hurdles. since, the intrinsic thermal stability of enzymes follow the physiological temperature of their producer, thus, characterization of l-arginase from thermotolerant penicillium chrysogenum was the objective of this study. ...201425322968
reminiscence of phospholipase b in penicillium notatum.since the phospholipase b (plb) was reported as a deacylase of both lecithin and lysolecithin yielding fatty acids and glycerophosphocholine (gpc), there was a question as to whether it is a single enzyme or a mixture of a phospholipase a2 (pla2) and a lysophospholipase (lpl). we purified the plb in penicillium notatum and showed that it catalyzed deacylation of sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acids of 1,2-diacylphospholipids and also sn-1 or sn-2 fatty acids of 1- or 2-monoacylphospholipids (lysophospholip ...201425391318
transport of substrates into peroxisomes: the paradigm of β-lactam biosynthetic intermediates.peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles that enclose catalases, fatty acid-oxidizing enzymes, and a variety of proteins involved in different cellular processes. interestingly, the late enzymes involved in penicillin biosynthesis, and the isopenicillin n epimerization enzymes involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis are located inside peroxisomes in the producer fungi penicillium chrysogenum and acremonium chrysogenum. peroxisome proteins are targeted to those organelles by peroxisomal targeting sig ...201325436576
intact cell mass spectrometry as a progress tracking tool for batch and fed-batch fermentation processes.penicillin production during a fermentation process using industrial strains of penicillium chrysogenum is a research topic permanently discussed since the accidental discovery of the antibiotic. intact cell mass spectrometry (icms) can be a fast and novel monitoring tool for the fermentation progress during penicillin v production in a nearly real-time fashion. this method is already used for the characterization of microorganisms and the differentiation of fungal strains; therefore, the applic ...201525447465
the development of an industrial-scale fed-batch fermentation simulation.this paper describes a simulation of an industrial-scale fed-batch fermentation that can be used as a benchmark in process systems analysis and control studies. the simulation was developed using a mechanistic model and validated using historical data collected from an industrial-scale penicillin fermentation process. each batch was carried out in a 100,000 l bioreactor that used an industrial strain of penicillium chrysogenum. the manipulated variables recorded during each batch were used as in ...201525449107
yeast hxk2 gene reverts glucose regulation mutation of penicillin biosynthesis in p. chrysogenum.the mutant penicillium chrysogenum strain dogr5, derived from strain as-p-78, does not respond to glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, and is partially deficient in d-glucose phosphorilating activity. we have transformed strain dogr5 with the (hexokinase) hxk2 gene from saccharomyces cerevisiae. transformants recovered glucose control of penicillin biosynthesis in different degrees, and acquired a hexokinase (fructose phosphorylating) activity absent in strains as- ...201425477921
a mat1-2 wild-type strain from penicillium chrysogenum: functional mating-type locus characterization, genome sequencing and mating with an industrial penicillin-producing strain.in heterothallic ascomycetes, mating is controlled by two nonallelic idiomorphs that determine the 'sex' of the corresponding strains. we recently discovered mating-type loci and a sexual life cycle in the penicillin-producing fungus, penicillium chrysogenum. all industrial penicillin production strains worldwide are derived from a mat1-1 isolate. no mat1-2 strain has been investigated in detail until now. here, we provide the first functional analysis of a mat1-2 locus from a wild-type strain. ...201525521009
a kinetic study of textile dyeing wastewater degradation by penicillium chrysogenum.the potential of penicillium chrysogenum to decolorize azo dyes and a real industrial textile wastewater was studied. p. chrysogenum was able to decolorize and degrade three azo dyes (200 mg l(-1)), either independently or in a mixture of them, using glucose as a carbon source. a kinetic model for degradation was developed and it allowed predicting the degradation kinetics of the mixture of the three azo dyes. in addition, p. chrysogenum was able to decolorize real industrial wastewater. the kin ...201525555702
microarray hybridization analysis of light-dependent gene expression in penicillium chrysogenum identifies bzip transcription factor pcatfa.the fungal velvet complex is a light-dependent master regulator of secondary metabolism and development in the major penicillin producer, penicillium chrysogenum. however, the light-dependent mechanism is unclear. to identify velvet-dependent transcriptional regulators that show light-regulated expression, we performed microarray hybridizations with rna isolated from p. chrysogenum δpcku70 cultures grown under 13 different long-term, light-dependent growth conditions. we compared these expressio ...201525557366
pyomelanin production in penicillium chrysogenum is stimulated by l-tyrosine.from a tomb in upper egypt we isolated a strain of penicillium chrysogenum that was capable of producing brown pigment in vitro when grown in a minimal salts medium containing tyrosine. we present evidence that this pigment is a pyomelanin, a compound that is known to assist in the survival of some micro-organisms in adverse environments. we tested type strains of pe. chrysogenum, which were also able to produce this pigment under similar conditions. inhibitors of the dhn and dopa melanin pathwa ...201525568259
in-vitro assessment of the probiotic potential of lactobacillus plantarum kcc-24 isolated from italian rye-grass (lolium multiflorum) forage.the aim of the present study was to determine the probiotic potential of the lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus plantarum kcc-24 (l. plantarum kcc-24), that was isolated and characterized from italian ryegrass (lolium multiflorum) forage. the following experiments were performed to assess the probiotic characteristics such as antifungal activity, antibiotic susceptibility, resistance to low ph, stimulated gastric juice and bile salts, proteolytic activity, auto-aggregation, cell surface hydropho ...201525576238
oxidative dearomatisation: the key step of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis†electronic supplementary information (esi) available: containing all experimental details. see doi: 10.1039/c3sc52911hclick here for additional data file.an fad-dependent monooxygenase encoding gene (sorbc) was cloned from penicillium chrysogenum e01-10/3 and expressed as a soluble protein in escherichia coli. the enzyme efficiently performed the oxidative dearomatisation of sorbicillin and dihydrosorbicillin to give sorbicillinol and dihydrosorbicillinol respectively. bioinformatic examination of the gene cluster surrounding sorbc indicated the presence of two polyketide synthase (pks) encoding genes designated sorba and sorbb. the gene sorba-en ...201425580210
penicitols a-c and penixanacid a from the mangrove-derived penicillium chrysogenum hdn11-24.three new citrinin analogues, penicitols a-c (1-3), and one new xanthone derivative, penixanacid a (4), together with four known biogenetically related compounds (5-8), were discovered from the extract of a mangrove-derived fungus, penicillium chrysogenum hnd11-24. the structures of penicitols a-c and penixanacid a were established through analysis of extensive spectroscopic data. their cytotoxic activity against hela, bel-7402, hek-293, hct-116, and a549 cell lines was evaluated.201525611519
biochemical characterization and overexpression of an endo-rhamnogalacturonan lyase from penicillium chrysogenum.rhamnogalacturonan lyase (pcrgl4a) was purified from the culture supernatant of penicillium chrysogenum 31b. pcrgl4a optimal activity occurred between ph 7-8 and at 40 °c. conserved domain search analysis identified pcrgl4a as a member of polysaccharide lyase family 4. pcrgl4a contains two conserved catalytic and four conserved substrate-binding residues as determined by x-ray crystallography of the aspergillus aculeatus rg lyase. recombinant pcrgl4a (rpcrgl4a) expressed in escherichia coli demo ...201525666014
single-step fermentative production of the cholesterol-lowering drug pravastatin via reprogramming of penicillium chrysogenum.the cholesterol-lowering blockbuster drug pravastatin can be produced by stereoselective hydroxylation of the natural product compactin. we report here the metabolic reprogramming of the antibiotics producer penicillium chrysogenum toward an industrial pravastatin production process. following the successful introduction of the compactin pathway into the β-lactam-negative p. chrysogenum ds50662, a new cytochrome p450 (p450 or cyp) from amycolatopsis orientalis (cyp105as1) was isolated to catalyz ...201525691737
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