Publications

[the characteristics of the biological properties of shigella dysenteriae 1 circulating in the ussr and india: its biochemical activity and agglutinability].	the properties of 71 s. dysenteriae 1 strains isolated from patients in the ussr and india in 1986-1988 were studied. the cultures possessed typical biochemical and serological properties. as revealed in this investigation, high fastidiousness of this infective agent to the quality of synthetic nutrient could become the cause of false negative reactions in different substrates used for the identification of enterobacteria, thus leading to diagnostic mistakes. the variability of the biochemical a ...	1990	2097846
[the lytic activity of yersinia pestis phage p 3d serovar].	the lytic activity of plague phage ii, serovar 3, with respect to 1,800 bacterial strains has been studied: 760 yersinia pestis strains, 262 y. pseudotuberculosis strains, 252 y. enterocolitica strains, 166 escherichia coli strains, 90 shigella strains and 270 strains of other species. the phage has been found to lyse 81.8% of y. pestis strains, 1 y. pseudotuberculosis strain and 1 y. enterocolitica strain. the representatives of other 19 bacterial species have proved to be resistant to the phag ...	1990	2099066
potential shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei i live vaccinal strains. characterization of immunogenicity in animal models.	rats and rabbits were immunized intraintestinally with different doses of virulent and nonvirulent live shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei i strains. the nonvirulent strains had one or two attenuating markers. the period of excretion with the faeces of the bacteria and of their polysaccharide antigens, the proliferation of antigen-binding and antibody-producing cells in the spleens and gut-associated lymphoid tissues and the levels of antibodies in sera and faeces were studied. attenuated ...	1990	2099082
effect of protein rich diet during acute phase of dysentery.	ninety six children upto the age of five years suffering from uncomplicated acute dysentery of less than 3 days' duration were studied to find out the impact of feeding of extra-protein rich diet during their acute phase of illness. these children were randomly allocated to either control group (receiving only hospital diet) and study group (receiving hospital diet and extra milk which constituted 30% of ideal total calorie requirement of patients. patients in the two groups were comparable on a ...	1990	2101381
outbreak of dysentery due to nalidixic acid resistant s. dysenteriae 1 at agartala, tripura: a hospital based study.	during the epidemic of bacillary dysentery at agartala, tripura, a total of 62 hospitalized patients suffering from diarrhoeal diseases were studied during the later part (11-16 june, 1988) of the epidemic. principal features of shigellosis cases were discussed. of these 62 cases investigated, 19(30.6%) cases had the mucoid diarrhoea. from them s.dysenteriae type 1 and s.flexneri had been recovered from 31.6% and 10.5% cases, respectively. all the strains of s.dysenteriae type 1 isolated during ...	1990	2101382
multidrug resistant epidemic shigellosis in a village in west bengal, 1984.	an out break of acute bacillary dysentery in a village called dhamasin in hooghly district of west bengal was investigated during march 1984. forty seven percent of families were affected. a total of 91 cases and 2 deaths occurred amongst 937 people giving an over all attack rate of 9.7% and a case fatality rate of 2.2 percent. highest attack rate (22.7%) was observed in below one year age group. multiple drug resistant shigella dysentery type 1 strains were isolated for the first time from 6 ou ...	1990	2101383
management of acute diarrhoea.	before 1970, laboratory staff could not only identify the causative organism of acute diarrhea in 20% of cases, but in 1990, they could identify it in 80% of cases. these organisms are either bacteria, virus, or parasites. the bacteria include enterotoxigenic bacteria (vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus) and enteroinvasive bacteria (campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and salmonella and shigella species). the leading cause of death ...	1990	2101385
etiological agents of diarrhoea.	two decades of research have established newer pathogens and techniques in establishing several organisms of diarrhoeal diseases as aetiological agents. it is now possible to detect an agent in 80% of the situation of diarrhoea in a standard laboratory. the brief review describes the list of pathogens, their diagnostic techniques with short description on clinical and epidemiological status.	1990	2101388
construction and evaluation of live attenuated vaccine strains of shigella flexneri and shigella dysenteriae 1.	shigellosis is an invasive disease of the human colon which is particularly prevalent among children of the developing world. no proper vaccine is available to protect against this enteric disease. it is currently accepted that only live strains with attenuated virulence administered orally may elicit protective immunity at the level of the colonic mucosa, which is the exclusive site of multiplication of causative microorganisms such as shigella flexneri and shigella dysenteriae 1. we have const ...	1990	2101481
hybrid vaccines using escherichia coli as an antigen carrier.		1990	2101482
causative agents of acute diarrhoea in the first 3 years of life: hospital-based study.	during the 2 years of the study, 402 patients and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls were investigated for the presence of diarrhoeal pathogens. pathogenic organisms were recovered from 277 (68.9%) patients and 97 (24.1%) controls. in the patient group, possible bacterial pathogens were found in 210 (52.2%) cases. enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) was the most frequently found potential pathogen, being recovered in 132 cases (32.8%) with serotypes 026, 086, 0111 and 0124 bei ...	1990	2103408
travelers' diarrhea among u.s. navy and marine corps personnel during a western pacific deployment.	the incidence and etiology of travelers' diarrhea was studied in a crew of 1,914 sailors and marines aboard a u.s. navy ship during a western pacific deployment. questionnaires completed by 301 troops indicated that 52% had at least one episode of diarrhea during the deployment; however, only 5% of the ship's company sought treatment. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli was the most commonly identified pathogen (23%), followed by giardia lamblia (6%), salmonella (3%), rotavirus (2%), and shigella, ...	1990	2107464
listeria isolations from feces of patients with diarrhea and from healthy food handlers.	a study was undertaken on the presence and frequency of listeria sp. in feces from 1,000 patients suffering from diarrheal diseases and from 2,000 healthy persons. furthermore, the feces of patients were examined for other well-documented enteropathogens such as campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, staphylococcus aureus, yersinia enterocolitica, protozoa and rotavirus as well as for organisms of questionable enteropathogenic potency such as fungi, i.e. candida. finally, in continuation of previo ...	1990	2110118
improved sectioning and ultrastructure of bacteria and animal cells embedded in lowicryl.	lowicryl k4m-embedded gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have a tendency to separate between the cell surface and the resin. this often leads to distortion of bacteria and more especially of mycobacteria. we describe attempts made to overcome this technical problem. different assays were made on bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, and mycobacterium avium: 1) modification of the bacterial surface by coating of bacteria with proteinic compounds; 2) treatment of bacteria with metallic salts ...	1990	2110246
[experience in using new drug preparations for treating adult patients with acute intestinal infections].	ciprofloxacin (bayer, frg), a derivative of hydroxyquinolone acid, was used for the treatment of patients with shigellosis and salmonellosis and for the sanitation of salmonella carriers. the drug turned out to exert a positive effect on bacteriological sanitation of the body. in order to treat patients with food toxinfection of unknown etiology, use was made of intetrix (farmacos, socialist federal republic of yugoslavia). inclusion of the drug into combined treatment of patients with food toxi ...	1990	2110389
electrolyte abnormalities associated with diarrhea in rhesus monkeys: 100 cases (1986-1987).	serum electrolyte values from 100 rhesus monkeys with diarrhea were reviewed. the most frequent finding was hyponatremia (88%), with hypochloremia next most frequently detected (80%). metabolic acidosis was less common (59%) and usually associated with high anion gap values. associations between electrolyte abnormalities and age, housing, or case outcome were not found. bacteriologic culturing was performed on fecal specimens from 90 monkeys. campylobacter coli or c jejuni alone was isolated fro ...	1990	2112122
acp broadsheet 124: may 1990. examination of faeces for bacterial pathogens.		1990	2115050
role of enterobacteria and hla-b27 in spondyloarthropathies: studies with transgenic mice.	several mhc (major histocompatibility complex) genes are associated with increased incidence of disease. the strongest association is between the class i gene, hla-b27, and ankylosing spondylitis (as). hla-b27 is also highly associated with reiter's syndrome. as not all subjects with hla-b27 develop as or reiter's syndrome, environmental factors may have a key role in the pathogenesis of these arthritic diseases. several studies have implicated klebsiella in the development of as, whereas reiter ...	1990	2115764
phorbol myristate acetate inhibits hela 229 invasion by bordetella pertussis and other invasive bacterial pathogens.	the microfilament inhibitors cytochalasins b and d have been traditionally used to indirectly evaluate the requirement for actin in the uptake of invasive bacterial pathogens by nonprofessional phagocytes. through their effects on microfilaments, both cytochalasins also impart profound alterations in cellular morphology and surface topology, which likely interfere with adherence. alterations affecting adherence would complicate interpretation of the effect of cytochalasins on entry alone. as an ...	1990	2119340
the two-component regulatory system ompr-envz controls the virulence of shigella flexneri.	in shigella flexneri, the ompb locus (containing the ompr and envz genes) was found to modulate expression of the vir genes, which are responsible for invasion of epithelial cells. vir gene expression was markedly enhanced under conditions of high osmolarity (300 mosm), similar to that encountered in tissues both extra- and intracellularly. two ompb mutants were constructed and tested for virulence and for osmotic regulation of vir genes. an envz::tn10 mutant remained invasive, although its viru ...	1990	2121709
growth inhibition of selected food-borne bacteria, particularly listeria monocytogenes, by plant extracts.	six extracts from chinese medicinal plants: tin men chu, sey lau pai, siu mao heung, bak tao yung, kam chin chiu and liao ya, were tested for their inhibitory effect on selected food-borne bacteria by the well assay technique. among them, tin men chu, siu mao heung and sey lau pai inhibited the growth of staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumonia, escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, streptococcus faecalis, salmonella paratyphi, salm. enteritidis, enterobacter aerogenes, pseudomonas fluorescens ...	1990	2127264
acidity and intestinal bacteria: an in-vitro assessment of the bactericidal activity of hydrochloric acid on intestinal pathogens.	the bactericidal activity of hydrochloric acid (hcl) on different intestinal bacteria was evaluated at various ph values and time intervals. the effect of hcl was highest at ph 2 and ph 3 on strains of campylobacter jejuni, aeromonas hydrophila, plesiomonas shigelloides, yersinia enterocolitica, salmonella spp. and shigella spp., producing complete killing after 60 min incubation. however, at higher ph values (ph 4 and above), these organisms not only survived but they also showed evidence of ra ...	1990	2127996
immunodetection of lipopolysaccharide in macrophages during the processing of non invasive shigella dysenteriae.	the location of lipopolysaccharide (lps) was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy in macrophages infected with a non-invasive shigella dysenteriae 1 strain. bacterial degradation began only 3 h after the end of infection. the first visible sign of degradation was detected by immunogold labelling at the level of lps which detached from the bacterial surface and was transferred to the perinuclear lysosomes. after a few hours, it was found in small vesicles spread over the wh ...	1990	2129020
[occurrence of intestinal parasites and the bacterial flora in school-age children in the sjenica highlands].		1990	2130024
studies on nonspecific protection induced with omp of shigella flexneri and other genera of enterobacteriaceae.	outer membrane proteins (omp) isolated from shigella flexneri, escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris and salmonella typhimurium were tested for their protective activity. each omp preparate given to mice intraperitoneally in a single injection (5 micrograms/per mouse) protected the animals not only in homologous but also in varying intensity in heterologous systems. evidence was obtained that this nonspecific protection is cell mediated.	1990	2130800
immunogenic and protective properties of outer membrane proteins of hafnia alvei.	outer membrane proteins (omp) extracted from antigenically distinct or related strains of hafnia alvei containing defined composition of major proteins proved to be immunogenic. intraperitoneal immunization of mice with a single dose of such preparations protected the animals against homologous and heterologous hafnia strains. the omp preparations were also found to induce protection with varying intensity against escherichia, proteus, shigella and salmonella.	1990	2130804
[presence of salmonella in the northwest shore of the l'albufera de valencia].	for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of pollution reaching the large salt lagoon in valencia from its northwest side, 19 river-beds flowing into it have been studied. for each sample, the presence of markers indicating fecal pollution and the presence or absence of pathogens; salmonella, vibrio cholerae and shigella have been evaluated. for each river-bed, a fecal pollution index has been calculated, this index revealing a positive correlation (p = 0.03) with the isolating of salmonella. s ...	1990	2131632
changes in the properties of plasma fibronectin in shigella-induced endotoxaemia and the responses to hyperbaric oxygenation and indomethacin.	in rabbits, shigella endotoxin causes hypoxaemia, metabolic acidosis, and hypocapnia. these changes are more marked at a dose of 1 mg kg-1 than with one of 0.5 mg kg-1 body weight. the endotoxin also reduces the plasma level and heparin-binding activity of fibronectin (fn). during convalescence, fn activity recovers at a slower rate than its level. hyperbaric oxygenation (hbo; 2 atm for 1 h) normalizes blood gas composition and acid-base and electrolyte balance, improves the clinical picture of ...	1990	2132945
developing epidemiological markers for shigella sonnei: a proposed phage-typing scheme.	shigella sonnei isolates are homogeneous when examined by serological methods. since this micro-organism is one of the common isolates in outbreaks of shigellosis, a strong necessity was felt to find a sub-division of it, useful in epidemiological studies.	1990	2135810
[colicinogenotypes of shigella sonnei strains isolated in the west slovakian region 1983-1988].	using the method of colicinogenotyping by means of specific indicators, the author examined 1949 strains of shigella sonnei isolated in 1983-1988 from patients with the diagnosis of bacillary dysentery in the capital of slovakia bratislava, as well as in other places in the west slovakian region. colicines accounted for 91.2% of the strains and were classified among 21 colicinogenotypes. most frequently colicinogenotypes e6 were found (40.2%), e6, ia (36.7%), e1 (7.9%) and e6, ib (2.4%). there w ...	1990	2144476
[antibiotic resistance of shigella isolated in the kara-kalpak a.s.s.r. 1987-1988].	sensitivity of shigella spp. isolated in one of the hospitals of nukus within 1987-1988 and earlier in 1977 and 1985 was studied. s. flexneri 1-5 remained the main causative agents of dysentery on the territory. however, beginning from 1987 there were registered cases of dysentery caused by s. dysenteriae 1. the isolates were most sensitive to cefotaxime, cephaloridine, polymyxin b and gentamicin. the majority of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, levomycetin (chloramphenicol) and stre ...	1990	2144726
[a case of group morbidity from reiter's syndrome in patients with a history of acute intestinal infection].		1990	2151299
comparison of methods in the detection of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in a malaysian laboratory.	the prevalence of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) in 433 stool samples from diarrhoeal cases of all ages was studied using two commercially available test kits for the detection of heat labile toxin (lt) and the infant mouse assay for the heat stable toxin (st). 16 samples (3.7%) were positive for etec, of which nine were producing st alone, six lt alone and only one was producing both lt and st. although the percentage of isolation rate was low, its occurrence was almost as common as th ...	1990	2152068
development of antimicrobial drug resistance among shigellas isolated at an israeli hospital from 1977 through 1990.	treatment of diarrhea due to shigella sp. has become complicated in recent years by drug resistance. the emergence of resistance to antibiotics important in the treatment of shigellosis was studied among shigella sp. isolated at the sheba medical center between 1977 and 1990.	1990	2152154
[sensitivity of enteropathogenic bacteria to furazolidone].	the sensitivity in vitro of 348 strains of 18 enteropathogen agents to furazolidone was investigated during the period of 1987-1989. all strains of shigella sonnei (17), s. flexneri (17), s. boydii (16), escherichia coli enteropathogen (40), e. coli enteroinvasive (20), campylobacter jejuni (50), vibrio cholerae 01 (5), vibrio cholerae non 01 (5), v. parahaemolyticus (5), v. alginolyticus (2), aeromonas hydrophila (5), a. caviae (5), a. sobria (5), and plesiomonas shigelloides (12) were sensitiv ...	1990	2152485
clinical and parasitologic aspects of cryptosporidiosis in nonhuman primates.	eighty-one cases of acute cryptosporidiosis were diagnosed among 157 (52%) infant primates, predominantly macaca nemestrina, housed in the nursery unit of the washington regional primate research center. the mean age at onset of oocyst passage was 38 +/- 25 days. the outbreak was confined to the nursery and no cases were detected among juvenile or adult primates housed in other rooms within the colony. all but one animal manifested symptoms of enteric infection, including severe diarrhea and deh ...	1990	2153858
future vaccines against enteric pathogens.	a small number of bacterial agents, including enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), shigella and vibrio cholerae 01 and one virus, rotavirus, combine to cause a major proportion of the diarrheal illness of public health importance worldwide. salmonella typhi is by far the major cause of enteric fever. attempts to develop safe, practical, and effective vaccines against these agents are under way. examples of vaccine candidates include live oral vaccines against ...	1990	2155260
waterborne disease outbreaks, 1986-1988.	from 1986 to 1988, 24 states and puerto rico reported 50 outbreaks of illness due to water that people intended to drink, affecting 25,846 persons. the protozoal parasite giardia lamblia was the agent most commonly implicated in outbreaks, as it has been for the last 10 years; many of these outbreaks were associated with ingestion of chlorinated but unfiltered surface water. shigella sonnei was the most commonly implicated bacterial pathogen; in outbreaks caused by this pathogen, water supplies ...	1990	2156147
risk of diarrhea during the first year of life associated with initial and subsequent colonization by specific enteropathogens.	the incidence of colonization by enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (detected by dna hybridization with specific radiolabeled probes), salmonella sp., shigella sp., campylobacter jejuni, and rotavirus was related to the presence of diarrhea in a cohort of 75 rural infants followed longitudinally during the first year of life. the study was carried out between august 1985 and february 1987 in the village of lugar sobre la tierra blanca, in th ...	1990	2157338
complete sequence of is629.		1990	2159625
[aids and gastrointestinal tract: a summary for gastroenterologists and surgeons].	the majority of patients with aids suffer from diarrhea and weight loss, as well as opportunistic infection and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract; endoscopy is frequently necessary. often, but not always, it is possible to identify an opportunistic tumor or infection which explains the patient's signs and symptoms. in other cases, hiv may itself be pathogenic. the most important opportunistic pathogens are candida albicans (stomatitis and esophagitis), cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus ...	1990	2159657
cell wall structures which may be important for successful immunization with salmonella-shigella hybrid vaccines.	three separate lots of s. typhi/s. sonnei hybrid (ty/shig) live oral vaccine strain 5076-1c were tested for efficacy in human volunteers challenged with virulent s. sonnei. two lots (2 and 5) protected volunteers, a third lot (8) did not. the three lots were evaluated by immunological tests and electron microscopy. lots 2 and 5, which protected, contained bacteria that reacted with anti-flagellar serum and had observable attached flagella and pili. lot 8, which failed to protect, did not react w ...	1990	2159678
site-specific transposition of insertion sequence is630.	is630 is a 1.15-kilobase sequence in shigella sonnei that, unlike many mobile elements, seems not to mediate cointegration between different replicons. to assess its transposition, we constructed composite elements containing inverted copies of is630 flanking a drug resistance gene. we found that these composite elements transposed to plasmid cole1 in escherichia coli. dna sequencing showed that transposition was, in all cases, to the dinucleotide sequence 5'-ta-3'. there were two preferred inse ...	1990	2163390
transposition in shigella dysenteriae: isolation and analysis of is911, a new member of the is3 group of insertion sequences.	twenty-nine clear-plaque mutants of bacteriophage lambda were isolated from a shigella dysenteriae lysogen. three were associated with insertions in the ci gene: two were due to insertion of is600, and the third resulted from insertion of a new element, is911. is911 is 1,250 base pairs (bp) long, carries 27-bp imperfect terminal inverted repeats, and generates 3-bp duplications of the target dna on insertion. it was found in various copy numbers in all four species of shigella tested and in esch ...	1990	2163395
in vitro activity of cefonicid compared to other antibiotics against clinical bacterial isolates.	the in vitro activity of cefonicid compared to that of other antibiotics has been evaluated against 401 enterobacteriaceae, 20 h. influenzae, 17 branhamella catarrhalis and 71 staphylococci. cefonicid was always more active than cefazolin, and usually more active than cefamandole and cefuroxime against susceptible gram-negative organisms (e. coli, p. mirabilis, klebsiella, shigella, salmonella, h. influenzae). cefonicid was ineffective against most strains of enterobacter, citrobacter, s. marces ...	1990	2164309
molecular characterization of a trans-acting, positive effector (ipar) of invasion plasmid antigen synthesis in shigella flexneri serotype 5.	a trans-acting, positive effector of invasion plasmid antigen (ipa) synthesis has been identified and mapped on the pwr100 invasion plasmid of shigella flexneri serotype 5 (strain m90t-w). recombinant plasmids carrying this regulatory gene, designated ipar, were found to restore full virulence to a non-invasive ipar::tn5 insertion mutant [m90t-w(phs1042)] that had lost the ability to synthesize four ipa antigens (ipaa, 70 kda; ipab, 62 kda; ipac, 42 kda; and ipad, 37 kda). genetic mapping of the ...	1990	2166210
coxsackie b1 virus infection enhances the bacterial invasiveness, the phagocytosis and the membrane permeability in hep-2 cells.	to analyze the effect of coxsackie b1 virus infection on bacterial invasiveness, phagocytosis and cytoplasma membrane permeability, we have studied invasiveness of shigella flexneri, unspecific phagocytosis of latex particles and release of the non-metabolizible amino acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (aib). virus infection enhanced invasiveness of s. flexneri and phagocytosis of latex beads and increased plasma membrane permeability as measured by release of aib. the effect on all three function ...	1990	2166540
associations of escherichia coli k-12 ompf trimers with rough and smooth lipopolysaccharides.	the associations of both rough and smooth lipopolysaccharides (lps) with the ompf porin of escherichia coli k-12 were examined in gale strains deleted for ompc. transformation with pss37 and growth with galactose conferred the ability to assemble a shigella dysenteriae o antigen onto the core oligosaccharide of e. coli k-12 lps. the association of lps with ompf trimers was assessed by staining, autoradiography of lps specifically labeled with [1-14c]galactose, and western immunoblotting with a m ...	1990	2168378
inactivation of beta-lactamase from shigella flexneri ucsf-129 by 6-beta-iodopenicillanic acid: classification of the enzyme.	the beta-lactamase from shigella flexneri ucsf-129 was irreversible inactivated by 6-beta-iodopenicillanic acid. only one serine residue was modified, according to the spectra change and the amino acid analyses. a ph variation of 0.3 units was found when the chemically modified enzyme was submitted to isoelectric focusing. the inactivation constant of the fast time course reaction was 0.1 seg-1. protection of 96% was obtained, using cephradine 2,830 times more concentrated than 6-beta-iodopenici ...	1990	2170824
a nonvirulent mutant of listeria monocytogenes does not move intracellularly but still induces polymerization of actin.	listeria monocytogenes has the capacity to penetrate and multiply within professional and nonprofessional phagocytic cells, such as the caco-2 human enterocytelike cell line. it was shown recently that shortly after listeriae have been phagocytosed, the phagosomal membrane is dissolved, probably by the action of the bacterial cytolysin listeriolysin o. the listeriae, which are then lying obviously free in the cytoplasm, become surrounded by a coat of actin filaments within a few hours. once form ...	1990	2172164
[changes in antigenic properties of lipopolysaccharides of shigella sonnei phase i having lost the virulence due to transposon integration into the invasiveness plasmid pss120].	a nonvirulent strain of shigella sonnei phase i has been obtained by integration of the transposon tn5 into the invasiveness plasmid pss120 in the virulent strain and designated nr18. the presence of the plasmid pss120 in both strains results in the similar morphology and bacterial ability to agglutinate in the presence of antiserum to shigella sonnei phase i antigen. the lipopolysaccharide preparations from the virulent and nonvirulent strains give the similar reactions with the antiserum in th ...	1990	2172809
[shiga and shiga-like toxins].		1990	2173117
[neutralization of toxic action of endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria by unithiol and magnesium sulphate].	the experiments were carried out on mice of cba strain. the animals received lysate of s. typhimurium in the dose of ld50. the injection of lysate was followed by an increase in the level of malonic dialdehyde (mda) suggesting the lipid peroxidation (lpo) activation in the liver. at the same time the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) in the liver and the lungs was decreasing, which was indicative of the decrease in the activity of prostaglandins. the injections of unithiol p ...	1990	2176553
empiric antimicrobial therapy of domestically acquired acute diarrhea in urban adults.	from june 1985 to september 1987, 202 adults were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded study comparing ciprofloxacin (500 mg) with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (160 mg/800 mg) or placebo for adults with acute diarrhea. all patients were treated on the day of presentation and received medication on a twice-daily schedule (every 12 hours) for 5 days. bacterial isolates from these patients included 35 campylobacter, 18 shigella, and 15 salmonella. treatment at the time of presentation with ...	1990	2178582
live shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei i vaccine candidate strains with two attenuating markers. i. construction of vaccine candidate strains with retained invasiveness but reduced intracellular multiplication.	live shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei phase i vaccine candidate strains with two virulence-reducing markers were constructed through stepwise incorporation of weakly attenuating purine auxotrophy with subsequent rifampicin-resistance (rna polymerase) mutation to yield optimal attenuation. these vaccine candidate strains showed an unaltered plasmid profile; did not cause keratoconjunctivitis in the sereny test, while being excreted for a short but still marked period and providing partial ...	1990	2180230
live shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei i vaccine candidate strains with two attenuating markers. ii. preliminary results of vaccination of adult volunteers and children aged 2-17 years.	shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei i vaccine candidate strains were tested for tolerance in 14 adults as well as for tolerance and immunogenicity in children aged 2-17 years. for fresh culture material, the limit for side effects fading within 36 h such as meteorism, loose stools, tenesmus and slight temperature, and tolerated by volunteers was 3 x 10(9) colony-forming units (c.f.u.). excretion of vaccine strain germs for 2-3 days was observed only at doses of 10(10) c.f.u. and greater (2- ...	1990	2180231
shigella sonnei sepsis after splenectomy and portacaval shunt.		1990	2180708
public health and research perspectives on the microbial contamination of foods.	scientific advances in methodology and epidemiology have resulted in a renewed awareness of foodborne disease, and increased contact among nations of the world has stimulated rapid global distribution of foods as well as foodborne pathogens. new food vehicles are being identified for old, familiar pathogens, and new pathogens are being discovered. current research in food microbiology has spurred development of rapid and specific methods to identify these pathogens and to assess their virulence. ...	1990	2180884
molecular epidemiology of shigella sonnei in pima county, arizona: evidence for a mexico-related plasmid.	in 1984, the incidence of shigellosis was 32.4 per 100,000 population in pima county, arizona. to investigate sources, shigella isolates and epidemiologic data were collected for 79 cases of infection with shigella sonnei, the most common species. since s. sonnei has a single serotype, plasmid isolation was attempted to refine the epidemiologic analysis. there were seven plasmid patterns containing 17, 13, 4, 22, 9, 2, and 3 isolates. twelve of 17 isolates associated with recent travel to mexico ...	1990	2181036
trimethoprim resistance gene in shigella dysenteriae 1 isolates obtained from widely scattered locations of asia.	trimethoprim-resistance genes of shigella dysenteriae 1 strains, isolated from a different location of six different countries of asia over a 5-year period were characterized by using three different dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene probes. the trimethoprim-resistant (tmpr) strains hybridized only with the type i dhfr gene probe by colony hybridization. none of the strains hybridized with types ii and iii dhfr gene probes. southern blot experiments using plasmid dna extracted from these resis ...	1990	2182327
rapid and specific detection of verotoxin genes in escherichia coli by the polymerase chain reaction.	a set of four synthetic oligonucleotide probes derived from sequences of the vt1 (shiga-like toxin i [slt-i]) and vt2 (slt-ii) genes were used in a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification procedure to detect these genes in some enteric pathogens. a total of 40 verotoxin-producing escherichia coli strains and 43 isolates of other recognized enteric pathogens were studied. pcr amplification products identifying the vt1 and vt2 gene sequences were observed only in nucleic acid extracted from ...	1990	2182671
polysaccharide-protein conjugates: a new generation of vaccines.		1990	2182727
nucleotide sequence of invasion plasmid antigen gene ipaa from shigella flexneri 5.		1990	2183200
dna supercoiling and environmental regulation of virulence gene expression in shigella flexneri.	bacterial pathogens undergo profound physiological changes when they infect their hosts, requiring coordinated regulation of gene expression in response to the stresses encountered during infection. a number of environmental stresses (such as osmotic shock and anaerobiosis) have been shown to induce changes in dna supercoiling that can directly affect the transcription of a specific subset of bacterial genes, at least some of which (the outer-membrane porins and type 1 fimbriae) play a part in b ...	1990	2184366
a common mechanism of transcriptional activation by the three positive regulators, virg, phob, and ompr.	virg, phob, and ompr are positive regulators of the virulence, phosphate, and osmolarity regulons, respectively. their target genes are attended with one or more significant blocks of similar 6-bp sequences in their regulatory regions. the distance between the block(s) and transcriptional start site varies with the target genes, but the blocks are located in a similar manner phase-specific to the promoter sequences. on the basis of these facts, we offer a novel model of transcriptional activatio ...	1990	2185030
characterization of the genetic determinants of ssoii-restriction endonuclease and modification methyltransferase.	the genes encoding ssoi and ssoii restriction endonuclease (enase) and methyltransferase (mtase) are located on the small plasmids p6 and p4, respectively, of shigella sonnei strain 47. functions provided by plasmids p5, p7 and p9, which include colicinogenicity and immunity to colicin e1, resistance to streptomycin (sm), and conjugative dna transfer, respectively, have also been identified. the genes of the ssoii restriction-modification (r-m) system have been cloned into escherichia coli expre ...	1990	2185134
protection of adult rabbits and monkeys from lethal shigellosis by oral immunization with a thymine-requiring and temperature-sensitive mutant of shigella flexneri y.	as an approach to the development of attenuated strains, thymine-requiring (thy-) and temperature-sensitive (ts-) single and double mutants of shigella flexneri y have been isolated by u.v. mutagenesis and selection. the mutants retained the 140 mda plasmid, were sereny-negative and avirulent in 'conditioned' rabbits and in monkeys. rabbits and monkeys immunized orally with two doses of the mutants were solidly protected against disease and lethality when challenged with the homologous virulent ...	1990	2186582
results of screening for verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli in faeces in belgium.	during an 18-month period all stools submitted to a microbiology laboratory in belgium for culture were screened for verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) serotype o157. in the stool samples from 3940 patients, eight (0.2%) vtec o157 strains were isolated, seven of which were o157:h7. additional screening for other serotypes of vtec in 332 selected stool samples yielded four more strains (serotypes o2:k1:h6, o111:h-, o117:k1:h7 and o"c70/86":h-). the 0.3% isolation rate for all vtec wa ...	1990	2186912
microbiological agents associated with childhood diarrhoea in the dry zone of sri lanka.	between march and july, 1987, faecal specimens from 371 diarrhoeal children reporting to four hospitals in the district of kurunegala, sri lanka and from 121 controls with other diseases were investigated for enteric pathogens. all specimens were tested for shigella spp, salmonella spp and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec). in addition, parasitic pathogens, heat labile enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec lt), campylobacter and rotavirus were sought among subsamples of the cases and con ...	1990	2187225
demonstration of cross-reactivity between bacterial antigens and class i human leukocyte antigens by using monoclonal antibodies to shigella flexneri.	bacterial envelope proteins which share immunodeterminants with the human leukocyte antigen (hla) class i histocompatibility antigen hla-b27 may invoke spondyloarthritic disease through the process of molecular mimicry in patients expressing this phenotype. monoclonal antibodies generated by the immunization of balb/c mice with envelope proteins of shigella flexneri type 2a were tested for reactivity against cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines of defined hla phenotype. as measured by flow microfl ...	1990	2187807
inhibition of the growth of enteropathogenic bacilli by bacteriocins produced by micro-organisms from the sediment of wells.	the bacterial flora of the sediment of 20 wells of water for human consumption in the rural area of the vii region in chile was examined. fourteen strains of bacteria, from different wells, produced bacteriocins which inhibited the growth of salmonella typhi, salm. typhimurium, shigella sonnei and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. about 50% of these strains contained plasmids of different molecular weight and a large number of these codified for bacteriocins. the results suggest what is required ...	1990	2187848
[membrane component of shigella flexneri and their relationship to bacteria antigenicity and virulence].	our previous works have shown that membrane proteins of s. flexneri can elicit protection against the bacteria in vivo. in this study, we further, using human convalescent sera (hcs) from adult patients infected with s. flexneri, investigated the relationship between membrane components of s. flexneri and their antigenicities and virulences. it was shown in immunoblotting that 5 virulent strains of s. flexneri and avirulent strain t32 derived from s. flexneri 2a by istrati in romania and used as ...	1990	2188429
increase of trimethoprim resistance among shigella species, 1975-1988: analysis of resistance mechanisms.	trimethoprim (tmp) resistance among shigella species isolated from finnish travelers increased from 3.0% in 1975-1982 to 42.0%-43.8% in 1987-1988. of the 317 tmp-resistant shigella isolates identified during 1975-1988, 175 (55%) collected in 1985-1987 and in 1988 were tested further. almost all (98%) were highly resistant to tmp, suggesting a plasmid-mediated origin. the type i dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene was detected in 85% of the isolates studied. twenty-three percent of the type i dhf ...	1990	2189006
detection of shigella in feces using dna amplification.	a rapid diagnostic method employing a polymerase chain reaction procedure (pcr) was used to identify shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. this procedure amplified a region of the invasive-associated locus (ial) from a crude dna extract of feces. a synthetic 21-base oligonucleotide corresponding to the ial gene sequence was shown to specifically hybridize only with enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) strains and shigella species. upon pcr amplification, a 320-base pair fragment was generated i ...	1990	2189008
synthesis and 2d-n.m.r. analysis of a pentasaccharide glycoside of the biological repeating units of shigella flexneri variant y polysaccharide and the preparation of a synthetic antigen.		1990	2189552
differential protein expression by shigella flexneri in intracellular and extracellular environments.	shigellae were intrinsically radiolabeled with [35s]methionine either extracellularly or while multiplying within infected hela cell monolayers. a complex pattern of suppression and induction of proteins was observed. proteins of approximately 97, 62, 58, 50, 25, and 18 kilodaltons (kda) were induced in shigella flexneri isolated from infected monolayers. proteins of 100, 85, 70, 64, and 55 kda were suppressed under the same conditions but were seen in cells labeled in the tissue culture medium ...	1990	2190215
[antibiotic resistance of strains of shigella dysenteriae and flexneri isolated in tananarive and on the east coast of madagascar].	from november 1988 to march 1989, stools from 804 malagasy children were examined, thirty-seven strains of shigella were isolated, from which 5 s. dysenteriae serotype 1 (= shiga bacillus) strains were found to be resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulphonamide and even to trimethoprim. resistance to trimethoprim has appeared only recently in madagascar.	1990	2190702
laboratory criteria in the diagnostics of intestinal infections of staphylococcal etiology in children.	faecal samples were investigated from 948 children hospitalized with the diagnose of acute intestinal infection. the authors studied the isolation and properties of a broad spectrum of microorganisms from children's faeces: salmonella, shigella, e. coli, s. aureus, rotaviruses, klebsiella, morganella, proteus. as a result, laboratory criteria were formulated of diagnosing in children intestinal infection of staphylococcal etiology.	1990	2191037
the pathology of shigella flexneri infection in rhesus monkeys: an endoscopic and histopathological study of colonic lesions.	twenty-two rhesus monkeys were orally fed 1 x 10(11) live virulent shigella flexneri of either serotypes 1b, 2a, 4a or y. on the basis of colonoscopic findings they were classified into: group a - normal endoscopic picture (10 monkeys), and group b - pathological endoscopic picture (12 monkeys). pathological findings, distributed over the entire colon, were seen as either red patches (+/- erosions) or diffuse lesions, i.e. fragile red mucosa, mucosal bleeding and broad edemas. histopathological ...	1990	2191692
[inhibition of enteropathogens by clostridium butyricum miyairi 588].	the inhibitory effect of clostridium butyricum miyairi 588 against various enteropathogens was investigated in mixed cultures. it was observed that c. butyricum m588 inhibited the growth of vibrio cholerae o1, v. cholerae non-o1, aeromonas hydrophila, and shigella flexneri. considering that the interaction between c. butyricum and shigella is especially important because of their proliferation site in the lower intestine, further examinations were carried out on shigella in particular. results w ...	1990	2193065
[thymus involution and recovery in mice after the administration of lipopolysaccharide].	the single injection of 50 micrograms lps induces polyclonal immune response in the spleen of (cba x c57b1/6) f1 mice. it is accompanied by the thymic involution and depletion of blasts and mitoses, as showed morphometric analysis. vinblastin does not induce: accumulation of the mitoses during the first and second days after lps injection. the regeneration of the thymus begins already from the second day with increasing of blast cells, reaching a maximum at the 3rd day. the mitosis wave retards ...	1990	2194581
aetiology of diarrhoea in pre-term neonates at kenyatta national hospital nursery, nairobi, kenya.	the aetiology of two outbreaks of diarrhoea in pre-term neonates (march-august; september, 1987), at kenyatta national hospital was studied. the first outbreak involved 98 neonates and enteropathogenic e. coli of different serotypes were the most commonly isolated agents (54%), with serotype 086a:k61 dominating. these were followed by salmonella (16%) also of different groups, and then rotavirus (6%). two campylobacter and two shigella were isolated from four individual neonates. mixed infection ...	1990	2194778
comparative study of attachment to and invasion of epithelial cell lines by shigella dysenteriae.	henle 407 and hela cells were compared as hosts for shigella dysenteriae at a low multiplicity of infection. efficiency of attachment and invasion without centrifugation, as well as selectivity for pathogenic over nonpathogenic s. dysenteriae without congo red, were much greater for henle 407 cells than for hela cells.	1990	2194970
[in vitro antibacterial activity of ru 51746 (sodium salt of cefpodoxime). results of a multicenter study].	cefpodoxime proxetil, a new oral cephalosporin, is the prodrug ester of cefpodoxime. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of ru 51746 (sodium salt of cefpodoxime: cpd) were evaluated by agar dilution for 1 696 bacterial strains isolated in 5 hospitals. for enterobacteriaceae, mic 50 and 90% were respectively (micrograms/ml): (1) naturally non bêtalactamase producing species: e. coli, shigella and salmonella 0.25-0.5; p. mirabilis 0.06-0.12. (ii) chromosomal penicillinase producing species: kl ...	1990	2195445
[the importance of shigella boydii in shigellosis morbidity in the ussr].	the etiological role of s. boydii in shigella infections registered at different territories of the ussr in 1986-1987 was analyzed. as established by this analysis, s. boydii infection occurred mainly at the territories with unsatisfactory water supply of the population; from these territories the infection spread to ther territories of the ussr. the dominating serovars causing s. boydii dysentery, as well as shigella infections, at different territories of the ussr was shown to be identical, wh ...	1990	2195811
randomised double blind trial of single dose doxycycline for treating cholera in adults.	to compare the efficacy of a single dose of doxycycline (200 or 300 mg) with the standard multiple doses of tetracycline in patients with cholera.	1990	2196962
novel dihydrofolate reductases isolated from epidemic strains of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant shigella sonnei.	two strains of trimethoprim-resistant shigella sonnei bearing r plasmids pbh600 and pbh700 each elaborated a dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and were moderately resistant to trimethoprim (minimum inhibitory concentrations, 128 and 256 micrograms/ml, respectively). neither plasmid hybridized to probes for dhfr types i, ii, or iii. the trimethoprim resistance genes from the r plasmids resided on a 1600-base pair (bp) psti fragment of pbh600 and an 1800-bp psti fragment of pbh700. isoelectric focusi ...	1990	2197340
acute gastroenteritis due to double infection with enteropathogenic escherichia coli or salmonella and another bacterial pathogen.	two enteric bacterial pathogens were concomitantly isolated from the feces of 18 infants less than 6 months of age admitted to the assaf harofeh medical center over a 7-year period. in all but two patients stool cultures grew enteropathogenic escherichia coli, six of serogroup 0119. the other organisms cultured were shigella, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni and aeromonas hydrophila. the usual clinical presentation was diarrhea, dehydration and vomiting of acute onset, and low grade fever. patie ...	1990	2199408
production of shiga-like toxin among escherichia coli strains and other bacteria isolated from diarrhea in são paulo, brazil.	an elevated level of shiga-like toxin i (slt-i) production was found in 1 of 466 escherichia coli strains studied. among the 34 sonic lysates obtained from classical enteropathogenic e. coli, 5 produced slt-i. the aeromonas, citrobacter, edwardsiella, enterobacter, klebsiella, proteus, providencia, pseudomonas, salmonella, serratia, shigella, yersinia, and vibrio strains also studied were not slt producers, except for a shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain. although slt-i-producing e. coli strains ...	1990	2199511
polymerase chain reaction for detection of invasive shigella flexneri in food.	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to amplify a 760-base-pair (bp) fragment with the 220-kbp invasive plasmids of enteroinvasive escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, and shigella sonnei as templates. this pcr product was easily detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. a 210-bp acci-psti fragment lying within the amplified region was used as a probe in southern hybridization blots and showed that the pcr-generated product was derived from the invas ...	1990	2200336
molecular characterization of trimethoprim resistance in shigella sonnei in sicily.	during the 3-year period 1985-7, all strains of shigella sonnei isolated in catania, sicily, showed a high level of resistance to trimethoprim (tp) which was invariably associated with resistance to other antibiotics. plasmid analysis showed 18 different electropherotypes: 35 of 37 strains harboured a plasmid of 70 megadaltons (mda), and 29 of 37 strains a plasmid of 130 mda. restriction endonuclease fingerprinting of purified 70 mda plasmid dna from different strains demonstrated that these pla ...	1990	2200699
epidemiology of shigellosis in teknaf, a coastal area of bangladesh: a 10-year survey.	the epidemiological data on shigellosis in teknaf, a coastal area of bangladesh, were reviewed for a 10-year period (1975-84). certain similarities and differences were observed in the epidemiology of the disease in teknaf when compared with urban dhaka and rural matlab. similarities included: round-the-year infection with two peaks, one in the monsoon period and the other in the winter period; high male to female attendance ratio at the treatment centre; the predominance of infection in the und ...	1990	2200700
molecular epidemiology of shigella infection in central australia.	shigellosis is endemic in central australia and the infections are predominantly due to shigella flexneri 6, shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei. plasmid profiles of isolates collected from 1985-9, suggested that infections caused by shigella flexneri 6 were predominantly due to a single clone, whereas those caused by shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei were due to several genetically diverse strains, although strains with identical plasmid profiles were found in widely separated geogr ...	1990	2200701
plasmid profile analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella isolates from nigeria.	in an epidemiological survey, plasmid profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 100 shigella isolates in lagos, nigeria was done. all the isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin. the commonest antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was resistance to ampicillin, colistin sulphate, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin and tetracycline. all but 4 of 100 isolates screened contained one or more plasmids. plasmid profile analysis distinguished more strains than did ...	1990	2200702
plasmid profiles of antibiotic-resistant shigella dysenteriae types 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 isolated in ethiopia during 1976-85.	plasmid profile analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis was carried out on 37 drug-resistant strains of shigella dysenteriae types 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7. these strains were collected between 1976 and 1985 in addis ababa, ethiopia. the plasmid profile of s. dysenteriae type 2 strains with r-type cssut did not show middle-sized plasmids likely to code for cssut resistance. all strains contained a large plasmid of about 120 megadaltons (mda), and a cryptic plasmid of about 2.2 mda. the plasmid profiles ...	1990	2200703
[the formulation of epidemiological hypotheses by using the methods of multivariate statistical analysis].	the work demonstrates the main approaches to the use of the methods of multidimensional analysis for the creation of a hypothesis on the mechanism of the epidemiological process of dysentery in organized groups. the main risk factors have been established, and their role in the formation of annual, all-the-year-round and seasonal dysentery morbidity has been quantitatively evaluated. the results of analysis show the existence of diverse variants of the alimentary route of the transmission of inf ...	1990	2201148
[modern views on the pathogenesis of dysentery: the role of invasion and the toxic action of shigella].		1990	2201151
[morphological changes caused by the dermonecrosis factor of the causative agents of cholera and various other intestinal infections].	intra- or subepithelial focal purulent inflammation with necrosis of exudating leucocytes during 1-2 days is developed in consequence of intradermal injection of the living cholera vibrios, cultured on membrane agar, or their supernatants. sometimes coagulative necrosis of cover epithelium arises without preliminary purulent inflammation stage from the very beginning. intradermal injection of living cholera vibrios leads to the development of coagulative necrotic foci in derma too. the vascular ...	1990	2201411
from the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases. summary of the 25th united states-japan joint conference on cholera and related diarrheal diseases.		1990	2201739
therapy for shigellosis. ii. randomized, double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin.	ciprofloxacin, 500 mg every 12 h, was compared with ampicillin, 500 mg every 6 h, both given for 5 days, in the treatment of 121 adult males hospitalized with severe shigellosis. treatment was randomized and double-blinded. at the completion of treatment, there was resolution or marked improvement in symptoms in 57 (95%) of 60 ciprofloxacin-treated patients, 23 (88%) of 26 ampicillin-treated patients infected with an ampicillin-susceptible strain of shigella, and 15 (43%) of 35 ampicillin-treate ...	1990	2201742