Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| molecular evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in wild cervids and feeding ixodes ricinus ticks from west-central poland. | 2009 | 19438657 | |
| phylogentic analysis of anaplasma ovis strains isolated from sheep and goats using groel and mps4 genes. | evidence of anaplasma spp. in goats and sheep in cyprus has been demonstrated by previous research. herein, further research was performed for the identification of the exact anaplasma spp. resulting in the identification of anaplasma ovis strains in all samples examined. we used a bioinformatics as well as a molecular approach (study of groel and mps4 genes) in order to verify the validity of the results. all samples depicted the presence of a. ovis regardless of the host (goat or sheep). | 2009 | 19443140 |
| a molecular and serological study of exposure to tick-borne pathogens in sick dogs from italy. | 2009 | 19456799 | |
| sub-clinical infection of dogs from the ivory coast and gabon with ehrlichia, anaplasma, mycoplasma and rickettsia species. | 2009 | 19456802 | |
| spotted fever rickettsiae, ehrlichia and anaplasma, in ticks from peridomestic environments in panama. | 2009 | 19456809 | |
| diversity of groesl sequences of anaplasma phagocytophilum among dogs in slovenia. | 2009 | 19456815 | |
| high prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an indian reservation in northeastern arizona. | we evaluated the serological and molecular prevalence of selected organisms in 145 dogs during late spring (may/june) of 2005 and in 88 dogs during winter (february) of 2007 from the hopi indian reservation. additionally, in 2005, 442 ticks attached to dogs were collected and identified as rhipicephalus sanguineus. infection with or exposure to at least one organism was detected in 69% and 66% of the dogs in may/june 2005 and february 2007, respectively. exposure to spotted fever group (sfg) ric ... | 2010 | 19469667 |
| generation of antigenic variants via gene conversion: evidence for recombination fitness selection at the locus level in anaplasma marginale. | multiple bacterial and protozoal pathogens utilize gene conversion to generate antigenically variant surface proteins to evade immune clearance and establish persistent infection. both the donor alleles that encode the variants following recombination into an expression site and the donor loci themselves are under evolutionary selection: the alleles that encode variants that are sufficiently antigenically unique yet retain growth fitness and the loci that allow efficient recombination. we examin ... | 2009 | 19487473 |
| transovarial transmission of francisella-like endosymbionts and anaplasma phagocytophilum variants in dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae). | dermacentor albipictus (packard) is a north american tick that feeds on cervids and livestock. it is a suspected vector of anaplasmosis in cattle, but its microbial flora and vector potential remain underevaluated. we screened d. albipictus ticks collected from minnesota white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) for bacteria of the genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, francisella, and rickettsia using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) gene amplification and sequence analyses. we detected anaplasma phagoc ... | 2009 | 19496436 |
| [seroprevalence of anaplasma marginale in cattle from center-south region of paraná state, brazil by a competitive elisa test with recombinant msp5-pr1 protein]. | anaplasma marginale prevalence was determined in 223 sera samples in 2-year old or older cattle, from the center-southern region of the paraná state, including ponta grossa, guarapuava and laranjeiras do sul municipalities. a survey of antibodies igg class against anaplasma marginale was performed through a competitive immune absorbent assay (celisa-pr1). from the 223 sera examined, 130 (58.74%) reacted to celisa-pr1 test, suggesting an region of enzootic instability, with a significant percenta ... | 2009 | 19500456 |
| diversity of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains, usa. | we analyzed the structure of the expression site encoding the immunoprotective protein msp2/p44 from multiple anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in the united states. the sequence of p44esup1 had diverged in ap-variant 1 strains infecting ruminants. in contrast, no differences were detected between a. phagocytophilum strains infecting humans and domestic dogs. | 2009 | 19523294 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs: 34 cases (2000-2007). | objective- to determine demographic characteristics of dogs from the upper midwest infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum and identify clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities and response to treatment. design- retrospective case series and owner telephone survey. animals- 34 dogs with granulocytic anaplasmosis. procedures- records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic and serologic findings, and treatment. owners were contact ... | 2009 | 19527130 |
| the differential interaction of brucella and ochrobactrum with innate immunity reveals traits related to the evolution of stealthy pathogens. | during evolution, innate immunity has been tuned to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. however, some alpha-proteobacteria are stealthy intracellular pathogens not readily detected by this system. brucella members follow this strategy and are highly virulent, but other brucellaceae like ochrobactrum are rhizosphere inhabitants and only opportunistic pathogens. to gain insight into the emergence of the stealthy strategy, we compared these two phylogenetically close but biologically ... | 2009 | 19529776 |
| type iv secretion system of anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis. | the intracellular bacterial pathogens ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum have evolved to infect leukocytes and hijack biological compounds and processes of these host defensive cells. bacterial type iv secretion (t4s) system transports macromolecules across the membrane in an atp-dependent manner and is increasingly recognized as a virulence factor delivery mechanism that allows pathogens to modulate eukaryotic cell functions for their own benefit. genes encoding t4s system homo ... | 2009 | 19538269 |
| epigenetic silencing of host cell defense genes enhances intracellular survival of the rickettsial pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum. | intracellular bacteria have evolved mechanisms that promote survival within hostile host environments, often resulting in functional dysregulation and disease. using the anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected granulocyte model, we establish a link between host chromatin modifications, defense gene transcription and intracellular bacterial infection. infection of thp-1 cells with a. phagocytophilum led to silencing of host defense gene expression. histone deacetylase 1 (hdac1) expression, activity an ... | 2009 | 19543390 |
| rickettsia raoultii and anaplasma phagocytophilum in dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from bialowieza primeval forest european bison (bison bonasus bonasus), poland. | 2009 | 19548992 | |
| tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in ticks collected from central spain. | the prevalence of tick-borne and related bacteria infecting adult ticks in central spain was assessed by molecular methods. six areas were sampled monthly during a 2-year longitudinal study. a total of 1,038 questing and 442 feeding ticks, belonging to eight different species, were tested. the most abundant species were hyalomma lusitanicum (54% of captures), followed by dermacentor marginatus (23%) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (10%). four human pathogens, including seven rickettsia species, ana ... | 2009 | 19556569 |
| infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum induces multilineage alterations in hematopoietic progenitor cells and peripheral blood cells. | infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum, a gram-negative, lipopolysaccharide (lps)-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium, results in multiple peripheral blood cytopenias. we hypothesized that infection with this organism would result in decreased bone marrow (bm) function and shifts in hematopoietic progenitor cells (hpcs) and lineage-committed cells in a well-established murine model of infection. hpcs and lineage-committed progenitors were enumerated in the bm and spleen during acute inf ... | 2009 | 19564373 |
| [anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a cat in switzerland]. | the following case report describes the diagnosis and therapy of a cat with an anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. the cat from the canton of st. gallen was presented because of lethargy and lack of appetite. the clinical symptoms established were fever and minor exsiccosis. the diagnosis of granulocytic anaplasmosis was established through microscopic evidence of inclusion bodies in neutrophil granulocytes, the detection of pathogen dna in the blood by pcr and positive igm and igg antibody tit ... | 2009 | 19565457 |
| detectability of tick-borne agents dna in the blood of dogs, undergoing treatment for borreliosis. | in the wake of controversies surrounding the usefulness of pcr in the diagnostics of borreliosis, the aim of the presented study was to monitor the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l. in dogs with clinical borreliosis in the course of relevant treatment. the monitoring was based on detecting borrelia's dna before- (study i), during- (study ii), and after completion of the therapy (study iii). in addition, to rule out possible coinfections, the dogs' blood was examined for the presence of anaplasma, ... | 2009 | 19572472 |
| current surveys on the prevalence and distribution of dirofilaria spp. in dogs in germany. | the central upper-rhine (baden-württemberg, germany) is one of the warmest regions in germany and also harbours abundant numbers of mosquitoes. case reports on presumably autochthonous occurrence of dirofilaria spp. were reported previously and were a reason for a further investigation into the occurrence of vector-borne pathogens. for this purpose, 44 hunting dogs from the central upper-rhine region were tested between 4(th) and 29(th) june 2007. the blood samples were tested using the knott's ... | 2009 | 19575227 |
| occurrence of dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne infections caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ehrlichia canis in domestic dogs in france: results of a countrywide serologic survey. | the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against tick-borne pathogens in french dogs has been analysed based on 1,050 blood samples. serum samples of 919 dogs (group a) were sent for a variety of diagnostic investigations, further 131 dogs (group b) were tested for a tentative diagnosis of heartworm disease. all samples were tested for d. immitis antigen. samples in group a were also tested for specific antibodies against three tick-borne pathogens (anaplasma phagocytophilum, ... | 2009 | 19575231 |
| validation and field assessment of a rapid lateral flow assay for detection of bovine antibody to anaplasma marginale. | the lateral flow assay (lfa) is a rapid diagnostic test which may be performed under most conditions and is especially useful for field applications. this type of assay was applied to the detection of antibody to bovine anaplasma marginale using sera from endemic areas and from areas which have been free from infection for more than 25 years. briefly, the test uses recombinant a. marginale major surface protein 5 peptide (msp5), immobilized on a cellulose acetate membrane. a serum sample is adde ... | 2009 | 19591044 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum dense-cored organisms mediate cellular adherence through recognition of human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects granulocytes to cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the susceptibilities of human neutrophils and promyelocytic hl-60 cells to a. phagocytophilum are linked to bacterial usage of p-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (psgl-1) as a receptor for adhesion and entry. a. phagocytophilum undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle, transitioning between a smaller electron dense-cored cell (dc), which has a dense nucleoid, and a l ... | 2009 | 19596771 |
| [cloning, expression, molecular characterization of the msp5 protein from pr1 strain of anaplasma marginale and its application in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent test]. | a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent test using the pr1 recombinant major surface protein 5 (rmsp5-pr1-elisa) of anaplasma marginale was standardized and validated using sera from anaplasmosis free and endemic regions. the sequencing of the msp5 gene of pr1 isolate showed 98% of identity with the florida and saint maries isolates, 97% with brazil (pernambuco) and havana isolates; and 91% with a. centrale. the celisa-pr1 test was compared to ifi and celisa-usa. for the standardization and va ... | 2009 | 19602309 |
| silencing of genes involved in anaplasma marginale-tick interactions affects the pathogen developmental cycle in dermacentor variabilis. | the cattle pathogen, anaplasma marginale, undergoes a developmental cycle in ticks that begins in gut cells. transmission to cattle occurs from salivary glands during a second tick feeding. at each site of development two forms of a. marginale (reticulated and dense) occur within a parasitophorous vacuole in the host cell cytoplasm. however, the role of tick genes in pathogen development is unknown. four genes, found in previous studies to be differentially expressed in dermacentor variabilis ti ... | 2009 | 19607704 |
| [assessment of rate of infection with agents of bacterial infections in ticks captured on one of the moscow park terrains]. | to study the rate of infection of ticks captured one of the moscow park terrains with bacteria (agents of tick borreliosis and anaplasmosis). | 2009 | 19621812 |
| coincidence of three pathogens (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti) in ixodes ricinus ticks in the lublin macroregion. | ticks are very important vectors of pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoans), which may induce serious contagious diseases in humans and in farm animals. the aim of the study was to determine the coincidence of 3 pathogens: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in ixodes ricinus ticks in south-eastern poland and to estimate the degree of infection with each of the examined pathogens depending on the developmental stage of ticks (nymph, fe ... | 2009 | 19630205 |
| seroprevalence of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis in central and southeastern china. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease. to determine the prevalence of hga in central and southeastern china, a total of 323 human sera were collected from individuals at high risk for exposure to ticks and animals. the igg antibody against the etiologic agent of hga, anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected with indirect immunofluorescence assay. the results showed that 20% of the tested individuals (64/323) were positive to a. phagocytophilum and that ... | 2009 | 19635886 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma marginale elicit different gene expression responses in cultured tick cells. | the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) includes obligate tick-transmitted intracellular organisms, anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma marginale that multiply in both vertebrate and tick host cells. recently, we showed that a. marginale affects the expression of tick genes that are involved in tick survival and pathogen infection and multiplication. however, the gene expression profile in a. phagocytophilum-infected tick cells is currently poorly characterized. the objectives o ... | 2009 | 19636428 |
| detection and identification of rickettsial agents in ticks from domestic mammals in eastern panama. | several outbreaks of rocky mountain spotted fever have occurred in recent years in colombian communities close to the border with panama. however, little is known about rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases in eastern panamanian provinces, the darien province and the kuna yala, located north of the endemic area in colombia. in 2007, 289 ticks were collected in several towns from dogs, horses, mules, cows, and pigs. dna was extracted from 124 dermacentor nitens, 64 rhipicephalus sanguineus, 43 amb ... | 2009 | 19645289 |
| new approaches to detection and identification of rickettsia africae and ehrlichia ruminantium in amblyomma variegatum (acari: ixodidae) ticks from the caribbean. | imported from africa in the 1700s and despite frequent modern eradication efforts, amblyomma variegatum (f.) spread through the caribbean by cattle transport, small ruminants, and migrating birds. a. variegatum is a vector for rickettsia africae, the causative agent of african tick bite fever, and ehrlichia ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater. we examined 95 a. variegatum and six rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) collected from cattle at an abattoir in antigua. engorged ... | 2009 | 19645301 |
| molecular evidence for persistence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in the absence of clinical abnormalities in horses after recovery from acute experimental infection. | anaplasma phagocytophilum infects several mammalian species, and can persist in sheep, dogs, and calves. however, whether this organism persists in horses or induces long-term clinical abnormalities is not known. | 2009 | 19645847 |
| identification of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients with erythema migrans. | anaplasma phagocytophilum has been first isolated from the blood of two czech patients simultaneously with a cultivation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from their erythema migrans lesions. cultivation of different borrelia spp. from 12 erythema migrans biopsies, from 2 blood, one liquor and one placenta sample in bsk-h medium was successful. adapted conventional methods targeting 16s rrna and ospa genes for real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and partial sequencing of these genes toget ... | 2009 | 19649743 |
| effects of tick control by acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer on host-seeking tick infection prevalence and entomologic risk for ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens. | we evaluated the effects of tick control by acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer on the infection prevalence and entomologic risk for three ixodes scapularis-borne bacteria in host-seeking ticks. ticks were collected from vegetation in areas treated with the "4-poster" device and from control areas over a 6-year period in five geographically diverse study locations in the northeastern united states and tested for infection with two known agents of human disease, borrelia burgdorferi and ... | 2009 | 19650738 |
| subacute transverse myelitis with lyme profile dissociation. | transverse myelitis is a very rare neurologic syndrome with an incidence per year of 1-5 per million population. we are presenting an interesting case of subacute transverse myelitis with its mri (magnetic resonance imaging) and csf (cerebrospinal fluid) findings. | 2008 | 19675732 |
| current management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and ehrlichia ewingii ehrlichiosis. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii are emerging tick-borne pathogens and are the causative agents of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and e. ewingii ehrlichiosis, respectively. collectively, these are referred to as human ehrlichioses. these obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae are transmitted by ixodes spp. or amblyomma americanum ticks and infect peripherally circulating leukocytes to cause inf ... | 2009 | 19681699 |
| variant-specific and diminishing immune responses towards the highly variable msp2(p44) outer membrane protein of anaplasma phagocytophilum during persistent infection in lambs. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of tick-borne fever in small ruminants and has been identified as the zoonotic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the norwegian strains of the rickettsia are naturally persistent in lambs and represent a suitable experimental system for analyzing the mechanisms of persistence. variation of the outer membrane protein msp2(p44) by recombination of variable pseudogene segments into an expression site is believed to play a key role in persisten ... | 2010 | 19695712 |
| 'nothing is permanent but change'- antigenic variation in persistent bacterial pathogens. | pathogens persist in immunocompetent mammalian hosts using various strategies, including evasion of immune effectors by antigenic variation. among highly antigenically variant bacteria, gene conversion is used to generate novel expressed variants from otherwise silent donor sequences. recombination using oligonucleotide segments from multiple donors is a combinatorial mechanism that tremendously expands the variant repertoire, allowing thousands of variants to be generated from a relatively smal ... | 2009 | 19709057 |
| structural analysis of a p44/msp2 expression site of anaplasma phagocytophilum in naturally infected ticks in japan. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, an agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, infects neutrophils and causes an emerging tickborne febrile disease. the genome of this bacterium contains a large number of p44/msp2-related genes encoding 44 kda major outer-membrane proteins, and it is known that a specific p44/msp2 gene is predominantly transcribed from a single expression locus. this study successfully characterized the genomic expression site for p44/msp2 (3.8 kb) in uncultured a. phagocytophilum from ... | 2009 | 19713360 |
| phylogeographic analysis reveals association of tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, msp1a sequences with ecological traits affecting tick vector performance. | the tick-borne pathogen anaplasma marginale, which is endemic worldwide, is the type species of the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae). rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is the most important tick vector of a. marginale in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. despite extensive characterization of the genetic diversity in a. marginale geographic strains using major surface protein sequences, little is known about the biogeography and evolution of a. marginale and other a ... | 2009 | 19723295 |
| lack of evidence for perinatal transmission of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis from a bitch to her offspring. | granulocytic anaplasmosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting dogs and humans in the united states and other regions of the world. relatively few cases have been described in pregnant women, and perinatal transmission appears to occur infrequently in humans. infection in pregnant dogs has not been reported. diagnosis of infection during pregnancy poses therapeutic challenges, because doxycycline, the treatment of choice, is teratogenic. also, infection during pregnancy may result in more ... | 2009 | 19723846 |
| assessment of polymicrobial infections in ticks in new york state. | ixodes scapularis ticks are clinically important hematophagous vectors. a single tick bite can lead to a polymicrobial infection. we determined the prevalence of polymicrobial infection with borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti, borrelia miyamotoi, and powassan virus in 286 adult ticks from the two counties in new york state where lyme disease is endemic, utilizing a masstag multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. seventy-one percent of the ticks harbored at least ... | 2010 | 19725770 |
| ticks and haemoparasites of dogs from praia, cape verde. | in february 2008 an epidemiological field study on arthropod-borne infections in dogs was carried out in praia, the capital city of cape verde. for this purpose 130 dogs were included in the study. of these, 94.6% were infested with ticks. altogether, 1293 ticks of the genus rhipicephalus (in all evaluated cases r. sanguineus) were collected. examination for haemotropic parasites was performed via polymerase chain reaction (pcr). lymph node fine-needle aspirates were screened by pcr for leishman ... | 2009 | 19729247 |
| seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases in communal cattle reared on sweet and sour rangelands in a semi-arid area of south africa. | a survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases (tbd) in nguni and non-descript cattle on the sweet and sour communal rangelands across seasons. body condition scores, bodyweights, packed cell volume (pcv) and antibodies to b. bovis, b. bigemina, ehrlichiaruminatium and anaplasma marginale were determined seasonally in 144 cattle raised on communal rangelands from august 2007 to april 2008. approximately 45% of the cattle were seropositive for b. bovis, 46% for b. b ... | 2010 | 19733490 |
| molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus from turkey. | this study investigated the presence of the pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodid ticks removed from humans living in three provinces (giresun, trabzon, rize) in the east of the black sea region of turkey. a total of 1097 ixodid ticks were examined for the presence of a. phagocytophilum dna. from the 95 pooled tick samples tested, species-specific fragments of a. phagocytophilum (11/95 samples, 11.6%) were amplified by nested pcr. adult ixodes ricinus (9/53 samples, 17.0%) and ixodes spp. ... | 2010 | 19744685 |
| thymidylate kinase: the lost chemotherapeutic target. | here we highlight the unusual substrate specificity of plasmodium falciparum thymidylate kinase (pftmk) and the validity of the enzyme as a new drug target. furthermore, we predict that the anaplasma marginale enzyme has attractive domain constituents and may be functionally different from other tmpks. we postulate that thymidylate kinases could have multiple attractive functions in pathogens and may be a new drug target against numerous microorganisms. | 2009 | 19749371 |
| canine granulocytic anaplasmosis: a review. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, horses, and dogs worldwide that is transmitted by ixodid ticks and maintained in a variety of small wild mammal species. recent studies suggest that multiple strains of a. phagocytophilum may be circulating in wild and domestic animal populations, and these strains may have differential host tropisms and pathogenicity. the organism infects and survives within neutrophils by disabling key neutrophil functions, including neutrophil motil ... | 2009 | 19761477 |
| failure to demonstrate babesia, anaplasma or ehrlichia in thrombocytopenic dogs from st kitts. | thrombocytopenia is common in dogs on st kitts but there is no data on the possible etiological role played by infections with anaplasma, babesia and ehrlichia, other than e. canis, which are known to occur in the caribbean. | 2009 | 19762975 |
| effect of prescribed fire for tick control in california chaparral. | prescribed fire was investigated as a method for controlling ixodid and argasid ticks in chaparral habitats in northern california. two experimental and two adjacent control plots within a wildlife preserve were monitored for 1 yr postburn. ticks were collected by flagging vegetation, by co2-baited pitfall trap, and by live-trapping rodents. twice as many rodents were caught at control sites compared with burn sites and no dusky-footed woodrats, neotoma fuscipes baird, were found in the treatmen ... | 2009 | 19769046 |
| anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis - maine, 2008. | anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are rickettsial tickborne diseases that have had at least a twofold increase in prevalence in the united states since 2000. despite similar clinical presentations, the causative organisms are carried by different ticks with distinct geographic and ecologic associations. surveillance efforts are complicated by ambiguous terminology and serologic testing with antibody cross-reactivity. although anaplasmosis historically has been reported in maine, ehrlichiosis has bee ... | 2009 | 19779398 |
| molecular epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis with a particular focus in mexico. | bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the rickettsia anaplasma marginale, has a worldwide distribution and is the cause of great economic losses in developing countries where it is highly endemic. transmission is carried mainly by ixodid ticks: dermacentor spp. and rhipicephalus (boophilus) spp. mechanical transmission is important in disseminating the disease within and across herds. the relationship between the rickettsia, the host and the vector is complex. several surface proteins (msps) have been ... | 2009 | 19786123 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris induce cytopenias and global defects in hematopoiesis. | 2009 | 19793126 | |
| the natural history of anaplasma marginale. | the intracellular pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), described by sir arnold theiler in 1910, is endemic worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas. infection of cattle with a. marginale causes bovine anaplasmosis, a mild to severe hemolytic disease that results in considerable economic loss to both dairy and beef industries. transmission of a. marginale to cattle occurs biologically by ticks and mechanically by biting flies and by blood-contaminated fomites. both ma ... | 2010 | 19811876 |
| the natural history of anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is the recently designated name replacing three species of granulocytic bacteria, ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, after the recent reorganization of the families rickettsiaceae and anaplasmataceae in the order rickettsiales. tick-borne fever (tbf), which is caused by the prototype of a. phagocytophilum, was first described in 1932 in scotland. a similar disease caused by a related granulocytic agent was first de ... | 2010 | 19811878 |
| a first case of ehrlichiosis in a horse in poland. | the study was aimed at determining the cause of a disease in a horse exhibiting symptoms of fever, joint effusion, weakness, and extravasations on the mucous membranes. blood was drawn from the animal for haematological and biochemical molecular tests. the pcr technique revealed the presence of 16s rna ehrlichia spp. genetic material in the blood samples. dna amplification by means of primers ehr 521 and ehr 747 gave a product with a volume of 247 bp.the sequence of the pcr product obtained show ... | 2009 | 19813450 |
| functional genomics and evolution of tick-anaplasma interactions and vaccine development. | the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) includes several tick-transmitted pathogens that impact veterinary and human health. tick-borne pathogens cycle between tick vectors and vertebrate hosts and their interaction is mediated by molecular mechanisms at the tick-pathogen interface. these mechanisms have evolved characteristics that involve traits from both the tick vector and the pathogen to insure their mutual survival. herein, we review the information obtained from functional ge ... | 2010 | 19819630 |
| protective efficacy of bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed bm95 antigenic peptides for the control of cattle tick infestations. | the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus bm86 and bm95 glycoproteins are homologous proteins that protect cattle against tick infestations. in this study, we demonstrated that the recombinant chimeric protein comprising tick bm95 immunogenic peptides fused to the a. marginale msp1a n-terminal region for presentation on the escherichia coli membrane was protective against r. microplus infestations in rabbits. this system provides a novel and simple approach for the production of tick protective an ... | 2009 | 19835826 |
| factors contributing to emergence of ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. as human pathogens. | ehrlichioses and anaplasmoses are caused by alpha-proteobacteria within the family of anaplasmataceae. these diseases have been known for a long time in veterinary medicine and recently in human medicine. these tick-borne zoonoses are considered as emerging diseases. the first case of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis occurred in 1986. human granulocytic anaplasmosis was described as a separate entity in 1994 and ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia ewingii was reported in humans in 1999. the number ... | 2010 | 19836890 |
| molecular events involved in cellular invasion by ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum are obligatory intracellular bacteria that preferentially replicate inside leukocytes by utilizing biological compounds and processes of these primary host defensive cells. these bacteria incorporate cholesterol from the host for their survival. upon interaction with host monocytes and granulocytes, respectively, these bacteria usurp the lipid raft domain containing gpi-anchored protein to induce a series of signaling events that result in inte ... | 2010 | 19836896 |
| babesia canis and other tick-borne infections in dogs in central poland. | vector-borne infections constitute increasing health problem in dogs worldwide, including sled dogs, dramatically decreasing the fitness of working dogs and even leading to death. in the period 2006-2008 eighty-two blood samples were collected from eight sled dog kennels in central poland. the prevalence of four vector-borne infections (babesia canis, bartonella sp., anaplasma/ehrlichia and borrelia burgdorferi) was estimated in 82 sled dogs using pcr and nested pcr for diagnosis and the same me ... | 2009 | 19837515 |
| transformation of anaplasma marginale. | the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, has a complex life cycle involving ruminants and ixodid ticks. it causes bovine anaplasmosis, a disease with significant economic impact on cattle farming worldwide. the obligate intracellular growth requirement of the bacteria poses a challenging obstacle to their genetic manipulation, a problem shared with other prokaryotes in the genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, and rickettsia. following our successful transformation of the human anaplasmosis agent, a ... | 2010 | 19837516 |
| protection in the absence of exclusion between two brazilian isolates of anaplasma marginale in experimentally infected calves. | this study investigated whether a low pathogenicity isolate of anaplasma marginale with an appendage (ufmg1) could protect calves from infection with a pathogenic a. marginale isolate (ufmg2). two groups of five friesian calves were each inoculated with ufmg1 by intravenous injections of either a. marginale-infected tick cell cultures (group 1) or blood stabilates (group 2); a third (control) group was injected with saline. all animals were inoculated with a blood stabilate containing a high pat ... | 2010 | 19837622 |
| complete genome sequence of anaplasma marginale subsp. centrale. | anaplasma marginale subsp. centrale is a naturally attenuated subtype that has been used as a vaccine for a century. we sequenced the genome of this organism and compared it to those of virulent senso stricto a. marginale strains. the comparison markedly narrows the number of outer membrane protein candidates for development of a safer inactivated vaccine and provides insight into the diversity among strains of senso lato a. marginale. | 2010 | 19854912 |
| superinfection occurs in anaplasma phagocytophilum infected sheep irrespective of infection phase and protection status. | anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic ruminants is widespread in the coastal areas of southern norway. the bacteria may persist in mammalian hosts. several genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum exist. in the present study, we investigate whether superinfection occurs in the acute and persistent phase of the infection. | 2009 | 19857248 |
| impairment of gamma interferon signaling in human neutrophils infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), is an intracellular bacterium which survives and multiplies inside polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (pmn). increased bacterial burden in gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-deficient mice suggested a major role of ifn-gamma in the control of a. phagocytophilum. here we investigated whether infection of human pmn with a. phagocytophilum impairs ifn-gamma signaling thus facilitating intracellular ... | 2010 | 19858302 |
| molecular detection of ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma bovis in the salivary glands from haemaphysalis longicornis ticks. | the salivary gland (sg) of tick plays an important role as a route in the dissemination of tick-borne pathogens to their hosts. we evaluated the presence of these pathogens in the sgs of haemaphysalis longicornis ticks, and these ticks were collected from grazing cattle in jeju island, korea. of total 463 one-side sgs, 56 (12.1%) sgs were positive for ehrlichia chaffeensis and 11 (2.4%) were positive for anaplasma bovis. in addition, two (0.4%) sgs were co-infected with both e. chaffeensis and a ... | 2010 | 19874189 |
| granulocytic anaplasmosis in three dogs from saskatoon, saskatchewan. | three dogs from saskatoon, saskatchewan were diagnosed with acute granulocytic anaplasmosis. fever, lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, diarrhea, and lameness were reported. lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly were identified in all dogs. inclusions were identified within the cytoplasm of blood neutrophils, and infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. | 2009 | 19881921 |
| detection of anaplasma bovis and anaplasma phagocytophilum dna from haemaphysalis megaspinosa in hokkaido, japan. | dna from 101 ticks, including haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, haemaphysalis flava, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, collected by flagging in a pasture in hidaka district (hokkaido, japan) was examined for infection with anaplasma bovis and a. phagocytophilum by species-specific nested pcr. of the 48 h. megaspinosa nymphs, examined, 1 (2.1%) and 6 (12.5%) were positive for a. bovis and a. phagocytophilum, respectively. one of the 6 positive nymphs was dual positive for bot ... | 2010 | 19897306 |
| the first detection of babesia eu1 and babesia canis canis in ixodes ricinus ticks (acari, ixodidae) collected in urban and rural areas in northern poland. | ixodes ricinus, the most commonly observed tick species in poland, is a known vector of such pathogenic microorganisms as tbe viruses, borrelia burgdoferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia helvetica, babesia divergens and b. microti in our country. our study aimed to find out whether this tick can also transmit other babesiae of medical and veterinary importance. dna extracts of 1392 ticks (314 nymphs, 552 male and 526 female ticks) collected in urban and rural areas in the pomer ... | 2009 | 19899616 |
| identification of theileria uilenbergi immunodominant protein for development of an indirect elisa for diagnosis of ovine theileriosis. | theileriosis of small ruminants in the northwest of china is a protozoan disease that restricts the development of the livestock industry. the disease is caused by infection with theileria uilenbergi and theilerialuwenshuni, both of which are transmitted by ixodid heamaphysalis ticks. the development of serological tools as a means of integrated control of the disease is an urgent and important requirement. here we describe the identification and partial recombinant expression of a t.uilenbergi ... | 2010 | 19900458 |
| detection of babesia canis subspecies and other arthropod-borne diseases in dogs from tirana, albania. | summary. the importance of arthropod-borne diseases increased in the recent past in particular due to frequent travel with dogs in or by importing of dogs from regions with endemic occurrence of these diseases. while the epidemiological situation is well known for the western parts of the mediterranean, only limited data is available for eastern europe and the balkans. thirty clinically healthy dogs from suburban areas of tirana, albania, were tested for babesia canis, hepatozoon spp., leishmani ... | 2009 | 19915816 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks in relation to the density of wild cervids. | borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum have been considered as pathogens in animals and humans. the role of wild cervids in the epidemiology is not clear. we analyzed questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in spring for these pathogens from sites with high (fjelløyvaer and strøm) and low density (tjore, hinnebu and jomfruland) of wild cervids to study the spread of the pathogens in questing ticks. | 2009 | 19943915 |
| tick-borne agents in rodents, china, 2004-2006. | a total of 705 rodents from 6 provinces and autonomous regions of mainland people's republic of china were tested by pcrs for tick-borne agents (anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, spotted fever group rickettsiae, and francisella tularensis). infection rates were 5.5%, 6.7%, 9.1% and 5.0%, respectively. eighteen (2.6%) rodents of 10 species were positive for 2 or 3 agents. sequence analysis of pcr products confirmed the presence and genotypes of detected agents. these fin ... | 2009 | 19961668 |
| delineating anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in coexisting, discrete enzootic cycles. | the emerging tick-borne pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum is under increasing scrutiny for the existence of subpopulations that are adapted to different natural cycles. here, we characterized the diversity of a. phagocytophilum genotypes circulating in a natural system that includes multiple hosts and at least 2 tick species, ixodes ricinus and the small mammal specialist i. trianguliceps. we encountered numerous genotypes, but only 1 in rodents, with the remainder limited to deer and host-seek ... | 2009 | 19961674 |
| persistence mechanisms in tick-borne diseases. | the use of new, highly sensitive diagnostic methods has revealed persistent infections to be a common feature of different tick-borne diseases, such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis and heartwater. antigenic variation can contribute to disease persistence through the continual elaboration of new surface structures, and we know in several instances how this is achieved. known or suspected mechanisms of persistence in babesial parasites include cytoadhesion and rapid variation of the adhesive ligand in ... | 2009 | 19967928 |
| sir arnold theiler and the discovery of anaplasmosis: a centennial perspective. | sir arnold theiler's research in 1908/09 led to the discovery of the first rickettsial pathogen, anaplasma marginale, and set the stage for his development and implementation of an effective live vaccine based on a less virulent strain, a. marginale ss. centrale. his 1910 report, describing a. marginale, is among the classic monographs in infectious disease research, presenting not only observations in exacting detail but also highlighting the deductive reasoning leading to association of a new ... | 2009 | 19967931 |
| emergence of tick-borne granulocytic anaplasmosis associated with habitat type and forest change in northern california. | an important ecosystem service of intact forests is protection from some emerging infectious diseases. tick-transmitted disease granulocytic anaplasmosis increasingly occupies second-growth forest. we hypothesized that areas of second growth would have increases in tick and rodent abundance, facilitating emergence of anaplasmosis. we predicted anaplasma phagocytophilum presence as a function of biocomplexity and forest structure, including vegetation, ticks, and rodents in four sites in californ ... | 2009 | 19996448 |
| [pandora's box: pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks in central europe]. | among the various species of hard ticks, ixodes ricinus is the most frequently found tick throughout europe. as with other ixodid ticks, the developmental cycle runs through three stages. in each stage a blood meal is required in order to develop to the next stage. ixodes ricinus has been found to feed on more than 300 different vertebrate species. usually, larval ticks feed on small mammals such as mice and become infected with various microorganisms and viruses, of which some are substantial p ... | 2009 | 19998007 |
| a new pcr-rflp method for detection of anaplasma marginale based on 16s rrna. | species of the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) are obligate intracellular tick borne pathogens. three species of anaplasma that infect cattle and sheep (a. marginale, a. centrale and a. ovis) are well recognized. of these erythrocytic anaplasma, a. marginale can cause diseases in the livestock with high economical losses. species-specific pcr based on 16s rrna gene is commonly used for detection of anaplasma species but can not differentiate a. marginale, a. centrale and a. ovis ... | 2010 | 20013050 |
| a clear and present danger: tick-borne diseases in europe. | ticks can transmit a variety of viruses, bacteria or parasites that can cause serious infections or conditions in humans and animals. while tick-borne diseases are becoming an increasing and serious problem in europe, tick-borne diseases are also responsible for major depressions in livestock production and mortality in sub-saharan africa, latin america and asia. this review will focus on the most important circulating tick-transmitted pathogens in europe (borrelia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilu ... | 2010 | 20014900 |
| antigen diversity in the parasitic bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum arises from selectively-represented, spatially clustered functional pseudogenes. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals, and is an obligate intracellular parasite. throughout the course of infection, hosts acquire temporary resistance to granulocytic anaplasmosis as they develop immunity specific for the major antigen, major surface protein 2 (msp2). however, the bacterium then utilizes a novel recombination mechanism shuffling functional pseudogenes sequentially into an expression cassette with conserved 5' and 3' ends ... | 2009 | 20016821 |
| first molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in european brown bear (ursus arctos). | in europe, anaplasma phagocytophilum circulates in natural foci in a tick-host cycle. up to now, antibodies against a. phagocytophilum as well as pathogen's dna were recorded in several domestic and wild animals. nevertheless, the reservoir host range is still under investigation. tissue samples from european brown bears (ursus arctos) were tested for the presence of a. phagocytophilum dna by a pcr amplification of 16s rrna gene. the results of our study provides the evidence, that the range of ... | 2010 | 20020810 |
| prevalence of five pathogenic agents in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from western france. | in europe, ixodes ricinus ticks are vectors of many emerging pathogens, including borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl), anaplasma phagocytophilum, spotted fever group rickettsia sp., babesia sp., and very likely bartonella sp. in this study, we looked for the presence of dna of these microorganisms in 572 ticks from two forests in the west of france. dna extraction and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification were performed on individual nymphal, male, and female i. ricinus ticks. amplifica ... | 2010 | 20020814 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in danish sheep: confirmation by dna sequencing. | the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, an ixodes ricinus transmitted bacterium, was investigated in two flocks of danish grazing lambs. direct pcr detection was performed on dna extracted from blood and serum with subsequent confirmation by dna sequencing. | 2009 | 20025738 |
| identification of anaplasma centrale major surface protein-2 pseudogenes. | the present study was aimed to identify msp2 pseudogenes and msp2 variants in the vaccine anaplama centrale strain. five msp2 pseudogenes were identified in the a. centrale genome, and multiple msp2 variants that emerged during both acute and persistent infection were detected. the pseudogene copies of msp2 were truncated; they contained a central hypervariable region flanked by short portions of the 5' and 3' conserved regions. alignment of the hypervariable region sequence of the expression si ... | 2010 | 20036077 |
| first detection of the anaplasma phagocytophilum groel-a genotype in man. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is an emerging disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum which is transmitted by ticks of the genus ixodes ricinus. for molecular detection of the pathogen by pcr, a conserved portion of the groel gene within the groesl operon is frequently used as a target. a single g/a polymorphism in this region allows to discriminate between two genotypes, groel-g and groel-a. | 2010 | 20036281 |
| [comparison of nested-pcr with blood smear examination in detection of ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys in dogs]. | the clinical signs of ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys infection are similar, and the diagnosis of these pathogens made by stained blood smears is poor due sensibility and specificity. on the other hand, the molecular diagnosis is highly sensitive and specific and nested-pcr have been optimized for accurate diagnosis these pathogens in dogs. at the veterinary teaching hospital, whole-blood samples with edta were obtained from 100 dogs and smears were made from blood samples for evaluation fo ... | 2009 | 20040193 |
| molecular diagnosis of anaplasmataceae organisms in dogs with clinical and microscopical signs of ehrlichiosis. | ehrlichioses are important emerging zoonotic tick-borne diseases that can affect both animals and humans. clinical manifestations of ehrlichiosis caused by different members of anaplasmataceae in dogs are similar to each other and to other diseases showing systemic manifestation. the observation of inclusions in white blood cells and in platelets cannot be used to confirm the anaplasmataceae etiologic agent of the disease. in this work we assessed the presence of anaplasmataceae agents in 51 dog ... | 2009 | 20040204 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rrna gene of anaplasma species detected from japanese serows (capricornis crispus). | nineteen blood samples collected from free-living japanese serows, capricornis crispus, between 2006 and 2008 in iwate prefecture were examined for the anaplasma infection by pcr amplification of a part of the 16s rrna gene. ten (52.6%) out of the 19 samples produced a visible band in electrophoresed agarose gels. positive pcr products were subjected to dna sequencing. we found the nucleotide sequences were identical. almost entire length of the 16s rrna gene for a representative stain was then ... | 2009 | 20046041 |
| occurrence of igg antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans suspected of lyme borreliosis in eastern slovakia. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) and lyme borreliosis (lb) are tick-borne and emerging infectious diseases caused by the anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi species. in europe, including slovakia, the principal vector of both pathogens is the common tick - ixodes ricinus, in which double infections with these pathogens have been reported. the aim of our study was evidence of igg antibodies against a. phagocytophilum in blood sera of humans with suspects lb from several clinic ... | 2009 | 20047263 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes). | the investigation of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection covered 111 red foxes from the mazovian province. determination was based on pcr amplification of 16s rrna gene and the portion of msp4 gene coding msp4 major surface protein. the presence of a. phagocytophilum was found in 2.7 % of foxes. | 2009 | 20047265 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis type iv secretion and ank proteins. | the obligatory intracellular bacterial pathogens anaplasma and ehrlichia infect leukocytes by hijacking host-cell components and processes. the type iv secretion system is up-regulated during infection. among type iv secretion candidate substrates, an ankyrin repeat protein of anaplasma phagocytophilum, anka, is delivered into the host cytoplasm via a complex that includes vird4. anka is highly tyrosine phosphorylated and binds to the abl interactor 1, shp-1, and nuclear dna fragments. ehrlichia ... | 2010 | 20053580 |
| [cross-reaction evaluation of pcr-anaplasma platys positive dogs tested to anaplasma phagocytophilum antibodies by commercial elisa]. | anaplasma platys, agent of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia parasites exclusively dogs platelets. its probable vector is the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. among the existent diagnostic methods, the most used include: morulae identification in blood smears; antibody detection by indirect immunofluorescence; or dna amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). recently a new commercial elisa (idexx®), capable of detecting a. phagocytophilum antibodies, has been developed. according to the manuf ... | 2008 | 20059806 |
| [seasonal dynamics of amblyomma ticks (acari:ixodidae) in an urban park of londrina city, parana, brazil]. | ticks are important to public health due to diseases they transmit to animals and humans and, economic losses they cause to livestock production. among other agents, such as babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, the rickettsia are the most important pathogens transmitted by ticks in brazil. worldwide there are about 870 tick species described and, of these, 55 species were already reported in brazil, being the genus amblyomma the most numerous with 33 species. the a. cajennense is the principal tick in ... | 2008 | 20059815 |
| [effects of the oxitetracycline in the increase of the packed cell volume of cows milk jugs during outbreak of bovine anaplasmosis]. | this research was performed to study the effects of oxytetracicline l.a., in unique dose, in the reconstitution of the packed cell volume (pcv) from animals clinically affected by anaplasmosis. were utilized 152 holstein frisian cows, of first lactation with age group varying between three and four years old. the animals were classified according to the presence of anaplasma marginale in the circulation and percentage of pcv as: chronic infection (pcve24%) and clinical (pcv<23%) constituting gro ... | 2008 | 20059824 |
| anaplasma marginale type iv secretion system proteins virb2, virb7, virb11, and vird4 are immunogenic components of a protective bacterial membrane vaccine. | anaplasma and related ehrlichia spp. are important tick-borne, gram-negative bacterial pathogens of livestock and humans that cause acute infection and disease and can persist. immunization of cattle with an anaplasma marginale fraction enriched in outer membranes (om) can provide complete protection against disease and persistent infection. serological responses of om vaccinees to the om proteome previously identified over 20 antigenic proteins, including three type iv secretion system (t4ss) p ... | 2010 | 20065028 |
| [transfer of exotic ticks (acari: ixodida) on reptiles (reptilia) imported to poland]. | in the of period 2003-2007, a total of 382 specimens of reptiles belonging to the following genera were investigated: testudo, iguana, varanus, gongylophis, python, spalerosophis, psammophis. the material for the present study was a collection of reptiles owned by the "animals" ltd from swietochłowice (upper silesia, poland), specialising in import of exotic animals to poland, as well as the reptile collections of private breeders. the reptiles that turned out to be the most heavily infected wit ... | 2009 | 20066784 |
| [ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis]. | ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are zoonoses caused by bacteria from the family anaplasmataceae, including human and animal pathogens. the human pathogens are ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), anaplasma phagocytophilum, the pathogen causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), e. ewingii and neorickettsia sennetsu, granulocytotropic and monocytotropic ehrlichia species, respectively. ehrlichia spp. are small, gram-negative, obligate intracellular b ... | 2009 | 20077398 |
| seroprevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in danish horses. | borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum are able to infect horses. however, the extend to which danish horses are infected and seroconvert due to these two bacteria is unknown. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato and a. phagocytophilum in danish horses. | 2010 | 20082693 |